Changeset 12445 for trunk/cic-hcap
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- 2006-08-15T14:34:03+12:00 (18 years ago)
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trunk/cic-hcap/macros/extra.dm
r12431 r12445 295 295 <div class="cicheading">Glossary</div> 296 296 297 <p class="cicsubheading">Building Styles<br /><span class="cictext">(some based on definitions of the Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus)</span></p> 298 297 <span class="cicsubheading">Definitions and Visual Examples</span> <span class="cictext">(some based on definitions of the Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus)</span><br /> 298 (as noted in Questionnaire, Part II./Section 2. Description/A. Building/1. Architectural classification) 299 300 <p /> 299 301 <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="_pagewidth_"> 300 302 <tr> 301 303 <td valign="top" width="100%">AMERICAN COLONIAL<br /> 302 Refers to the culture and style of architecture created in the area of the current United States during the period when it was colonized by Europeans, primarily during the 17th and 18th centuries. The term generally refers specifically to the culture and styles of the British colonies on the East Coast of the United States, generally not including the French or Spanish colonies.304 Refers to the culture and style of architecture created in the region of the current United States during the period when it was colonized by Europeans, primarily during the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. The term generally refers specifically to the culture and styles of the British colonies on the East Coast of the United States, generally not including the French or Spanish colonies, which are usually called French colonial or Spanish colonial. 303 305 </td> 304 306 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Dartmouth Hall, Dartmouth College (photo courtesy of University of Maryland slide collection)" src="_httpcollection_/images/americancolonial.jpg"/></td> … … 307 309 <tr> 308 310 <td valign="top" width="100%">FEDERAL<br /> 309 Refers to the architectur al movement in America that flourished from around 1785 to 1820 based on the revival of Roman architectural styles in the design of government buildings. The movement, endorsed by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Henry Latrobe, was driven partially by the metaphorical concept of the United States as analogous to the Roman Republic in its grandeur and political philosophy but also by the influence of such British neoclassical architects as Robert Adams.311 Refers to the architecture that flourished in the new American republic from approximately 1785 to 1820. Inspired by European neo-classicism, especially as practiced in England by Robert Adam, though modified by late colonial tendencies, it also reflects the revival of Roman architectural styles, especially in the design of government buildings. Endorsed by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Henry Latrobe, that theme was driven partially by the metaphorical concept of the United States as analogous to the Roman Republic in its political philosophy. 310 312 </td> 311 313 <td valign="top"> <img alt="President's House, Williams College (HABS/HAER)" src="_httpcollection_/images/federal.jpg"/></td> … … 314 316 <tr> 315 317 <td valign="top" width="100%">GREEK REVIVAL<br /> 316 Refers to the style of architecture in Europe and the United States from the 1750s (in Europe) to circa 1850, characterized by the use of classical Greek forms and ornament. Inspired by 18th-century archaeological discoveries, it attempted to follow closely original models. Greek revival buildings often look like temples, with a series of large stone or wood columns marking part or all of the structure. They can also be symmetrical, with wings flanking either side of the central temple-like mass.318 Refers to a style of architecture in Europe and the United States begun in the 1750s in Europe, and flourishing there from the 1790s and then in this country from approximately 1815 to the 1850s, which was characterized by the use of classical Greek forms and ornament. Inspired by 18<sup>th</sup>-century archaeological discoveries, it attempted to follow closely original models. Greek revival buildings often look like temples, with a series of large stone or wood columns marking part or all of the structure, though there are many examples that emphasize Greek details rather than whole buildings. In the United States, it flourished at the time of the Greek war for independence from Turkey, and many saw the style as a manifestation of democracy. 317 319 </td> 318 320 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Morrison College, Transylvania University (HABS/HAER)" src="_httpcollection_/images/greekrevival.jpg"/></td> … … 320 322 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 321 323 <tr> 322 <td valign="top" width="100%"> GEORGIAN REVIVAL<br />323 Refers to the late 19th and early 20th century English style of architecture that revived the architectural forms and decorative motifs of the Georgian period from 1714 to 1830, and sometimes well into the 19th and early 20th century. Georgian revival architecture, like its model, features symmetrical brick facades, pitched roofs, sashes, and fanlights. It also often includes white painted trim and decorative moldings and elements.324 </td> 325 <td valign="top"> <img alt=" ???" src="_httpcollection_/images/georgianrevival.jpg"/></td>324 <td valign="top" width="100%">ITALIANATE<br /> 325 A mid- to-late-19<sup>th</sup>-century architectural style, it was inspired by Italian Renaissance buildings, both the high-style urban palazzo and the less formal country villa. Often residential and often featuring a low-pitched hipped roof topped by a belvedere, or rooftop pavilions intended as lookouts or for the enjoyment of a view, it can also refer to more formal buildings ranging from commercial to public and residential. 326 </td> 327 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Ralston Hall, Univ. of Notre Dame de Namur" src="_httpcollection_/images/italianate.jpg"/></td> 326 328 </tr> 327 329 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 328 330 <tr> 329 331 <td valign="top" width="100%">GOTHIC REVIVAL<br /> 330 Refers mainly to the style in English and American architecture from the mid- to late 18th century through the late 19th century. The style is characterized by the use of pointed arches, rosettes, pinnacles, tracery, foils, and polychrome effects inspired by Gothic architecture and often reproduced with the general aim of historical accuracy.332 Refers mainly to a style that flourished first in England and then spread to the European continent but even more strongly to America, beginning in the mid- to late 18th century, triumphing in the mid-19th century, and continuing into the twentieth. The style is characterized by the use of pointed arches, rosettes, pinnacles, tracery, foils, and polychrome effects inspired by Gothic architecture and at times reproduced with the general aim of historical accuracy, though often the spirit was as important as the details. Especially associated with churches, it could also be found in a wide range of building types, including by the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20th century examples in campus architecture in what came to be called Collegiate Gothic. 331 333 </td> 332 334 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Old Main building, Bethany College (HABS/HAER)" src="_httpcollection_/images/gothicrevival.jpg"/></td> … … 334 336 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 335 337 <tr> 336 <td valign="top" width="100%"> ITALIANATE<br />337 As a mid- to late 19th century architectural style, it was inspired by Italian Renaissance architects, but in a somewhat loose manner. Often residential and often featuring a low-pitched hipped roof topped by a belvedere, or rooftop pavilions intended as lookouts or for the enjoyment of a view, it can also refer to more formal buildings ranging from commercial to residential.338 </td> 339 <td valign="top"> <img alt=" Lawrence Observatory, Amherst College" src="_httpcollection_/images/italianate.jpg"/></td>338 <td valign="top" width="100%">ROMANESQUE REVIVAL<br /> 339 Refers to a style in European and American architecture dating from the 1820s to the end of the 19th century that was based on 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque church architecture. It is primarily characterized by the use of semicircular arches, barrel and groin vaults, massive blocks of masonry and, at times, the spare use of Romanesque and/or naturalistic ornament. A specific variety, called Richardsonian Romanesque, was inspired by the architecture of the American H. H. Richardson, and flourished in the last three decades of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. 340 </td> 341 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Glatfelter Hall, Gettysbury College (HABS/HAER)" src="_httpcollection_/images/romanesquerevival.jpg"/></td> 340 342 </tr> 341 343 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 342 344 <tr> 343 <td valign="top" width="100%"> ROMANESQUE REVIVAL<br />344 Refers to the style in European and American architecture dating from the 1820s to the end of the 19th century. Based on the style of the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque church architecture, it is characterized by the use of massive blocks of masonry, semicircular arches, barrel and groin vaults, and, at times, the spare use of naturalistic ornament.345 </td> 346 <td valign="top"> <img alt=" Glatfelter Hall, Gettysbury College (HABS/HAER)" src="_httpcollection_/images/romanesquerevival.jpg"/></td>345 <td valign="top" width="100%">VICTORIAN STYLES<br /> 346 Refers to a wide variety of styles exhibited during the 19<sup>th</sup> century during Queen Victorias reign in Britain (1837-1900) and during the same period in the United States. Often labeled Romantic, these styles, which ranged from Italianate and Gothic revival to vernacular and Queen Anne revival, were expressed in all building types. 347 </td> 348 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Residential Village (Theme House), Agnes Scott College (CHS collection)" src="_httpcollection_/images/victorianstyles.jpg"/></td> 347 349 </tr> 348 350 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 349 351 <tr> 350 <td valign="top" width="100%"> VICTORIAN STYLES<br />351 Refers to a wide variety of styles exhibited during the 19th century during Queen Victorias reign (1837-1900) that reflected great social, intellectual, and technological changes in Britain, the United States, and elsewhere. These style often provided alternatives to classicism such as the neo-Gothic revival and the Romantic, as well as eclecticism, and vernacular and Queen Anne revivals, and were expressed in all building types.352 </td> 353 <td valign="top"> <img alt=" Residential Village (Theme House), Agnes Scott College (CHS collection)" src="_httpcollection_/images/victorianstyles.jpg"/></td>352 <td valign="top" width="100%">BEAUX-ARTS CLASSICISM<br /> 353 Refers to the revival of classicism, especially as practiced in Italy and France during the Renaissance and Baroque eras of the 15<sup>th</sup> to 18<sup>th</sup> centuries, that flourished in Europe and America in the late 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>th</sup> centuries. Inspired by the approach to architectural design espoused at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, this style included the use of classically articulated and often symmetrical massing, a primary axial orientation in plan (often with subsidiary axes), and hierarchically arranged and related internal spaces that offered the opportunity for a directed, processional movement through a building. Its flourishing in America coincided with the emergence of the United States as a world power. 354 </td> 355 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Cochran Hall, Allegheny College (CHS collection)" src="_httpcollection_/images/beauxartsclassicism.jpg"/></td> 354 356 </tr> 355 357 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 356 358 <tr> 357 <td valign="top" width="100%"> BEAUX-ARTS CLASSICISM<br />358 Refers to a largely classical response between approximately 1890 and 1920 in America and elsewhere in which the traditions of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts were championed. Begun as the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1671, and reorganized during the French Revolution to become the School of Fine Arts in Paris, the Ecole was the largest and most influential school of architecture in the 19th century. Its ideas of design included the use of classically articulated and often symmetrical massing, the use in plan of a primary axial orientation (often with subsidiary axes), and hierarchically arranged and related internal spaces that offered the opportunity for a directed, processional movement through a building.359 </td> 360 <td valign="top"> <img alt=" Cochran Hall, Allegheny College (CHS collection)" src="_httpcollection_/images/beauxartsclassicism.jpg"/></td>359 <td valign="top" width="100%">COLONIAL REVIVAL<br /> 360 Refers to a movement in architecture and interior design prevalent in the late 19th century and well into the 20th that revives the styles of the 17<sup>th</sup>, 18<sup>th</sup>, and early 19<sup>th</sup> centuries in colonial and federal America. The style, though especially seen in domestic architecture, also was found in other building types. Subsumed within this general rubric was not only a revival of 17<sup>th</sup> century clapboard buildings, but also a Georgian revival, which was inspired by English and American architecture of the 18<sup>th</sup> century. This latter tends to feature symmetrical facades, often characterized by brick, pitched roofs, windows with sashes, and fanlights. It also often includes white painted trim and decorative moldings and elements. 361 </td> 362 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Washington Hall, Washington and Lee University" src="_httpcollection_/images/colonialrevival.jpg"/></td> 361 363 </tr> 362 364 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 363 365 <tr> 364 <td valign="top" width="100%"> COLONIALREVIVAL<br />365 Refers to the movement in architecture and interior design prevalent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in countries formerly colonized by Great Britain. The style, mostly seen in domestic architecture and also in other building types, and promoted as a picturesque 'national' style, is a direct resurrection of building styles of the early colonial periods and of the related Georgian revival. The latter term refers to late 19th and early 20th century architecture that revived the architectural forms and decorative motifs of the Georgian period from 1714 to 1830. Georgian revival architecture, like its model, tends to feature symmetrical brick facades, pitched roofs, sashes, and fanlights. It also often includes white painted trim and decorative moldings and elements.366 </td> 367 <td valign="top"> <img alt=" Alexandria Hall, Louisiana College (Louisiana State Division of Historic Preservation website)" src="_httpcollection_/images/colonialrevival.jpg"/></td>366 <td valign="top" width="100%">MISSION/MISSION REVIVAL<br /> 367 As a subtype of Spanish Colonial revival architectural style, this style is characterized by simplicity of form and ornamentation. Particularly between approximately 1900 and 1915 (although also later) especially in the southern, western, and southwestern regions of the United States, Mission revival architecture was utilized in all kinds of buildings. 368 </td> 369 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Our Lady Queen of Peace Chapel, Lourdes College (CHS collection)" src="_httpcollection_/images/mission.jpg"/></td> 368 370 </tr> 369 371 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 370 372 <tr> 371 <td valign="top" width="100%">M ISSION/MISSION REVIVAL<br />372 As a subtype of Spanish Colonial revival architectural style, this style is characterized by simplicity of form and ornamentation. Particularly between approximately 1900 and 1915 (although also later) in mostly the south, western, and southwestern regions on the United States, Mission revival architecture was utilized in public buildings of various kinds, as well as domestic and commercial building types.373 </td> 374 <td valign="top"> <img alt=" Our Lady Queen of Peace Chapel, Lourdes College (CHS collection)" src="_httpcollection_/images/mission.jpg"/></td>373 <td valign="top" width="100%">MODERN/PRE- AND POST-WWII<br /> 374 Refers to the style of architecture that emerged in Holland, France, and Germany just before but primarily after World War I and spread throughout the world, becoming a leading architectural style until the 1960s/1970s. This style is characterized by a rejection of traditional period styling; an emphasis on volume over mass; the use of lightweight, mass-produced, industrial materials, but also reinforced concrete; frequent rejection of ornament and color; repetitive modular forms; and the use of flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass. Some later examples may also be particularly sculptural in massing. 375 </td> 376 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Annie Pfeiffer Chapel, Florida Southern College (HABS/HAER)" src="_httpcollection_/images/modern.jpg"/></td> 375 377 </tr> 376 378 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 377 379 <tr> 378 <td valign="top" width="100%"> MODERN/PRE- AND POST-WWII<br />379 Refers to the style of architecture that emerged in Holland, France, and Germany after World War I and spread throughout the world, becoming the dominant architectural style until the 1960s/1970s. This style is characterized by an emphasis on volume over mass; the use of lightweight, mass-produced, industrial materials; rejection of all ornament and color; repetitive modular forms; and the use of flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass. Some later examples may also be particularly sculptural in massing.380 </td> 381 <td valign="top"> <img alt=" Annie Pfeiffer Chapel, Florida Southern College (HABS/HAER)" src="_httpcollection_/images/modern.jpg"/></td>380 <td valign="top" width="100%">POSTMODERN<br /> 381 Refers to architecture as early as the mid-1960s but more often from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, in which buildings often have a renewed interest in the color and patterns of materials, and, in many cases, the use of stylistic quotations from many different periods combined to a contradictory effect of varying scale, proportions, and scenographic effect. 382 </td> 383 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Williams College Museum of Art (rear facade), Williams College (Williams College Department of Art slide collection)" src="_httpcollection_/images/postmodern.jpg"/></td> 382 384 </tr> 383 385 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 384 386 <tr> 385 <td valign="top" width="100%"> POSTMODERN<br />386 Refers to architecture as early as the mid-1960s but more often from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, in which a buildings form often has a renewed interest in the color and patterns of materials, and, in many cases, the use of stylistic quotations from many different periods combined to a contradictory effect of varying scale, proportions, and scenographic effect.387 </td> 388 <td valign="top"> <img alt=" Williams College Museum of Art (rear facade), Williams College (Williams College Department of Art slide collection)" src="_httpcollection_/images/postmodern.jpg"/></td>387 <td valign="top" width="100%">CONTEMPORARY<br /> 388 Although often used earlier in the twentieth century to refer to modernism, it especially refers to architecture from 1995 to the present, encompassing a wide range of architectural styles and approaches, often incorporating elements of modernism and postmodernism. 389 </td> 390 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Admissions and Careers Services Center, Trinity College" src="_httpcollection_/images/contemporary.jpg"/></td> 389 391 </tr> 390 392 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 391 393 <tr> 392 <td valign="top" width="100%">CONTEMPORARY<br /> 393 Architecture from 1995 to the present, encompassing a wide range of architectural styles and approaches, often incorporating elements of modernism and postmodernism. 394 </td> 395 <td valign="top"> <img alt="???" src="_httpcollection_/images/contemporary.jpg"/></td> 396 </tr> 397 <tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> 398 <tr> 399 <td valign="top" width="100%">VERNACULAR/REGIONALIST<br /> 400 Refers to architecture that does not fit easily into the stylistic categories given above that rely greatly on the building traditions and materials of a particular region. These buildings may have been constructed during any period in American architecture. Fieldstone buildings in Pennsylvania or the Midwest, adobe or stucco mission-type buildings with tile roofs in the West or Southwest, local limestone buildings in Indiana, are a few examples of this kind of response in campus architecture. 394 <td valign="top" width="100%">REGIONALIST/VERNACULAR<br /> 395 Refers to architecture that does not fit easily into the stylistic categories given above that rely primarily on period styling. This kind of architecture instead emphasizes the building traditions and materials of a particular region. These buildings may have been constructed during any period in American architecture. Fieldstone buildings in Pennsylvania or the Midwest, adobe or stucco mission-type buildings with tile roofs in the West or Southwest, and local limestone buildings in Indiana, are a few examples of this kind of response in campus architecture. 401 396 </td> 402 397 <td valign="top"> <img alt="Old Castle, Baker University (HABS/HAER)" src="_httpcollection_/images/vernacularregionalist.jpg"/></td> … … 404 399 </table> 405 400 406 <p class="cicsubheading">Terms Relating to Campus Plans and Building Groups</p> 407 408 <p>Unplanned<br /> 409 No comprehensive master plan was ever a part of campus building or landscaping activity.</p> 410 411 <p>Irregular/Picturesque<br /> 412 Master plan of part or all of the campus has curving roads and pathways that provide circulation amidst non-hierarchically placed buildings. Vegetation, either natural or planned, often is clustered in irregular, unsymmetrical groupings, so as to create a picturesque effect.</p> 413 414 <p>Quadrangle/Beaux-Arts Classicism<br /> 415 Master plan of part or all of the campus has a primary axis that serves as an important means of circulation and orientation for buildings. Structures are placed often in symmetrical arrangements, with a clear hierarchy in size and location established between a focal point of a central building or a structure placed at one end of the plan and subsidiary buildings located around it.</p> 416 417 <p>Modern (open plan)<br /> 418 Master plan has a more open orientation between buildings, with no obvious reliance on the hierarchical arrangements of the more traditional quadrangle and Beaux-Arts approaches.</p> 401 <p/> 402 <div class="cicsubheading">Further Definitions</div> 403 (as noted in Questionnaire, Part II./Section 2. Description/B. Entire campus and C. Campus plan) 404 405 <p><b>Informal or not formally planned:</b><br /> 406 No comprehensive master plan was a part of campus building or landscaping efforts. Campus has developed without any overarching schema.</p> 407 408 <p><b>Irregular/Picturesque:</b><br /> 409 Master plan of part or all of the campus has curving roads and pathways that provide circulation amidst non-hierarchically placed buildings. Vegetation, either natural or planned, often is clustered in irregular, unsymmetrical groupings, so as to create a more natural, though actually planned, picturesque effect.</p> 410 411 <p><b>Linear:</b><br /> 412 Master plan of all or part of the campus has a primary axis, on one or both sides of which building and/or landscaping efforts have been concentrated. Circulation on the campus is directed along this primary axis.</p> 413 414 <p><b>Quadrangle/Beaux-Arts classicism:</b><br /> 415 Master plan of part or all of the campus has a primary axis that serves as an important means of circulation and orientation for buildings. Structures are often placed in symmetrical arrangements, with a clear hierarchy in size and location established between the focal point(s) of a central building or structure placed at one end or both ends of the plan and subsidiary buildings located around these elements.</p> 416 417 <p><b>Modern (open plan):</b><br /> 418 Though clearly planned, these campuses utilize a master plan that has a more open orientation between buildings, with no obvious reliance on the hierarchical arrangements of the more classically-ordered quadrangle and Beaux-Arts tradition.</p> 419 419 } 420 420
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