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    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Three</Metadata>
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    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</Metadata>
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    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
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    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER THREE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;blockquote&gt;
      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anxiety of the Pope to satisfy the King -- 
      Fears of the Emperor -Proposed alternatives -- France and England declare 
      war in the Pope's defence -- Campeggio to be sent to England -- The King's 
      account of the Pope's conduct -- The Pope's distress and alarm -The secret 
      decretal -- Instructions to Campeggio. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE story returns to Orvieto. The dispensation was promised 
    on condition that it should not be immediately acted on. Catherine having 
    refused to acquiesce in a private arrangement, Wolsey again pressed the Pope 
    for a commission to decide the cause in England, and to bind himself at the 
    same time not to revoke it, but to confirm any judgment which he might 
    himself give. &amp;quot;There were secret causes,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;which could not be 
    committed to writing which made such a concession imperative: certain 
    diseases in the Queen defying all remedy, for which, as for other causes, 
    the King would never again live with her as his wife.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope, smarting from ill-treatment and grateful for the 
    help of France and England, professed himself earnestly anxious to do what 
    Henry desired. But he was still virtually a prisoner. He had been obliged by 
    the General of the Observants, when in St. Angelo, to promise to do nothing 
    &amp;quot;whereby the King's divorce might be judged in his own dominions.&amp;quot; He 
    pleaded for time. He promised a commission of some kind, but he said he was 
    undone if action was taken upon it while the Germans and Spaniards remained 
    in Italy. He saw evident ruin before him, he said, but he professed to be 
    willing to run the hazard rather than that Wolsey should suspect him of 
    ingratitude. He implored the Cardinal, &lt;i&gt;cum suspiriis et lacrymis,&lt;/i&gt; not 
    to precipitate him for ever, and precipitated he would be if, on receiving 
    the commission, the Cardinal at once began the process. A fortnight later 
    Casalis described a long conversation with the Pope and Cardinals on the 
    course to be pursued. Henry bad desired that a second Legate should be sent 
    from Rome to act with Wolsey. To consent to this would directly compromise 
    the Papal Court. Clement had no objection to the going forward with the 
    cause, but he did not wish to be himself responsible. He signed an imperfect 
    commission not inconsistent with his promise to the General of the 
    Observants. On this Wolsey might act or, if he preferred it, might proceed 
    on his own Legatine authority. For himself, instead of engaging to confirm 
    Wolsey's sentence, he said that no doctor could better resolve the point at 
    issue than the King himself. If he was resolved, said the Pope, let him 
    commit his cause to the Legate, marry again, follow up the trial, and then 
    let a public application be made for a Legate to be sent from the 
    Consistory. If the Queen was cited first, she would put in no answer, save 
    to protest against the place and judges. The Imperialists would demand a 
    prohibition, and then the King could not marry, or, if he did, the offspring 
    would be illegitimate. They would also demand a commission for the cause to 
    be heard at Rome, which the Pope would be unable to refuse. But the King 
    being actually married again, they could not ask for a prohibition. They 
    could only ask that the cause should be re-examined at Rome, when the Pope 
    would give sentence and a judgment could be passed which would satisfy the 
    whole world. This was the Pope's own advice, but he did not wish it to be 
    known that it had come from himself. Casalis might select the Legate to 
    England after the first steps had been taken. Campeggio he thought the 
    fittest, being already an English bishop. At any rate, the Pope bade Casalis 
    say he would do his best to satisfy the King, though he knew that the 
    Emperor would never forgive him. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is not certain what would have followed had Henry acted 
    on the Pope's suggestion. The judgment which Clement promised might have 
    been in his favour. Clement evidently wished him to think that it would. But 
    he might, after all, have found himself required to take Catherine back. 
    Either alternative was possible. At any rate he did not mean, if he could 
    help it, to have recourse to violent methods. Charles himself, though he 
    intended to prevent, if he could, a legal decision against his aunt, had 
    hinted at the possibility and even desirableness of a private arrangement, 
    if Catherine would agree. Catherine, unfortunately, would agree to nothing, 
    but stood resolutely upon her rights, and Charles was forced to stand by 
    her. Henry was equally obstinate, and the Pope was between the rock and the 
    whirlpool. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope had promised, however, and had promised with 
    apparent sincerity. The Papal states remaining occupied by the Imperial 
    troops, Henry carried out his own part of the engagement by joining France 
    in a declaration of war against the Emperor. Toison d'or and Clarencieulx 
    appeared before Charles at Burgos on the 22nd of January, Charles sitting on 
    his throne to receive their defiance. Toison d'or said that the Emperor had 
    opened Christendom to the Turks, had imprisoned the Pope, had allowed his 
    armies to sack Rome and plunder churches and monasteries, had insulted the 
    holy relics, slain or robbed princes of the Church, cardinals, patriarchs, 
    archbishops, outraged nunneries and convents, had encouraged Lutheran 
    heretics in committing these atrocities, &amp;amp;c. For these reasons France 
    declared open war with the Emperor. The English herald -- he was accused 
    afterwards of having exceeded his instructions -- was almost as peremptory. 
    Henry, in earlier times, had lent Charles large sums of money, which had not 
    been repaid. Clarencieulx said that, unless the Pope was released and the 
    debt settled, the King of England must make common cause with his brother of 
    France. Six weeks' interval was allowed for the Emperor to consider his 
    answer before hostilities on the side of England should commence. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor replied with calmness and dignity. War with 
    France was inevitable. As to England, he felt like Cicero, when doubting 
    whether he should quarrel with CÊsar, that it was inconvenient to be in debt 
    to an enemy. If England attacked him he said he would defend himself, but he 
    declined to accept the defiance. Mendoza was not recalled from London. At 
    the end of the six weeks the situation was prolonged by successive truces 
    till the peace of Cambray. But Henry had kept his word to the Pope. England 
    appeared by the side of France in the lists as the armed champion of the 
    Papacy, and the Pope was expected to fulfil his promises without disguise or 
    subterfuge. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Clement's method of proceeding with the divorce was 
    rejected. The dispensation and commission which had been amended with a view 
    to it were rejected also as worthless. Dr. Fox and Stephen Gardiner were 
    despatched to Orvieto with fuller powers and with a message peremptory and 
    even menacing. They were again to impress on the Pope the danger of a 
    disputed succession. They were to hint that, if relief was refused in 
    deference to the Emperor, England might decline from obedience to the Holy 
    See. The Pope must, therefore, pass the commission and the dispensation in 
    the form in which it had been sent from England. If he objected that it was 
    unusual, they were to announce that the cause was of great moment. The King 
    would not be defrauded of his expectation through fear of the Emperor. If he 
    could not obtain justice from the Pope, he would be compelled to seek it 
    elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The language of these instructions shows that the King and 
    Wolsey understood the Proteus that they were dealing with, and the necessity 
    of binding his hands if he was not to slip from them. It was not now the 
    fountain of justice, the august head of Christendom, that they were 
    addressing, but a shifty old man, clad by circumstances with the robe of 
    authority, but whose will was the will of the power which happened to be 
    strongest in Italy. It was not tolerable that the Emperor should dictate on 
    a question which touched the vital interests of an independent kingdom. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Spanish diplomatists had afterwards to excuse and explain 
    away Clement's concessions on the ground that they were signed when he was 
    angry at his imprisonment, had been extorted by threats, and were therefore 
    of no validity. He struggled hard to avoid committing himself. The unwelcome 
    documents were recast into various forms. The dispensation was not signed 
    after all, but in the place of it other briefs were signed of even graver 
    importance. The Pope yielded to the demand to send a second Legate to try 
    the cause with Wolsey in England, where it was assumed as a matter of course 
    that judgment would be given for the King. The Legate chosen was Campeggio, 
    who was himself, as was said, an English bishop. The Pope also did express 
    in writing his own opinion on the cause as favourable to the King's plea. 
    What passed at Orvieto was thus afterwards compendiously related by Henry in 
    a published statement of his case. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;On his first scruple the King sent to the Bishop of Rome, 
    as Christ's Vicar, who had the keys of knowledge, to dissolve his doubts. 
    The said Bishop refused to take any knowledge of it and desired the King to 
    apply for a commission to be sent into the realm, authorised to determine 
    the cause, thus pretending that it might no wise be entreated at Rome, but 
    only within the King's own realm. He delegated his whole powers to Campeggio 
    and Wolsey, giving them also a special commission in form of a decretal, 
    wherein he declared the King's marriage null and empowered him to marry 
    again. In the open commission also he gave them full authority to give 
    sentence for the King. Secretly he gave them instructions to burn the 
    commission decretal and not proceed upon it; (but) at the time of sending 
    the commission he also sent the King a brief, written in his own hand, 
    admitting the justice of his cause and promising &lt;i&gt;sanctissime sub&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;
    verbo Pontificis&lt;/i&gt; that he would never advocate it to Rome.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Engagements which he intended to keep or break according to 
    the turns of the war between Francis and Charles did not press very heavily 
    perhaps on Clement's conscience, but they were not extorted from him without 
    many agonies. &amp;quot;He has granted the commission,&amp;quot; Casalis wrote. &amp;quot;He is not 
    unwilling to please the King and Wolsey, but fears the Spaniards more than 
    ever he did. The Friar-General has forbidden him in the Emperor's name to 
    grant the King's request. He fears for his life from the Imperialists if the 
    Emperor knows of it. Before he would grant the brief he said, weeping, that 
    it would be his utter ruin. The Venetians and Florentines desired his 
    destruction. His sole hope of life was from the Emperor. He asked me to 
    swear whether the King would desert him or not. Satisfied on this point, he 
    granted the brief, saying that he placed himself in the King's arms, as he 
    would be drawn into perpetual war with the Emperor. Wolsey might dispose of 
    him and the Papacy as if he were Pope himself.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor had insisted, at Catherine's desire, that the 
    cause should not be heard in England. The Pope had agreed that it should be 
    heard in England. Consent had been wrung from him, but his consent had been 
    given, and Campeggio was to go and make the best of it. His open commission 
    was as ample as words could make it. He and Wolsey were to hear the cause 
    and decide it. The secret &amp;quot;decretal&amp;quot; which he had wept over while he signed 
    it declared, before the cause was heard, the sentence which was to be given, 
    and he had pledged his solemn word not to revoke the hearing to Rome. All 
    that Clement could do was to instruct the Legate before he started to waste 
    time on his way, and, on his arrival in England, to use his skill to 
    &amp;quot;accommodate matters,&amp;quot; and to persuade the Queen -- if he found her 
    persuadeable -- to save him from his embarrassments by taking the veil. This 
    was a course which Charles himself in his private mind would have 
    recommended, but was too honourable to advise it. The fatal decretal was to 
    be seen only by a very few persons, and then, as Henry said, Campeggio was 
    to burn it. He was instructed also to pass no sentence without first 
    referring back to Rome, and, if driven to extremity, was to find an excuse 
    for postponing a decision; very natural conduct on the part of a weak, 
    frightened mortal -- conduct not unlike that of his predecessor, Alexander 
    III., in the quarrel between Becket and Henry II. -- but in both cases 
    purely human, not such as might have been looked for in a divinely guided 
    Vicar of Christ. &lt;/p&gt;
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    &lt;hr&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Four&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/font&gt;
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