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    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XII</Metadata>
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    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
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    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
      &lt;b&gt;LAST YEARS AND DEATH: 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE death of Mary Stuart did something to simplify parties 
    in Scotland; and, if her son had possessed the qualities of a ruler, he 
    would have had a better chance of reducing his kingdom to order than any of 
    his predecessors, because a middle class was at length rising into 
    importance. As far as knowledge and discernment went, he was an able 
    politician, and on several occasions he showed not only skill in his 
    combinations, but--what he is not generally credited with by those who study 
    only his career in England -- considerable energy and courage. But he was 
    wanting in perseverance, and a slave to idle pleasures. He had always some 
    favourite upon whom he lavished any money that came into his hands. What was 
    needed in his own interest and that of his country was that he should 
    exercise rigid economy, develop all the forces that made for order, ally 
    himself with the burghs and lower barons, cultivate good relations with the 
    Kirk, industriously attend to all the details of government, and seize every 
    opportunity to humble the great nobles of whatever party or creed. Instead 
    of this, he tried to maintain himself by balancing rival parties, and 
    employing one nobleman to execute his vengeance on another. Instead of 
    honestly and zealously seconding the policy of Elizabeth, and so deserving 
    her confidence and support, which would have been of the utmost value to 
    him, he tried to levy blackmail on her by coquetting with Spain and the 
    Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth is accused of deliberately encouraging Scottish 
    factions in order to keep the northern kingdom weak. She certainly supported 
    Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, a turbulent and unprincipled man, while he was 
    the antagonist of the Catholic nobles who were inviting the Spaniard. But it 
    is plain that she desired nothing so much as to see James crush all 
    aristocratic disorder, and make himself master of his kingdom. Her 
    exhortations to him on this subject are full of wisdom, and expressed in 
    most stirring language. But they only produced petitions for money. 
    Notwithstanding her own difficulties, she long allowed him £3000 a year, 
    which, in 1600, was increased to £6000. But ten times that amount would have 
    done him no good, because he would immediately have squandered it. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;As Elizabeth grew old, James naturally became absorbed in 
    the prospect of his succession to the English crown. All Scotchmen shared 
    his eagerness. In England, feeling was almost unanimous in his favour, 
    though some of the Catholics continued to talk of the Infanta or Arabella 
    Stuart the niece of Darnley. By teasing Elizabeth to recognise his title, 
    intriguing with her courtiers, and calling on his own subjects to furnish 
    him with the means of asserting his rights, James irritated the English 
    Queen. But she had always intended that he should succeed her, and she did 
    nothing to prejudice his claim. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two leading men at the English court--Cecil and 
    Raleigh--who had been united in their hostility to Essex, were now secretly 
    competing for the favour of James. Each warned the Scottish King against the 
    other, and represented himself as the only trustworthy adviser. Cecil, from 
    his confidential relations with the Queen, had the most difficult game to 
    play, and it was not till her health was evidently failing that he ventured 
    to open private communications with James. Even then he did not dare to 
    correspond with him directly, but it was understood that everything written 
    by Lord Henry Howard (brother of the last Duke of Norfolk) was to be taken 
    as written by Cecil. To make up for his previous backwardness, he lent James 
    £10,000--a pledge of fidelity which it was out of his rival's power to 
    emulate. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The long career of Elizabeth was now drawing to its close. 
    Her sun might seem to be going down in calm splendour. She had triumphed 
    over all her enemies. She might say with Virgil's heroine-- &lt;/p&gt;
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      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Vixi, et quem dederat cursum fortuna, peregi;&lt;br&gt;
      Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The mighty Philip had gone to his grave five years before 
    her (1598), a beaten man, having failed in Holland, failed in France, failed 
    against England. Of the three great champions who withstood him, Elizabeth, 
    if not the most distinguished by high qualities, had yet, perhaps, the 
    largest share in saving Europe from the retrograde tyranny which menaced it. 
    The glorious resistance of William of Orange covered only sixteen years 
    (1568-84). That of Henry IV can hardly be said to have had any European 
    importance before his accession to the French throne, from which date to the 
    peace of Vervins and the death of Philip is a period of nine years 
    (1589-98). But the whole of Elizabeth's long reign was spent in abating the 
    power of Spain. It was the persistent, never-relaxing pressure from an 
    unassailable enemy which wore out Philip, as it afterwards wore out 
    Bonaparte. Elizabeth had found England weak and distracted: she was leaving 
    it united and powerful. Nor was she of those to whom their due meed of 
    praise is denied during life, and accorded only by the tardy justice of 
    posterity. Her wisdom and courage were the admiration not of her own people 
    alone, but of all Europe. &amp;quot;Her very enemies,&amp;quot; says a French historian, 
    &amp;quot;proclaimed her the most glorious and fortunate of all women who ever wore a 
    crown.&amp;quot; From the point of view of public life, little or nothing was 
    wanting--so Bacon thought--to fill up the full measure of her felicity. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet it seems that the last months of her life were clouded 
    by melancholy, and deformed by a querulous ill-temper. Some have suggested 
    that she suffered from remorse for her severity to Essex; others that she 
    felt herself out of sympathy with the Puritan tendencies of the time. It is 
    not necessary to resort to these unfounded or far-fetched suppositions to 
    account for her gloom. If we turn from her public to her private life, what 
    situation could be more profoundly pitiable? Honour and obedience, indeed, 
    still surrounded her. But that which also should accompany old age, love and 
    troops of friends, she might not look to have. Near relations she had none. 
    Alone she had chosen to live, and alone she must die. As her time 
    approached, she was haunted by the consciousness that, among all those who 
    treated her with so much reverence, there was not one who had any reason to 
    be attached to her or to care that her life should be prolonged. Those who 
    have not loved when they were young must not expect to find love when they 
    are old. While health and strength remained, she had tasted the satisfaction 
    of living her own life and playing the great game of politics, for which she 
    was exceptionally gifted. But to a woman who has passed through life without 
    knowing what it is to love or be loved, who has no memory of even an 
    unrequited affection to feed on, who has never shared a husband's joys and 
    sorrows, never borne the sweet burden of maternity, never suckled babe or 
    rocked cradle, who must finish her journey alone, sitting in the solemn 
    twilight before the last dark hour uncared for and uncaring, without the 
    cheer of children or the varied interests that gather round the family--to 
    such a one, what avails it that she has tasted the excitement of public 
    life, that she has borne a share in politics or business--what even that her 
    aims have been high or that she has done the State some service, if she has 
    renounced the crown of womanhood, and turned from their appointed use those 
    numbered years within which the female heart can find present joy and lay up 
    store of calm satisfaction for declining age? &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had always enjoyed good health, thanks to her 
    &amp;quot;exact temperance both as to wine and diet, which, she used to say, was the 
    noblest part of physic,&amp;quot; and her active habits. In capacity for resisting 
    bodily fatigue and freedom from nervous ailments, she was like a man. It was 
    not till the beginning of 1602 that those about her noticed any signs of 
    failing strength. She still went on hunting and dancing. In dancing she 
    excelled, and she kept it up for exercise, as many an old man keeps up his 
    skating or tennis without being exposed to ill-natured remarks. In December 
    1602 her godson Harington, an amusing person, whose company she enjoyed, 
    found her &amp;quot;in most pitiable state,&amp;quot; both in body and mind. &amp;quot;She held in her 
    hand a golden cup which she often put to her lips; but in sooth her heart 
    seemeth too full to lack more filling.&amp;quot; He read her some verses he had 
    written, &amp;quot;whereat she smiled once,&amp;quot; but said, &amp;quot;When thou dost feel creeping 
    Time at thy gate, these fooleries will please thee less. I am past my relish 
    for such matters. Thou seest my bodily meat doth not suit me well. I have 
    eaten but one ill-tasted cake since yesternight.&amp;quot; Harington hastened to send 
    a present to the King of Scots, with the inscription, &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Domine memento mei 
    cum veneris in regnum&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the same month Robert Carey, son of her cousin Lord 
    Hunsdon, visited her, and professed to think her looking well. &amp;quot;No, Robin,&amp;quot; 
    she said, &amp;quot;I am not well,&amp;quot; and then &amp;quot;discoursed of her indisposition, and 
    that her heart had been sad and heavy for ten or twelve days, and in her 
    discourse she fetched not so few as forty or fifty great sighs. . . . 
    Hereupon I wrote to the King of Scots.&amp;quot;(1) Her melancholy was not caused by 
    any weakening of her mind. A long letter to James, dated 5 January 1603, 
    though hardly legible, is very vigorous and characteristic. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the beginning of March1603 she became much worse. There 
    was some disease of the throat, attended with swelling and a distressing 
    formation of phlegm, which made speaking difficult. The only relatives about 
    her were Robert Carey and his sister Lady Scrope, watching keenly that they 
    might be the first to inform James of her death. She could not be brought by 
    any of her Council to take food or go to bed. When in bed she had been 
    troubled by a visual illusion; &amp;quot;she saw her body exceedingly lean and 
    fearful in a light of fire.&amp;quot; At last Nottingham, the Admiral, who was 
    mourning the recent death of his wife, was sent for. He was a second cousin 
    of Anne Boleyn, and was the one person to whom the dying Queen seemed to 
    cling with some trust. He induced her to take some broth. &amp;quot;For any of the 
    rest,&amp;quot; says her maid-of-honour, Mistress Southwell, &amp;quot;she would not answer 
    them to any question, but said softly to my Lord Admiral's earnest 
    persuasions that if he knew what she had seen in her bed he would not 
    persuade her as he did. And Secretary Cecil, overhearing her, asked if her 
    Majesty had seen any spirits; to which she said she scorned to answer him so 
    idle a question. Then he told her how, to content the people, her Majesty 
    must go to bed. To which she smiled, wonderfully contemning him, saying that 
    the word must was not to be used to princes; and thereupon said, 'Little 
    man, little man, if your father had lived ye [he?] durst not have said so 
    much: but thou knowest I must die, and that maketh thee so presumptuous.' 
    And presently commanding him and the rest to depart her chamber, willed my 
    Lord Admiral to stay; to whom she shook her head, and with a pitiful voice 
    said, 'My Lord, I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.' He alleging 
    her wonted courage to her, she replied, 'I am tied, and the case is altered 
    with me.'&amp;quot; At last, &amp;quot;what by fair means,&amp;quot; says Carey, &amp;quot;what by force, he got 
    her to bed.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was perfectly understood that she meant James to be her 
    successor. The Admiral now told his colleagues that she had confided her 
    intention to him just before her illness took a serious turn. Two years 
    before, in conversation with Rosni, the minister of Henry IV., she had 
    spoken of the approaching union of the Scotch and English crowns as a matter 
    of course. But it was not till a few hours before her death that her 
    councillors ventured to question her on the subject. They gave out that she 
    indicated James by a sign; and this is also asserted by Carey, who, however, 
    does not seem to have been present, though probably his sister was. Mistress 
    Southwell seems to write as an eye-witness, but betrays a Catholic bias, 
    which may cast some doubt on her testimony. &amp;quot;The Council sent to her the 
    bishop of Canterbury and other of the prelates, upon sight of whom she was 
    much offended, cholericly rating them, bidding them be packing, saying she 
    was no atheist, but knew full well they were hedgepriests, and took it for 
    an indignity that they should speak to her. Now being given over by all, and 
    at the last gasp, keeping still her sense in everything and giving ever when 
    she spoke apt answers, though she spake very seldom, having then a sore 
    throat, she desired to wash it, that she might answer more freely to what 
    the Council demanded; which was to know whom she would have king; but they, 
    seeing her throat troubled her so much, desired her to hold up her finger 
    when they named whom liked her. Whereupon they named the king of France, the 
    king of Scotland, at which she never stirred. They named my lord Beauchamp, 
    (2) whereto she said, 'I will have no rascal's son in my seat, but one 
    worthy to be a king.' Hereupon instantly she died.&amp;quot; (23 March, afternoon.)
    &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is certain, however, that she lived several hours after 
    this characteristic outburst. Carey says that at six o'clock in the evening 
    he went into her room with the Archbishop; that, though speechless, she 
    showed by signs that she followed his prayers, and twice desired him to 
    remain when he was going away. She died in the early hours of Thursday, 24 
    March. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There have been many greater statesmen than Elizabeth. She 
    was far from being an admirable type of womanhood. She does not, in my 
    opinion, stand first even among female sovereigns, for I should put that 
    able ruler and perfect woman, Isabella of Castile, above her. I admit, 
    however, that such comparisons are apt to be unjust. Few rulers have had to 
    contend with such formidable and complicated difficulties as the English 
    Queen. Few have surmounted them so triumphantly. This is the criterion, and 
    the sufficient criterion, which determines the judgment of practical men. 
    Research, if applied with fairness and common sense, may perhaps modify, it 
    can never set aside, the popular verdict. There are writers who have made 
    the discovery that Elizabeth was a very poor ruler, selfish and wayward, 
    shortsighted, easily duped, fainthearted, rash, miserly, wasteful, and 
    swayed by the pettiest impulses of vanity, spite, and personal inclination. 
    They have not explained, and never will, how it was that a woman with all 
    these disqualifications for government should have ruled England with signal 
    success for forty-four years. Statesmen are indebted to good luck 
    occasionally, like other people. But when this explanation is offered again 
    and again with dull regularity, we are compelled to say, with one who had at 
    once the best opportunity and the highest capacity for estimating the 
    greatness of Elizabeth: &amp;quot;It is not to closet penmen that we are to look for 
    guidance in such a case; for men of that order being keen in style, poor in 
    judgment, and partial in feeling, are no faithful witnesses as to the real 
    passages of business. It is for ministers and great officers to judge of 
    these things, and those who have handled the helm of government and been 
    acquainted with the difficulties and mysteries of State business.&amp;quot; (Bacon,
    &lt;i&gt;In felicem memoriam Elizabethœ.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The judgment of those who have handled the helm of 
    government is to be found in the words of her contemporary, the great 
    Henry--&amp;quot;She was my other self:&amp;quot; and of a greater still in the next 
    generation-&amp;quot;Queen Elizabeth of famous memory; we need not be ashamed to call 
    her so!&amp;quot; (Carlyle, &lt;i&gt;Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell&lt;/i&gt;, Speech 
    V.)&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/font&gt;
    &lt;hr&gt;
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    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. Elizabeth made large use of the courage and 
    fidelity of her kinsmen on the Boleyn side, but she did little to advance 
    them either in rank or wealth. Hunsdon had set his heart on regaining the 
    Boleyn Earldom of Wiltshire. When he was dying, Elizabeth brought the patent 
    and robes of in earl, and laid them on his bed; but the choleric old man 
    replied, &amp;quot;Madam, seeing you counted me not worthy of this honour while I was 
    living, I count myself unworthy of it now I am dying.&amp;quot; 2. Son of Catherine 
    Grey by the Earl of Hertford. &amp;quot;Rascal&amp;quot; at that time meant a person of low 
    birth. &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/font&gt;
    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/font&gt;
    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/font&gt;
  


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