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14 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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24 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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38
39&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
40 &lt;tr&gt;
41 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
42 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
43&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be
44 confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
45 size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
46 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
48 &lt;/tr&gt;
49 &lt;tr&gt;
50 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
51 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
52 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
53 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
54 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
55 &lt;/tr&gt;
56 &lt;tr&gt;
57 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
58 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
59 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
60 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
61 &lt;blockquote&gt;
62 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
63 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
64 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
65 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
66 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
67 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian
68 government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
69 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
70 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary
71 wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the
73 Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A
74 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary
75 description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A
76 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from
77 Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
78 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
79 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit
80 the &lt;A
81 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of
82 Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
83 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
84 Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
85 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
86 Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
87 &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
88 &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A
89 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
90 &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
91 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
92 A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy
93 biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of
94 music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
95 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
96 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
97 &lt;/td&gt;
98 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
99 &lt;/tr&gt;
100&lt;/table&gt;
101
102&lt;blockquote&gt;
103 &lt;blockquote&gt;
104 &lt;blockquote&gt;
105 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
106 &lt;hr&gt;
107 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics
108 and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland,
109 the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
110 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
111 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
112 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
113&lt;/blockquote&gt;
114&lt;blockquote&gt;
115 &lt;blockquote&gt;
116 &lt;blockquote&gt;
117 &lt;hr&gt;
118 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
119 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female
120 ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister
121 and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her
122 half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of
123 English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to
124 warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her
125 hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere -
126 physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable
127 impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven
128 years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and,
129 later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his
130 council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real
131 power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
132 &lt;/p&gt;
133
134 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she
135 was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in
136 her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp;
137 Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in
138 1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot;
139 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
140 noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole
141 legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a
142 son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel
143 tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear
144 him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the
145 standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He
146 was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the
147 necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father
148 had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's
149 birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of
150 Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be
151 understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown
152 would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth,
153 was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a
154 woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as
155 regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda,
156 Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by
157 the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp;
158 Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still
159 valid.&lt;/FONT&gt;
160 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's
161 treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least
162 understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he
163 forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the
164 Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's
165 birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered
166 life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European
167 princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a
168 pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a
169 fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her
170 mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was
171 a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the
172 numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally
173 love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her
174 especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed
175 the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because
176 divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the
177 youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon
178 and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain
179 geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could
180 trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English
181 history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry,
182 her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she
183 was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as
184 well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became
185 queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt;
186 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal
187 governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman
188 Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the
189 unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a
190 huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted
191 Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp;
192 Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and
193 she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant
194 to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate
195 Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the
196 investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled
197 his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various
198 other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for
199 criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles
200 and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In
201 fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal
202 to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was
203 not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule
204 England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would
205 be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a
206 legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish
207 - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable
208 husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt;
209 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans
210 were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp;
211 Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a
212 former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with
213 the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked
214 at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic,
215 with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of
216 their long
217 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry
218 could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had
219 annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a
220 mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her
221 cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the
222 end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt;
223 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his
224 wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument
225 upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been
226 briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was
227 incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already
228 resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a
229 dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII
230 and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had
231 never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when
232 she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could
233 not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some
234 twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne
235 Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;
236 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
237 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue
238 that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry
239 had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his
240 life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had
241 'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of
242 feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we
243 can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries,
244 they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed
245 greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been
246 educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced
247 beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very
248 intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne
249 Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
250 she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland,
251 until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He
252 wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A
253 knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the
254 realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending
255 the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne
256 and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the
257 other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For
258 Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had
259 the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp;
260 Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her
261 personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the
262 king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt;
263 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of
264 Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother,
265 equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former
266 lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a
267 bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and
268 illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a
269 lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter,
270 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions,
271 though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she
272 persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a
273 reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an
274 unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt;
275 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize
276 Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power
277 struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
278 nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and
279 political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political
280 pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were
281 disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter
282 himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking
283 with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme
284 Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were
285 officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt;
286 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued
287 her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy,
288 Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches
289 were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a
290 spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her
291 youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive
292 years.&lt;/FONT&gt;
293 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree,
294 Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as
295 Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival
296 Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was
297 commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to
298 surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to
299 one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted
300 servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and
301 companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused
302 the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her
303 marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that
304 she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above
305 all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A
306 devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition
307 to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp;
308 Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also
309 refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as
310 Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt;
311 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry
312 VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the
313 Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his
314 life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics'
315 like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate
316 the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked
317 and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would
318 become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his
319 eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out
320 Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp;
321 Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp;
322 However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp;
323 Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
324 as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp;
325 Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by
326 Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made
327 lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
328 Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the
329 seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was
330 devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses,
331 undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death,
332 causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and
333 infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt;
334 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of
335 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes
336 rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only
337 if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to
338 encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she
339 did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to
340 pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him
341 as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous
342 illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she
343 refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her
344 otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A
345 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to
346 Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp;
347 Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving -
348 and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A
349 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt;
350 to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had
351 not seen one another for years though they had written one another,
352 against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last
353 thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt;
354 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon
355 reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour
356 and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a
357 household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court
358 festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her
359 future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both
360 of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new
361 queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince
362 Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's
363 birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so
364 unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost
365 her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any
366 kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing
367 Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of
368 incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing
369 to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament
370 which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother
371 to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt;
372 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were
373 not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of
374 succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward
375 died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to
376 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession,
377 resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second
378 son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage,
379 to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too
380 unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and
381 given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to
382 returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352
383 alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270
384 align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon
385 enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed
386 Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a
387 pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather,
388 plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's
389 opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that
390 even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized
391 her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his
392 spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
393 there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on
394 charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of
395 conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she
396 was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she
397 refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a
398 pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it,
399 their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but
400 still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however,
401 and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
402 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the
403 Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent
404 character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr
405 was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that
406 end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and
407 Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult
408 task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however,
409 did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt;
410 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of
411 the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic
412 supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their
413 lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose
414 end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a
415 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends
416 allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign,
417 there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic
418 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both
419 spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force
420 he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about
421 theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a
422 timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But
423 upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in
424 control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors
425 and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his
426 journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his
427 uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr,
428 however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left
429 behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and
430 vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt;
431 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on
432 Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors
433 and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was
434 disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors,
435 made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to
436 celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years
437 of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and
438 treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she
439 refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he
440 was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke
441 of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though
442 Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide
443 his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow
444 councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion,
445 titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep
446 affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and
447 hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious
448 sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined
449 pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from
450 court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was
451 misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent
452 enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration
453 of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had
454 overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely
455 engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of
456 Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's
457 control.&lt;/FONT&gt;
458 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven
459 years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and
460 suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested, &lt;/FONT&gt;
461 &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption
462 being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike
463 his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong
464 his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other
465 poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased
466 suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was
467 inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from
468 ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with
469 a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A
470 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
471 Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward,
472 Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of
473 Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to
474 the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley
475 disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and
476 Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne
477 to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared
478 Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt;
479 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the
480 throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were
481 not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the
482 rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
483 Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a
484 gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor
485 victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp;
486 It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the
487 English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her
488 parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should
489 follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic
490 claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary
491 was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English
492 subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt;
493 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary
494 fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it,
495 she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the
496 throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary
497 arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her
498 typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's
499 fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him
500 executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however,
501 remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
502 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
503 &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
504
505 &lt;blockquote&gt;
506
507 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
508 &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
509 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY
510 SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
511 &lt;FONT
512 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of
513 Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
514 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which
515 she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution
516 of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a
517 letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
518 &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of
519 Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with
520 Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
521 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt;
522 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech
523 at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's
524 uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
525 &lt;FONT
526 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane
527 explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine
528 days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
529 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford
530 Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
531 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas
532 Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
533 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;
534 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt;
535
536 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
537
538 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
539 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
540 &lt;CENTER&gt;
541 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
542 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
543 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
544 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
545 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
546 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
547 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
548&lt;/blockquote&gt;
549
550
551
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554</Content>
555</Section>
556</Archive>
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