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14 <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XII</Metadata>
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19 <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
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34
35&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
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38 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
39 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
40 &lt;/tr&gt;
41 &lt;tr&gt;
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47 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
48 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
49 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
50 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
51 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
52 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
53 &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas
54 Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
55 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
56 &lt;/tr&gt;
57&lt;/table&gt;
58&lt;blockquote&gt;
59 &lt;blockquote&gt;
60 &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
61 &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
62 &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
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66 &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
67 &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
68 &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
69 &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
70 &lt;b&gt;LAST YEARS AND DEATH: 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
71 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE death of Mary Stuart did something to simplify parties
72 in Scotland; and, if her son had possessed the qualities of a ruler, he
73 would have had a better chance of reducing his kingdom to order than any of
74 his predecessors, because a middle class was at length rising into
75 importance. As far as knowledge and discernment went, he was an able
76 politician, and on several occasions he showed not only skill in his
77 combinations, but--what he is not generally credited with by those who study
78 only his career in England -- considerable energy and courage. But he was
79 wanting in perseverance, and a slave to idle pleasures. He had always some
80 favourite upon whom he lavished any money that came into his hands. What was
81 needed in his own interest and that of his country was that he should
82 exercise rigid economy, develop all the forces that made for order, ally
83 himself with the burghs and lower barons, cultivate good relations with the
84 Kirk, industriously attend to all the details of government, and seize every
85 opportunity to humble the great nobles of whatever party or creed. Instead
86 of this, he tried to maintain himself by balancing rival parties, and
87 employing one nobleman to execute his vengeance on another. Instead of
88 honestly and zealously seconding the policy of Elizabeth, and so deserving
89 her confidence and support, which would have been of the utmost value to
90 him, he tried to levy blackmail on her by coquetting with Spain and the
91 Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
92 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth is accused of deliberately encouraging Scottish
93 factions in order to keep the northern kingdom weak. She certainly supported
94 Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, a turbulent and unprincipled man, while he was
95 the antagonist of the Catholic nobles who were inviting the Spaniard. But it
96 is plain that she desired nothing so much as to see James crush all
97 aristocratic disorder, and make himself master of his kingdom. Her
98 exhortations to him on this subject are full of wisdom, and expressed in
99 most stirring language. But they only produced petitions for money.
100 Notwithstanding her own difficulties, she long allowed him £3000 a year,
101 which, in 1600, was increased to £6000. But ten times that amount would have
102 done him no good, because he would immediately have squandered it. &lt;/p&gt;
103 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;As Elizabeth grew old, James naturally became absorbed in
104 the prospect of his succession to the English crown. All Scotchmen shared
105 his eagerness. In England, feeling was almost unanimous in his favour,
106 though some of the Catholics continued to talk of the Infanta or Arabella
107 Stuart the niece of Darnley. By teasing Elizabeth to recognise his title,
108 intriguing with her courtiers, and calling on his own subjects to furnish
109 him with the means of asserting his rights, James irritated the English
110 Queen. But she had always intended that he should succeed her, and she did
111 nothing to prejudice his claim. &lt;/p&gt;
112 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two leading men at the English court--Cecil and
113 Raleigh--who had been united in their hostility to Essex, were now secretly
114 competing for the favour of James. Each warned the Scottish King against the
115 other, and represented himself as the only trustworthy adviser. Cecil, from
116 his confidential relations with the Queen, had the most difficult game to
117 play, and it was not till her health was evidently failing that he ventured
118 to open private communications with James. Even then he did not dare to
119 correspond with him directly, but it was understood that everything written
120 by Lord Henry Howard (brother of the last Duke of Norfolk) was to be taken
121 as written by Cecil. To make up for his previous backwardness, he lent James
122 £10,000--a pledge of fidelity which it was out of his rival's power to
123 emulate. &lt;/p&gt;
124 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The long career of Elizabeth was now drawing to its close.
125 Her sun might seem to be going down in calm splendour. She had triumphed
126 over all her enemies. She might say with Virgil's heroine-- &lt;/p&gt;
127 &lt;blockquote&gt;
128 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Vixi, et quem dederat cursum fortuna, peregi;&lt;br&gt;
129 Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
130 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
131 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The mighty Philip had gone to his grave five years before
132 her (1598), a beaten man, having failed in Holland, failed in France, failed
133 against England. Of the three great champions who withstood him, Elizabeth,
134 if not the most distinguished by high qualities, had yet, perhaps, the
135 largest share in saving Europe from the retrograde tyranny which menaced it.
136 The glorious resistance of William of Orange covered only sixteen years
137 (1568-84). That of Henry IV can hardly be said to have had any European
138 importance before his accession to the French throne, from which date to the
139 peace of Vervins and the death of Philip is a period of nine years
140 (1589-98). But the whole of Elizabeth's long reign was spent in abating the
141 power of Spain. It was the persistent, never-relaxing pressure from an
142 unassailable enemy which wore out Philip, as it afterwards wore out
143 Bonaparte. Elizabeth had found England weak and distracted: she was leaving
144 it united and powerful. Nor was she of those to whom their due meed of
145 praise is denied during life, and accorded only by the tardy justice of
146 posterity. Her wisdom and courage were the admiration not of her own people
147 alone, but of all Europe. &amp;quot;Her very enemies,&amp;quot; says a French historian,
148 &amp;quot;proclaimed her the most glorious and fortunate of all women who ever wore a
149 crown.&amp;quot; From the point of view of public life, little or nothing was
150 wanting--so Bacon thought--to fill up the full measure of her felicity. &lt;/p&gt;
151 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet it seems that the last months of her life were clouded
152 by melancholy, and deformed by a querulous ill-temper. Some have suggested
153 that she suffered from remorse for her severity to Essex; others that she
154 felt herself out of sympathy with the Puritan tendencies of the time. It is
155 not necessary to resort to these unfounded or far-fetched suppositions to
156 account for her gloom. If we turn from her public to her private life, what
157 situation could be more profoundly pitiable? Honour and obedience, indeed,
158 still surrounded her. But that which also should accompany old age, love and
159 troops of friends, she might not look to have. Near relations she had none.
160 Alone she had chosen to live, and alone she must die. As her time
161 approached, she was haunted by the consciousness that, among all those who
162 treated her with so much reverence, there was not one who had any reason to
163 be attached to her or to care that her life should be prolonged. Those who
164 have not loved when they were young must not expect to find love when they
165 are old. While health and strength remained, she had tasted the satisfaction
166 of living her own life and playing the great game of politics, for which she
167 was exceptionally gifted. But to a woman who has passed through life without
168 knowing what it is to love or be loved, who has no memory of even an
169 unrequited affection to feed on, who has never shared a husband's joys and
170 sorrows, never borne the sweet burden of maternity, never suckled babe or
171 rocked cradle, who must finish her journey alone, sitting in the solemn
172 twilight before the last dark hour uncared for and uncaring, without the
173 cheer of children or the varied interests that gather round the family--to
174 such a one, what avails it that she has tasted the excitement of public
175 life, that she has borne a share in politics or business--what even that her
176 aims have been high or that she has done the State some service, if she has
177 renounced the crown of womanhood, and turned from their appointed use those
178 numbered years within which the female heart can find present joy and lay up
179 store of calm satisfaction for declining age? &lt;/p&gt;
180 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had always enjoyed good health, thanks to her
181 &amp;quot;exact temperance both as to wine and diet, which, she used to say, was the
182 noblest part of physic,&amp;quot; and her active habits. In capacity for resisting
183 bodily fatigue and freedom from nervous ailments, she was like a man. It was
184 not till the beginning of 1602 that those about her noticed any signs of
185 failing strength. She still went on hunting and dancing. In dancing she
186 excelled, and she kept it up for exercise, as many an old man keeps up his
187 skating or tennis without being exposed to ill-natured remarks. In December
188 1602 her godson Harington, an amusing person, whose company she enjoyed,
189 found her &amp;quot;in most pitiable state,&amp;quot; both in body and mind. &amp;quot;She held in her
190 hand a golden cup which she often put to her lips; but in sooth her heart
191 seemeth too full to lack more filling.&amp;quot; He read her some verses he had
192 written, &amp;quot;whereat she smiled once,&amp;quot; but said, &amp;quot;When thou dost feel creeping
193 Time at thy gate, these fooleries will please thee less. I am past my relish
194 for such matters. Thou seest my bodily meat doth not suit me well. I have
195 eaten but one ill-tasted cake since yesternight.&amp;quot; Harington hastened to send
196 a present to the King of Scots, with the inscription, &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Domine memento mei
197 cum veneris in regnum&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
198 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the same month Robert Carey, son of her cousin Lord
199 Hunsdon, visited her, and professed to think her looking well. &amp;quot;No, Robin,&amp;quot;
200 she said, &amp;quot;I am not well,&amp;quot; and then &amp;quot;discoursed of her indisposition, and
201 that her heart had been sad and heavy for ten or twelve days, and in her
202 discourse she fetched not so few as forty or fifty great sighs. . . .
203 Hereupon I wrote to the King of Scots.&amp;quot;(1) Her melancholy was not caused by
204 any weakening of her mind. A long letter to James, dated 5 January 1603,
205 though hardly legible, is very vigorous and characteristic. &lt;/p&gt;
206 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the beginning of March1603 she became much worse. There
207 was some disease of the throat, attended with swelling and a distressing
208 formation of phlegm, which made speaking difficult. The only relatives about
209 her were Robert Carey and his sister Lady Scrope, watching keenly that they
210 might be the first to inform James of her death. She could not be brought by
211 any of her Council to take food or go to bed. When in bed she had been
212 troubled by a visual illusion; &amp;quot;she saw her body exceedingly lean and
213 fearful in a light of fire.&amp;quot; At last Nottingham, the Admiral, who was
214 mourning the recent death of his wife, was sent for. He was a second cousin
215 of Anne Boleyn, and was the one person to whom the dying Queen seemed to
216 cling with some trust. He induced her to take some broth. &amp;quot;For any of the
217 rest,&amp;quot; says her maid-of-honour, Mistress Southwell, &amp;quot;she would not answer
218 them to any question, but said softly to my Lord Admiral's earnest
219 persuasions that if he knew what she had seen in her bed he would not
220 persuade her as he did. And Secretary Cecil, overhearing her, asked if her
221 Majesty had seen any spirits; to which she said she scorned to answer him so
222 idle a question. Then he told her how, to content the people, her Majesty
223 must go to bed. To which she smiled, wonderfully contemning him, saying that
224 the word must was not to be used to princes; and thereupon said, 'Little
225 man, little man, if your father had lived ye [he?] durst not have said so
226 much: but thou knowest I must die, and that maketh thee so presumptuous.'
227 And presently commanding him and the rest to depart her chamber, willed my
228 Lord Admiral to stay; to whom she shook her head, and with a pitiful voice
229 said, 'My Lord, I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.' He alleging
230 her wonted courage to her, she replied, 'I am tied, and the case is altered
231 with me.'&amp;quot; At last, &amp;quot;what by fair means,&amp;quot; says Carey, &amp;quot;what by force, he got
232 her to bed.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
233 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was perfectly understood that she meant James to be her
234 successor. The Admiral now told his colleagues that she had confided her
235 intention to him just before her illness took a serious turn. Two years
236 before, in conversation with Rosni, the minister of Henry IV., she had
237 spoken of the approaching union of the Scotch and English crowns as a matter
238 of course. But it was not till a few hours before her death that her
239 councillors ventured to question her on the subject. They gave out that she
240 indicated James by a sign; and this is also asserted by Carey, who, however,
241 does not seem to have been present, though probably his sister was. Mistress
242 Southwell seems to write as an eye-witness, but betrays a Catholic bias,
243 which may cast some doubt on her testimony. &amp;quot;The Council sent to her the
244 bishop of Canterbury and other of the prelates, upon sight of whom she was
245 much offended, cholericly rating them, bidding them be packing, saying she
246 was no atheist, but knew full well they were hedgepriests, and took it for
247 an indignity that they should speak to her. Now being given over by all, and
248 at the last gasp, keeping still her sense in everything and giving ever when
249 she spoke apt answers, though she spake very seldom, having then a sore
250 throat, she desired to wash it, that she might answer more freely to what
251 the Council demanded; which was to know whom she would have king; but they,
252 seeing her throat troubled her so much, desired her to hold up her finger
253 when they named whom liked her. Whereupon they named the king of France, the
254 king of Scotland, at which she never stirred. They named my lord Beauchamp,
255 (2) whereto she said, 'I will have no rascal's son in my seat, but one
256 worthy to be a king.' Hereupon instantly she died.&amp;quot; (23 March, afternoon.)
257 &lt;/p&gt;
258 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is certain, however, that she lived several hours after
259 this characteristic outburst. Carey says that at six o'clock in the evening
260 he went into her room with the Archbishop; that, though speechless, she
261 showed by signs that she followed his prayers, and twice desired him to
262 remain when he was going away. She died in the early hours of Thursday, 24
263 March. &lt;/p&gt;
264 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There have been many greater statesmen than Elizabeth. She
265 was far from being an admirable type of womanhood. She does not, in my
266 opinion, stand first even among female sovereigns, for I should put that
267 able ruler and perfect woman, Isabella of Castile, above her. I admit,
268 however, that such comparisons are apt to be unjust. Few rulers have had to
269 contend with such formidable and complicated difficulties as the English
270 Queen. Few have surmounted them so triumphantly. This is the criterion, and
271 the sufficient criterion, which determines the judgment of practical men.
272 Research, if applied with fairness and common sense, may perhaps modify, it
273 can never set aside, the popular verdict. There are writers who have made
274 the discovery that Elizabeth was a very poor ruler, selfish and wayward,
275 shortsighted, easily duped, fainthearted, rash, miserly, wasteful, and
276 swayed by the pettiest impulses of vanity, spite, and personal inclination.
277 They have not explained, and never will, how it was that a woman with all
278 these disqualifications for government should have ruled England with signal
279 success for forty-four years. Statesmen are indebted to good luck
280 occasionally, like other people. But when this explanation is offered again
281 and again with dull regularity, we are compelled to say, with one who had at
282 once the best opportunity and the highest capacity for estimating the
283 greatness of Elizabeth: &amp;quot;It is not to closet penmen that we are to look for
284 guidance in such a case; for men of that order being keen in style, poor in
285 judgment, and partial in feeling, are no faithful witnesses as to the real
286 passages of business. It is for ministers and great officers to judge of
287 these things, and those who have handled the helm of government and been
288 acquainted with the difficulties and mysteries of State business.&amp;quot; (Bacon,
289 &lt;i&gt;In felicem memoriam Elizabethœ.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
290 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The judgment of those who have handled the helm of
291 government is to be found in the words of her contemporary, the great
292 Henry--&amp;quot;She was my other self:&amp;quot; and of a greater still in the next
293 generation-&amp;quot;Queen Elizabeth of famous memory; we need not be ashamed to call
294 her so!&amp;quot; (Carlyle, &lt;i&gt;Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell&lt;/i&gt;, Speech
295 V.)&lt;/p&gt;
296 &lt;/font&gt;
297 &lt;hr&gt;
298 &lt;/font&gt;
299 &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
300 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. Elizabeth made large use of the courage and
301 fidelity of her kinsmen on the Boleyn side, but she did little to advance
302 them either in rank or wealth. Hunsdon had set his heart on regaining the
303 Boleyn Earldom of Wiltshire. When he was dying, Elizabeth brought the patent
304 and robes of in earl, and laid them on his bed; but the choleric old man
305 replied, &amp;quot;Madam, seeing you counted me not worthy of this honour while I was
306 living, I count myself unworthy of it now I am dying.&amp;quot; 2. Son of Catherine
307 Grey by the Earl of Hertford. &amp;quot;Rascal&amp;quot; at that time meant a person of low
308 birth. &lt;/p&gt;
309 &lt;/font&gt;
310 &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
311 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
312 Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by
313 Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
314 &lt;/font&gt;
315 &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
316 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
317&lt;/blockquote&gt;
318
319 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
320 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen
321 Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
322 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary,
323 queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
324 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
325 to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
326 &lt;/font&gt;
327
328
329
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