Changeset 24803
- Timestamp:
- 2011-11-08T21:44:15+13:00 (12 years ago)
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- main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import
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r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 17 <B> 16 17 <B></B> 18 18 <!-- 19 19 <Section> … … 22 22 </Description> 23 23 --> 24 </B> 24 25 25 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Board on Science and Tecnology for International Development </P> 26 26 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">National Research Council</P> … … 227 227 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">W. ZEILLER, Miami Seaquarium, Miami, Florida, USA </P> 228 228 229 <B> 229 <B></B> 230 230 <!-- 231 231 </Section> … … 235 235 </Description> 236 236 --> 237 </B> 237 238 238 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the potential of small livestock species and to stimulate their introduction into animal research and economic development programs. It is geared particularly towards benefiting developing nations.</P> 239 239 … … 276 276 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Small Farmer's Journal</P> 277 277 278 <B> 278 <B></B> 279 279 <!-- 280 280 </Section> … … 284 284 </Description> 285 285 --> 286 </B> 286 287 287 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g001a.png"></center><br> 288 288 FIGURE</P> … … 488 488 FIGURE</P> 489 489 490 <B> 490 <B></B> 491 491 <!-- 492 492 </Section> … … 496 496 </Description> 497 497 --> 498 </B> 498 499 499 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g003a.png"></center><br> 500 500 FIGURE</P> … … 508 508 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The following chapters in this section describe microcattle, microgoats, microsheep, and micropigs. </P> 509 509 510 <B>< P></P>510 <B></B><P></P> 511 511 <!-- 512 512 <Section> … … 515 515 </Description> 516 516 --> 517 </B> 517 518 518 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g004a.png"></center><br> 519 519 FIGURE</P> … … 706 706 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Outside Indonesia, only a few scientists have studied this animal, but it seems clear that it is particularly useful under tropical conditions. In heat and humidity, it thrives; even when cattle are starving, one rarely sees a skinny banteng. And demand for its meat is never ending.</P> 707 707 708 <I>< P></P>708 <I></I><P></P> 709 709 <!-- 710 710 </Section> … … 714 714 </Description> 715 715 --> 716 </I> 716 717 717 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">More than 90 percent of the world's nearly half billion goats (Capra hircus) are found in developing countries; many weigh less than 35 kg fully grown.` Such "microgoats" are noted for their high reproductive rates, rapid growth, early maturity, tasty meat, and rich milk' as well as for their robust constitution, ease of handling, and tolerance of climatic stress and poor feeds.</P> 718 718 … … 926 926 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Apparently, the hybrids can possess many of these qualities together with a calm disposition. Thus they could be useful in themselves and as conduits for passing such traits on to goats. </P> 927 927 928 <B>< P></P>928 <B></B><P></P> 929 929 <!-- 930 930 </Section> … … 934 934 </Description> 935 935 --> 936 </B> 936 937 937 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Among the hundreds of breeds of sheep (Ovis aries) in the world, those weighing less than 35 kg when mature have been largely ignored. Although these are common, the impression lingers that they are too small to be useful. Yet this virtually untapped gene pool is esnecially well adapted to traditional Third World animal husbandry. Given attention, these "microsheep" could boost meat, milk, skin, wool, and pelt production in many villages and small farms of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.</P> 938 938 … … 1173 1173 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Genes from wild sheep are not likely to quickly benefit wool production. Lack of fleece is one reason why these creatures have been neglected but throughout most of Asia and in North Africa, sheep are bred primarily for meat and milk, and there is a growing worldwide interest in the use of hair sheep. All of this brings new possibilities for the use of this old resource.</P> 1174 1174 1175 <B>< P></P>1175 <B></B><P></P> 1176 1176 <!-- 1177 1177 </Section> … … 1181 1181 </Description> 1182 1182 --> 1183 </B> 1183 1184 1184 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g005a.png"></center><br> 1185 1185 FIGURE</P> … … 1337 1337 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Experience with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa </P> 1338 1338 1339 <B> 1339 <B></B> 1340 1340 <!-- 1341 1341 </Section> … … 1346 1346 </Description> 1347 1347 --> 1348 </B> 1348 1349 1349 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g007a.png"></center><br> 1350 1350 FIGURE</P> … … 1398 1398 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">At this stage, the project is showing every promise of producing a cheap means of reducing Newcastle disease losses among chickens throughout much of the world. Already inquiries have come from other Asian countries and from Africa, and it is hoped that the vaccine may eventually benefit many countries. </P> 1399 1399 1400 <B>< P></P>1400 <B></B><P></P> 1401 1401 <!-- 1402 1402 <Section> … … 1405 1405 </Description> 1406 1406 --> 1407 </B> 1407 1408 1408 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g008a.png"></center><br> 1409 1409 FIGURE</P> … … 1566 1566 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The araucanian has been the subject of much public interest,. clubs dedicated to its preservation have been formed in the United States, Great Britain, and Chile. Its possible exploitation as a backyard microlivestock deserves serious consideration. </P> 1567 1567 1568 <B>< P></P>1568 <B></B><P></P> 1569 1569 <!-- 1570 1570 </Section> … … 1574 1574 </Description> 1575 1575 --> 1576 </B> 1576 1577 1577 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g009a.png"></center><br> 1578 1578 FIGURE</P> … … 1713 1713 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Research on economically significant diseases is needed. </P> 1714 1714 1715 <B>< P></P>1715 <B></B><P></P> 1716 1716 <!-- 1717 1717 </Section> … … 1721 1721 </Description> 1722 1722 --> 1723 </B> 1723 1724 1724 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g010a.png"></center><br> 1725 1725 Brown Chinese Geese</P> … … 1890 1890 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">- Studying diseases and cross-infection with other birds. </P> 1891 1891 1892 <B>< P></P>1892 <B></B><P></P> 1893 1893 <!-- 1894 1894 </Section> … … 1898 1898 </Description> 1899 1899 --> 1900 </B> 1900 1901 1901 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g011a.png"></center><br> 1902 1902 FIGURE</P> … … 2038 2038 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The guinea fowl that has become an important domesticated bird throughout the civilized world is descended from just one of seven known species in the family. These birds generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forest in Africa and Madagascar, and some of the others may also have promise as poultry (see sidebar opposite). </P> 2039 2039 2040 <B>< P></P>2040 <B></B><P></P> 2041 2041 <!-- 2042 2042 </Section> … … 2046 2046 </Description> 2047 2047 --> 2048 </B> 2048 2049 2049 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g012a.png"></center><br> 2050 2050 FIGURE</P> … … 2202 2202 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The muscovy's nutritional requirements, range and confined systems of management, and disease vulnerability are poorly understood and need study. Especially needed are ways to increase growth rate. </P> 2203 2203 2204 <B>< P></P>2204 <B></B><P></P> 2205 2205 <!-- 2206 2206 </Section> … … 2210 2210 </Description> 2211 2211 --> 2212 </B> 2212 2213 2213 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g013a.png"></center><br> 2214 2214 FIGURE</P> … … 2378 2378 2379 2379 2380 <B>< P></P>2380 <B></B><P></P> 2381 2381 <!-- 2382 2382 </Section> … … 2386 2386 </Description> 2387 2387 --> 2388 </B> 2388 2389 2389 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g014a.png"></center><br> 2390 2390 FIGURE</P> … … 2545 2545 2546 2546 2547 <B>< P></P>2547 <B></B><P></P> 2548 2548 <!-- 2549 2549 </Section> … … 2553 2553 </Description> 2554 2554 --> 2555 </B> 2555 2556 2556 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g015a.png"></center><br> 2557 2557 FIGURE</P> … … 2676 2676 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The need for conservation of genetic variability is perhaps more critical in this species than in almost any other domesticated animal. The unimproved types in Mexico should be collected and assessed, and a program to conserve the stocks should be initiated. An analysis should also be made of the traditional management and performance of these birds. In addition, the four or five recognized turkey subspecies should be evaluated for their potential as seed stock for Third World countries. </P> 2677 2677 2678 <B>< P></P>2678 <B></B><P></P> 2679 2679 <!-- 2680 2680 </Section> … … 2684 2684 </Description> 2685 2685 --> 2686 </B> 2686 2687 2687 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g016a.png"></center><br> 2688 2688 FIGURE</P> … … 2859 2859 FIGURE</P> 2860 2860 2861 <B> 2861 <B></B> 2862 2862 <!-- 2863 2863 </Section> … … 2868 2868 </Description> 2869 2869 --> 2870 </B> 2870 2871 2871 2872 2872 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Contrary to popular opinion, the domestic rabbit is a substantial part of the world's meat supply. Annual production of rabbit meat is estimated to be one million metric tons, and the total number of rabbits is approximately 708 million.' However, rabbits are now intensively raised for food only in temperate, mostly industrialized, nations. France, Italy, and Spain, for example, have long consumed rabbit meat; West German production was 20,000 tons each year; Hungary raises rabbits in large numbers (two of its commercial rabbitries have more than 10,000 does each); and the United States raises almost 8.5 million rabbits each year for consumption in homes and restaurants.2</P> … … 2905 2905 2906 2906 2907 <B>< P></P>2907 <B></B><P></P> 2908 2908 <!-- 2909 2909 <Section> … … 2912 2912 </Description> 2913 2913 --> 2914 </B> 2914 2915 2915 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g018a.png"></center><br> 2916 2916 FIGURE</P> … … 3066 3066 FIGURE</P> 3067 3067 3068 <B> 3068 <B></B> 3069 3069 <!-- 3070 3070 </Section> … … 3075 3075 </Description> 3076 3076 --> 3077 </B> 3077 3078 3078 3079 3079 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rodents are the world's most widespread, adaptable, and prolific group of mammals. They reproduce well, grow fast, learn quickly, and adapt to a wide variety of local conditions. Many convert vegetation into meat efficiently, digesting some fiber, even though their stomach, like man's, is a simple one.</P> … … 3126 3126 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Indeed, the pace may already be becoming a new domesticated species. In the first stage of his experiments, Smythe had to train his captive-born paces to be social and nonaggressive. Subsequent generations, however, need no training adopt the new behavior patterns of the parents, and do not revert to aggressive asocial behavior. By the third generation, they have become as accepting of, and indifferent to, people as cattle or sheep. </P> 3127 3127 3128 <B>< P></P>3128 <B></B><P></P> 3129 3129 <!-- 3130 3130 <Section> … … 3133 3133 </Description> 3134 3134 --> 3135 </B> 3135 3136 3136 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g020a.png"></center><br> 3137 3137 FIGURE</P> … … 3261 3261 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Instead of clearing vast areas of rainforest for cattle pasture, as is being done in much of Latin America, people might well "farm" agouties in the forests. Few of the settlers flooding into such regions can afford, let alone raise, beef. Small-scale agouti farming offers a promising and inexpensive alternative that would be gentle on the fragile land. </P> 3262 3262 3263 <B>< P></P>3263 <B></B><P></P> 3264 3264 <!-- 3265 3265 </Section> … … 3269 3269 </Description> 3270 3270 --> 3271 </B> 3271 3272 3272 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g021a.png"></center><br> 3273 3273 FIGURE</P> … … 3406 3406 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">- Determine relative causes of mortality (such as diseases specific to capybaras) and predation (especially of the young) by spectacled caiman, crested caracayes, black vultures, and others. </P> 3407 3407 3408 <B>< P></P>3408 <B></B><P></P> 3409 3409 <!-- 3410 3410 </Section> … … 3414 3414 </Description> 3415 3415 --> 3416 </B> 3416 3417 3417 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g022a.png"></center><br> 3418 3418 FIGURE</P> … … 3519 3519 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Little research needs to be done. There is massive literature on farming coypu. Nonetheless, the animal's behavior is little studied, and there are few reliable published observations on its social organization. </P> 3520 3520 3521 <B>< P></P>3521 <B></B><P></P> 3522 3522 <!-- 3523 3523 </Section> … … 3527 3527 </Description> 3528 3528 --> 3529 </B>3530 3529 3531 3530 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The giant rat, also known as the pouched rat, is one of Africa's largest rodents.! Two species have been distinguished: Cricetomys gambianus, which lives chiefly in savannas and around the edges of forests and human settlements; and Cricetomys emini, which occurs mainly in rainforests. Both are highly prized as food </P> … … 3671 3670 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The potential of this species as a laboratory animal in nutritional, clinical, and pharmacological research also deserves exploration. </P> 3672 3671 3673 <B>< P></P>3672 <B></B><P></P> 3674 3673 <!-- 3675 3674 </Section> … … 3679 3678 </Description> 3680 3679 --> 3681 </B> 3680 3682 3681 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g023a.png"></center><br> 3683 3682 FIGURE</P> … … 3800 3799 3801 3800 3802 <B>< P></P>3801 <B></B><P></P> 3803 3802 <!-- 3804 3803 </Section> … … 3808 3807 </Description> 3809 3808 --> 3810 </B> 3809 3811 3810 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g024a.png"></center><br> 3812 3811 FIGURE</P> … … 3939 3938 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Three species of wild cavies (Cavia aperea, C. fulgida, and C. tschudii), close relatives of the guinea pig, are native to South America and are declining drastically. Research to preserve them is urgently needed. C. aperea is a widely used item of food in rural Brazil and other parts of South America. </P> 3940 3939 3941 <B>< P></P>3940 <B></B><P></P> 3942 3941 <!-- 3943 3942 </Section> … … 3947 3946 </Description> 3948 3947 --> 3949 </B> 3948 3950 3949 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g025a.png"></center><br> 3951 3950 Hispaniolan Hutia</P> … … 4058 4057 4059 4058 4060 <B>< P></P>4059 <B></B><P></P> 4061 4060 <!-- 4062 4061 </Section> … … 4066 4065 </Description> 4067 4066 --> 4068 </B> 4067 4069 4068 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g026a.png"></center><br> 4070 4069 FIGURE</P> … … 4180 4179 4181 4180 4182 <B>< P></P>4181 <B></B><P></P> 4183 4182 <!-- 4184 4183 </Section> … … 4188 4187 </Description> 4189 4188 --> 4190 </B> 4189 4191 4190 4192 4191 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Pacas (Agouti paca)1,2 are large, white-spotted, almost tailless rodents with the potential to become a source of protein for the American tropics. They are found in lowlands from Mexico to northern Argentina. The meat is white and is considered the best of all Latin American game meat. It is common in local markets and restaurants. Tasting like a combination of pork and chicken, it sells at higher prices than beef and is a regular item of diet in some areas. In Costa Rica, pace is served on special occasions such as weddings or baptisms. It has a higher fat content than the lean meat of agoutis, rabbits, and chickens, and has no gamy taste.</P> … … 4311 4310 4312 4311 4313 <B>< P></P>4312 <B></B><P></P> 4314 4313 <!-- 4315 4314 </Section> … … 4319 4318 </Description> 4320 4319 --> 4321 </B> 4320 4322 4321 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g027a.png"></center><br> 4323 4322 FIGURE</P> … … 4429 4428 4430 4429 4431 <B>< P></P>4430 <B></B><P></P> 4432 4431 <!-- 4433 4432 </Section> … … 4437 4436 </Description> 4438 4437 --> 4439 </B> 4438 4440 4439 4441 4440 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The 10 previous chapters have described some rodent species that show promise as microlivestock. Rodentia, however, is one of the largest families of mammals, and the species highlighted by no means exhaust the possibilities. In this chapter we briefly mention others that deserve consideration and exploratory research. These might prove to be potential resources, at least in localized situations. Several are fast nearing extinction and they deserve protection and immediate attention from animal scientists.</P> … … 4568 4567 FIGURE</P> 4569 4568 4570 <B> 4569 <B></B> 4571 4570 <!-- 4572 4571 </Section> … … 4577 4576 </Description> 4578 4577 --> 4579 </B> 4578 4580 4579 4581 4580 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Several types of tropical deer' and antelope are no bigger than an average-size dog. These "microdeer" and "microantelope"2 are the smallest of all ruminants. Although there is considerable experience with rearing and utilizing the larger species, little is known about these miniature ones.</P> … … 4626 4625 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Despite the special facilities, however, handling deer takes time and care and experience. The most successful farmers spend much time among the deer so that the animals become accustomed to human presence. This helps to make yard work easier. Also, new arrivals are allowed to wander through the yards on their own to become familiar with them. In addition, special tame deer are used as leads or decoys to encourage the rest of the herd to follow. Using such simple techniques, a formerly intractable species has become almost fully domesticated.</P> 4627 4626 4628 <B>< P></P>4627 <B></B><P></P> 4629 4628 <!-- 4630 4629 <Section> … … 4633 4632 </Description> 4634 4633 --> 4635 </B> 4634 4636 4635 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g029a.png"></center><br> 4637 4636 Lesser Malayan Deer</P> … … 4732 4731 4733 4732 4734 <B>< P></P>4733 <B></B><P></P> 4735 4734 <!-- 4736 4735 </Section> … … 4740 4739 </Description> 4741 4740 --> 4742 </B> 4741 4743 4742 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g030a.png"></center><br> 4744 4743 FIGURE</P> … … 4847 4846 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">These animals deserve investigation into physiology, reproductive requirements, fertility, nutrition (for example, food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization), growth, adaptability and environmental tolerance, diseases, management, social structure, and selection for calm temperament. </P> 4848 4847 4849 <B>< P></P>4848 <B></B><P></P> 4850 4849 <!-- 4851 4850 </Section> … … 4855 4854 </Description> 4856 4855 --> 4857 </B>4858 4856 4859 4857 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The musk deer (Moschus species)1 is so small that (like other ungulates in this section) it is only as large as an average-size dog. A gland in males produces musk, a thick, oily secretion that is one of the most valuable substances in the animal kingdom. Musk is used in Oriental Medicine as well as in Europeans perfumes, and in recent year it has sometimes sold for as much as three times the price of gold.</P> … … 4961 4959 FIGURE</P> 4962 4960 4963 <B>< P></P>4961 <B></B><P></P> 4964 4962 <!-- 4965 4963 </Section> … … 4969 4967 </Description> 4970 4968 --> 4971 </B> 4969 4972 4970 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g032a.png"></center><br> 4973 4971 Pudu</P> … … 5033 5031 FIGURE</P> 5034 5032 5035 <B>< P></P>5033 <B></B><P></P> 5036 5034 <!-- 5037 5035 </Section> … … 5041 5039 </Description> 5042 5040 --> 5043 </B> 5041 5044 5042 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g034a.png"></center><br> 5045 5043 FIGURE</P> … … 5144 5142 5145 5143 5146 <B>< P></P>5144 <B></B><P></P> 5147 5145 <!-- 5148 5146 </Section> … … 5152 5150 </Description> 5153 5151 --> 5154 </B> 5152 5155 5153 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g035a.png"></center><br> 5156 5154 Red Duiker</P> … … 5290 5288 FIGURE</P> 5291 5289 5292 <B>< P></P>5290 <B></B><P></P> 5293 5291 <!-- 5294 5292 </Section> … … 5298 5296 </Description> 5299 5297 --> 5300 </B> 5298 5301 5299 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g037a.png"></center><br> 5302 5300 Klipspringer</P> … … 5432 5430 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Barranca, Costa Rica</P> 5433 5431 5434 <B> 5432 <B></B> 5435 5433 <!-- 5436 5434 </Section> … … 5441 5439 </Description> 5442 5440 --> 5443 </B> 5441 5444 5442 5445 5443 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Large lizards have been important foods since prehistoric times and are still commonly hunted in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.1 Some (such as the monitor lizards seen in markets in Indochina) are carnivorous species that may be difficult to feed and raise economically. However, the iguanas of the Americas offer promise as microlivestock. They are herbivorous and feed primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, including many that are too high in the trees to be gathered by man or by other livestock.</P> … … 5480 5478 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sustainable exploitation could also benefit tegu conservation. Large populations still exist in some areas in Argentina and Paraguay, but, overall, the species are declining. A welldesigned management project could ensure the maintenance and reestablishment of large populations where numbers have drastically decreased. </P> 5481 5479 5482 <B>< P></P>5480 <B></B><P></P> 5483 5481 <!-- 5484 5482 <Section> … … 5487 5485 </Description> 5488 5486 --> 5489 </B> 5487 5490 5488 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g038a.png"></center><br> 5491 5489 FIGURE</P> … … 5596 5594 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Further husbandry research is needed. Costs must be reduced. The effectiveness of artificial nests must be tested in village practice. Survival rates of captive-raised young after release must be studied. And harvesting and recruitment schemes should be developed to secure optimum exploitation of the repopulated forests. </P> 5597 5595 5598 <B>< P></P>5596 <B></B><P></P> 5599 5597 <!-- 5600 5598 </Section> … … 5604 5602 </Description> 5605 5603 --> 5606 </B> 5604 5607 5605 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g039a.png"></center><br> 5608 5606 FIGURE</P> … … 5710 5708 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Antoon De Vos </P> 5711 5709 5712 <B> 5710 <B></B> 5713 5711 <!-- 5714 5712 </Section> … … 5719 5717 </Description> 5720 5718 --> 5721 </B> 5719 5722 5720 5723 5721 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As noted in the preface, this report by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, frogs, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included fish, shrimp, and other aquatic life.</P> … … 5727 5725 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Bees are one of the most promising microlivestock. They forage on flowers that are otherwise little utilized and produce honey, wax, and other products of high value. They are important as plant pollinators and can greatly increase the production of some crops. Bees can be kept virtually anywhere with little disruption of other activities, and they are easily available. </P> 5728 5726 5729 <B>< P></P>5727 <B></B><P></P> 5730 5728 <!-- 5731 5729 <Section> … … 5734 5732 </Description> 5735 5733 --> 5736 </B> 5734 5737 5735 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="g040a.png"></center><br> 5738 5736 FIGURE</P> … … 5886 5884 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">- New bee species. Nontraditional species of Apis as well as other members of the bee family (such as Anthophora, Bombus, Megachilae, Nomia, Osmia, Xylocopa, and especially Trigona and Melipona, which are stingless) should be studied to determine their role in pollination and - for some species - their further exploitation for honey. </P> 5887 5885 5888 <B> 5886 <B></B> 5889 5887 <!-- 5890 5888 </Section> … … 5895 5893 </Description> 5896 5894 --> 5897 </B> 5898 <B>< P></P>5895 5896 <B></B><P></P> 5899 5897 <!-- 5900 5898 <Section> … … 5903 5901 </Description> 5904 5902 --> 5905 </B> 5903 5906 5904 5907 5905 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A small selection follows of books and articles that are not too difficult to locate and that will help readers explore each topic further. Obscure documents are accompanied by an address from which readers can obtain a reprint or photocopy.</P> … … 6422 6420 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Townsend, G.F. 1976. Transitional hives for use with the tropical African bee Apis mellifera adansonii. Pages 181-189 in Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London. </P> 6423 6421 6424 <B>< P></P>6422 <B></B><P></P> 6425 6423 <!-- 6426 6424 </Section> … … 6430 6428 </Description> 6431 6429 --> 6432 </B> 6430 6433 6431 6434 6432 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This section includes the names and addresses of individuals and institutions who are familiar with the animal listed. Each person has agreed to answer requests for information and advice. This personal follow-through is the main way this book can stimulate the development of microlivestock.</P> … … 7449 7447 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Wu Yan-ru, Department of Insect Taxonomy and Faunistics, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 7 Zhongguancun Lu, Haitien, Beijing, People's Republic of China </P> 7450 7448 7451 <B>< P></P>7449 <B></B><P></P> 7452 7450 <!-- 7453 7451 </Section> … … 7457 7455 </Description> 7458 7456 --> 7459 </B> 7457 7460 7458 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">RALPH W. PHILLIPS retired in 1982 from the post of deputy director general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, a post he held for four years. Among his earlier posts were that of professor and head, Animal Husbandry Department, Utah State University; senior animal husbandman in charge, Genetic Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); chief, Animal Production Branch and deputy director, Agriculture Division, FAO; and executive director, International Organization Affairs, USDA. Among his special assignments were: serving as consultant on animal breeding to the governments of China and India for the U.S. Department of State in 1943-44; and as scientific secretary for agriculture of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for the Benefit of Developing Countries, in Ceneva, Switzerland, 1962-63. Dr. Phillips holds a B.S. degree in agriculture from Berea College (1930), M.A. (1931) and Ph.D. (1934) degrees from the University of Missouri, and Honorary D.Sc. degrees from Berea College and West Virginia University. He has been awarded the Berea College Distinguished Alumnus Award and the USDA's Distinguished Service Award. He is author or coauthor of some 240 scientific papers, review papers, chapters in books, and books on various aspects of physiology of reproduction, genetics, livestock production, and international agriculture. In his research, writings, and international activities, Dr. Phillips has given particular attention to breeding in relation to the environment and to the identification and conservation of valuable animal genetic resources. He is also the author of a definitive history of FAO entitled FAO: Its Origins, Formation and Evolution, 19451981 and an autobiography, The World Was My Barnyard. </P> 7461 7459 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EDWARD S. AYENSU is currently senior advisor to the president of the African Development Bank. He is also president of ESA Associates, Washington, D.C., and former director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A citizen of Ghana, he received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests cover many areas of tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries, he has also published extensively on tropical plants. Dr. Ayensu chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. </P> … … 7485 7483 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THOMAS M. YUILL is associate dean for research and graduate training of the School of Veterinary Medicine, assistant director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and professor of pathobiology and of veterinary science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his B.S. in wildlife management from Utah State University in 1959 and his Ph.D. jointly in veterinary science and wildlife ecology in 1964 from the University of Wisconsin. His principal research interests are animal health and diseases of wildlife, including those transmissible to domestic animals and to man. He worked in Thailand for two years and has had active research programs in Colombia for 17 years, and Costa Rica for 5 years. He has recently become involved in animal health and production development in the Gambia, West Africa. Dr. Yuill is an executive committee member and immediate past president of the Organization for Tropical Studies and currently serves as president of the Wildlife Disease Association. He completed a five-year term as Chairman of the U.S. Virus Diseases Panel of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Biomedical Sciences Program. </P> 7486 7484 7487 <B> 7485 <B></B> 7488 7486 <!-- 7489 7487 </Section> … … 7494 7492 </Description> 7495 7493 --> 7496 </B> 7494 7497 7495 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Director, Strategic Planning and Review,</P> 7498 7496 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The World Bank, Washington, D.C., Chairman</P> -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b18ase/b18ase.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development Office of International Affairs National Research Council </P> 18 <B> 18 <B></B> 19 19 <!-- 20 20 <Section> … … 23 23 </Description> 24 24 --> 25 </B> 25 26 26 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS</P> 27 27 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Washington, D.C. 1983</P> … … 247 247 YAK</P> 248 248 249 <B> 249 <B></B> 250 250 <!-- 251 251 </Section> … … 255 255 </Description> 256 256 --> 257 </B> 257 258 258 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This report began as a brief examination of the domesticated banteng, a little studied bovine that is an important livestock resource in eastern Indonesia. But the study expanded to include other possibly useful but obscure bovines of Asia: the madura (a hybrid between banteng and cattle), gaur, mithan, kouprey, anoa, tamaraw, yak, and yakowshybrids formed by crossing yaks with cattle. Four pig species were also included (the bearded pig, the Sulawesi warty pig, the Javan warty pig, and the pygmy hog) that are important traditional resources in parts of Asia, as well as the babirusaa piglike, wild animal of Sulawesi that may have a rudimentary rumen. (Asia also has some interesting, little-known breeds of cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, and the common pig, but in this report we have chosen to highlight unconventional species only.)</P> 259 259 … … 278 278 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This is an exploratory volume. It will, perhaps, lead in a few years' time to a more complete book on indigenous Asian animals - and perhaps also to similar books on little-known animals of Africa and Latin America. If you have material to contribute to the future edition, please send it to Noel Vietmeyer, JH213, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20418, USA, who will contact you when any new publication on this subject is planned.</P> 279 279 280 <B> 280 <B></B> 281 281 <!-- 282 282 </Section> … … 286 286 </Description> 287 287 --> 288 </B> 288 289 289 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Asia has several domesticated animals about which little is known. Among them are the banteng ("Bali cattle") of Indonesia, the yak of Central Asia's high country, and the mithan of the border region of India, Burma, and Bangladesh.( *The promise of another Asian animal, the water buffalo, is described in companion report no 32. ) Some Asian farmers use domesticated bovine hybrids: the madura (banteng-cattle hybrid) in Indonesia and the yakow (yak-cattle hybrid) in Central Asia. In addition, domesticated forms of at least two Asian pig species (the Indonesian wild boar and the Sulawesi warty pig) are important husbandry animals in parts of Indonesia.</P> 290 290 … … 326 326 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">With these possibilities on the horizon, it becomes even more important that all countries preserve their indigenous animals. The rest of this report suggests and discusses Asian species for protection and study. </P> 327 327 328 <B> 328 <B></B> 329 329 <!-- 330 330 </Section> … … 334 334 </Description> 335 335 --> 336 </B> 336 337 337 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It seems probable that two of our widely used livestock species were domesticated in the Asian tropics: the zebu or humped cattle in India and the water buffalo in the humid marshlands of northeastern India or Southeast Asia. (Both the chicken and some races of pig may also have a tropical Asian origin, but the exact sites of their earliest domestication is unclear.) There are, however, other, much more localized, domesticated bovines in Asia. These are not well studied and deserve greatly increased recognition.</P> 338 338 … … 358 358 MITHAN</P> 359 359 360 <B>< P></P>360 <B></B><P></P> 361 361 <!-- 362 362 <Section> … … 365 365 </Description> 366 366 --> 367 </B> 367 368 368 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The banteng (*Bos javanicus is now the accepted name, but Bos sondaicus, Bibos banteng, and other synonyms have been used in the past. (See Hooijer, 1956.) The name "banteng" has traditionally referred to the wild form of Bos javanicus; the name "Bali cattle" to the domesticated form. This chapter describes the domesticated form, but we retain the name banteng to reinforce the fact that the animal is not a breed of cattle, but a distinct species. Despite a cattle-like appearance, the animals are at least as genetically remote from cattle as is the bison. Both produce sterile males when hybridized with European cattle. Australia. (N.D. Vietmeyer)) is a bovine that resembles a small cow. It is, however, an entirely different species from either European cattle (Bos taurus) or zebus (Bos indicus). </P> 369 369 … … 457 457 FIGURE</P> 458 458 459 <B>< P></P>459 <B></B><P></P> 460 460 <!-- 461 461 </Section> … … 465 465 </Description> 466 466 --> 467 </B> 467 468 468 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Banteng and cattle have the same number of chromosomes, and they will interbreed. Few scientific details on the hybrid progeny are available, but on the Indonesian island of Madura they are a "stabilized crossbreed" because they seem to be genetically uniform. This hybridization took place some 1,500 years ago, when Indian invaders brought zebus of the Sinhala, or Ceylonese, type to Madura and crossed them with the banteng.</P> 469 469 … … 566 566 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">· Performance under a wide range of environments.</P> 567 567 568 <B>< P></P>568 <B></B><P></P> 569 569 <!-- 570 570 </Section> … … 574 574 </Description> 575 575 --> 576 </B> 576 577 577 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The mithan (Bos frontalis) is believed to be a domesticated form of gaur (see chapter 6).t (However, it resembles the banteng and some authors have proposed that it is a gaur-cattle cross, others a gaur-banteng cross.) The mithan is a domestic animal indigenous to parts of India, Burma, and Bangladesh. Because of large size and the high butterfat content of its milk it is widely used to crossbreed with cattle in Bhutan. It deserves greater recognition both in Asia and elsewhere.</P> 578 578 … … 652 652 FIGURE</P> 653 653 654 <B>< P></P>654 <B></B><P></P> 655 655 <!-- 656 656 </Section> … … 660 660 </Description> 661 661 --> 662 </B> 662 663 663 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The yak (Bos grunniens), is a grazing animal that is accustomed to traveling great distances in a harsh environment. Nothing is known about when it was first domesticated, but there has probably been a close association between man and yaks ever since the first humans migrated into the high mountains of Asia.</P> 664 664 … … 742 742 FIGURE</P> 743 743 744 <B>< P></P>744 <B></B><P></P> 745 745 <!-- 746 746 </Section> … … 750 750 </Description> 751 751 --> 752 </B> 752 753 753 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Yaks and cattle have the same diploid number of chromosomes (60). And in the regions where yaks are found, they are often interbred with cattle, either the humpless cattle (Bos taurus) of Tibet and Mongolia or the zebu (Bos indicus) of South Asia. As with mules, the hybrid offspring of cattle and yak surpass their parents in strength and vigor. Yakows* grow faster than their parents, and they suffer less from high temperatures than yaks. The hybrid cow reaches sexual maturity earlier and yields larger quantities of milk than the yak cow. The males, however, are sterile.</P> 754 754 … … 813 813 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Research to determine the most productive hybrids by crossing different yak and cattle "breeds" in areas with different environmental conditions could be extremely useful. </P> 814 814 815 <B> 815 <B></B> 816 816 <!-- 817 817 </Section> … … 822 822 </Description> 823 823 --> 824 </B> 824 825 825 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In various parts of Southeast Asia there exist little-known relatives of cattle and water buffaloes. Many of these wild animals are close to extinction, and attention is drawn to them in hope their populations will be preserved. All of them survive in tropical regions subject to environmental extremes - flooding annual rains, searing droughts, and swarming pests and parasites. These are conditions to which conventional livestock are poorly adapted.</P> 826 826 … … 846 846 GAUR</P> 847 847 848 <B>< P></P>848 <B></B><P></P> 849 849 <!-- 850 850 <Section> … … 853 853 </Description> 854 854 --> 855 </B> 855 856 856 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The wild banteng (Bos javanicus)* are the most cowlike of all the wild bovines and are the parent stock of the 1.5 million domesticated banteng in Indonesia (see chapter 1). They have a scattered distribution throughout Southeast Asia, and three subspecies are recognized:</P> 857 857 … … 945 945 FIGURE</P> 946 946 947 <B>< P></P>947 <B></B><P></P> 948 948 <!-- 949 949 </Section> … … 953 953 </Description> 954 954 --> 955 </B> 955 956 956 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The gaur (Bos gaurus) would seem to be an ideal meat-producing animal. It is a large bovine with massive muscular development, and it has already been domesticated (see mithan, chapter 3). Gaurs, which are threatened with extinction, deserve much greater attention.</P> 957 957 … … 1055 1055 FIGURE</P> 1056 1056 1057 <B>< P></P>1057 <B></B><P></P> 1058 1058 <!-- 1059 1059 </Section> … … 1063 1063 </Description> 1064 1064 --> 1065 </B> 1065 1066 1066 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The kouprey (Bos sauveli) is the most primitive of living cattle. Its features are typical of some forms that existed in the Pleistocene era, 600,000 years ago. Discovered by Western scientists only in 1937, the kouprey was the last large mammal to enter the biology books. It is perhaps the most primitive of living cattle and is closely allied to Bos namadicus, the wild ancestor of zebu cattle. In 1964 it was declared Cambodia's national animal. It is now perilously close to extinction, and for a decade no koupreys have been observed close enough for a positive identification by a specialist. In 1982, however, five of the animals were believed sighted in Thailand, near the border with Kampuchea. Thus there are hopes that the kouprey still exists.</P> 1067 1067 … … 1147 1147 FIGURE</P> 1148 1148 1149 <B>< P></P>1149 <B></B><P></P> 1150 1150 <!-- 1151 1151 </Section> … … 1155 1155 </Description> 1156 1156 --> 1157 </B> 1157 1158 1158 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) is related to the water buffalo, one of Asia's most important animal resources, but it has never been domesticated or studied and is threatened with extinction.</P> 1159 1159 … … 1217 1217 FIGURE</P> 1218 1218 1219 <B>< P></P>1219 <B></B><P></P> 1220 1220 <!-- 1221 1221 </Section> … … 1225 1225 </Description> 1226 1226 --> 1227 </B> 1227 1228 1228 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)* are small bovines that are related to the water buffalo but that are scarcely bigger than goats.</P> 1229 1229 … … 1296 1296 FIGURE</P> 1297 1297 1298 <B> 1298 <B></B> 1299 1299 <!-- 1300 1300 </Section> … … 1305 1305 </Description> 1306 1306 --> 1307 </B> 1307 1308 1308 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In parts of Asia wild and feral pigs are often the most abundant source of meat. These animals are predominantly variants of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa, or of its ancestor, the Eurasian wild boar. Also contributing to the pig population are five Asian species:</P> 1309 1309 … … 1329 1329 FIGURE</P> 1330 1330 1331 <B>< P></P>1331 <B></B><P></P> 1332 1332 <!-- 1333 1333 <Section> … … 1336 1336 </Description> 1337 1337 --> 1338 </B> 1338 1339 1339 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Although it apparently has never been domesticated, the bearded pig (Sus barbatus) has a long history as an important resource in Southeast Asia. Human remains from the Niah Caves in Sarawak are accompanied by large numbers of its bones and teeth, indicating that 40,000 years ago it was the most commonly eaten large animal. Today in Sarawak and some other areas the bearded pig is still probably the most sought after source of wild meat.</P> 1340 1340 … … 1401 1401 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">To assess the bearded pig's potential for contributing hybrid vigor, crossbreeding with other pig species should be attempted under controlled conditions.</P> 1402 1402 1403 <B>< P></P>1403 <B></B><P></P> 1404 1404 <!-- 1405 1405 </Section> … … 1409 1409 </Description> 1410 1410 --> 1411 </B> 1411 1412 1412 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Sulawesi warty pig (Sus celebensis) is one of the world's few domesticated animals. It is maintained as a village or household animal in a few areas of Southeast Asia, such as on the Indonesian island of Roti. The common pigs of New Guinea and parts of the Moluccas group are hybrids between this species and the common pig.</P> 1413 1413 … … 1481 1481 FIGURE</P> 1482 1482 1483 <B>< P></P>1483 <B></B><P></P> 1484 1484 <!-- 1485 1485 </Section> … … 1489 1489 </Description> 1490 1490 --> 1491 </B> 1491 1492 1492 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) apparently has never been domesticated, but it has been a resource for hunting peoples for centuries. Now, however, the human population in its native region is predominantly Moslem, and all pigs are widely regarded as agricultural pests. Increasing numbers of them are poisoned each year.</P> 1493 1493 … … 1554 1554 FIGURE</P> 1555 1555 1556 <B>< P></P>1556 <B></B><P></P> 1557 1557 <!-- 1558 1558 </Section> … … 1562 1562 </Description> 1563 1563 --> 1564 </B> 1564 1565 1565 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius), a shy and very small pig of northeastern India, is close to extinction because of hunters and the destruction of its habitat.</P> 1566 1566 … … 1625 1625 Adult male of the common pig (wild boar Sus scrofa) and pigmy hog drawn to the same scale. (W.L.R. Oliver) </P> 1626 1626 1627 <B>< P></P>1627 <B></B><P></P> 1628 1628 <!-- 1629 1629 </Section> … … 1633 1633 </Description> 1634 1634 --> 1635 </B> 1635 1636 1636 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) is a piglike animal whose closest relative appears to be an ancestral animal that lived in Europe 35 million years ago. It is easily tamed, and in its native area there is an ancient tradition of raising young babirusa for meat and for the males' unique tusks. The animal appears to reproduce well in captivity, and with good management techniques it might gain wide use in the tropics.</P> 1637 1637 … … 1713 1713 FIGURE</P> 1714 1714 1715 <B> 1715 <B></B> 1716 1716 <!-- 1717 1717 </Section> … … 1722 1722 </Description> 1723 1723 --> 1724 </B> 1724 1725 1725 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Asian animals described in this report are a natural resource whose potential is barely glimpsed. They are virtually unknown to established livestock interests and there has been little thought to developing them as livestock. As a result, the research and trials that could lead to further use of these animals is scattered, small scale, and conducted outside the mainstream of livestock science, mainly by wildlife conservationists.</P> 1726 1726 … … 1836 1836 KOUPREY</P> 1837 1837 1838 <B> 1838 <B></B> 1839 1839 <!-- 1840 1840 </Section> … … 1844 1844 </Description> 1845 1845 --> 1846 </B> 1847 <B>< P></P>1846 1847 <B></B><P></P> 1848 1848 <!-- 1849 1849 <Section> … … 1852 1852 </Description> 1853 1853 --> 1854 </B> 1854 1855 1855 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> </P> 1856 1856 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General</P> … … 2207 2207 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Selmier, V. J. 1978. Only in Indonesia: the babirusa. Unpublished report to Directorate of Nature Conservation (P.P.A.), Bogor, Indonesia. 40 pp. </P> 2208 2208 2209 <B>< P></P>2209 <B></B><P></P> 2210 2210 <!-- 2211 2211 </Section> … … 2215 2215 </Description> 2216 2216 --> 2217 </B> 2217 2218 2218 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Because Asia contains many livestock breeds about which little is known, an expert committee on Animal Genetic Resources has been recently formed by the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO). Its chairman is Professor J. S. F. Barker of the University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.</P> 2219 2219 … … 2809 2809 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Surabaya, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)</P> 2810 2810 2811 <B> 2811 <B></B> 2812 2812 <!-- 2813 2813 </Section> … … 2818 2818 </Description> 2819 2819 --> 2820 </B> 2820 2821 2821 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman </P> 2822 2822 … … 2838 2838 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. </P> 2839 2839 2840 <B> 2840 <B></B> 2841 2841 <!-- 2842 2842 </Section> … … 2846 2846 </Description> 2847 2847 --> 2848 </B> 2848 2849 2849 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">GEORGE BUGElARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman </P> 2850 2850 -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b20cre/b20cre.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the</P> 18 18 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</P> … … 120 120 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This publication is dedicated to the memory of panel member Howard W. "Duke" Campbell who devoted most of his professional life to the conservation of crocodilians. Dr. Campbell was Chairman of the Crocodilian Specialist Group of the Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources at the time of his death in 1981.</P> 121 121 122 <B> 122 <B></B> 123 123 <!-- 124 124 <Section> … … 127 127 </Description> 128 128 --> 129 </B> 129 130 130 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The panel that produced this report met in Papua New Guinea in May 1981. Its purpose was to consider the principles of the Papua New Guinea crocodile farming program and their implications for economic development and for the management and survival of crocodilians elsewhere.</P> 131 131 … … 142 142 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">These activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report. </P> 143 143 144 <B> 144 <B></B> 145 145 <!-- 146 146 </Section> … … 150 150 </Description> 151 151 --> 152 </B> 152 153 153 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials ( Present-day crocodilians are grouped into three families: crocodiles, alligators and caimans, and gavials (gharials). The animals differ from one another only in minor characters such as shape of snout, arrangement of scutes, and dental features. This report focuses mainly on crocodile species, but its conclusions are generally applicable to alligators, caimans, and gavials.) have existed for some 200 million years - much longer than mammals - but they are now disappearing at alarming rates. Of the 21 or so species of crocodilians distributed in the warm waters of the world, at least 18 are threatened with extinction in most of the countries where they are found.</P> 154 154 … … 217 217 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Although the principles developed in Papua New Guinea deserve international attention, the recipe will not be a cure-all for problems of rural development or crocodile conservation. Instead, the Papua New Guinea experience suggests that local social, political, economic, and conservation goals can become the impetus for a successful blend of village improvement and wildlife protection.</P> 218 218 219 <B> 219 <B></B> 220 220 <!-- 221 221 </Section> … … 225 225 </Description> 226 226 --> 227 </B> 227 228 228 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As recently as the l950s, crocodiles were abundant in Papua New Guinea. Hunting was a major occupation and was unrestricted. Some Australians and Europeans made fortunes by shooting thousands of crocodiles a year to make shoes and handbags in Europe and North America.</P> 229 229 … … 285 285 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But skins are not the only product. A crocodile with a skin big enough to market can provide 20 kg of meat. The meat is white and is low in fat. Papua New Guinea is a net importer of meat, and crocodile farming is now augmenting local supplies. The large farm at Lae already sells frozen crocodile meat (including front and hind legs, tail steaks, ribs, and chops) both locally and on foreign markets. Some orders have come in from dealers in Paris who supply expensive French restaurants.</P> 286 286 287 <B> 287 <B></B> 288 288 <!-- 289 289 </Section> … … 293 293 </Description> 294 294 --> 295 </B> 295 296 296 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Benefits of Crocodile Farming</P> 297 297 … … 340 340 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Papua New Guinea's program offers one of the best hopes for saving all endangered crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials. The methods developed there serve as a model for other nations. By providing an alternative, Papua New Guinea gives villagers the incentive to protect wild crocodiles that are breeding nearby so as to assure themselves of future supplies. The people themselves become the conservators of the local animals and habitats. In turn, watersheds, soils, and conventional agricultural development (including natural and forest products) can all benefit. The habitat is also preserved for many other wildlife species that share it, and genetic diversity can be maintained. Conversely, without a special incentive to conserve them, all these resources are normally degraded as a region develops.</P> 341 341 342 <B> 342 <B></B> 343 343 <!-- 344 344 </Section> … … 348 348 </Description> 349 349 --> 350 </B> 350 351 351 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Papua New Guinea experience provides a model for other nations, but to implement such a program requires a foundation of legislation, government support, and legal safeguards. Prerequisites of any crocodile farming program are an overhaul of legislation, strict law enforcement, and reciprocal laws with neighboring countries.</P> 352 352 … … 398 398 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Clearly, research to improve farming techniques will be a wise investment for both commercial operators and the countries concerned. Surveys to determine population numbers and size as well as the structure of breeding stocks and recruitment rates are essential. Such surveys may indicate the need to establish sanctuaries to protect breeding stock and nesting grounds, or perhaps to ban hunting to allow populations to recover. A rearing program and restocking of suitable habitats might be necessary.</P> 399 399 400 <B> 400 <B></B> 401 401 <!-- 402 402 </Section> … … 406 406 </Description> 407 407 --> 408 </B> 409 <B>< P></P>408 409 <B></B><P></P> 410 410 <!-- 411 411 <Section> … … 414 414 </Description> 415 415 --> 416 </B> 416 417 417 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Experiences with crocodile farming in Papua New Guinea, the main subject of this report, are described in chapter 2. Here we summarize the status of similar efforts in other countries.</P> 418 418 … … 575 575 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">During the past two years, other Central and South American nations that have indicated their intention to set up farms for crocodiles or caimans are Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, and Uruguay. </P> 576 576 577 <B>< P></P>577 <B></B><P></P> 578 578 <!-- 579 579 </Section> … … 583 583 </Description> 584 584 --> 585 </B> 585 586 586 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This appendix is adapted from a paper by A. Pooley that detailed the lessons learned from farming crocodiles to restock depleted habitats in Natal, South Africa. The information is presented here not as a blueprint for setting up a farm, but to show prospective farmers some of the points that they must first consider before attempting to rear crocodiles.</P> 587 587 … … 708 708 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A pretanned hide is called a crust. It is green-gray (chrome tanned) or tan (vegetable tanned) and is stiff. The hide is dyed and glazed to its final finish. To increase the workability and to remove as many of the osteoderms as possible (if they are present), the underside of the hide is shaved to an even thickness. The shaving is done by craftsmen. If they shaved too much, the hide will be thin and weak, especially over the suture between the scales.</P> 709 709 710 <B>< P></P>710 <B></B><P></P> 711 711 <!-- 712 712 </Section> … … 716 716 </Description> 717 717 --> 718 </B> 718 719 719 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information on the management and status of crocodiles can be found in the following:</P> 720 720 … … 779 779 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Whitaker, R., and M. Kemp. 1981. The crocodile industry in Papua New Guinea: Commercial Aspects. Field Document No. 2. FO:DP/PNC/74/029. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 35 pp. </P> 780 780 781 <B>< P></P>781 <B></B><P></P> 782 782 <!-- 783 783 </Section> … … 787 787 </Description> 788 788 --> 789 </B> 789 790 790 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The following individuals are involved in crocodilian research. Most are biologists concerned with the conservation or natural history of the animals.</P> 791 791 … … 1002 1002 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Kevin van Jaarsveldt, Crocodile Farmers Association of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 2569, Harare </P> 1003 1003 1004 <B>< P></P>1004 <B></B><P></P> 1005 1005 <!-- 1006 1006 </Section> … … 1010 1010 </Description> 1011 1011 --> 1012 </B> 1012 1013 1013 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Secretary General Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Underexploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. </P> 1014 1014 … … 1029 1029 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. </P> 1030 1030 1031 <B> 1031 <B></B> 1032 1032 <!-- 1033 1033 </Section> … … 1038 1038 </Description> 1039 1039 --> 1040 </B> 1040 1041 1041 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman </P> 1042 1042 … … 1059 1059 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. </P> 1060 1060 1061 <B> 1061 <B></B> 1062 1062 <!-- 1063 1063 </Section> … … 1067 1067 </Description> 1068 1068 --> 1069 </B> 1069 1070 1070 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman </P> 1071 1071 -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b21wae/b21wae.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Original editon 1981</P> 18 18 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Second printing 1984</P> … … 24 24 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">National Research Council</P> 25 25 26 <B> 26 <B></B> 27 27 <!-- 28 28 <Section> … … 31 31 </Description> 32 32 --> 33 </B> 33 34 34 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman </P> 35 35 … … 88 88 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Associate </P> 89 89 90 <B> 90 <B></B> 91 91 <!-- 92 92 </Section> … … 96 96 </Description> 97 97 --> 98 </B> 98 99 99 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo is an animal resource whose potential seems to have been barely recognized or examined outside of Asia. Throughout the world there are proponents and enthusiasts for the various breeds of cattle; the water buffalo, however, is not a cow and it has been neglected. Nevertheless, this symbol of Asian life and endurance has performed notably well in recent trials in such diverse places as the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Trinidad, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Brazil. In Italy and Egypt as well as Bulgaria and other Balkan states the water buffalo has been an important part of animal husbandry for centuries. In each of these places certain herds of water buffalo appear to have equaled or surpassed the local cattle in growth, environmental tolerance, health, and the production of meat and calves.</P> 100 100 … … 117 117 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The final draft of this report was edited and prepared for publication by F. R. Ruskin. Bibliographic editing was by Wendy D. White. Cover art was by Deborah Hanson.</P> 118 118 119 <B> 119 <B></B> 120 120 <!-- 121 121 </Section> … … 125 125 </Description> 126 126 --> 127 </B> 127 128 128 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The domesticated water buffalo Bubalus bubalis numbers at least 130 million-one-ninth the number of cattle in the world. It is estimated that between 1961 and 1981 the world's buffalo population increased by 11 percent, keeping pace with the percentage increase in the cattle population.</P> 129 129 … … 337 337 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Wahid, A. 1973. Pakistani buffaloes. World Animal Review 7:22~28. </P> 338 338 339 <B> 339 <B></B> 340 340 <!-- 341 341 </Section> … … 345 345 </Description> 346 346 --> 347 </B> 347 348 348 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo offers promise as a major source of meat, and the production of buffaloes solely for meat is now expanding. </P> 349 349 … … 424 424 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Wilson, P. N. 1961. Palatability of water buffalo meat. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad 61:457, 459-460. </P> 425 425 426 <B> 426 <B></B> 427 427 <!-- 428 428 </Section> … … 432 432 </Description> 433 433 --> 434 </B> 434 435 435 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">More than 5 percent of the world's milk comes from water buffaloes. Buffalo milk is used in much the same way as cow's milk. It is high in fat and total solids, which gives it a rich flavor. Many people prefer it to cow's milk and are willing to pay more for it. In Egypt, for example, the severe mortality rate among buffalo calves is due in part to the sale of buffalo milk, which is in high demand, thus depriving calves of proper nourishment. This also occurs in India, where in the Bombay area alone an estimated 10,000 newborn calves starve to death each year through lack of milk. The demand for buffalo milk in India (about 60 percent of the milk consumed; over 80 percent in some states) is reflected in the prices paid for a liter of milk: about 130 paisa for cow's milk compared with about 200 paisa for buffalo milk. </P> 436 436 … … 551 551 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Williamson, G., and Payne, W. J. A. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. Longman, London, United Kingdom. </P> 552 552 553 <B> 553 <B></B> 554 554 <!-- 555 555 </Section> … … 559 559 </Description> 560 560 --> 561 </B> 561 562 562 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo is the classic work animal of Asia, an integral part of that continent's traditional village farming structure. Probably the most adaptable and versatile of all work animals, it is widely used to plow; level land; plant crops; puddle rice fields; cultivate field crops; pump water; haul carts, sleds, and shallow-draft boats; carry people; thresh grain; press sugar cane; haul logs; and much more. Even today, water buffaloes provide 20-30 percent of the farm power in South China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indochina(Figures provided by A. J. de veer. In India water buffaloes contribute much less to farm power (6-12 percent); bullocks are more commonly used. In Pakistan buffaloes are little used for farm power (1-2 percent) but provide much of the road haulage. Papua New Guinea has no tradition of using any work animal, but villagers are increasingly using buffaloes for farm work and the government is employing Fillipinos to train them) . Millions of peasants in the Far East, Middle East, and Near East have a draft buffalo. For them it is often the only method of farming food crops. </P> 563 563 … … 615 615 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Ward, G. M., Sutherland, T. M., and Sutherland, J. M. 1980. Animals as an energy source in Third World agriculture. Science 208:570. </P> 616 616 617 <B> 617 <B></B> 618 618 <!-- 619 619 </Section> … … 623 623 </Description> 624 624 --> 625 </B> 625 626 626 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Heat Tolerance</P> 627 627 … … 678 678 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Robey, C. A., Jr. 1976. Physiological Responses of Water Buffalo to the Florida Environment. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. </P> 679 679 680 <B> 680 <B></B> 681 681 <!-- 682 682 </Section> … … 686 686 </Description> 687 687 --> 688 </B> 688 689 689 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Most buffaloes are located in countries where land, cultivated forage crops, and pastures are limited. Livestock must feed on poor-quality forages, sometimes supplemented with a little green fodder or byproducts from food, grain, and oil seed processing. Usually feedstuffs are in such short supply that few animals have a balanced diet, but the buffalo seems to perform fairly well under such adverse conditions. </P> 690 690 … … 850 850 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Verma, M. L., Singh, N., Sidhu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1970. The in vitro cellulose digestion and VFA production from some of the common Indian feeds using rumen inocula from Zebu cattle and buffalo. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 23:155 -160. </P> 851 851 852 <B> 852 <B></B> 853 853 <!-- 854 854 </Section> … … 858 858 </Description> 859 859 --> 860 </B> 860 861 861 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When compared with other domestic livestock, the water buffalo generally is a healthy animal. This is particularly impressive because most of them live in hot, humid regions that are conducive to disease, and the buffalo is a bovine susceptible to most diseases and parasites that afflict cattle. Although the reasons are not specifically known, the effect of disease on the buffalo and its productivity is often less deleterious than on cattle. </P> 862 862 … … 951 951 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Young, P. L. 1979. Infection of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Australian Veterinary Journal 55(7):349-350. </P> 952 952 953 <B> 953 <B></B> 954 954 <!-- 955 955 </Section> … … 959 959 </Description> 960 960 --> 961 </B> 961 962 962 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo has a reputation for being a sluggish breeder, but the average animal is so poorly fed that its reproductive performance is unrepresentative of its capabilities. Without reasonable nutrition the animals cannot reach puberty as early in life or reproduce as regularly as their physiology or genetic capability would normally allow. </P> 963 963 … … 1029 1029 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tulloch, D. G. 1979. The water buffalo in Australia: reproductive and parent-offspring behaviour of buffalo. Australian Wildlife Research 6:265-287. </P> 1030 1030 1031 <B> 1031 <B></B> 1032 1032 <!-- 1033 1033 </Section> … … 1037 1037 </Description> 1038 1038 --> 1039 </B> 1039 1040 1040 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Water buffaloes are adaptable and are managed in many ways. In general, they are raised like cattle. But in some operations they must be handled differently. This chapter highlights these differences. </P> 1041 1041 … … 1095 1095 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tulloch, D. G. 1979. Redomestication of water buffaloes in the Northern Territory of Australia. Animal Regulation Studies 2(1):5-20. </P> 1096 1096 1097 <B> 1097 <B></B> 1098 1098 <!-- 1099 1099 </Section> … … 1103 1103 </Description> 1104 1104 --> 1105 </B> 1105 1106 1106 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The grazing and wallowing habits of water buffaloes may have unexpected consequences when the animals are introduced to new, perhaps fragile environments. The presence of several thousand feral buffaloes on the coastal plains of northern Australia, for example, has become a very emotional issue among Australian environmentalists, some of whom foretell the complete destruction of the environment if the uncontrolled feral herds are not destroyed( It is not at all clear, however, that the buffaloes (which have existed in the area for 150 years) are causing the observed environmental degradation. Other possibilities include: fire, climatic stress, overgrazing, and a variety of farming, hunting, and other human activities, especially the use of four-wheel-drive vehicles. Thousands of wild pigs also share the area, along with crayfish that burrow into and weaken the levees that keep out the sea, something for which the buffaloes have been blamed). </P> 1107 1107 … … 1150 1150 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tulloch, D. G. 1977. Some aspects of the ecology of the water buffalo in the Northern Territory. In: The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers, edited by B. D. Ford and D. G. Tulloch. Technical Bulletin No. 18, Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, Australia. </P> 1151 1151 1152 <B> 1152 <B></B> 1153 1153 <!-- 1154 1154 </Section> … … 1158 1158 </Description> 1159 1159 --> 1160 </B> 1160 1161 1161 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This report has outlined the water buffalo's apparent merits, but most of the statements made about the animal are based on empirical observations. Many of its most exciting and potentially valuable features have not been subjected to the careful scrutiny needed to confirm their validity. </P> 1162 1162 … … 1354 1354 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In addition, other methods for disseminating water buffalo information are to be encouraged. </P> 1355 1355 1356 <B> 1356 <B></B> 1357 1357 <!-- 1358 1358 </Section> … … 1362 1362 </Description> 1363 1363 --> 1364 </B> 1365 <B>< P></P>1364 1365 <B></B><P></P> 1366 1366 <!-- 1367 1367 <Section> … … 1370 1370 </Description> 1371 1371 --> 1372 </B> 1372 1373 1373 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Water Buffalo in Africa</P> 1374 1374 … … 1411 1411 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The results of the introduction of buffalo to Tanzania are considered "quite encouraging and the future of buffaloes in Tanzania will be bright." (Oloufa, M. M. 1981. The future of water buffaloes in Tanzania Paper presented at the Tanzania Society of Animal Production Eighth Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania May 26-29, 1981.) Future plans call for increasing the herd to about 200 animals with a view toward establishing another buffalo herd. In addition, 5 buffalo sires have been selected in Egypt for shipment to Tanzania. </P> 1412 1412 1413 <B>< P></P>1413 <B></B><P></P> 1414 1414 <!-- 1415 1415 </Section> … … 1419 1419 </Description> 1420 1420 --> 1421 </B> 1421 1422 1422 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Research Contacts</P> 1423 1423 … … 1723 1723 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Abelardo Ferrer D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, Avenida Jose Felix Rivas, San Bernardino, Caracas</P> 1724 1724 1725 <B>< P></P>1725 <B></B><P></P> 1726 1726 <!-- 1727 1727 </Section> … … 1731 1731 </Description> 1732 1732 --> 1733 </B> 1733 1734 1734 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</P> 1735 1735 -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b22bue/b22bue.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Managing Tropical Animal Resources</P> 18 18 … … 21 21 22 22 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"> 23 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Acknowledgements"></A></P> 23 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Acknowledgements"></A></P></B> 24 24 <!-- 25 25 <Section> … … 28 28 </Description> 29 29 --> 30 </B> 30 31 31 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation </P> 32 32 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Board on Science and Technology for International Development </P> … … 50 50 51 51 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Panel_on_Butterfly_Farming_in_P"></A></P> 52 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 52 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 53 53 <!-- 54 54 </Section> … … 58 58 </Description> 59 59 --> 60 </B> 60 61 61 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ROBERT M. PYLE, Chairman, Lepidoptera Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland, Chairman </P> 62 62 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. </P> … … 69 69 70 70 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Contributors_"></A></P> 71 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 71 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 72 72 <!-- 73 73 </Section> … … 77 77 </Description> 78 78 --> 79 </B> 79 80 80 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Papua New Guinea </P> 81 81 … … 111 111 112 112 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Preface_"></A></P> 113 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 113 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 114 114 <!-- 115 115 </Section> … … 119 119 </Description> 120 120 --> 121 </B> 121 122 122 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Butterfly farming is a growing new industry in Papua New Guinea, and by turning irdwings, mauve swallowtails, and other insects into a cash crop villagers are both earning money and practicing sound wildlife conservation. In this unique program butterfly farming is being used to complement the preservation of species and of habitats. In balancing the utilization of common butterflies with the protection of the most threatened species, Papua New Guinea is providing a model for other countries, particularly those in the tropics. The program demonstrates how village development can become an integral part of conservation.</P> 123 123 … … 136 136 137 137 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"> 138 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="BM1_Introduction_and_Summary_"></A></P> 138 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="BM1_Introduction_and_Summary_"></A></P></B> 139 139 <!-- 140 140 </Section> … … 144 144 </Description> 145 145 --> 146 </B> 146 147 147 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The international demand for tropical butterflies is much greater than is generally recognized. Each year millions of them are caught and sold throughout the world. Many buyers are scientists engaged in research on aspects of systematics, ecology, ethology, evolution, and conservation. Others are individuals who like expensive curios that incorporate butterflies, such as display cases, coffee tables, wall hangings, or other objects. But increasingly, the fragile, iridescent creatures, mounted in plastic or glass, are used to decorate less-expensive items such as purses, trays, platters, screens, and other common objects in Europe, North America, and Japan. In addition, amateur butterfly collecting, which reached a peak in Victorian times, is again becoming popular.</P> 148 148 … … 222 222 223 223 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="BM2_Butterfly_Status_and_Conserva"></A></P> 224 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 224 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 225 225 <!-- 226 226 </Section> … … 230 230 </Description> 231 231 --> 232 </B> 232 233 233 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">About 100,000-150,000 species of butterflies have been described; perhaps half that number remain to be discovered. Although there are important concentrations in the Arctic and temperate regions, most species are found in the tropics. There, the diversity of colors and forms is dazzling; every imaginable combination of hue and color is displayed. And many tropical butterflies are enriched with "structural" colors, which cause the wings to flash iridescently in the sun as they bend the light they reflect.</P> 234 234 … … 273 273 274 274 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="BM3_History_and_Government_Policy"></A></P> 275 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 275 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 276 276 <!-- 277 277 </Section> … … 281 281 </Description> 282 282 --> 283 </B> 283 284 284 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Soon after Europeans discovered New Guinea's remarkable insect fauna around the turn of the century, collectors began arriving, and they have been coming ever since. Many were reputable professional or amateur scientists, gathering modest numbers of specimens for study and for museums, including Papua New Guinea's own national collection. Others, however, were plunderers who carried away large numbers of rare butterflies, giving little or no compensation to the local people and showing no concern for survival of the species.</P> 285 285 … … 331 331 332 332 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="BM4_Operating_a_Butterfly_Farm"></A></P> 333 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 333 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 334 334 <!-- 335 335 </Section> … … 339 339 </Description> 340 340 --> 341 </B> 341 342 342 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Planting the Farm</P> 343 343 … … 396 396 397 397 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="BM5_Application_to_Other_Nations"></A></P> 398 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 398 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 399 399 <!-- 400 400 </Section> … … 404 404 </Description> 405 405 --> 406 </B> 406 407 407 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As noted, the essence of the Papua New Guinea approach is the cultivation of food plants that the butterflies need to complete their life cycles. This is a process that could be replicated elsewhere, and the potential for butterfly farming exists in many countries. In fact, although Papua New Guinea is rich in butterfly species - some 700 of them - it is not unusually so. Other countries also have large numbers of species. There are, for instance 2,500 species known in Costa Rica.</P> 408 408 … … 448 448 449 449 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Appendix_A"></A></P> 450 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 450 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 451 451 <!-- 452 452 </Section> … … 456 456 </Description> 457 457 --> 458 </B> 459 <B>< P></P>458 459 <B></B><P></P> 460 460 <!-- 461 461 <Section> … … 464 464 </Description> 465 465 --> 466 </B> 466 467 467 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Carvalho, J. C. M., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1972. The trade of butterfly wings in Brazil and its effect upon survival of the species. Proceedings 19th International Congress of Entomology (Moscow) 1 :486-488.</P> 468 468 … … 484 484 485 485 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Appendix_B"></A></P> 486 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>486 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 487 487 <!-- 488 488 </Section> … … 492 492 </Description> 493 493 --> 494 </B> 494 495 495 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Research Contacts</P> 496 496 … … 518 518 519 519 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Appendix_C"></A></P> 520 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>520 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 521 521 <!-- 522 522 </Section> … … 526 526 </Description> 527 527 --> 528 </B> 528 529 529 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Biographical Sketches of Panel Members</P> 530 530 … … 551 551 552 552 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Advisory_Committee_on_Technolog"></A></P> 553 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 553 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 554 554 <!-- 555 555 </Section> … … 560 560 </Description> 561 561 --> 562 </B> 562 563 563 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman </P> 564 564 … … 582 582 583 583 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Board_on_Science_and_Technology"></A></P> 584 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 584 </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 585 585 <!-- 586 586 </Section> … … 590 590 </Description> 591 591 --> 592 </B> 592 593 593 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman </P> 594 594 -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/ec158e/ec158e.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2> 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> </P> 18 18 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN UNION</P> … … 38 38 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Cape Verde produces just 10% of what it consumes and its exports are one fifteenth of its imports. The one bright spot is in services, where it enjoys a positive trade balance. This sector (in particular, international transport and tourism), together with the country's cultural industries, offer the best hope for future development.</P> 39 39 40 <B> 40 <B></B> 41 41 <!-- 42 42 <Section> … … 45 45 </Description> 46 46 --> 47 </B> 48 <B>< P></P>47 48 <B></B><P></P> 49 49 <!-- 50 50 <Section> … … 53 53 </Description> 54 54 --> 55 </B> 55 56 56 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Combating attacks on press freedom</P> 57 57 … … 133 133 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - The EU is a perfect partner and has never exerted any pressure. With the Union, we are able to do things that would not be possible with individual Member-State government because the latter conduct foreign policy in defence of certain interests. Each country has its own cultural history linguistic links or links arising out of former colonial times which prevent it financing RSF's studies unconditionally. As far as our missions are concerned, RSF decides what it wants to do and we send our reports to the EU. They have also granted us a budget enabling us to give immediate aid to people in difficulty. This is the most positive action possible If the EU were not there, there would unfortunately be no-one else to finance an organisation like ours. 60% of our budget comes from the Union, 20%from various companies. We generate the remaining 20% ourselves through sales of books and contributions. Because the EU is a grouping of governments, the Commission has some room for manoeuvre. This is the only possible kind of support for organisations like RSF and, if it were not there, it would be the end for the people whom RSF supports. interview by Dorothy Morrissey</P> 134 134 135 <B> 135 <B></B> 136 136 <!-- 137 137 </Section> … … 142 142 </Description> 143 143 --> 144 </B> 145 <B>< P></P>144 145 <B></B><P></P> 146 146 <!-- 147 147 <Section> … … 150 150 </Description> 151 151 --> 152 </B> 152 153 153 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is an astonishing sight to behold during the rainy season. As you drive along the road from Yaoundé to Bamenda, you come to a point where human habitation starts - and it then continues unbroken for more than 100 kiLométres. Just before Bafoussam, and as far as the eye can see, every patch of land is cultivated. Bananas, oranges, mangoes, sugarcane, cassava, palm trees, groundnuts and maize grow luxuriantly in open fields and in the front and back gardens of many houses. This route, of course, takes you mainly through the western part of Cameroon, home to the Bamilelrés, recognised as one of the country's most enterprising and industrious ethnic groups. The population density here is 200 per km2 as opposed to 1 per km2 in the East.</P> 154 154 … … 237 237 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Augustin Oyowe </P> 238 238 239 <B>< P></P>239 <B></B><P></P> 240 240 <!-- 241 241 </Section> … … 245 245 </Description> 246 246 --> 247 </B> 247 248 248 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Alex Kremer</P> 249 249 … … 274 274 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A.K. </P> 275 275 276 <B>< P></P>276 <B></B><P></P> 277 277 <!-- 278 278 </Section> … … 282 282 </Description> 283 283 --> 284 </B> 284 285 285 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was inaugurated 11 years ago in Ede, Prince Claus of the Netherlands - whose interest in development issues is well-known - attestded as guest of honour. On 19 April, he returned to take part in the official opening of the CTA's new building in neigh bouring Wageningen in the Dutch province of Gelderland. The siting of the purpose built premises is significant. The town of Wageningen has long been an important European centre for agricultural research and the Dutch, of course, are renowned for their commitment to cooperation with developing countries.</P> 286 286 … … 323 323 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(The address of the Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural cooperation can be found in the CTA section towards the end of the white pages in this issue.) </P> 324 324 325 <B>< P></P>325 <B></B><P></P> 326 326 <!-- 327 327 </Section> … … 331 331 </Description> 332 332 --> 333 </B> 333 334 334 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">By Martin Dihm</P> 335 335 … … 355 355 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">M.D.</P> 356 356 357 <B>< P></P>357 <B></B><P></P> 358 358 <!-- 359 359 </Section> … … 363 363 </Description> 364 364 --> 365 </B> 365 366 366 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The most recent meeting of the EC`s Development Council was one of the first to be hit by the non-cooperation policy adopted by the UK in protest at the export ban on British beef. The Overseas Development Minister, Linda Chalker, announced at the outset to her fellow ministers: 'I will not be able to agree today to the adoption of those texts... on which unanimity is required'. Britain is seeking agreement 'for a step-by-step lifting of the export ban', which was imposed after scientific evidence suggested a link between Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) - and its human 'equivalent', Creuzfeld Jakob Disease. Cases of BSE have been recorded across Europe, but the vast majority have been in the UK.</P> 367 367 … … 384 384 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.P.</P> 385 385 386 <B> 386 <B></B> 387 387 <!-- 388 388 </Section> … … 393 393 </Description> 394 394 --> 395 </B> 396 <B>< P></P>395 396 <B></B><P></P> 397 397 <!-- 398 398 <Section> … … 401 401 </Description> 402 402 --> 403 </B> 404 <I>< P></P>403 404 <I></I><P></P> 405 405 <!-- 406 406 <Section> … … 409 409 </Description> 410 410 --> 411 </I> 411 412 412 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Cape Verde has been shaped by the harmattan, the hot dry wind which blows from Africa, strong ocean currents and five hundred years of Portuguese colonialisation. Portugal has been a constant presence in the archipelago's history since the fifteenth century, when it granted the colonists who were to settle on the islands of Cape Verde a monopoly over the slave trade. The country became an interface between Africa, Europe and the Americas, at the centre of the triangle of trade in slaves, hardware and gold. The intermingling of black populations of every origin who passed through the islands meant that the country was unable to present a united face against the colonialist culture. The colonists were therefore able to impose their own culture, with their fervent and proselytzing Catholicism becoming the principal ingredientin the mixture that is Cape Verde. Strong, scorching winds from the desert have shaped the islands' landscape and inhospitable ocean currents mean that approaches to the islands are difficult, their rocky cliff faces plunging into the sea.</P> 413 413 … … 448 448 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hégel Goutier</P> 449 449 450 <I>< P></P>450 <I></I><P></P> 451 451 <!-- 452 452 </Section> … … 456 456 </Description> 457 457 --> 458 </I> 458 459 459 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The arrival in Praia on 30 April of a throng of IMF officials cannot have failed to cause the government some concern, despite its air of calm. Ministers repeated publicly that Cape Verde had already carried out its own programme of structural adjustments, that they were on the same wavelength as the Bretton Woods institutions, and that they could not, therefore, see any reason why any further adjustments should be imposed upon them. Nevertheless, the fact that the Cape Verde escudo has had rather a bumpy ride since last year's elections, trading sometimes by as much as 15% under its official rate on the parallel market, caused a certain degree of anxiety within financial circles, with the banks taking action by freezing certain credit facilities.</P> 460 460 … … 496 496 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">H.G. </P> 497 497 498 <I>< P></P>498 <I></I><P></P> 499 499 <!-- 500 500 </Section> … … 504 504 </Description> 505 505 --> 506 </I> 506 507 507 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A wealth of culture and a realistic approach to diplomacy: Cape Verde's two major assets</P> 508 508 … … 616 616 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - Cape Verde has always been regarded as a star pupil because, here, our society is fairly homogeneous and there are no major social or ethnic imbalances. However, in my opinion, the future depends on changes at a structural level and such changes cannot take place unless we have a functioning parliament and a strong private press. I cannot deny that the government has had some successes, but I also believe that the people will have an opportunity to judge how it keeps its promises. interview by Hegei Gouger</P> 617 617 618 <I>< P></P>618 <I></I><P></P> 619 619 <!-- 620 620 </Section> … … 624 624 </Description> 625 625 --> 626 </I> 626 627 627 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It suffices for an unruly little bird to escape</P> 628 628 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">For, suddenly, Fire to spark, Night to dissolve</P> … … 673 673 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hégel Goutier</P> 674 674 675 <I>< P></P>675 <I></I><P></P> 676 676 <!-- 677 677 </Section> … … 681 681 </Description> 682 682 --> 683 </I> 683 684 684 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sponsors are delighted at the full use of aid</P> 685 685 … … 716 716 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hégel Goutier </P> 717 717 718 <I>< P></P>718 <I></I><P></P> 719 719 <!-- 720 720 </Section> … … 724 724 </Description> 725 725 --> 726 </I> 726 727 727 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P> 728 728 … … 786 786 Figure</P> 787 787 788 <B> 788 <B></B> 789 789 <!-- 790 790 </Section> … … 796 796 </Description> 797 797 --> 798 </B> 799 <B>< P></P>798 799 <B></B><P></P> 800 800 <!-- 801 801 <Section> … … 804 804 </Description> 805 805 --> 806 </B> 806 807 807 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Poll results and new brochure launched in Brussels</P> 808 808 … … 872 872 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.P. </P> 873 873 874 <B>< P></P>874 <B></B><P></P> 875 875 <!-- 876 876 </Section> … … 880 880 </Description> 881 881 --> 882 </B> 882 883 883 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Months of heated debate in the EU over the maximum allowable content of vegetable fats in chocolate have culminated in a Commission proposal for a revised Directive which, claim officials, should be to the taste of most interested parties.</P> 884 884 … … 905 905 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.P.</P> 906 906 907 <B>< P></P>907 <B></B><P></P> 908 908 <!-- 909 909 </Section> … … 913 913 </Description> 914 914 --> 915 </B> 915 916 916 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In no country in Europe are ethnic minorities more organised than in the United Kingdom - though they are still not adequately organised, in the opinion of many, to pool their considerable resources together and overcome stereotypes, racism and unenployment. But this may change if the morale engendered by a recent exhibition of minority businesses in the UK is anything to go by.</P> 917 917 … … 973 973 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Augustin Oyowe</P> 974 974 975 <B> 975 <B></B> 976 976 <!-- 977 977 </Section> … … 982 982 </Description> 983 983 --> 984 </B> 985 <B>< P></P>984 985 <B></B><P></P> 986 986 <!-- 987 987 <Section> … … 990 990 </Description> 991 991 --> 992 </B> 992 993 993 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival)</P> 994 994 … … 1011 1011 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.P. </P> 1012 1012 1013 <I>< P></P>1013 <I></I><P></P> 1014 1014 <!-- 1015 1015 <Section> … … 1018 1018 </Description> 1019 1019 --> 1020 </I> 1020 1021 1021 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Confronting the age-old problem</P> 1022 1022 … … 1067 1067 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.M. & S.H.</P> 1068 1068 1069 <I>< P></P>1069 <I></I><P></P> 1070 1070 <!-- 1071 1071 </Section> … … 1075 1075 </Description> 1076 1076 --> 1077 </I> 1077 1078 1078 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Frances d'Souza</P> 1079 1079 … … 1116 1116 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">F.d'S.</P> 1117 1117 1118 <I>< P></P>1118 <I></I><P></P> 1119 1119 <!-- 1120 1120 </Section> … … 1124 1124 </Description> 1125 1125 --> 1126 </I> 1126 1127 1127 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Mark Leysen</P> 1128 1128 … … 1175 1175 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">M.L. </P> 1176 1176 1177 <I>< P></P>1177 <I></I><P></P> 1178 1178 <!-- 1179 1179 </Section> … … 1183 1183 </Description> 1184 1184 --> 1185 </I> 1185 1186 1186 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Geoff Mungham</P> 1187 1187 … … 1234 1234 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">B. Hicks 'North of the Limpopo', Cable and Satellite Europe, April 1996. </P> 1235 1235 1236 <I>< P></P>1236 <I></I><P></P> 1237 1237 <!-- 1238 1238 </Section> … … 1242 1242 </Description> 1243 1243 --> 1244 </I> 1244 1245 1245 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The European Parliament may seem an unlikely launch pad for a radio station, but two members of this elected body, who are committed to a free and fair press as one of the cornerstones of democracy, have set up Radio Espoir (Radio Hope) in Burundi with backing of the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO).</P> 1246 1246 … … 1279 1279 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - EU assistance for free and a fair elections - and a free media sector in ACP countries - should be increased. </P> 1280 1280 1281 <I>< P></P>1281 <I></I><P></P> 1282 1282 <!-- 1283 1283 </Section> … … 1287 1287 </Description> 1288 1288 --> 1289 </I> 1289 1290 1290 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Antonio Pacheco</P> 1291 1291 … … 1307 1307 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A.P.</P> 1308 1308 1309 <I>< P></P>1309 <I></I><P></P> 1310 1310 <!-- 1311 1311 </Section> … … 1315 1315 </Description> 1316 1316 --> 1317 </I> 1317 1318 1318 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Mand Ryaïra Ngarara</P> 1319 1319 … … 1334 1334 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">M.R.N. </P> 1335 1335 1336 <I>< P></P>1336 <I></I><P></P> 1337 1337 <!-- 1338 1338 </Section> … … 1342 1342 </Description> 1343 1343 --> 1344 </I> 1344 1345 1345 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Africa Express experiment</P> 1346 1346 … … 1390 1390 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">R.S. </P> 1391 1391 1392 <I>< P></P>1392 <I></I><P></P> 1393 1393 <!-- 1394 1394 </Section> … … 1398 1398 </Description> 1399 1399 --> 1400 </I> 1400 1401 1401 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Renaud de la Brosse</P> 1402 1402 … … 1437 1437 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The European Union, UNESCO and the ACCT, American foundations (Ford, Rockefeller) or German foundations, and bilateral cooperation agreements (Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Germany, France) support the actions of the Panos Institute. </P> 1438 1438 1439 <I>< P></P>1439 <I></I><P></P> 1440 1440 <!-- 1441 1441 </Section> … … 1445 1445 </Description> 1446 1446 --> 1447 </I> 1447 1448 1448 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Florence Winéry</P> 1449 1449 … … 1488 1488 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">F.M. </P> 1489 1489 1490 <I>< P></P>1490 <I></I><P></P> 1491 1491 <!-- 1492 1492 </Section> … … 1496 1496 </Description> 1497 1497 --> 1498 </I> 1498 1499 1499 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Richard Lawson Tèvi</P> 1500 1500 … … 1525 1525 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The new administration will have to tackle the more general question of aid to the press in order to give a fresh boost to the private sector. This has been facing a real struggle since the devaluation of the CFA franc. The effect of the devaluation was to increase the cost of all the inputs needed for publishing newspapers. A new initiative of the part of the authorities would make it possible to offer more work to journalists and to improve considerably the quality of work they produce. To quote the publisher of a private newspaper: 'The influence of money must be curbed. To do this, the state must grant genuine aid to the press so that the profession can be genuinely free and objective and thereby fulfil the important role it has to play in the consolidation of democracy'. R.L.T. </P> 1526 1526 1527 <I>< P></P>1527 <I></I><P></P> 1528 1528 <!-- 1529 1529 </Section> … … 1533 1533 </Description> 1534 1534 --> 1535 </I> 1535 1536 1536 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Dr Marjan de Bruin</P> 1537 1537 … … 1616 1616 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Aggrey Brown (1995). Caribbean Cultures and Mass Communication Technology: Re-examining the Cultural/ Dependency Thesis, in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean Identity'. </P> 1617 1617 1618 <I>< P></P>1618 <I></I><P></P> 1619 1619 <!-- 1620 1620 </Section> … … 1624 1624 </Description> 1625 1625 --> 1626 </I> 1626 1627 1627 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">With modern computer technology, it is now very easy for publishers (and film-makers) to dabble with reality. Whereas in the past, you could be reasonably sure that what you saw was a fair representation of what actually happened, today there is no such guarantee.</P> 1628 1628 … … 1649 1649 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">S.H.</P> 1650 1650 1651 <B> 1651 <B></B> 1652 1652 <!-- 1653 1653 </Section> … … 1659 1659 </Description> 1660 1660 --> 1661 </B> 1662 <B>< P></P>1661 1662 <B></B><P></P> 1663 1663 <!-- 1664 1664 <Section> … … 1667 1667 </Description> 1668 1668 --> 1669 </B> 1669 1670 1670 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In issue 156 of The Courier, we announced the launch of a programme by the European Centre for Development Policy Management on the future of KU-ACP relations beyond Lomé IV. Here, we publish an abridged text supplied by the ECDPM reporting on progress.</P> 1671 1671 … … 1692 1692 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ECDPM</P> 1693 1693 1694 <B>< P></P>1694 <B></B><P></P> 1695 1695 <!-- 1696 1696 </Section> … … 1700 1700 </Description> 1701 1701 --> 1702 </B> 1702 1703 1703 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Jos Jonckers</P> 1704 1704 … … 1780 1780 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">J.J.</P> 1781 1781 1782 <B>< P></P>1782 <B></B><P></P> 1783 1783 <!-- 1784 1784 </Section> … … 1788 1788 </Description> 1789 1789 --> 1790 </B> 1790 1791 1791 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Dieter Frisch</P> 1792 1792 … … 1833 1833 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> D.F. </P> 1834 1834 1835 <B> 1835 <B></B> 1836 1836 <!-- 1837 1837 </Section> … … 1842 1842 </Description> 1843 1843 --> 1844 </B> 1845 <B>< P></P>1844 1845 <B></B><P></P> 1846 1846 <!-- 1847 1847 <Section> … … 1850 1850 </Description> 1851 1851 --> 1852 </B> 1852 1853 1853 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Phllippe Dejace</P> 1854 1854 … … 1887 1887 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">P.H.D. </P> 1888 1888 1889 <B> 1889 <B></B> 1890 1890 <!-- 1891 1891 </Section> … … 1896 1896 </Description> 1897 1897 --> 1898 </B> 1899 <B>< P></P>1898 1899 <B></B><P></P> 1900 1900 <!-- 1901 1901 <Section> … … 1904 1904 </Description> 1905 1905 --> 1906 </B> 1906 1907 1907 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Agostino Ambrogetti</P> 1908 1908 … … 1984 1984 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Also adopted were resolutions on preventive diplomacy, cooperation with Cuba, the Euro-Mediterranean partnership and the 'deterioration' of the situation in the Great Lakes region of Africa. </P> 1985 1985 1986 <B>< P></P>1986 <B></B><P></P> 1987 1987 <!-- 1988 1988 </Section> … … 1992 1992 </Description> 1993 1993 --> 1994 </B> 1994 1995 1995 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Godfrey Karoro</P> 1996 1996 … … 2014 2014 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> G.K.</P> 2015 2015 2016 <B> 2016 <B></B> 2017 2017 <!-- 2018 2018 </Section> … … 2023 2023 </Description> 2024 2024 --> 2025 </B> 2026 <B>< P></P>2025 2026 <B></B><P></P> 2027 2027 <!-- 2028 2028 <Section> … … 2031 2031 </Description> 2032 2032 --> 2033 </B> 2033 2034 2034 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One of the most important exhibitions of African art, the Biennial Festival of Conternporary African Art, opened its doors to the public in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 May 1996. The 'Pan-African Art Exhibition', as it is still called, was being staged for the third time although it almost failed to take place at all, having been postponed several times over the last four years. All those who participated - from the artists who exhibited to the directors of art galleries and cultural institions - were pleasantly surprised. The next edition of me Courier will include a more comprehensive account of the exhibition.</P> 2035 2035 … … 2046 2046 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hege'Goueier</P> 2047 2047 2048 <B>< P></P>2048 <B></B><P></P> 2049 2049 <!-- 2050 2050 </Section> … … 2054 2054 </Description> 2055 2055 --> 2056 </B> 2056 2057 2057 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Alain Nicolas</P> 2058 2058 … … 2139 2139 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A.N. </P> 2140 2140 2141 <B>< P></P>2141 <B></B><P></P> 2142 2142 <!-- 2143 2143 </Section> … … 2147 2147 </Description> 2148 2148 --> 2149 </B> 2149 2150 2150 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Claude Smets</P> 2151 2151 … … 2171 2171 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is clear from the foregoing that Mr. Yearwood's art is primarily visual. The onlooker is bombarded with strong colours - which are used, together with abstraction and symbolism, to express both optimistic and pessimistic feelings. The artist uses his multicultural background to great effect, drawing on influences from Trinidad, Africa and Europe, to create different modes of expression. These are the essential factors which make his paintings interesting and refreshing to look at. c.s. </P> 2172 2172 2173 <B> 2173 <B></B> 2174 2174 <!-- 2175 2175 </Section> … … 2180 2180 </Description> 2181 2181 --> 2182 </B> 2183 <B>< P></P>2182 2183 <B></B><P></P> 2184 2184 <!-- 2185 2185 <Section> … … 2188 2188 </Description> 2189 2189 --> 2190 </B> 2190 2191 2191 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Sarah Reynolds</P> 2192 2192 … … 2237 2237 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">S.R. </P> 2238 2238 2239 <B>< P></P>2239 <B></B><P></P> 2240 2240 <!-- 2241 2241 </Section> … … 2245 2245 </Description> 2246 2246 --> 2247 </B> 2247 2248 2248 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">WCL seeks a wider expression views</P> 2249 2249 … … 2276 2276 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Pierre Mariotte Consultant, Paris, France </P> 2277 2277 2278 <B>< P></P>2278 <B></B><P></P> 2279 2279 <!-- 2280 2280 </Section> … … 2284 2284 </Description> 2285 2285 --> 2286 </B> 2286 2287 2287 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Jean Monnet - 1888-1979 </P> 2288 2288 … … 2371 2371 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Having given the historical background, the author examines the country's future prospects. He believes that the 'siege mentality' of the new government does nothing to induce the return of the 2 million refugees who shuffle back and forth across the border and who find themselves stuck between a 'rock and a hard place'. Finally, the author poses a straightforward question - but one which has yet to be answered: How can we rebuild a country that has witnessed genocide on such a scale ? </P> 2372 2372 2373 <B>< P></P>2373 <B></B><P></P> 2374 2374 <!-- 2375 2375 </Section> … … 2379 2379 </Description> 2380 2380 --> 2381 </B> 2381 2382 2382 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In brief</P> 2383 2383 … … 2712 2712 The Commission has recently taken decisions to finance food aid as set out in the chart which follows: </P> 2713 2713 2714 <B> 2714 <B></B> 2715 2715 <!-- 2716 2716 </Section> … … 2721 2721 </Description> 2722 2722 --> 2723 </B> 2723 2724 2724 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Courier</P> 2725 2725 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union</P> -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/ec159e/ec159e.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN-UNION</P> 18 18 … … 35 35 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, in these days of constantly shifting development theories? We look at this subject in our Dossier. </P> 36 36 37 <B> 37 <B></B> 38 38 <!-- 39 39 <Section> … … 42 42 </Description> 43 43 --> 44 </B> 44 45 45 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Courier</P> 46 46 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union</P> … … 94 94 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">John and Penny Hubley</P> 95 95 96 <B> 96 <B></B> 97 97 <!-- 98 98 </Section> … … 102 102 </Description> 103 103 --> 104 </B> 105 <B>< P></P>104 105 <B></B><P></P> 106 106 <!-- 107 107 <Section> … … 110 110 </Description> 111 111 --> 112 </B> 112 113 113 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">South Pacific Forum: 'responding to the needs of the Member States'</P> 114 114 … … 199 199 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Secretariat must pursue its mission in accordance with the directives of the Forum and within its mandated areas of operation. it undertakes political and economic activities, regional in nature and complementary to the activities of the member governments. Its role requires it to act as the secretariat to the Forum and to disseminate the Forum's views, to coordinate activities with other regional institutions in particular through the SPOCC process, and to represent the Forum's interests intemationally, as required. </P> 200 200 201 <B> 201 <B></B> 202 202 <!-- 203 203 </Section> … … 208 208 </Description> 209 209 --> 210 </B> 210 211 211 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Investment symposium</P> 212 212 213 <B>< P></P>213 <B></B><P></P> 214 214 <!-- 215 215 <Section> … … 218 218 </Description> 219 219 --> 220 </B> 220 221 221 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) symposium was held in Montreal from 22-24 May. It brought together some 40 African mining ministers, most of the important donor agencies and representatives of around 25 mining companies. MIGA, which is a specialised agency of the World Bank, promotes the flow of private investment to developing countries. It provides insurance against political risks and assists member countries in attracting foreign investment.</P> 222 222 … … 248 248 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">F. B.-H.</P> 249 249 250 <B>< P></P>250 <B></B><P></P> 251 251 <!-- 252 252 </Section> … … 256 256 </Description> 257 257 --> 258 < /B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Hans van de Veen</P>258 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Hans van de Veen</P> 259 259 260 260 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Can the EU-ACP relationship be used to strengthen the dialogue between Europe and the main victims of climate change ? And can the Lomé Convention be one of the tools to promote climate protection measures, as well as the implementation of the Climate</P> … … 307 307 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">H.v.d.V.</P> 308 308 309 <B>< P></P>309 <B></B><P></P> 310 310 <!-- 311 311 </Section> … … 315 315 </Description> 316 316 --> 317 </B> 317 318 318 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">There were no real surprises or unexpected developments at the ACP-EU Council meeting which took place in Apia, Western Samoa, on 27 and 28 June, 1996. The session was preceded by an ACP Council, which saw the adoption of three important decisions. The first of these was the appointment of a new ACP Secretary-6eneral, Mr Ng'andu P. Magande of Zambia. The post had been vacant for some time, following deadlock within the ACP Group over a successor to Berhane Ghebray (see issue 155 of The Courier, p.6). The ministers also agreed to hold a summit of ACP heads of government in Libreville, Gabon, during the second half of 1997. This meeting is expected to focus heavily on the future of ACPEU relations once the present Lomé Convention has expired.</P> 319 319 … … 336 336 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">From working in the field, he moved into government administration, rising to the position of Permanent Secretary-a post which he held in a number of ministries. Since the mid-1980s, he has had key jobs in a number of Zambian enterprises (including Managing Director of the Zambia National Commercial Bank) His most recent work has been on a project to develop private sector participation in agricultural input and produce marketing.</P> 337 337 338 <B>< P></P>338 <B></B><P></P> 339 339 <!-- 340 340 </Section> … … 344 344 </Description> 345 345 --> 346 </B> 346 347 347 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Elisabeth Pape</P> 348 348 … … 406 406 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">E.P. </P> 407 407 408 <B> 408 <B></B> 409 409 <!-- 410 410 </Section> … … 415 415 </Description> 416 416 --> 417 </B> 418 <B>< P></P>417 418 <B></B><P></P> 419 419 <!-- 420 420 <Section> … … 423 423 </Description> 424 424 --> 425 </B> 425 426 426 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some countries have a strong folk memory. Despite its size, Mali appears hemmed in by its frontiers. For more than a thousand years, this state was a splendid empire, constantly spreading outward and reflecting the history of the African continent with its conquests and alliances, reversals of fortune and moments of glory. At its height, it extended from the Atlantic to the Sudanese border, from the south of Morocco to the north of Nigeria. Mali's history rests in the minds of its people rather than in any structures inherited from the past. This acts as an antidote to the 'amnesia' often brought on by colonisation, which has the effect of paralysing the future. Although poor, the country has a well-established sense of its place in the world.</P> 427 427 … … 465 465 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hegel Goueier</P> 466 466 467 <I>< P></P>467 <I></I><P></P> 468 468 <!-- 469 469 <Section> … … 472 472 </Description> 473 473 --> 474 </I> 474 475 475 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is just something you have to get used to-in French-speaking Africa, virtually all countries have imitated France in assigning a number to each republic formed under a new constitution. At the time of its independence on 20 June 1960, Mali was a federation of two states; Senegal and the former 'French Sudan'. It was an alliance which failed after only a few weeks'existence end 'French Sudan' then adopted one of its most prestigious former names- Mali. </P> 476 476 … … 492 492 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">H.G.</P> 493 493 494 <I>< P></P>494 <I></I><P></P> 495 495 <!-- 496 496 </Section> … … 500 500 </Description> 501 501 --> 502 </I> 502 503 503 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In Mali, the army has learnt if from the past</P> 504 504 … … 551 551 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">-I would say that it is more of a weakness, an inability to abandon a passion, even for supposedly good reasons. l am an 'internalist' and I have a passion for mechanisms. If you cure an infection and it returns, you have to look elsewhere to solve the problem. There are those in authority who spend money on trying to tackle problems without troubling to locate the cause. I would like to think that the analytical rigour of clinical science might also be put to good use in promoting understanding in politics. </P> 552 552 553 <I>< P></P>553 <I></I><P></P> 554 554 <!-- 555 555 </Section> … … 559 559 </Description> 560 560 --> 561 </I> 561 562 562 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P> 563 563 … … 603 603 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Human Development Index rating: 0.223 (171st out of 174)</P> 604 604 605 <I>< P></P>605 <I></I><P></P> 606 606 <!-- 607 607 </Section> … … 611 611 </Description> 612 612 --> 613 </I> 613 614 614 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources'</P> 615 615 … … 651 651 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Interview by H.G.</P> 652 652 653 <I>< P></P>653 <I></I><P></P> 654 654 <!-- 655 655 </Section> … … 659 659 </Description> 660 660 --> 661 </I> 661 662 662 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In West Africa, there is a dry, desert-like region which a river tried to bring under its sway. Instead of flowing seawards, the river's path went in the opposite direction to find this region, impulsively tracing a majestic loop of 2000 kiLométres before heading seawards. The Niger may not have provided an ideal site for Mali's major towns and villages, but it was considerate enough to form a major waterway between them which is navigable over almost its entire course. Its network of tributaries has resulted in the formation of large landlocked lakes whose waters are full of fish-a reminder of the times when the Sahara was one huge expanse of water. It has also resulted in the extraordinary Niger basin, a central delta area the size of Belgium, criss-crossed by lesser tributaries which reach into the smallest valleys. The river has created a diverse landscape which entices the visitor back. The land is steeped in history and if one wishes to learn its secrets, one has no choice but to study the empires of the past, forged it is said, by mythological deities and heros.</P> 663 663 … … 702 702 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hegel Goutier</P> 703 703 704 <I>< P></P>704 <I></I><P></P> 705 705 <!-- 706 706 </Section> … … 710 710 </Description> 711 711 --> 712 < /I><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Roads and adjustment</P>712 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Roads and adjustment</P> 713 713 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Theo Hoorntje</P> 714 714 … … 758 758 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">T.H. </P> 759 759 760 <I>< P></P>760 <I></I><P></P> 761 761 <!-- 762 762 </Section> … … 766 766 </Description> 767 767 --> 768 </I> 768 769 769 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Catherine Beauraind and her five colleagues in the small team of foreigners and Malians, woke early. It had been a short night: our fault, since we had arrived at Bandiagara on the edge of the Niger valley much later than expected having taken the Sevare route. This is the gateway to the rocky Dogon region and travellers on the road occacionaliy fall victim to bandits-which probably made our hosts somewhat apprehensive about our late arrival. The people we had come to see are road builders, working without sophisticated equipment in a region of rocks and cliffs. They seem very youth froml, particularly those who have come from afar.</P> 770 770 … … 777 777 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hegel Goutier </P> 778 778 779 <B>< P></P>779 <B></B><P></P> 780 780 <!-- 781 781 </Section> … … 786 786 </Description> 787 787 --> 788 </B> 789 <I>< P></P>788 789 <I></I><P></P> 790 790 <!-- 791 791 <Section> … … 794 794 </Description> 795 795 --> 796 </I> 796 797 797 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Small countries with a limited resource base are frequently buffeted by economic forces over which they have no control. If you live in Western Samoa, however, you are likely to be preoccupied by forces of a different kind. For while most of the time, Mother Nature presents a benign face in this attractive and fertile Pacific state, every once in a while, she loses her temper.</P> 798 798 … … 889 889 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">And what about those intrepid voyagers who fancy greeting the year 2000 in Tonga and then 'seeing out' the old millennium 24 hours later in Samoa. If i were an airline manager, I would be examining the possibility of extra flights from Nuku'alofa on the big day. (Let's hope it's not a Sunday I)</P> 890 890 891 <I>< P></P>891 <I></I><P></P> 892 892 <!-- 893 893 </Section> … … 897 897 </Description> 898 898 --> 899 < /I><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Economic future in tourism end manufacturing'</P>899 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Economic future in tourism end manufacturing'</P> 900 900 901 901 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Courier visited Western Samoa at the end of June while the country was hosting the ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting. At the time, veteran Prime Minister, Tofilau Eti Alesana, was recovering from an operation, and his duties were being carried out by his deputy, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, who is also the Minister of Finance. Despite a hectic schedule, the Deputy Prime Minister kindly managed to find a slot for a keynote interview with The Courier.</P> … … 955 955 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In this respect, I believe we are quite different from Fiji and Tonga. In Tonga, the dividing line is quite clear. If you are born a noble, you remain a noble and if you are born a commoner, you will always be a commoner. It is the same in Fiji. There, you are automatically a ratu K your father was one. By contrast, here in Samoa, my son cannot automatically succeed to my title. So to become a matai, a person has to earn it, and to put his case at the family meeting which is convened to choose a successor. Usually, the person chosen is the one who displays the best leadership qualities. I think I should also point out that becoming a matai is not that difficult. If you want to be one, you inform the family and if they think you have matured sufficiently, you will generally get the position and then become eligible to be a parliamentary candidate. It is typical that when a family sees a fellow has matured, he becomes a matai.</P> 956 956 957 <I>< P></P>957 <I></I><P></P> 958 958 <!-- 959 959 </Section> … … 963 963 </Description> 964 964 --> 965 </I> 965 966 966 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P> 967 967 … … 1013 1013 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Human Development Index rating: 0.700 (88th out of 174) </P> 1014 1014 1015 <I>< P></P>1015 <I></I><P></P> 1016 1016 <!-- 1017 1017 </Section> … … 1021 1021 </Description> 1022 1022 --> 1023 </I> 1023 1024 1024 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Folasaito Joe Annandale and his wife Tui are the brains behind Western Samoa's latest tourist facility- the Sinalei Reef Resort, which has just opened on the beautiful south coast of Upolu island. They are among a growing number of Samoan entrepreneurs who are injecting new dynamism into the country's economy although they are somewhat unusual in the tourist trade. With the notable exception of the famous 'Aggie Grey's Hotel' in Apia, tourist accommodation in Western Samoa has tended to be the preserve of foreign investors, including some of the major international hotel chains.</P> 1025 1025 … … 1045 1045 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">S.H.</P> 1046 1046 1047 <I>< P></P>1047 <I></I><P></P> 1048 1048 <!-- 1049 1049 </Section> … … 1053 1053 </Description> 1054 1054 --> 1055 < /I><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Revive the agricultural base'</P>1055 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Revive the agricultural base'</P> 1056 1056 1057 1057 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tupua Tamasese Efi a former Prime Minister of Western Samoa, is leader of the opposition Samoa National Development Party which won 11 of the 49 seats in the parliamentary elections held in April 1996. In this interview, he outlines his own and his party's views on some of the key political and economic issues in his country.</P> … … 1091 1091 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When you enter a common endeavour, there is always the pull of your own particular interests. And there can be a suspicion that the 'bigger boys' will use the others to promote their own interests. A lot of this may be perception rather than reality. Also, traditional rivalries can intrude. Sometimes you need to fall flat on your face before you Let me give you an example from the world of rugby. It took Rupert Murdoch to get Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa to realise that our fates are intertwined. He has come in with a commercial package that has taken over the entire rugby scene in the region- with a heavy emphasis on Australia and New Zealand-and this has hit us in a big way. For example, we find ourselves being cut out of traditional rugby tours. There is no point in us trying to claim that we are self-sufficient in this area. The big lesson is that we need to cooperate a lot more with the Tongans and Fijians in order to make an impact on the wider rugby scene._ </P> 1092 1092 1093 <I>< P></P>1093 <I></I><P></P> 1094 1094 <!-- 1095 1095 </Section> … … 1099 1099 </Description> 1100 1100 --> 1101 < /I><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Focus on utilities</P>1101 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Focus on utilities</P> 1102 1102 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Mylanwy van de Velde</P> 1103 1103 … … 1135 1135 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">S.H.</P> 1136 1136 1137 <B> 1137 <B></B> 1138 1138 <!-- 1139 1139 </Section> … … 1145 1145 </Description> 1146 1146 --> 1147 </B> 1148 <B>< P></P>1147 1148 <B></B><P></P> 1149 1149 <!-- 1150 1150 <Section> … … 1153 1153 </Description> 1154 1154 --> 1155 </B> 1155 1156 1156 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(Dossier coordinated by Augustine Oyowe)</P> 1157 1157 … … 1208 1208 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is insufficient, however, to have an educated workforce. Sub Saharan Africa must acquire the institutional and managerial capacity to make the right decisions, both in the public and private sectors. This is essential in the quest to eliminate poverty, achieve sustained and sustainable economic growth and ensure a realistic integration of the region into the global economy. </P> 1209 1209 1210 <B>< P></P>1210 <B></B><P></P> 1211 1211 <!-- 1212 1212 </Section> … … 1216 1216 </Description> 1217 1217 --> 1218 < /B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Giovanni Andrea Cornia </P>1218 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Giovanni Andrea Cornia </P> 1219 1219 1220 1220 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Over the past two decades, a clear consensus, supported by a growing amount of empirical evidence, has emerged on the growth and distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education, and on the rationality of investing in human resources to promote development in low-income economies, and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. It is now clear that public and private rates of return on investment in primary and secondary education are substantially greater than those in most industrial sectors. Similarly, it is now well demonstrated that nutritional interventions in favour of workers at low levels of food intake has a very large impact on labour productivity. Also, provision of simple but adequate nutrition and health care at an early age has been shown to spare substantially greater health outlays over the longer term. While the number of these examples can be multiplied, the lesson is overwhelmingly clear: investing in people is a sound development policy.</P> … … 1308 1308 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">While private providers, including church missions, have always been important in Africa, much of the market oriented literature tends to be very optimistic about the scope for expanding private services in order to replace government ones. Although a multiplicity of providers is desirable (and frequently unavoidable), there are several reasons why such optimism should be tempered. First, private sector services in Africa are typically concentrated in urban areas, and because of their cost, cater for upper-income groups. Although non-governmental providers (especially missions) are often located in rural areas, and they generally provide valuable services, they are seldom able to guarantee extensive coverage and in some cases may duplicate government services. Second, private providers are not without costs to governments; they often receive subsidies or preferential treatment in the allocation of foreign exchange and typically offer higher salaries and better working conditions which draw manpower away from the public sector. In Zambia, for instance, a teacher in a primary school run by the Consolidated Copper Mines can earn more than a lecturer at the University of Zambia. In countries with extremely limited numbers of doctors, certified nurses, qualified teachers and so on, greater privatisation would exacerbate the 'brain drain' from the public to the private sector and the undersupply of 'quasi public goods' for the majority, leading to harmful social differentiation. Third, quality is not necessarily an important incentive in the private sector in developing countries. The view that private institutions in health care and education are more efficient tends to be based largely on analyses in developed countries. Fourth, the growing pressure for pluralism in social service provision often gives scant attention to the problems of central coordination and planning and the development of an adequate 'regulatory framework' for private sector activities. While playing an important complementary role, the private sector and, to a lesser extent, the NGO sector, are thus affected by important objective limitations. Indeed, ironically, their proper functioning and social utility depends crucially on the existence of a stronger, not weaker, state able to regulate, coordinate and ensure that basic social services are provided - possibly through a multitude of public, NGO and private providers-to all citizens of a nation. G.A.C</P> 1309 1309 1310 <B>< P></P>1310 <B></B><P></P> 1311 1311 <!-- 1312 1312 </Section> … … 1316 1316 </Description> 1317 1317 --> 1318 </B> 1318 1319 1319 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Franklyn Lisk</P> 1320 1320 … … 1376 1376 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">F.L. </P> 1377 1377 1378 <B>< P></P>1378 <B></B><P></P> 1379 1379 <!-- 1380 1380 </Section> … … 1384 1384 </Description> 1385 1385 --> 1386 </B> 1386 1387 1387 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Increasing demands and diminishing resources in higher education</P> 1388 1388 … … 1426 1426 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.C.</P> 1427 1427 1428 <B>< P></P>1428 <B></B><P></P> 1429 1429 <!-- 1430 1430 </Section> … … 1434 1434 </Description> 1435 1435 --> 1436 </B> 1436 1437 1437 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When a highly qualified professional chooses to leave his own country for another, he does so for one or several legitimate political or economic reasons: peace and security for himself and his family, job satisfaction, better pay and conditions. a higher standard of living, etc. Throughout history, countries and centres of academic excellence which offer these attractions have received the largest numbers of professional migrants and these have, in turn, made substantial contributions, not only to the economic growth of their host countries, but also to the scientific and technological advancement of humanity. The wave of German scientists who moved to the United States after the Second World war, and their discoveries and inventions, come readily to mind. On a global level, therefore, the free movement and interaction of highly skilled people is a positive thing. But the costs to the home countries of losing their professionals is incalculable-in terms of both development opportunities and loss of investment.</P> 1438 1438 … … 1460 1460 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A.O.</P> 1461 1461 1462 <B>< P></P>1462 <B></B><P></P> 1463 1463 <!-- 1464 1464 </Section> … … 1468 1468 </Description> 1469 1469 --> 1470 </B> 1470 1471 1471 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">On the scale of the brain drain problem facing the developing countries, the UNDP's Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN) project may not amount to much, but it has proved, in its 19 years of existence, to be a cost-effective way of getting highly qualified expatriates from the developing countries to contribute to the development of their countries of origin.</P> 1472 1472 … … 1508 1508 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A.O </P> 1509 1509 1510 <B>< P></P>1510 <B></B><P></P> 1511 1511 <!-- 1512 1512 </Section> … … 1516 1516 </Description> 1517 1517 --> 1518 </B> 1518 1519 1519 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The role of the Commonwealth in the economic and social progress of its member states is neither widely known nor widely publicised. Yet for over 25 years, the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC) has made significant contributions to the efforts of its developing member countries to accelerate the pace of their economic development.</P> 1520 1520 … … 1579 1579 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Women are helped, under the programme, to adapt their handicrafts for export, improve their manufacturing techniques and undertake sales missions abroad. Training is also given in export marketing, product development, costing and pricing. If necessary, changes to government policy are recommended. In 1994, the assistance given to Ghanaian women to develop markets for their basket ware and handicrafts is estimated to have helped generate sales worth US$3.1 million (ECU 2.4m). </P> 1580 1580 1581 <B>< P></P>1581 <B></B><P></P> 1582 1582 <!-- 1583 1583 </Section> … … 1587 1587 </Description> 1588 1588 --> 1589 < /B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Digby Swift</P>1589 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Digby Swift</P> 1590 1590 1591 1591 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The European Community's investments in human resource development-health, nutrition and education-in ACP states have regularly been covered in the pages of this magazine whether in the context of dosiers or of country resorts. Here we present a brief description of how the EU's policy in education and training evolved under the Yaounde and Lomé Convemntions.</P> … … 1638 1638 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.S.</P> 1639 1639 1640 <B> 1640 <B></B> 1641 1641 <!-- 1642 1642 </Section> … … 1647 1647 </Description> 1648 1648 --> 1649 </B> 1650 <B>< P></P>1649 1650 <B></B><P></P> 1651 1651 <!-- 1652 1652 <Section> … … 1655 1655 </Description> 1656 1656 --> 1657 < /B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Kenneth Karl</P>1657 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Kenneth Karl</P> 1658 1658 1659 1659 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1989 saw the end of the Yalta inspired twin-superpower dominance. Nations had to examine their priorities in their desire for integration in an international environment in which geostrategic and economic realignment would be unavoidable. The philosophy which had served as a basis and reference point for North/South relations throughout the Cold War period is now being called into question and necessary adjustments in ideas have been triggered.</P> … … 1738 1738 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The response so far has been encouraging, but it has come mainly from the European side. We are keen to receive contributions from ACP readers as well. If you have you own ideas or opinions about what should happen after Lomé IV expires, why not put them on paper and send them to us. Our address is on the inside front cover of the magazine. </P> 1739 1739 1740 <B>< P></P>1740 <B></B><P></P> 1741 1741 <!-- 1742 1742 </Section> … … 1746 1746 </Description> 1747 1747 --> 1748 </B> 1748 1749 1749 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This was the subject of a conference which took place in Maastricht from 12-14 June, under the auspices of the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM). It brought together participants from ACP countries and Europe, including representatives of civil society (NGOs, the private sector, etc.). Four major topics were addressed:</P> 1750 1750 … … 1779 1779 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Dominique David</P> 1780 1780 1781 <B>< P></P>1781 <B></B><P></P> 1782 1782 <!-- 1783 1783 </Section> … … 1787 1787 </Description> 1788 1788 --> 1789 </B> 1789 1790 1790 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">On 6 and 7 June, the Belgian Par/iament hosted a UN seminar on 'me future of international development cooperation: new communication challenges' 'Democratising Democracy' was the succinct, journalistic way in which one of the speakers at the meeting summed up his solution to the problem of underdevelop meet. He was Jean-Bertrand Aristide, former President of Haiti, who observed that democracy, as advocated by the developed world, and increasingly accepted by developing countries, does not prevent the latter's slide into even greater poverty. The Courier had the opportunity to interview Mr Aristide. We began by asking him whether his statement implied that democracy is failing in a world striving to 'globalise' it J-B.A.-The word democracy comes from the Greek words 'demos', meaning people and 'kratein', meaning to govern. In other words, it signifies government of the people, for the people by the people-but if we take a look at the world today, the impression we get is that not all so-called democratic governments are in fact what they purport to be. Hence the need to 'democratise democracy', so as to create a situation in which all citizens can help set governments on a course towards such a model.</P> 1791 1791 … … 1820 1820 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Interview by Hegel Goutier</P> 1821 1821 1822 <B> 1822 <B></B> 1823 1823 <!-- 1824 1824 </Section> … … 1829 1829 </Description> 1830 1830 --> 1831 </B> 1832 <B>< P></P>1831 1832 <B></B><P></P> 1833 1833 <!-- 1834 1834 <Section> … … 1837 1837 </Description> 1838 1838 --> 1839 < /B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Jean-Pierre Tilquin and Miguel Amado</P>1839 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Jean-Pierre Tilquin and Miguel Amado</P> 1840 1840 1841 1841 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This tiny country tucked away at the heart of Africa has, as is well known, been convulsed over the last three years by an acute socio-political crisis. The tragic consequences have included loss of human life, damage to the economic and social infrastructure, and a movement of refugees to neighbouring countries. Burundi, already one of the most densely populated nations in Africa, also has high population growth. It could be argued that it is only thanks to the hard work and perseverance of the farmers (admittedly, 90% of the population) that the country manages to keep going at all.</P> … … 1903 1903 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">J-P.T. & M.A.</P> 1904 1904 1905 <B> 1905 <B></B> 1906 1906 <!-- 1907 1907 </Section> … … 1912 1912 </Description> 1913 1913 --> 1914 </B> 1915 <B>< P></P>1914 1915 <B></B><P></P> 1916 1916 <!-- 1917 1917 <Section> … … 1920 1920 </Description> 1921 1921 --> 1922 </B> 1922 1923 1923 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A view from UNESCO.</P> 1924 1924 … … 1969 1969 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">C.A.A. </P> 1970 1970 1971 <B>< P></P>1971 <B></B><P></P> 1972 1972 <!-- 1973 1973 </Section> … … 1977 1977 </Description> 1978 1978 --> 1979 < /B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by David Nthengwe</P>1979 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by David Nthengwe</P> 1980 1980 1981 1981 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Media Institute of Southern Africa</P> … … 2015 2015 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.N.</P> 2016 2016 2017 <B>< P></P>2017 <B></B><P></P> 2018 2018 <!-- 2019 2019 </Section> … … 2023 2023 </Description> 2024 2024 --> 2025 < /B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Thomas M. Neufing</P>2025 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Thomas M. Neufing</P> 2026 2026 2027 2027 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Volunteers have become a major component in international development efforts. They make up a significant proportion of the total human resources available for development cooperation (up to a fifth of the skilled international personnel serving in developing countries). In the early days, volunteer service was strongly influenced by the idea of oneway technical assistance. Specialists, mainly from the North, served in developing nations where their expertise was desperately needed but not yet found among local citizens. Much has changed since.</P> … … 2060 2060 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Study by the World Wide Fund for Nature</P> 2061 2061 2062 <B>< P></P>2062 <B></B><P></P> 2063 2063 <!-- 2064 2064 </Section> … … 2068 2068 </Description> 2069 2069 --> 2070 < /B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by David Reed</P>2070 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by David Reed</P> 2071 2071 2072 2072 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">On 29 May, David Reed of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) was in Brussels to present the results of a study undertaken by the WWF, with the support of the European Commission, the longterm consequences of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) on the environment and the use of nature/ resources. Conclusions were drawn from nine country case studies from Cameroon, Mall Tanzania, Zambia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Venezuela, Vietnam and Pakistan. We publish here an abridged version of Mr Reed's general presentation.</P> … … 2096 2096 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.R. </P> 2097 2097 2098 <B> 2098 <B></B> 2099 2099 <!-- 2100 2100 </Section> … … 2105 2105 </Description> 2106 2106 --> 2107 </B> 2108 <B>< P></P>2107 2108 <B></B><P></P> 2109 2109 <!-- 2110 2110 <Section> … … 2113 2113 </Description> 2114 2114 --> 2115 </B> 2115 2116 2116 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Dak'Art 96</P> 2117 2117 … … 2148 2148 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hegei Goutier</P> 2149 2149 2150 <B>< P></P>2150 <B></B><P></P> 2151 2151 <!-- 2152 2152 </Section> … … 2156 2156 </Description> 2157 2157 --> 2158 < /B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Robert Rowe</P>2158 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Robert Rowe</P> 2159 2159 2160 2160 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Many ways of raising money to fight AlDS have been tried, but one of the most unusual must surely be the approach taken by an official of the European Commission. Robert Rowe, who until last year was an assistant editor on The Courier, put on a oneman show in Brussels and then rook it to the other side of the world to raise money for a voluntary organisation working on AIDS prevention and care in Malaysia. Here is his story of fighting the virus with the power of the theatre.</P> … … 2182 2182 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">R.R. </P> 2183 2183 2184 <B> 2184 <B></B> 2185 2185 <!-- 2186 2186 </Section> … … 2191 2191 </Description> 2192 2192 --> 2193 </B> 2194 <B>< P></P>2193 2194 <B></B><P></P> 2195 2195 <!-- 2196 2196 <Section> … … 2199 2199 </Description> 2200 2200 --> 2201 </B> 2201 2202 2202 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Materials, techniques and knowledge at the service of new architectural applications</P> 2203 2203 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Hugo Houben and Hubert Guilland.</P> … … 2294 2294 The use of earth</P> 2295 2295 2296 <B>< P></P>2296 <B></B><P></P> 2297 2297 <!-- 2298 2298 </Section> … … 2302 2302 </Description> 2303 2303 --> 2304 </B> 2304 2305 2305 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Plea for African solidarity</P> 2306 2306 … … 2348 2348 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the fifth paragraph under the same heading, there was a reference to Helena Torres Couto. This should have read Mr Jose Manuel Torres Couto. </P> 2349 2349 2350 <B>< P></P>2350 <B></B><P></P> 2351 2351 <!-- 2352 2352 </Section> … … 2356 2356 </Description> 2357 2357 --> 2358 </B> 2358 2359 2359 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">L'Afrique est-elle protectionniste- Les chemins buissonniers de la liberation exterieure</P> 2360 2360 … … 2391 2391 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Debra Percival</P> 2392 2392 2393 <B>< P></P>2393 <B></B><P></P> 2394 2394 <!-- 2395 2395 </Section> … … 2399 2399 </Description> 2400 2400 --> 2401 </B> 2402 <I>< P></P>2401 2402 <I></I><P></P> 2403 2403 <!-- 2404 2404 <Section> … … 2407 2407 </Description> 2408 2408 --> 2409 </I> 2409 2410 2410 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Trafficking of women</P> 2411 2411 … … 2503 2503 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tel. (32) 081-72.49.09</P> 2504 2504 2505 <I>< P></P>2505 <I></I><P></P> 2506 2506 <!-- 2507 2507 </Section> … … 2511 2511 </Description> 2512 2512 --> 2513 </I> 2513 2514 2514 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Common foreign and security policy</P> 2515 2515 … … 2596 2596 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The EU reaffirms its willingness to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It remains ready to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.</P> 2597 2597 2598 <I>< P></P>2598 <I></I><P></P> 2599 2599 <!-- 2600 2600 </Section> … … 2604 2604 </Description> 2605 2605 --> 2606 </I> 2606 2607 2607 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The President of Haiti</P> 2608 2608 … … 2619 2619 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This trip to Brussels was the President's first overseas visit in his new capacity, following his election on 30 June. Indeed, he had not yet formally assumed office at the time of his visit. His inauguration was due to take place on 16 August and the President-elect extended an invitation to the Commission to attend the ceremony. Mr Fernandez Reyna's subsequent itinerary included visits to Spain, France and the United States.</P> 2620 2620 2621 <I>< P></P>2621 <I></I><P></P> 2622 2622 <!-- 2623 2623 </Section> … … 2627 2627 </Description> 2628 2628 --> 2629 </I> 2629 2630 2630 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Commission has recently approved the financing of the following projects under the budget line 'Human Rights and Democracy in the Developing Countries):</P> 2631 2631 … … 2650 2650 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sri Lanka: ECU 84 314 for a programme of information in the field of promoting equal opportunities and non-discrimination </P> 2651 2651 2652 <I>< P></P>2652 <I></I><P></P> 2653 2653 <!-- 2654 2654 </Section> … … 2658 2658 </Description> 2659 2659 --> 2660 </I> 2660 2661 2661 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Commission has recently decided to finance the following projects in developing countries affected by serious civil disturbances or natural disasters:</P> 2662 2662 … … 2704 2704 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Haiti: ECU 551980 for a programme to rehabilitate schools and provide support for the education sector. </P> 2705 2705 2706 <I>< P></P>2706 <I></I><P></P> 2707 2707 <!-- 2708 2708 </Section> … … 2712 2712 </Description> 2713 2713 --> 2714 </I> 2714 2715 2715 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.</P> 2716 2716 … … 2784 2784 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Zaire: ECU 2 million to support the integration of displaced people in Kasai. </P> 2785 2785 2786 <I>< P></P>2786 <I></I><P></P> 2787 2787 <!-- 2788 2788 </Section> … … 2792 2792 </Description> 2793 2793 --> 2794 </I> 2794 2795 2795 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">South Africa: A loan of ECU 56 million for Eskom, the public electricity company, for the modemisation of part of its electricity distribution network.</P> 2796 2796 2797 <I>< P></P>2797 <I></I><P></P> 2798 2798 <!-- 2799 2799 </Section> … … 2803 2803 </Description> 2804 2804 --> 2805 </I> 2805 2806 2806 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ACP countries</P> 2807 2807 … … 2842 2842 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Bangladesh: ECU 300 000 to help victims of the tropical storm that struck in the middle of May. </P> 2843 2843 2844 <I>< P></P>2844 <I></I><P></P> 2845 2845 <!-- 2846 2846 </Section> … … 2850 2850 </Description> 2851 2851 --> 2852 </I> 2852 2853 2853 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Angola: 15 000 tonnes of cereals, 2000 tonnes of oils and 3000 tonnes of beans amounting to a total value of ECU 20.075 million. </P> 2854 2854 </FONT> -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/ec160e/ec160e.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union </P> 18 18 … … 35 35 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The concept of 'habitat' conjures up different things to different people - from the right to a roof over one's head to the way in which we manage the flora and fauna of the planet. In our dossier, we consider the legacy of the United Nations 'Habitat' Conference held in Istanbul earlier this year. We also highlight some of the initiatives being taken to improve the quality of people's living environment. </P> 36 36 37 <B> 37 <B></B> 38 38 <!-- 39 39 <Section> … … 42 42 </Description> 43 43 --> 44 </B> 44 45 45 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Courier: Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European union</P> 46 46 … … 77 77 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Margriet Mahy-van der Werf (299-30-1 2)</P> 78 78 79 <B> 79 <B></B> 80 80 <!-- 81 81 </Section> … … 85 85 </Description> 86 86 --> 87 </B> 88 <B>< P></P>87 88 <B></B><P></P> 89 89 <!-- 90 90 <Section> … … 93 93 </Description> 94 94 --> 95 </B> 95 96 96 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The main development battle must be fought in the towns and cities</P> 97 97 … … 152 152 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">To put it in perspective, Senegal's economy is about the same size as that of the city of Bordeaux. So we must use all the available potential. Highly qualified managers should do their job looking after the high-tech sectors. But, at the same time, we should not be driving out the poor people who are just trying to eke out a living. The informal sector creates services for a very small investment, and people also require services. Economic policy must allow society to walk on two legs, not just one. What that means is that we need a great deal of flexibility, and perhaps a complete review of the law. Contraceptive implants have to be licensed so that there are no more back-street abortions. And it must be possible for girls to attend school even if they do not have a proper birth certificate - why should they be excluded from education for want of a piece of paper. It should be possible to trade with a simple one-day ticket which people should be able to buy in post offices or cinemas. What would be wrong with that? And we should have a moratorium on a number of regulations. We need to wage war on the destitution that we are suffering and that means taking decisive measure.</P> 153 153 154 <B> 154 <B></B> 155 155 <!-- 156 156 </Section> … … 161 161 </Description> 162 162 --> 163 </B> 164 <B>< P></P>163 164 <B></B><P></P> 165 165 <!-- 166 166 <Section> … … 169 169 </Description> 170 170 --> 171 </B> 171 172 172 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Although the agenda was, as usual, heavily laden with a variety of long-standing issues ranging from regional cooperation, fisheries, the cocoa content of chocolate and bananas to the situation in several ACP states (in particular Rwanda and Burundi), the future of ACP-EU relations was at the forefront of discussions at the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, which was held in Luxembourg from 23-26 September 1996.</P> 173 173 … … 224 224 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The resolution does not differ very much from the previous one. Mrs Junker, Johanna Maij-Weggen (EPP-NL) and Mrs Kinnock all expressed disappointment that the EU Council had failed to implement this fully. However, by repeating the demand for sanctions, they said, the Assembly was sending a very strong message to the Council that it was determined to see Nigeria return to democracy as quickly as possible. </P> 225 225 226 <B>< P></P>226 <B></B><P></P> 227 227 <!-- 228 228 </Section> … … 232 232 </Description> 233 233 --> 234 </B> 234 235 235 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Climate change</P> 236 236 … … 257 257 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Several parliamentarians wanted to know what the Commission, in particular, had done and will do to help small ACP island states overcome the effects of climate change. It was soon discovered during the discussion that a number of African countries were equally concerned. A Commission representative referred the Assembly to the provisions in the Convention which covered global warming and the special problems of island states. Although there is no specific reference to climate change, the Commission had dealt and would continue to deal with the issue in the broader context of its environmental action. Studies, projects and programmes are being implemented in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean in particular. Furthermore, DG VIII has drawn up internal briefing papers aimed at making departments aware of the issues of climate change and the environment. </P> 258 258 259 <B> 259 <B></B> 260 260 <!-- 261 261 </Section> … … 266 266 </Description> 267 267 --> 268 </B> 269 <B>< P></P>268 269 <B></B><P></P> 270 270 <!-- 271 271 <Section> … … 274 274 </Description> 275 275 --> 276 </B> 277 <I>< P></P>276 277 <I></I><P></P> 278 278 <!-- 279 279 <Section> … … 282 282 </Description> 283 283 --> 284 </I> 284 285 285 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In most of the ACP states featured in our Country Reports, the vital issues are usually economic and social ones. How is a nation with a poor natural resource base to achieve lasting development ? What can be done to improve the skills of the people? How can a vibrant private sector be created ? Can better health care be delivered and how should it be paid for? Some of these questions might well be valid for Fiji but the visiting journalist soon discovers that they are all secondary issues. For this is a country whose political system itself dominates the agenda. The fundamental issue here is the relationship between the indigenous people of Fiji and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in by the British between 1879 and 1916 to work in the sugar cane fields.</P> 286 286 … … 343 343 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The overall picture is of a country with very considerable potential in both human and natural resource terms which needs to overcome a number of challenges to secure a more prosperous future. Some of these challenges - adapting to the world of free markets, tackling bureaucratic impediments, bringing development to rural villages, improving the infrastructure, and so on - are familiar to all developing countries. The single most important constraint, however, is the big ethnic divide, and the political uncertainty which flows from this. And this is something which can only be solved by the people of Fiji themselves. </P> 344 344 345 <I>< P></P>345 <I></I><P></P> 346 346 <!-- 347 347 </Section> … … 351 351 </Description> 352 352 --> 353 </I> 353 354 354 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'The last ten years have been very educational for me'</P> 355 355 … … 420 420 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - I think seeking is the wrong word. We will do what we feel is good for Fiji and its people. The people of Fiji are those who are here now but it will include some of those who have moved on looking for greener pastures and who are willing to come back. We were not expelled from the Commonwealth; our membership lapsed. It is up to the Commonwealth to say whether they are prepared to reconsider our member ship. </P> 421 421 422 <I>< P></P>422 <I></I><P></P> 423 423 <!-- 424 424 </Section> … … 428 428 </Description> 429 429 --> 430 </I> 430 431 431 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P> 432 432 … … 495 495 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sources: Economic Intelligence Unit, UNDP Human Development Report, 1996, EC Commission. </P> 496 496 497 <I>< P></P>497 <I></I><P></P> 498 498 <!-- 499 499 </Section> … … 503 503 </Description> 504 504 --> 505 </I> 505 506 506 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'We need to move to a more racially neutral system'</P> 507 507 … … 580 580 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - Well, we hope so. You know we are all very strongly in favour of rejoining. One of the things that I personally feel very strongly about is the unfortunate severance of our link with the Queen. I don't know, constitutionally, whether it can be restored. Obviously, there are difficulties in that area, but I think a large majority of ordinary people in this country would like at least to see Fiji back in the Commonwealth. </P> 581 581 582 <I>< P></P>582 <I></I><P></P> 583 583 <!-- 584 584 </Section> … … 588 588 </Description> 589 589 --> 590 </I> 590 591 591 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When The Courier visited Fiji in July, the report of the Constitutional Review Commission headed by Sir Paul Reeves (former Governor-General of New Zealand) had not yet been completed - and what it would contain was a major topic of speculation. As readers will see from the interview we publish with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader, the impartiality of the three-member Commission was not in question - at least within the political mainstream on both the native Fijian and Indian sides. Nonetheless, there were doubts about whether a consensus could be found. For the Indo-Fijians, a scaling down of the 'racial' features in the Constitution was seen as a prerequisite. Yet the ruling SVT, in its own submissions to the Commission, had effectively supported the status quo. In view of this apparently unbridgeable gulf, could the compilers of the Report come up with recommendations capable of forming the basis for a lasting constitutional settlement ? </P> 592 592 … … 607 607 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is obvious that a great many more words will be exchanged - and some of them will no doubt be heated - in the coming months. It is difficult to see how everyone can be 'brought on board' but the hope must be that a compromise can be crafted that is acceptable to the majority on both sides of the communal divide. The people of this Pacific island nation are well aware that prosperity and stability go hand in hand. The single most important achievement in ensuring stability for the longer term would be to secure a satisfactory settlement of the constitutional issue. </P> 608 608 609 <I>< P></P>609 <I></I><P></P> 610 610 <!-- 611 611 </Section> … … 615 615 </Description> 616 616 --> 617 </I> 617 618 618 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This was the key sentiment expressed by Isimeli Bose, Fiji's Trade Minister, when he spoke to The Courier earlier this year. Mr Bose insisted that 'no matter what anybody says, sugar will be the backbone of this country's economy for years to come.'</P> 619 619 … … 642 642 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But the Minister nonetheless insisted that it was something 'that can and will happen'. </P> 643 643 644 <I>< P></P>644 <I></I><P></P> 645 645 <!-- 646 646 </Section> … … 650 650 </Description> 651 651 --> 652 </I> 652 653 653 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">How can a businesswomen succeed in Fiji's patriarchal society? Mere Samisoni, the entrepreneur behind the 'Hotbread Kitchen' gave us an appropriate answer when she said 'I roll with it', although the pun was probably unintentional In fact, it is difficult to imagine this dynamic lady being pushed around. Anybody who manages to build up a chain of bakeries from scratch, capturing 35% of the country's urban consumer market in the process, must have a lot of determination. At the same time, Mrs Samisoni displays a strong sense of social commitment. She believes in community values, advocates group decision-making and consensus, and even describes the tax system as 'reasonably fair'. In short, she contradicts the widely-held view propagated by lurid American TV series, that a dogeat-dog attitude is needed for business success.</P> 654 654 … … 663 663 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As if running a business wasn't enough, Mere Samisoni is also busy completing a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) at the University of the South Pacific, with a thesis on indigenous business. From what we discovered, speaking to this remarkable Fijian entrepreneur, she should have been helping to teach the course! </P> 664 664 665 <I>< P></P>665 <I></I><P></P> 666 666 <!-- 667 667 </Section> … … 671 671 </Description> 672 672 --> 673 </I> 673 674 674 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Anyone from overseas who is travelling to the Fijian capital, Suva, will soon discover that the country's largest island is a very diverse place. Roughly circular in shape, Viti Levu provides more than half of Fiji's total land area and is home to about three-quarters of the population.</P> 675 675 … … 688 688 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The few people who do occupy the central region live in traditional Fijian villages and have a lifestyle far removed from either the town dwellers or the sugar cane farmers. Its size may be little more than ten thousand square kiLométres but Viti Levu is truly an island of contrasts. </P> 689 689 690 <I>< P></P>690 <I></I><P></P> 691 691 <!-- 692 692 </Section> … … 696 696 </Description> 697 697 --> 698 </I> 698 699 699 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Ernst Kroner</P> 700 700 … … 743 743 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Taking the Sugar Protocol into consideration, the EU is by far the most important of Fiji's development partners, followed by Australia. The country also benefits from bilateral cooperation arrangements with EU Member States (UK, France, Germany). </P> 744 744 745 <B>< P></P>745 <B></B><P></P> 746 746 <!-- 747 747 </Section> … … 752 752 </Description> 753 753 --> 754 </B> 755 <I>< P></P>754 755 <I></I><P></P> 756 756 <!-- 757 757 <Section> … … 760 760 </Description> 761 761 --> 762 </I> 762 763 763 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'None of the most civilised nations have ever exceeded these islanders in the great order and regularity maintained on every occasion, in ready and submissive compliance with the commands of their chiefs, and the perfect harmony that subsists among all ranks.'</P> 764 764 … … 809 809 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The foregoing survey of Tonga's economy does not paint a particularly happy picture but it should be stressed that there is very little real poverty in the islands. In many ways, the informal economy is more important, and subsistence agriculture and fishing ensure that people do not go hungry. With their traditional family structures and strong attachment to the Christian faith, the Tongans have not yet encountered many of the social problems associated with more consumption-oriented societies. But to paraphrase a famous saying, 'no nation is an island' nowadays - even if it happens to be surrounded by water! In an era of increasing globalisation, the key question is how to manage change. Let us hope that the people of Tonga can find the right answer. </P> 810 810 811 <I>< P></P>811 <I></I><P></P> 812 812 <!-- 813 813 </Section> … … 817 817 </Description> 818 818 --> 819 </I> 819 820 820 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Constrained by our geography'</P> 821 821 … … 895 895 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">So we will continue to have relations with our partners, but we need to recognise that they are concentrating their efforts now and adapt accordingly. </P> 896 896 897 <I>< P></P>897 <I></I><P></P> 898 898 <!-- 899 899 </Section> … … 903 903 </Description> 904 904 --> 905 </I> 905 906 906 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P> 907 907 … … 940 940 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sources: Tonga in Profile (on the Internet - http: 11l www. netstorage. com/kami/ tonga) Economic Intelligence Unit Country Report 1996. </P> 941 941 942 <I>< P></P>942 <I></I><P></P> 943 943 <!-- 944 944 </Section> … … 948 948 </Description> 949 949 --> 950 </I> 950 951 951 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'There is much more political awareness'</P> 952 952 … … 997 997 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - You only need to look around you to see that we have a youthful population here: a lot of young people who need to be catered for. We are investing heavily in education which I think is good but we need to do more to adapt to the changing world. We were peaceful in the past because most Tongans were on roughly the same level in terms of wealth. Now the poor are getting poorer while the rich get richer. This could lead to an increase in social tensions. With a more democratic system, we should be able to close the gap and work for a peaceful and more prosperous future. </P> 998 998 999 <I>< P></P>999 <I></I><P></P> 1000 1000 <!-- 1001 1001 </Section> … … 1005 1005 </Description> 1006 1006 --> 1007 </I> 1007 1008 1008 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">New Minister outlines economic strategy</P> 1009 1009 … … 1026 1026 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This led us into a discussion about Tonga's attitude to foreign investors who might also be in a position to supply capital and know-how. The authorities had recently threatened that a number of residence permits would not be renewed. Was this not a disincentive to potential overseas investors ? Dr Masasso was keen to offer clarification. 'The media makes it look as if Tonga doesn't like investors but they have misinterpeted the situation. He insisted; 'we want the foreign investment here and are encouraging it in those areas where locals cannot get involved.' Defending the actions of the immigration authorities, the Minister stressed that what they were doing was normal practice. 'Those who stay here illegally and do not extend their visa have to be deported.' The action, he argued, was not directed against foreign investors and indeed, the latter should be encouraged by the government's commitment to upholding the law.' </P> 1027 1027 1028 <I>< P></P>1028 <I></I><P></P> 1029 1029 <!-- 1030 1030 </Section> … … 1034 1034 </Description> 1035 1035 --> 1036 </I> 1036 1037 1037 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Developing the Vava'u islands</P> 1038 1038 … … 1057 1057 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EIB interventions have contributed to the share capital of the Tonga Development Bank and have increased the Bank's lending capacity to small and medium-sized enterprises. </P> 1058 1058 1059 <I>< P></P>1059 <I></I><P></P> 1060 1060 <!-- 1061 1061 </Section> … … 1065 1065 </Description> 1066 1066 --> 1067 </I> 1067 1068 1068 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Uelingatoni Tevita Vaea (known as 'T' to his friends), proved to be a mine of information for The Courier, when we visited the Vava'u island group in northern Tonga recently. 'T' is a Tongan engineer who returned to his native land from Australia to work as assistant project manager in the Vava'u Development Unit. His help was particularly useful during the highlight of our visit - a traditional celebratory feast laid on by the villagers of Nuapapu. This is one of Vava'u's inhabited outer islands and the celebration was staged to mark the installation of solar powered lighting, courtesy of Lomé Convention funds.</P> 1069 1069 … … 1102 1102 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The guests (including the staff of the Vava'u Development Unit who have guided the project through its various stages) then took their leave of this hospitable community and set off by boat on the return journey to Neiafu. As the vessel drew away from the shore, we were able to look up and see, for the first time, the twinkling lights of Nuapapu. </P> 1103 1103 1104 <B> 1104 <B></B> 1105 1105 <!-- 1106 1106 </Section> … … 1112 1112 </Description> 1113 1113 --> 1114 </B> 1115 <B>< P></P>1114 1115 <B></B><P></P> 1116 1116 <!-- 1117 1117 <Section> … … 1120 1120 </Description> 1121 1121 --> 1122 </B> 1123 <I>< P></P>1122 1123 <I></I><P></P> 1124 1124 <!-- 1125 1125 <Section> … … 1128 1128 </Description> 1129 1129 --> 1130 </I> 1130 1131 1131 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival and Claude Smets)</P> 1132 1132 … … 1167 1167 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But in some rural areas, the inhabitants have found themselves in dispute with conservationists. The latter seek to protect wildlife and the rural habitat by setting up national parks - a solution which is not necessarily in the interests of local people struggling to maintain their livelihood. We take a look at such dilemmas and the possible solutions being developed so that rural dwellers can continue to make the most of their habitat. This rural struggle, where solutions are also being called for at a local level, is not unlike the battle being waged for a better quality of life in the cities. </P> 1168 1168 1169 <I>< P></P>1169 <I></I><P></P> 1170 1170 <!-- 1171 1171 </Section> … … 1175 1175 </Description> 1176 1176 --> 1177 </I> 1177 1178 1178 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Deputy mayor of the city of Louga, Daby Diagne is also President of the Finance Committee of Senegal's National Assembly, General Secretary of the Association of Mayors of Senegal and President of the World Federation of United Cities. He is the ACP-EU Joint Assembly's General Rapporteur on urban development and The Courier had the opportunity to interview him in September at the Assembly's meeting in Luxembourg.</P> 1179 1179 … … 1214 1214 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">We could, for example, carry out a comparative study of legislation in a particular area, thereby gaining access to other types of experience. Internationally, aid can be given to associations to help them buy equipment and attain a degree of freedom of manoeuvre vis-à-vis the authorities. In the field of decentralised cooperation, the international community can help elected representatives to implement their projects through partnerships, conducting studies, and providing personnel. Cooperation is possible in all spheres - implementation, management, financing and so on. I believe that a new type of cooperation will gradually come into being. It is not a question of creating 'white elephants', but rather small and medium-scale projects which are of genuine use to the population. And I am not talking here about acts of charity, such as the donation of medicines, but sustainable projects. </P> 1215 1215 1216 <I>< P></P>1216 <I></I><P></P> 1217 1217 <!-- 1218 1218 </Section> … … 1222 1222 </Description> 1223 1223 --> 1224 </I> 1224 1225 1225 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Christian Cure'</P> 1226 1226 … … 1277 1277 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some people predicted that Habitat 11 would be 'the revenge of the cities'. To quote P. Maragall, chairman of the Committee of the Regions, the conference at least provided the opportunity to build, and to give a wider audience to 'the voice of the United Cities within the United Nations'. That itself is a major step forward. </P> 1278 1278 1279 <I>< P></P>1279 <I></I><P></P> 1280 1280 <!-- 1281 1281 </Section> … … 1285 1285 </Description> 1286 1286 --> 1287 </I> 1287 1288 1288 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tackling violence against women</P> 1289 1289 … … 1316 1316 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Violence in the home is also a growing problem. Mmatshilo Motsei, Director of Agisanang Domestic Abuse Prevention and Training, an NGO based in Alexandria, South Africa, says the problem is so pervasive, 'it must be raised as a national concern.' Habitat II turned a deaf ear on these women's concerns. This was not their forum. Shawna Tropp of the NGO Women's Caucus criticised those attending the conference who claimed that it was not about women but cities. 'Women live in cities,' she says and adds: 'By and large, human settlements are still very much seen in terms of bricks and mortar'. She calls for greater understanding of the role played by women, usually in an unpaid capacity, in the management of communities. 'Everything begins with having a house in a secure neighbourhood where the dignity of women is protected.'</P> 1317 1317 1318 <I>< P></P>1318 <I></I><P></P> 1319 1319 <!-- 1320 1320 </Section> … … 1324 1324 </Description> 1325 1325 --> 1326 </I> 1326 1327 1327 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The megacity personifies human misery for many in developing nations. As agglomerations proliferate in the twenty-first century, the United Nations Population Fund's 1996 report - The State of the World Population - considers how one might go about remedying the ills of city dwelling.</P> 1328 1328 … … 1359 1359 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">And global urbanisation will require that the international community - governments, NGOs and international institutions - act to exploit the potential of cities to improve the lives of the world's people and to establish the foundations of sustainable development in the 21st century.'</P> 1360 1360 1361 <I>< P></P>1361 <I></I><P></P> 1362 1362 <!-- 1363 1363 </Section> … … 1367 1367 </Description> 1368 1368 --> 1369 </I> 1369 1370 1370 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Paul Okunlola</P> 1371 1371 … … 1414 1414 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">On the positive side, adversity has proved a catalyst for greater community-based and NGO activity in environmental and human settlement issues over the last decade. This is a fresh approach, based on 'bottom-up' strategies, which should open up muchneeded new avenues to urban management in Nigeria more generally and in Lagos in particular. </P> 1415 1415 1416 <I>< P></P>1416 <I></I><P></P> 1417 1417 <!-- 1418 1418 </Section> … … 1422 1422 </Description> 1423 1423 --> 1424 </I> 1424 1425 1425 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Gilles Fontaine</P> 1426 1426 … … 1459 1459 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One has to recognise that the mere adoption of a text, however significant it may be, cannot be regarded as a magic formula which will change the face of the world overnight. To the impatient among us who want everything straight away, and to unrepentant sceptics, I would say this. In environmental matters there are two major periods in our recent history - the period before Rio and the period after Rio. The Rio meeting, and each subsequent conference, have been milestones in a long, coherent process of collective reflection and growing awareness. Istanbul did, in fact, keep its promises: the right to adequate shelter is now recognised internationally as the fundamental right of every human being.</P> 1460 1460 1461 <I>< P></P>1461 <I></I><P></P> 1462 1462 <!-- 1463 1463 </Section> … … 1467 1467 </Description> 1468 1468 --> 1469 </I> 1469 1470 1470 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Stephane Yerasimos</P> 1471 1471 … … 1500 1500 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the present circumstances, however, any scheme to redevelop Istanbul effectively would seem doomed to failure. The only intervention which might succeed would be at the 'cleaning-up' stage - coming in after the construction of the dwellings under the conditions described above. It is only once the new inhabitants' dream of having a roof over their heads is realised that they come face to face with the harsh daily realities of living in a self-built city of nearly ten million people. They may then be prepared to make some sacrifices in order to improve their living conditions. The moment when harsh reality replaces emotion, is the only time the urban planner has the slightest chance of being listened to. </P> 1501 1501 1502 <I>< P></P>1502 <I></I><P></P> 1503 1503 <!-- 1504 1504 </Section> … … 1508 1508 </Description> 1509 1509 --> 1510 </I> 1510 1511 1511 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Misia Coghlan</P> 1512 1512 … … 1559 1559 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Invisible Hand of the Housing Market, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1996</P> 1560 1560 1561 <I>< P></P>1561 <I></I><P></P> 1562 1562 <!-- 1563 1563 </Section> … … 1567 1567 </Description> 1568 1568 --> 1569 </I> 1569 1570 1570 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Francis Cass</P> 1571 1571 … … 1602 1602 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Last but not least, a concerted effort - especially a concerted financial effort - should be made by decision-makers at the local, national and international levels. We need to recognise that environmental damage is a phenomenon which rarely confines itself to the local level. Sooner or later, it becomes a problem for all of us. </P> 1603 1603 1604 <I>< P></P>1604 <I></I><P></P> 1605 1605 <!-- 1606 1606 </Section> … … 1610 1610 </Description> 1611 1611 --> 1612 </I> 1612 1613 1613 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Hendrik Smets</P> 1614 1614 … … 1649 1649 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">If, in a third phase, an awareness and eco-development programme could be successfully implemented, the Zakouma National Park should be able to look forward to a brighter future. </P> 1650 1650 1651 <I>< P></P>1651 <I></I><P></P> 1652 1652 <!-- 1653 1653 </Section> … … 1657 1657 </Description> 1658 1658 --> 1659 </I> 1659 1660 1660 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In April, on the eve of the International Conference on Human Settlements, the first West-African eco-centre ('Ecopole`) was opened in Dakar. It was set up by Enda, one of the few international non-governmental organisations of significant size based in a developing country. The 'eco' refers to two things - the economic life of the ordinary people and the ecological aspect of the centre. One of the most memorable images of the opening ceremonies was the sight of two Presidents - Abdou Diouf of Senegal and his Malian counterpart, Alpha Oumar Konare - striding through the dust in a working-class district of the Senegalese capital. For supporters of the 'Ecopole', the event epitomised the fight back of the popular urban economy. </P> 1661 1661 … … 1690 1690 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some years ago, a former sailor, who always dreamed of being a teacher, set up his own school in the main street which runs through the district. He worked on the pavement and in the car park in front of a furniture store, teaching children in the morning before the offices opened and adults in the evening after they had closed. Enda recently offered him a few pieces of furniture, but for many years, he received no help other than a few pieces of chalk, worn-down pencils and the remains of exercise books from his 'colleagues' in regular education. This is a man who has to supply his pupils not just with teaching materials but also sometimes with food. This year, with his voice catching in his throat, he told us that one of his former 'street pupils' is going to college. How can the learned economists calculate the value of this devoted 'academic'? </P> 1691 1691 1692 <I>< P></P>1692 <I></I><P></P> 1693 1693 <!-- 1694 1694 </Section> … … 1698 1698 </Description> 1699 1699 --> 1700 </I> 1700 1701 1701 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Professor Willie Esterhuyse</P> 1702 1702 … … 1727 1727 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But spectacular progress should not be expected. Development, reconstruction, and growth of the kind that South Africa needs, will take time. However, the lessons and achievements of the past two years have put South Africa in an excellent position to change the country's socio-economic environment. </P> 1728 1728 1729 <I>< P></P>1729 <I></I><P></P> 1730 1730 <!-- 1731 1731 </Section> … … 1735 1735 </Description> 1736 1736 --> 1737 </I> 1737 1738 1738 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Christine Thompson</P> 1739 1739 … … 1758 1758 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The overall objective of the programme is to improve living conditions through a policy that strengthens the delivery system for infrastructure and housing. The programme anticipates providing the community with primary and secondary schools, sports fields, community halls, libraries and a community health centre. Access to housing finance will be improved and opportunities for income generation provided through a vocational training centre and small-scale industry workshops. In addition, provision is being made to improve management and general policy-making capabilities. By continuing to fund such projects, the EU is working with the South African government to improve the living conditions of the urban and rural poor. </P> 1759 1759 1760 <I>< P></P>1760 <I></I><P></P> 1761 1761 <!-- 1762 1762 </Section> … … 1766 1766 </Description> 1767 1767 --> 1768 </I> 1768 1769 1769 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Theatre for Africa, a performing group from Southern Africa, went on tour this autumn to put across the message that the exploitation of Africa's fauna should remain in the hands of rural communities. They did this with a powerful mix of words, dance, mime and song, in a play entitled Guardians of Eden '. The Courier met the author and cast on the Brussels leg of their tour. </P> 1770 1770 … … 1789 1789 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The play is in English and the languages of Southern Africa, but Nicolas Ellenbogen believes it can be readily understood by his multinational audiences. For him, the message - that local people must have the power to manage their own wildlife on their own land - needs no translating. </P> 1790 1790 1791 <B> 1791 <B></B> 1792 1792 <!-- 1793 1793 </Section> … … 1799 1799 </Description> 1800 1800 --> 1801 </B> 1802 <B>< P></P>1801 1802 <B></B><P></P> 1803 1803 <!-- 1804 1804 <Section> … … 1807 1807 </Description> 1808 1808 --> 1809 </B> 1809 1810 1810 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Stelios Christopoulos</P> 1811 1811 … … 1858 1858 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Nothing can take the place of the shared experience and confidence which arises spontaneously in full knowledge of the facts. In this regard, we feel, there is still much to be done. In both Europe and the ACP countries, one way to succeed is to increase the number of networks representing industrial, economic and financial interests at various levels, and to assist them in identifying opportunities more effectively. This would help to create a new dynamism and renewed vigour in Europe. </P> 1859 1859 1860 <B> 1860 <B></B> 1861 1861 <!-- 1862 1862 </Section> … … 1867 1867 </Description> 1868 1868 --> 1869 </B> 1870 <B>< P></P>1869 1870 <B></B><P></P> 1871 1871 <!-- 1872 1872 <Section> … … 1875 1875 </Description> 1876 1876 --> 1877 </B> 1877 1878 1878 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the Courier's issue of July-August 1994, we published a country report on Eritrea. This country became independent in 1993 after almost 30 years of fighting which had bled the county white. Loss of human life, displaced persons, socio-economic disruption and environmental damage have been Eritrea's sad fate in recent times. However, there has now been peace for three years and the Eritrean people are attempting to pick up the threads. Alfonso Artico, a freelance journalist who recently travelled to Eritrea, now offers us a few on-the-spot impressions of his trip, focusing on some current projects which offer hope to this sorely afflicted people</P> 1879 1879 … … 1944 1944 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Under Mohamed's gaze, the walls of the workshop have been brightened up with posters which provide a splash of colour. Although the noise from the presses often drowns out conversation, you cannot escape the feeling of hope here. It is like a breath of fresh air, and one leaves with the strong impression of a country that is rising from the ashes. </P> 1945 1945 1946 <B> 1946 <B></B> 1947 1947 <!-- 1948 1948 </Section> … … 1953 1953 </Description> 1954 1954 --> 1955 </B> 1956 <B>< P></P>1955 1956 <B></B><P></P> 1957 1957 <!-- 1958 1958 <Section> … … 1961 1961 </Description> 1962 1962 --> 1963 </B> 1963 1964 1964 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Eva Kaluzynska</P> 1965 1965 … … 1992 1992 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ECHO's Jean-Claude Heyraud sums up the new policy: 'As far as preventing, mitigating and preparing for catastrophes goes, the new proactive approach reflects the importance ECHO attaches to this type of action. The DIPECHO programme meets the growing need to evaluate risks in order to reduce loss of life and damage to property. If and when emergency aid is needed, preparation and prevention can help to reduce the scale and cost of such actions.' </P> 1993 1993 1994 <B> 1994 <B></B> 1995 1995 <!-- 1996 1996 </Section> … … 2001 2001 </Description> 2002 2002 --> 2003 </B> 2004 <B>< P></P>2003 2004 <B></B><P></P> 2005 2005 <!-- 2006 2006 <Section> … … 2009 2009 </Description> 2010 2010 --> 2011 </B> 2011 2012 2012 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Seydou Sarr</P> 2013 2013 … … 2046 2046 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The credit for this, in the view of many of the participants, lies with Pape Mbaye Sene, one of the guiding lights of the event, who has also been dubbed the 'high priest' of African cinema. It has, in fact, been suggested tongue-in-cheek that 'in Brussels, they award a Pape, not an Oscar'. </P> 2047 2047 2048 <B>< P></P>2048 <B></B><P></P> 2049 2049 <!-- 2050 2050 </Section> … … 2054 2054 </Description> 2055 2055 --> 2056 </B> 2056 2057 2057 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The future of African cinema seen through the eyes of the Malian film maker, </P> 2058 2058 … … 2095 2095 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - After independence, in the years from 1960 to 1968, there was a time when young people would get together and become involved in various biennial art festivals. We had a series of events which encouraged a kind of a 'cultural vision' nationwide. They were so successful that other countries were soon following our example. After the coup in 1968, however, everything fell apart. In the following 23 years there was a total cultural vacuum, in which young people felt completely disorientated, despite superficial attempts to relaunch the festivals. We are now only just trying to rediscover our cultural roots after a long period of upheaval. What we in Mali do have working in our favour, is the fact that our country is a harmonious patchwork of different peoples, all living together without the slightest trace of bitterness or hatred. We are lucky here because our rulers rarely tried to manipulate our ethnic loyalties to set one group against another. A Malian, irrespective of his roots, will always rejoice in the success of his fellow countrymen, whatever tribe they happen to belong to. We owe our good fortune to a heritage in which our peoples have always respected one another - even when they have faced each other as enemies. It is only as a result of this historic mutual respect that we can now speak of a Malian culture where each individual group of people has its own idiosyncrasies, its own customs, is sensitive towards other cultures and actually rejoices in their differences. </P> 2096 2096 2097 <B> 2097 <B></B> 2098 2098 <!-- 2099 2099 </Section> … … 2104 2104 </Description> 2105 2105 --> 2106 </B> 2107 <B>< P></P>2106 2107 <B></B><P></P> 2108 2108 <!-- 2109 2109 <Section> … … 2112 2112 </Description> 2113 2113 --> 2114 </B> 2114 2115 2115 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One of CTA's tasks is to provide information on request to researchers, extension workers, planners, farmers' organisations, trainers and information specialists involved in agricultural development in ACP states. In addition to requested publications, CTA also distributes publications on its own initiative to its target groups. These publications, some 550 titles, are also supplied free of charge and consist of books published by CTA, co-published, or purchased specially because of their relevance. In 1995, almost 65 000 books were posted to ACP countries.</P> 2116 2116 … … 2181 2181 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Since CTA started distributing books on agriculture and rural development, publishing and bookselling activities in many ACP countries have multiplied and the context has changed somewhat. As noted at CTA's Montpellier conference in 1995, there is now much information and many documents going from North to South, suited to the planners, research workers and extension agents who process the information and pass it down to the small-scale farmers. Rather, a two-way information route would be more efficient, between farmers who have information to offer as well as information needs and information providers. The growth in requests to CTA for publications from co-operatives and farmer associations and from non-academic libraries and documentation units is evidence that the publications distribution service is fulfilling a need. </P> 2182 2182 2183 <B>< P></P>2183 <B></B><P></P> 2184 2184 <!-- 2185 2185 </Section> … … 2189 2189 </Description> 2190 2190 --> 2191 </B> 2191 2192 2192 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Earthen architecture</P> 2193 2193 … … 2227 2227 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A number of readers have raised this point with us since we have rearranged the cover pages and transferred the ACP and Europe 'regional' maps to the inside back cover. In future, we will endeavour to ensure that there is a cross-reference to this page in the Country Report profile. </P> 2228 2228 2229 <B>< P></P>2229 <B></B><P></P> 2230 2230 <!-- 2231 2231 </Section> … … 2235 2235 </Description> 2236 2236 --> 2237 </B> 2237 2238 2238 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Publications received</P> 2239 2239 … … 2322 2322 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In this book, 10 African, US and European experts attempt to look beyond the immediate horizon and identify strategies which could be implemented to give renewed vigour to the African economy. They analyse the choices which should be made in key areas such as agriculture, trade and industry, the role of the state and the social sectors. </P> 2323 2323 2324 <B>< P></P>2324 <B></B><P></P> 2325 2325 <!-- 2326 2326 </Section> … … 2330 2330 </Description> 2331 2331 --> 2332 </B> 2333 <I>< P></P>2332 2333 <I></I><P></P> 2334 2334 <!-- 2335 2335 <Section> … … 2338 2338 </Description> 2339 2339 --> 2340 </I> 2340 2341 2341 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">World congress against the sexual exploitation of children</P> 2342 2342 … … 2449 2449 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">E-mail: International. [email protected] </P> 2450 2450 2451 <I>< P></P>2451 <I></I><P></P> 2452 2452 <!-- 2453 2453 </Section> … … 2457 2457 </Description> 2458 2458 --> 2459 </I> 2459 2460 2460 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY</P> 2461 2461 -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/fb33fe/fb33fe.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS</P> 18 18 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rome 1986</P> … … 23 23 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">© FAO 1986</P> 24 24 25 <B> 25 <B></B> 26 26 <!-- 27 27 <Section> … … 30 30 </Description> 31 31 --> 32 </B> 32 33 33 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1. Did you know that many kinds of snails are good to eat?</P> 34 34 … … 58 58 You need to grow more snails if your family is big</P> 59 59 60 <B>< P></P>60 <B></B><P></P> 61 61 <!-- 62 62 <Section> … … 65 65 </Description> 66 66 --> 67 </B> 67 68 68 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">You will need</P> 69 69 <DIR> … … 92 92 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">10. If you have or can get all of these things, you can raise snails.</P> 93 93 94 <B> 94 <B></B> 95 95 <!-- 96 96 </Section> … … 101 101 </Description> 102 102 --> 103 </B> 103 104 104 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">11. To farm snails is not hard; however, it is quite different from keeping chickens or ducks or from growing crops such as maize, rice, cassava or groundnuts.</P> 105 105 … … 121 121 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">17. In the next part of this booklet, you will begin to learn some things that you need to know to farm snails.</P> 122 122 123 <B>< P></P>123 <B></B><P></P> 124 124 <!-- 125 125 <Section> … … 128 128 </Description> 129 129 --> 130 </B> 130 131 131 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">18. The kind of snails that you can farm are snails that live on land, and there are many kinds of land snails that are good to eat.</P> 132 132 … … 204 204 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">27. If snails are eaten where you live, you can farm one of these. Then you will be sure that it is good to eat.</P> 205 205 206 <B>< P></P>206 <B></B><P></P> 207 207 <!-- 208 208 </Section> … … 212 212 </Description> 213 213 --> 214 </B> 214 215 215 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">28. When you are ready to get snails, perhaps you can get them by gathering wild snails that live near you.</P> 216 216 … … 231 231 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Never term snails that you buy at the market. Snails at the market may have been washed, kept too cold or hurt and they may die soon.</P> 232 232 233 <B>< P></P>233 <B></B><P></P> 234 234 <!-- 235 235 </Section> … … 239 239 </Description> 240 240 --> 241 </B> 241 242 242 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">31. A good place for a snail farm is one where there already are snails. If there already are snails, you will know that the soil and the water in the soil are right for snails to live and grow.</P> 243 243 … … 246 246 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">33. If you have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water, you can bring good snails from another place to start your snail farm.</P> 247 247 248 <B>< P></P>248 <B></B><P></P> 249 249 <!-- 250 250 </Section> … … 254 254 </Description> 255 255 --> 256 </B> 256 257 257 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">34. Soil is important for snails. Part of the time they live on the soil and part of the time they live in the soil, and to live well, snails need good soil.</P> 258 258 … … 298 298 Baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole</P> 299 299 300 <B>< P></P>300 <B></B><P></P> 301 301 <!-- 302 302 </Section> … … 306 306 </Description> 307 307 --> 308 </B> 308 309 309 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">42. Snails need plants for both food and sheller. Most kinds of snails use several kinds for food and several other kinds for shelter.</P> 310 310 … … 342 342 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">51. In addition to the food plants, there are many other kinds of foods that you can put into a pen for your snails to eat. You will learn about these foods and when you should use them in the next booklet in this series.</P> 343 343 344 <B>< P></P>344 <B></B><P></P> 345 345 <!-- 346 346 </Section> … … 350 350 </Description> 351 351 --> 352 </B> 352 353 353 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">52. Dew at night in the growing season helps the plants to grow and makes the leaves and the ground wet so that snails can move about.</P> 354 354 … … 368 368 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">58. In the next booklet, you will be told how to wet the leaves of plants and moisten the ground when it is too dry.</P> 369 369 370 <B>< P></P>370 <B></B><P></P> 371 371 <!-- 372 372 </Section> … … 376 376 </Description> 377 377 --> 378 </B> 378 379 379 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">59. Land that is very wet, low land that does not drain well or land that floods in the rainy season is not good for snail farming.</P> 380 380 … … 382 382 Low, wet land is bad for snails</P> 383 383 384 <B>< P></P>384 <B></B><P></P> 385 385 <!-- 386 386 </Section> … … 390 390 </Description> 391 391 --> 392 </B> 392 393 393 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">60. Wind during the growing season is bad because it dries the dew and dries out the snails.</P> 394 394 … … 401 401 Snails should be farmed in a place protected from the wind</P> 402 402 403 <B>< P></P>403 <B></B><P></P> 404 404 <!-- 405 405 </Section> … … 409 409 </Description> 410 410 --> 411 </B> 411 412 412 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">62. If you decide to farm snails you must keep them in a pen. Snails kept in a well- built pen will not get away easily and you can watch them and take care of them well.</P> 413 413 … … 443 443 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">69. A good size for a pen is 5 x 5 metres. Later in this booklet you will learn how to build a small pen of this size.</P> 444 444 445 <B>< P></P>445 <B></B><P></P> 446 446 <!-- 447 447 </Section> … … 451 451 </Description> 452 452 --> 453 </B> 453 454 454 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">70. If you are using small snails like those you have seen on pages 8 and 9 in this booklet, you will need more snails to begin.</P> 455 455 … … 464 464 150 small snails; 25 large snails</P> 465 465 466 <B>< P></P>466 <B></B><P></P> 467 467 <!-- 468 468 </Section> … … 472 472 </Description> 473 473 --> 474 </B> 474 475 475 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">73. The amount of snail meat that you will get from small snails will be about the same as what you would get from large snails. This is because you will use many more small snails than large snails and the meat will be about equal.</P> 476 476 … … 480 480 12 to 13 kilograms each year; 24 to 26 kilograms each year</P> 481 481 482 <B>< P></P>482 <B></B><P></P> 483 483 <!-- 484 484 </Section> … … 488 488 </Description> 489 489 --> 490 </B> 490 491 491 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">75. In the first part of this booklet you have learned many things about snails and farming snails. You have learned</P> 492 492 <DIR> … … 508 508 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">79. If you would like to begin you will learn exactly what to do in the rest of this booklet and in the next booklet.</P> 509 509 510 <B> 510 <B></B> 511 511 <!-- 512 512 </Section> … … 525 525 </Description> 526 526 --> 527 </B> 527 528 528 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">80. Try to choose a place that is close to your house. That way you will be able to watch your snails, protect them from their enemies and take care of them easily</P> 529 529 … … 550 550 two or three 5 x 5 metre pens</P> 551 551 552 <B>< P></P>552 <B></B><P></P> 553 553 <!-- 554 554 </Section> … … 558 558 </Description> 559 559 --> 560 </B> 560 561 561 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">86. Clean the site and prepare the ground a little before the growing season so that you can build the pen in time to plant the food and shelter plants.</P> 562 562 … … 605 605 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">96. However, do not use any fertilizer, animal manure or compost as you might with a vegetable garden. Fertilizers may burn the snails and animal manure or compost may bring in insects and weed seeds.</P> 606 606 607 <B> 607 <B></B> 608 608 <!-- 609 609 </Section> … … 614 614 </Description> 615 615 --> 616 </B> 616 617 617 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">97. Build a pen for your snails as soon as you can after you have burned the plant material. This is to keep other insects, mice, rats or shrews from getting into your pen.</P> 618 618 … … 727 727 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">9 then attach the top flap</P> 728 728 729 <B> 729 <B></B> 730 730 <!-- 731 731 </Section> … … 735 735 </Description> 736 736 --> 737 </B> 737 738 738 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">112. You have already been told that you should clean and prepare the site and build your snail pen in time for the planting season.</P> 739 739 … … 831 831 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Asparagus lives for many years and it is a good shelter plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, it is not good for older snails because they are too heavy for asparagus plants.</P> 832 832 833 <B>< P></P>833 <B></B><P></P> 834 834 <!-- 835 835 <Section> … … 838 838 </Description> 839 839 --> 840 </B> 840 841 841 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">118. The food plants must be big enough to feed your snails and the shelter plants tall enough to cover them and to protect them from the sun.</P> 842 842 -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/fb34fe/fb34fe.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS</P> 18 18 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rome 1986</P> … … 23 23 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">© FAO 1986</P> 24 24 25 <B> 25 <B></B> 26 26 <!-- 27 27 <Section> … … 30 30 </Description> 31 31 --> 32 </B> 32 33 33 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The first twenty- six volumes in FAO's Better Farming Series were based on the Cours d'apprentissage agricole prepared in Côte d'Ivoire by the Institut africain de développement économique et social for use by extension workers. Later volumes, beginning with No. 27, have been prepared by FAO for use in agricultural development at the farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the intention being to constitute basic prototype outlines to be modified or expanded in each area according to local conditions of agriculture.</P> 34 34 … … 39 39 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic and ecological conditions are welcomed. They should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.</P> 40 40 41 <B> 41 <B></B><P></P> 42 42 <!-- 43 43 </Section> … … 48 48 --> 49 49 50 <P></P> 50 51 51 <!-- 52 52 <Section> … … 55 55 </Description> 56 56 --> 57 </B> 57 58 58 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">123. All of the snails that you choose for your pen must be of the same kind.</P> 59 59 … … 99 99 Handle your snails carefully</P> 100 100 101 <B>< P></P>101 <B></B><P></P> 102 102 <!-- 103 103 </Section> … … 107 107 </Description> 108 108 --> 109 </B> 109 110 110 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">137. Just before you put your snails in the pen, take out all the grass, the creeping grass and the weeds that may have grown while the food and shelter plants were growing.</P> 111 111 … … 156 156 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">147. However, it is a good idea, even after the first two weeks, to check from time to time and put back any of the snails that may have got out of the pen.</P> 157 157 158 <B>< P></P>158 <B></B><P></P> 159 159 <!-- 160 160 </Section> … … 164 164 </Description> 165 165 --> 166 </B> 166 167 167 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">148. When you see a lot of baby snails in your pen, you will no longer need to keep the fully grown snails.</P> 168 168 … … 176 176 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">151. Later in this booklet, you will be told when the baby snails are big enough to harvest and how to harvest them.</P> 177 177 178 <B> 178 <B></B> 179 179 <!-- 180 180 </Section> … … 185 185 </Description> 186 186 --> 187 </B> 187 188 188 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">152. After you have put your snails in their pen, watch them carefully to see that they are eating well.</P> 189 189 … … 197 197 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> take away the weeds and the creeping grass</P> 198 198 199 <B>< P></P>199 <B></B><P></P> 200 200 <!-- 201 201 <Section> … … 204 204 </Description> 205 205 --> 206 </B> 206 207 207 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">155. You have already been told that the leaves of the food and shelter plants must be wet and clean and that the ground must be moist (see Items 52 to 58 in the last booklet).</P> 208 208 … … 238 238 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">You have already been told that if you live in a place that has a dry season when the plants do not grow, snails dig into the ground to rest. Never water at this time or your snails may come out of the ground when they should not.</P> 239 239 240 <B>< P></P>240 <B></B><P></P> 241 241 <!-- 242 242 </Section> … … 246 246 </Description> 247 247 --> 248 </B> 248 249 249 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">166. Watch all of your plants to see that they are growing well and that they do not get too tall or too thick.</P> 250 250 … … 256 256 Cut back the plants</P> 257 257 258 <B>< P></P>258 <B></B><P></P> 259 259 <!-- 260 260 </Section> … … 264 264 </Description> 265 265 --> 266 </B> 266 267 267 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">169. After your snails are in their pen you must be sure to take away all weeds and especially creeping grass as soon as you see them.</P> 268 268 … … 280 280 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">174. If the path is clean, insects will be less likely to cross it to get into the pen and you will be able to see signs of mice, rats and shrews.</P> 281 281 282 <B>< P></P>282 <B></B><P></P> 283 283 <!-- 284 284 </Section> … … 288 288 </Description> 289 289 --> 290 </B> 290 291 291 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">175. There are a number of reasons for giving your snails other kinds of food. Here are a few</P> 292 292 <DIR> … … 316 316 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">179. If you see that your snails like the new food plants better, you can use these plants when you build the second pen.</P> 317 317 318 <B> 318 <B></B> 319 319 <!-- 320 320 </Section> … … 325 325 </Description> 326 326 --> 327 </B> 327 328 328 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">180. In the last booklet you were told that to farm snails you will need at least two pens.</P> 329 329 … … 339 339 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">184. You can also plant new food plants when the old ones have been eaten. When you are moving the snails, you can get rid of any of them that have not grown well.</P> 340 340 341 <B>< P></P>341 <B></B><P></P> 342 342 <!-- 343 343 <Section> … … 346 346 </Description> 347 347 --> 348 </B> 348 349 349 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">185. Build your second pen a little before the growing season and exactly one year after you built the first pen.</P> 350 350 … … 359 359 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">189. Now you are ready to build the second 5 x 5 metre pen and to plant the food and shelter plants (see Items 97 to 117 in the last booklet).</P> 360 360 361 <B>< P></P>361 <B></B><P></P> 362 362 <!-- 363 363 </Section> … … 367 367 </Description> 368 368 --> 369 </B> 369 370 370 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">190. When the plants in your second pen have grown big enough to provide food and shelter, you can put in the snails.</P> 371 371 … … 395 395 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Do not forget to take out all of the fully grown snails that you have put in after you see a lot of baby snails in your second pen (see Items 148 to 151 in this booklet).</P> 396 396 397 <B> 397 <B></B><P></P> 398 398 <!-- 399 399 </Section> … … 405 405 --> 406 406 407 <P></P>408 407 <!-- 409 408 <Section> … … 412 411 </Description> 413 412 --> 414 </B> 413 415 414 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">199. If your snails have grown well, some of them will be big enough to harvest about one year after you have first put snails in the pen.</P> 416 415 … … 426 425 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">203. However, harvest all of the snails by the end of the second year so that you can plant the pen in time for the next growing season.</P> 427 426 428 <B>< P></P>427 <B></B><P></P> 429 428 <!-- 430 429 </Section> … … 434 433 </Description> 435 434 --> 436 </B> 435 437 436 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">204. Harvesting snails is done by hand. It is often hard work to find them because they may be hiding.</P> 438 437 … … 452 451 Put snails in a container</P> 453 452 454 <B>< P></P>453 <B></B><P></P> 455 454 <!-- 456 455 </Section> … … 460 459 </Description> 461 460 --> 462 </B> 461 463 462 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">208. If you are going to sell the snails, you can carry them to the market in containers like the ones above. However, you must be very careful not to hurt them or break their shells.</P> 464 463 … … 490 489 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Note: be sure that the top layer of snails is covered</P> 491 490 492 <B> 491 <B></B> 493 492 <!-- 494 493 </Section> … … 499 498 </Description> 500 499 --> 501 </B> 500 502 501 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">212. Before snails can be used you must be sure that there is no food in them. They must be clean inside.</P> 503 502 … … 542 541 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Snail meat can be cooked like any meat or it can be cut into pieces and added to a stew or vegetables. If snails are eaten where you live, there will be many ways to cook them.</P> 543 542 544 <B> 543 <B></B> 545 544 <!-- 546 545 </Section> … … 550 549 </Description> 551 550 --> 552 </B> 551 553 552 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">224. After you have been farming snails using two pens for some time, you may find that you and your family could eat or sell more snails if you had them.</P> 554 553 … … 557 556 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">226. You can also raise more snails by taking better care of the snails that you have. If you take better care of your snails, year after year they will become bigger, healthier and stronger and produce more baby snails.</P> 558 557 559 <B>< P></P>558 <B></B><P></P> 560 559 <!-- 561 560 <Section> … … 564 563 </Description> 565 564 --> 566 </B> 565 567 566 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">227. Perhaps the most important thing that you can do to improve your snail farm is to build a third pen.</P> 568 567 … … 590 589 Diagram</P> 591 590 592 <B>< P></P>591 <B></B><P></P> 593 592 <!-- 594 593 </Section> … … 598 597 </Description> 599 598 --> 600 </B> 599 601 600 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">235. You may want to build a still bigger pen for your third pen so you can grow many more snails.</P> 602 601 … … 622 621 Building a bigger pen</P> 623 622 624 <B>< P></P>623 <B></B><P></P> 625 624 <!-- 626 625 </Section> … … 630 629 </Description> 631 630 --> 632 </B> 631 633 632 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">240. The better you understand the snails that you are farming, the better you can take care of them. So, you should always watch them and learn as much as you can.</P> 634 633 -
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/wb34te/wb34te.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Role of Public Policy</P> 18 18 … … 49 49 </Description> 50 50 --> 51 </B> 51 52 52 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">TWENTY years ago in Mexico the First World Conference on Women inspired a movement that has helped to reduce gender inequality worldwide. Illiteracy among women is declining, maternal mortality and total fertility rates are beginning to fall. and more women are participating in the labor force than ever before. However. much remains to be done.</P> 53 53 … … 64 64 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Armeane M. Choksi Vice President Human Capital Development and Operations Policy The World Bank</P> 65 65 66 <B> 66 <B></B> 67 67 <!-- 68 68 </Section> … … 72 72 </Description> 73 73 --> 74 </B> 74 75 75 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THIS REPORT was prepared by a team led by Kei Kawabata and comprising Alison Evans, Zafiris Tzannatos. Tara Vishwanath, and Rekha Menon. The work was carried out under the direction of Minh Chau Nguyen and the overall guidance of K. Y. Amoako. Valuable contributions were made by Joyce Cacho, Lionel Demery, Shahid Khandker, and Kalanidhi Subbarao.</P> 76 76 … … 83 83 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The production of the report was made possible by the assistance of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which has given unwavering support to the protnotion of gender equality.</P> 84 84 85 <B> 85 <B></B> 86 86 <!-- 87 87 </Section> … … 91 91 </Description> 92 92 --> 93 </B> 94 <B>< P></P>93 94 <B></B><P></P> 95 95 <!-- 96 96 <Section> … … 99 99 </Description> 100 100 --> 101 </B> 101 102 102 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Expected number of years of formal schooling The total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive if current enrollment patterns remain unchanged.</P> 103 103 … … 108 108 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Maternal mortality ratio. The number of women who die in pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births: A measure of the risk that women face of dying from pregnancy-related causes.</P> 109 109 110 <B>< P></P>110 <B></B><P></P> 111 111 <!-- 112 112 </Section> … … 116 116 </Description> 117 117 --> 118 </B> 118 119 119 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Unless otherwise specified, dollar amounts are current U.S. dollars. A billion is a thousand million.</P> 120 120 … … 135 135 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India. Myantnar, Nepal, Pakistan. and Sri Lanka.</P> 136 136 137 <B>< P></P>137 <B></B><P></P> 138 138 <!-- 139 139 </Section> … … 143 143 </Description> 144 144 --> 145 </B> 145 146 146 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THREE messages echo throughout this document:</P> 147 147 … … 152 152 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> Women themselves are agents for change because they play a key role in shaping the welfare of future generations. Public policies cannot be effective without the participation of the target group-in this case. women, who make up more than half the world's people. Their views need to be incorporated into policy formulation.</P> 153 153 154 <B>< P></P>154 <B></B><P></P> 155 155 <!-- 156 156 </Section> … … 160 160 </Description> 161 161 --> 162 </B> 162 163 163 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Over the past two decades considerable progress has been made in reducing the gender gap world wide.</P> 164 164 … … 177 177 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> Whether in private sector employment or public sector decisionmaking, women are less likely to be in positions of responsibility than are men.</P> 178 178 179 <B>< P></P>179 <B></B><P></P> 180 180 <!-- 181 181 </Section> … … 185 185 </Description> 186 186 --> 187 </B> 187 188 188 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The causes of the persistent inequality between men and women are only partially understood. In recent years attention has focused on inequalities in the allocation of resources at the household level. as seen in the higher share of education, health. and food expenditures boys receive in comparison with girls. The decisionmaking process within households is complex and is influenced by social and cultural norms market opportunities, and institutional factors. There is considerable proof that the intrahousehold allocation of resources is a key factor in determining the levels of schooling. health. and nutrition accorded household members.</P> 189 189 … … 210 210 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Lack of access to financial services, to land, and to intonation and technology compounds the unequal treatment of women. Requirements for collateral, high transaction costs, and limited mobility and education contribute to women s inability to obtain credit. When women do have access to credit, the effect on household and individual well-being is striking. Bon-owing by women is linked to increased holdings of non-land assets, to improve in the health status of female children, and to an increased probability that girls will enroll in school. Independent access to land is associated with higher productivity and. in some cases, with greater investments by women in land conservation.</P> 211 211 212 <B>< P></P>212 <B></B><P></P> 213 213 <!-- 214 214 </Section> … … 218 218 </Description> 219 219 --> 220 </B> 220 221 221 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">If the benefits from investing in girls and women are so great and can be quantified. why do households and employers underinvest in women? The main reason is that. as discussed above. markets fail to capture the full benefit to society of' investing in women and girls. Where the market fails or is absent. government must take the lead Public policy can contribute directly and indirectly. to reducing gender inequalities by, for example:</P> 222 222 … … 234 234 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Finally general policy interventions may not be enough. and programs that specifically target women and girls may be required. Targeting is justified. Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women gable on two grounds. First. because women are disproportionately represented among the poor. targeting women can be an effective strategy for reducing poverty (broadly defined to include limited access to services. re sources, and other capability-enhancing factors). Second. where gender differences are wide, targeting-for example. the provision of stipends so that girls can attend school-they be needed to capture social gains and increase internal efficiency</P> 235 235 236 <B> 236 <B></B> 237 237 <!-- 238 238 </Section> … … 243 243 </Description> 244 244 --> 245 </B> 245 246 246 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on the high private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality. policymakers not only promote equality but also lay the groundwork for slower population growth, greater labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, and stronger economic growth However, none of these developments can be sustained without the participial of women themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen more carefully to the voices of individual women. including policymakers. and to women's groups. By working with others to identity and implement policies that promote gender equality, governments can make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.</P> 247 247 248 <B> 248 <B></B> 249 249 <!-- 250 250 </Section> … … 254 254 </Description> 255 255 --> 256 </B> 257 <B>< P></P>256 257 <B></B><P></P> 258 258 <!-- 259 259 <Section> … … 262 262 </Description> 263 263 --> 264 </B> 264 265 265 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ALTHOUGH the gap between opportunities for men and women is narrowing. inequalities persist, especially in certain regions. This report examines four major development indicators: educational attainment, maternal mortality. life expectancy. and economic participation outside the household. All four are closely related to each other and in turn are closely correlated with individual well-being. These indicators provide a broad picture of trends in gender inequality and their impact on the relative well-being of women and of men.</P> 266 266 267 <B>< P></P>267 <B></B><P></P> 268 268 <!-- 269 269 </Section> … … 273 273 </Description> 274 274 --> 275 </B> 275 276 276 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Despite the progress in raising educational enrollment rates for both males and females across all regions in the past three decades, growth in educational opportunities at all levels for females lags behind that for males (figure 1.1). In 1990 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 8.4 years. The figure had increased from 7.3 years in 1980-but an average boy of the same age in a developing country could expect to attend school for 9.7 years The gender gap in expected years of schooling is widest in some countries in South Asia, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa (see figure 1.2). Gender differences in access to education are usually worse in minority populations such as refugees and internally displaced persons. of which only a few children go to school.</P> 277 277 … … 288 288 Expected years of schooling </P> 289 289 290 <B>< P></P>290 <B></B><P></P> 291 291 <!-- 292 292 </Section> … … 296 296 </Description> 297 297 --> 298 </B> 298 299 299 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Over the past two decades life expectancy at birth has increased for both men and women in all regions of the world. In industrial countries women tend to outlive men by six to eight years on average: in low-income countries gender differences are much narrower (two to three years). Despite women's biological advantage, female mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during early childhood and the reproductive years.</P> 300 300 … … 318 318 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Genital mutilation, prevalent in twenty-eight countries, is performed on 2 million young girls yearly. The practice leads to long-term morbidity, complications during childbirth, mental trauma, and even death. Table 1.1 summarizes the best available statistics on this practice for selected countries.</P> 319 319 320 <B>< P></P>320 <B></B><P></P> 321 321 <!-- 322 322 </Section> … … 326 326 </Description> 327 327 --> 328 </B> 328 329 329 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The time women spend on paid and unpaid work is typically greater than the time men spend in the labor market (see table 1.2 for an example). Unpaid family work is rarely recorded in official statistics. It manifests itself only indirectly in the labor market in the form of gender differences in labor force participation rates. sector of employment, hours of work, and wage level.</P> 330 330 … … 519 519 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The data in this chapter illustrate some aggregate trends but they cannot tell US anything about the processes behind the persistence of gender inequality. For a more detailed look at these processes. We turn in the next chapter to a growing body of empirical evidence generated at the household and enterprise level. These studies provide a telling insight into the way in which gender inequalities are being challenged particularly by women At the same time these inequalities are reinforced by economic, legal. and cultural incentive systems that discriminate against women Discrimination continues despite compelling evidence showing that less inequality especially within the household. is associated with heftier welfare outcomes for children and better economic outcomes for the household as a v hole.</P> 520 520 521 <B> 521 <B></B> 522 522 <!-- 523 523 </Section> … … 528 528 </Description> 529 529 --> 530 </B> 531 <B>< P></P>530 531 <B></B><P></P> 532 532 <!-- 533 533 <Section> … … 536 536 </Description> 537 537 --> 538 </B> 538 539 539 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Inequality women and men limits productivity ultimately slows economic growth. early empirical studies (for example, Kuznets 1955) suggested that income inequality would increase with economic growth during the initial phases of development. This chapter, however. starts with the hypothesis that there is not necessarily a tradeoff between inequality and growth and. indeed that high inequality especially as it affects human capital. hampers growth (Fields 1992: Birdsall and Sabot 1994).</P> 540 540 541 541 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Both theory and empirical evidence point to the importance of human capital in creating the necessary conditions for productivity growth and in reducing aggregate inequality in the future. In addition. women s human capital generates benefits for society in the form of lower child mortality. higher educational attainment improved nutrition. and reduced population growth. Inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital at-e related to lower economic and social well-being for all.</P> 542 542 543 <B>< P></P>543 <B></B><P></P> 544 544 <!-- 545 545 </Section> … … 549 549 </Description> 550 550 --> 551 </B> 551 552 552 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In recent years, attempts to explain persistent gender inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital have focused on the key role of household decisionmaking and tile process of resource allocation within household Households do not make decisions in isolation. however: their decision are linked to market prices and incentives and are influenced by cultural legal and state institutions. These institutions indirectly affect not only the returns on household investment but also access to productive resources and employment outside the house hold.</P> 553 553 … … 571 571 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">There are strong complementaires between education. health. and nutrition on the one hand, and increased well-being, labor productivity, and growth. On the other. Inequalities in resource allocation that limit household members' educational opportunities. access to health care, or nutrition are costly to individuals, households, and the economy as a whole.</P> 572 572 573 <B>< P></P>573 <B></B><P></P> 574 574 <!-- 575 575 </Section> … … 579 579 </Description> 580 580 --> 581 </B> 581 582 582 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">At the household level. gender differences in access to education are closely related to inequalities in the shares of household education expenditures allocated to boys and to girls This finding stands even though private returns to girls' schooling are similar to or marginally higher than. those to boys' schooling (figure 2.1; see also Schultz 1988: Mwabu 1994). In this case. parental choice reflects the relatively greater restrictions on educational opportunities and employment choices for girls. in comparison with boys. and cultural norms on the appropriate role for girls within the household.</P> 583 583 … … 662 662 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Material health (which is linked to education) also has important intergenerational effects. Children of mothers who are malnourished or sickly or receive inadequate prenatal and delivery cat-e face a greater risk of disease and premature death. Iodine-deficient mothers run a greater risk of giving birth to infants with severe mental retardation and other congenital abnormalities than do healthy mothers. Reduced fertility and improved health for women can increase individual productivity and improve family well-being. When good health is combined with education and access to jobs. the result is higher rates of economic growth.</P> 663 663 664 <B>< P></P>664 <B></B><P></P> 665 665 <!-- 666 666 </Section> … … 670 670 </Description> 671 671 --> 672 </B> 672 673 673 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The link between the household and the labor market is particularly important. Specialization of labor within the household-whether individually chosen. socially determined. or legally induced-can accentuate gender inequalities in the formal and informal labor markets by leaving most of the unpaid work to women. This situation arises from convention rather than from comparative advantage Inadequate public and community services. transport. and housing also often have an uneven effect on the way men and women spend their time and can increase the demand for goods produced at home using unpaid labor (Moser 1994) Thus women may spend its much (or more time on unpaid work as on market work. In some countries this unpaid work contributes as much as one-third to the economy recorded GDP-and even mote to the welfare of poor families.</P> 674 674 … … 681 681 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When a large proportion of women's use of time goes unrecorded the design of projects and policies can yield false evaluations of costs and benefits. For example, women's unpaid work may be assumed to have zero value. As a result, women's response to changing incentives may be predicted as being higher than their time constraints actually allow. Project benefits-such as the time saved by locating piped water close to homes or by expanding rural electrification-may also be undervalued. Conversely, the benefits of treeing up time may be far more significant than might have been thought. A study in Tanzania, for example. shows that relieving certain time constraints in a community of smallholder coffee and banana growers increases household cash incomes by 10 percent, labor productivity by 15 percent, and capital productivity by 44 percent (Tibaijuka 1994).</P> 682 682 683 <B>< P></P>683 <B></B><P></P> 684 684 <!-- 685 685 </Section> … … 689 689 </Description> 690 690 --> 691 </B> 691 692 692 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Unpaid work and family responsibilities. as well as lack of investment in women's education. are strongly associated with women's relatively low rates of participation and their limited earnings in formal sector labor. Women's participation rates usually dip in the childbearing years, and earnings tend to decline following an interruption in employment. Younger on average, work more hours than older women, and married women with young children tend to work less than childless women and mothers of grown children. The correlation of marriage and childbearing with labor market outcomes can be seen even in industrial countries, where wage differences between married women and men are larger than those between single women and men Similarly, in some developing countries relative earnings decline with age (table 2.2) Children are not the only treason for interruptions in women's labor force participation; caring for ill or aged family members is often a womans responsibility. A study from Hungary estimates that half of all absenteeism by women workers is the direct result of the need to care for sick relatives (Einhorn 1993).</P> 693 693 … … 918 918 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A recent study of the gender wage gap in Russia shows that after controlling for education differences, the ratio of women's to men's average hourly earnings stands at just over 71 percent: it has remained at that level since the 1960s. Part of the reason for women s lower hourly earnings in Russia and many other countries lies in patterns of occupational segmentation by ,gender. Some analysts argue that women-who do most of the household work in Russian households and also have high participation in the formal labor market cope with the burdens imposed on them by taking less demanding work and devoting less time to advancing their careers (Newell and Reilly 1994).</P> 919 919 920 <B>< P></P>920 <B></B><P></P> 921 921 <!-- 922 922 </Section> … … 926 926 </Description> 927 927 --> 928 </B> 928 929 929 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One difficulty analysts face in interpreting trends in women's labor force participation and employment in developing economies is the large number of women engaged in informal sector activities, many of which overlap with subsistence - orientated household or community-based activities. Informal sector employment in most developing countries. whether in microentreprises or in casual work, is an important source of livelihood for women and their households.</P> 930 930 … … 947 947 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(fender Inequality in Access to Assets and Services )</P> 948 948 949 <B>< P></P>949 <B></B><P></P> 950 950 <!-- 951 951 </Section> … … 955 955 </Description> 956 956 --> 957 </B> 957 958 958 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The availability of financial services and access to them are considered important for several reasons. First. savings provide a kind of self-insurance. Second, credit helps households maintain a certain level of consumption at those times when their income fluctuates temporarily. Third, credit can be used to fund investments in capital or other inputs that will yield relatively high returns to production. if households cannot finance such investments from their own savings. A fourth and no less important reason is the role of savings and credit in increasing household members' options outside the home.</P> 959 959 … … 1025 1025 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Access to financial services alone cannot reduce gender inequalities in the allocation of household resources. A qualitative study reviewing several targeted credit programs in Bangladesh cautions against overgeneralizing about the benefits of giving women access to credit. The study finds that it is difficult to infer that increased borrowing alone improves women's bargaining power because in many rural Bangladesh households the question of who controls the resources is quite complex (Goetz and Sen Gupta 1994). Nevertheless. the possibility of receiving credit (or similarly of working for wages) may give women greater bargaining power within the household. This bargaining power can be used to improve child health and nutrition and may increase the likelihood that children will attend school.</P> 1026 1026 1027 <B>< P></P>1027 <B></B><P></P> 1028 1028 <!-- 1029 1029 </Section> … … 1033 1033 </Description> 1034 1034 --> 1035 </B> 1035 1036 1036 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The ownership of land and the distributions of land rights influence the productivity of labor and capital resources and the incentive to invest in resource management Private property rights. in particular. are associated with increased access to product and factor markets. especially credit markets. and to public services such as public utilities and agricultural extension. However. relatively little direct evidence exists to link independent owner of land by women with increased access and productivity. One obstacle to empirical work is that women s access to land and property is often mediated trough marriage (A married woman land rights are frequently limited to use rather than ownership.) Future more. complex systems of land tenure make it difficult to generalize about the effects of owner ship on productivity. None some evidence suggests that independent land rights for women could enhance both the efficiency with which resources are used and the well-being of women and their households: (Agarwal 1994).</P> 1037 1037 … … 1061 1061 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Recognizing women's independent claims to land is therefore an important issue in property reform. In poor households. having rights to land could alleviate both women's own poverty and the household's risk of remaining poor. The season is mainly that women s access to economic resources has a positive effect on household welfare (Agarwal 1994). From the point of view of efficiency, secret land tenure increases the incentive to manage resources efficiently and expands access to formal credit markets. Because secure land tenure can mean greater productivity, it may also increase the household's incentives to invest in women's human capital.</P> 1062 1062 1063 <B>< P></P>1063 <B></B><P></P> 1064 1064 <!-- 1065 1065 </Section> … … 1069 1069 </Description> 1070 1070 --> 1071 </B> 1071 1072 1072 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Agricultural extension services provide information training and technology to agricultural producers. Extension services have always been regarded as necessary for agricultural modernization. Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture in most regions, providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current and future productivity. Types of agricultural extension services vary, hut in most countries publicly provided services dominate. Evidence suggests that women have not benefited as much as men have from publicly provided extension services.</P> 1073 1073 … … 1205 1205 1206 1206 <FONT SIZE=2> 1207 <B>< P></P>1207 <B></B><P></P> 1208 1208 <!-- 1209 1209 </Section> … … 1213 1213 </Description> 1214 1214 --> 1215 </B> 1215 1216 1216 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Analysts must look beyond market outcomes to identity the sources of persistent inequality between women and men. The search must focus on the household and its role in the formation of present and future human capital and on institutions beyond the household that reinforce and perpetuate gender inequalities. Gender inequalities within the household affect market outcomes, and these feed back; into household decisionmaking. This process is reinforced by inequalities in access to assets and services beyond the household. Improving the relative status of women within the household and increasing their access to assets and services will increase the returns to investment in human resources and improve the prospects for sustainable economic growth.</P> 1217 1217 1218 1218 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">We must look for that which we have been trained not to see Ann Scales, Yale Law Journal 1986</P> 1219 1219 1220 <B> 1220 <B></B> 1221 1221 <!-- 1222 1222 </Section> … … 1227 1227 </Description> 1228 1228 --> 1229 </B> 1230 <B>< P></P>1229 1230 <B></B><P></P> 1231 1231 <!-- 1232 1232 <Section> … … 1235 1235 </Description> 1236 1236 --> 1237 </B> 1237 1238 1238 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As CHAPTER 2 has shown underivesting in girls and women is inefficient for society as a whole. Correcting for past underinvestment will require a "genders" approach to public policy. How this can be concretely achieved is the topic of this chapter.</P> 1239 1239 1240 <B>< P></P>1240 <B></B><P></P> 1241 1241 <!-- 1242 1242 </Section> … … 1246 1246 </Description> 1247 1247 --> 1248 </B> 1248 1249 1249 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Laws form tile functional framework of the economy and of civil society. Equality in the legal treatment of men and women creates the legitimacy policymakers need to seek change. Legal and regulatory provisions that discriminate against women-that. for example bar married women from seeking employment or prevent women from holding legal title to land-perpetuate gender inequalities and severely restrict women's ability to participate fully in social and economic development.</P> 1250 1250 … … 1253 1253 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Four areas of the law are particularly important for equalizing the opportunities available to men and women: land and property rights; labor market policies and employment law: family law: and financial laws and regulations.</P> 1254 1254 1255 <B>< P></P>1255 <B></B><P></P> 1256 1256 <!-- 1257 1257 </Section> … … 1261 1261 </Description> 1262 1262 --> 1263 </B> 1263 1264 1264 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Policymakers should ensure that women and men are treated equally in the public allocation of land. Eligibility for land reform programs, for example. should not discriminate against women's perform claims whether the women are heads of households or members of households headed by men. When communities have been resettled or when a project allocates land to participating producers, women should have the same rights to land as men For refugee and displaced women returning to their homelands. often as de facto heads of households. need fair and equal treatment to allow them to establish a Farming or enterprise base as soon as possible. Whet-e land is in short supply, it may be necessary to recognize the land rights of certain groups, as well as their individual rights. The Indian National Sericulture Project is an example; it has leased land to women's groups and promoted women's access to land under state land-grant schemes (Quisumbilig 1994).</P> 1265 1265 1266 1266 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some countries have enacted legislation to ensure gender equality in property and contractual rights. Under China's Law of Succession, for example males and females have equal rights to inheritance. Complementary measures are needed to ensure that women know their rights. Such measures include legal programs and campaigns to make judges and administrators sensitive to gender issues in the area of property rights (see box 2.1)</P> 1267 1267 1268 <B>< P></P>1268 <B></B><P></P> 1269 1269 <!-- 1270 1270 </Section> … … 1274 1274 </Description> 1275 1275 --> 1276 </B> 1276 1277 1277 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Discriminatory labor market policies and employment laws are widespread: examples are bans on hiring married women and restrictions on the type of work pregnant women may pet-form. Labor laws may also restrict female participation in jobs and deny women access to work settings. Even legislation that seeks to promote equal opportunity can have outcomes tot women workers. For example, generous maternity and child-care benefits tot women workers may make hiring women relatively mote costly than hiring men. perpetuating the gender wage gap.</P> 1278 1278 … … 1310 1310 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One way of addressing this issue is for governments to encourage women and men to share the responsibility for childrearing by adopting legislation allowing either parent to qualify for the leave and benefits associated with having a child (Folbre 1994). Such legislation can be supported by changes in the tax system to ensure equal treatment of workers within the household and a margin tax rate on the earnings of additional workers in the household low enough to avoid creating a disincentive to women's participation in the labor force (Mac Donald 1994). These tax changes can be complemented by legislation that encourages absent to pay child support. Such laws are in place in many Latin American and Caribbean countries. but none systematically monitors transfers (Folbre 1994). Greater efforts to enforce the law are needed.</P> 1311 1311 1312 <B>< P></P>1312 <B></B><P></P> 1313 1313 <!-- 1314 1314 </Section> … … 1318 1318 </Description> 1319 1319 --> 1320 </B> 1320 1321 1321 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Gender inequality in family law can worsen women's bargaining position within and outside the household and affect household welfare and efficiency. As noted in chapter women's bargaining position in relation to Household resource allocation is often a key factor in determining the wellbeing of household members. particularly children. Reforms of family law can enhance women's economic and social opportunities while still respecting cultural norms. For instance the minim age of marriage for women should be set high enough so that girls can complete secondary schooling: this would help lower fertility rates. (Allowing for exceptions such as parent consent negates the potential fertility benefit.) Marriage contracts should include stipulations guaranteeing the wife's rights. especially on separation</P> 1322 1322 1323 <B>< P></P>1323 <B></B><P></P> 1324 1324 <!-- 1325 1325 </Section> … … 1329 1329 </Description> 1330 1330 --> 1331 </B> 1331 1332 1332 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Legal and policy measures can have a direct bearing on the health of women. The law and its enforcement are essential for combating domestic violence against women. If the laws on violence against women are to be enforced, women need to be made aware of the legal recourse available to them and the judiciary and police need to be sensitized to the existence and</P> 1333 1333 </FONT> … … 1347 1347 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Implication of violence against women. Affirmative action policies can increase the number of women police officers lawyers, and judges. Trading police, lawyers, and judges can increase their gender sensitivity. making the legal system more responsive to women's needs. Legal literacy efforts can make women aware of their rights and show them how to use these rights to mobilize for change. Some approaches to dealing with domestic violence are illustrated in box 3.3</P> 1348 1348 1349 <B>< P></P>1349 <B></B><P></P> 1350 1350 <!-- 1351 1351 </Section> … … 1355 1355 </Description> 1356 1356 --> 1357 </B> 1357 1358 1358 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Access to credit is vital for women, allowing them to manage fluctuations in income and expenditures and to expand their businesses. As we saw in the preceding chapters, credit can be an important source of economic empowerment for women within the household. But in many countries. underdeveloped financial markets, controlled interest rates, and overly rigid backings regulations have led to systems of credit that tend to shut out the pool. many of whom are women If financial institutions are to lend to those unable to obtain credit in the current environment. interest rates must be liberalized. Positive interest rates have important effects on informational money markets, which tend to be more exploitative when formal sector credit is rationed.</P> 1359 1359 … … 1366 1366 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is unlikely that legal reform by itself will be sufficient to ensure that women and men ate treated equally. Further public action may be required to guarantee that gentler-neutral laws are enforced at both national and local levels.</P> 1367 1367 1368 <B>< P></P>1368 <B></B><P></P> 1369 1369 <!-- 1370 1370 </Section> … … 1374 1374 </Description> 1375 1375 --> 1376 </B> 1376 1377 1377 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Many developing countries are implementing important policy and institutional reforms to address changing economic conditions on both the domestic and international fronts. These reforms are often supported by international financial institutions and bilateral donors. The pace of reform has varied across countries Those countries that have implemented reforms early on, carried them out consistently, and received adequate financial support have generally enjoyed faster and stronger economic growth than count ties that have undertaken reforms too slowly, too intermittently, or not at all. Where implementation has been slow or the government's commitment weak, economic distortions have tended to multiply and economic trowels to slow. limiting the government's ability to invest in physical and human capital for the future.</P> 1378 1378 1379 1379 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is often the poorest groups in society that stand to lose the most from economic distortions. High and rising inflation places a disproportionate tax burden on the poor including low-paid wage workers and those with fixed incomes. For this and other reasons, inflation tends to hit women harder than men. An overvalued currency is also regressive; it keeps the price of goods artificially low. crowding out many locally produced goods. Women's businesses. which ate often concentrated in the informal sector, can be particularly vulnerable to competitions from cheap snorts. An overvalued currency reduces international competitiveness. limiting the availability of foreign exchange for domestic entrepreneurs and constraining business expansion and employment creation. A firm commitment to policy refortify is therefore essential to economic growth and sustainable initiatives for alleviating poverty.</P> 1380 1380 1381 <B>< P></P>1381 <B></B><P></P> 1382 1382 <!-- 1383 1383 </Section> … … 1387 1387 </Description> 1388 1388 --> 1389 </B> 1389 1390 1390 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Such reforms generally include two kinds of necessary policies. The first emphasizes macroeconomic stability and the removal of price distortions: the second promotes labor-demanding growth in agriculture and industry and better. mote accessible basic social services. mightily in education, health care and water supply. Macroeconomic stability can be achieved by reducing large current account and government budget deficits and by curtailing excessive money and credit expansion. Correct pricing of foreign exchange and of domestic goods and services facilitates trade and investment and promotes growth Reforms of trade and price incentives encourage job creation and higher earnings.</P> 1391 1391 … … 1438 1438 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In fiscal 1994 twelve of twenty-three World Bank economic reform pro emphasized the restructuring public expenditure, primarily to and increase spending on education. health care, and other areas important to poverty reduction such as water supply and sanitation. The Burkina Faso reform program is typical; it supports an increase in the total budgeted amounts for primary education and health services, which are particularly beneficial to the poor and to women. Uganda s program seeks to protect and enhance public expenditures for basic social services. including water supply primary health care and primary education. In the long term, the reform of public spending-especially in the social sectors, physical infrastructure and agricultural research and extension-promises significant benefits) trot women.</P> 1439 1439 1440 <B>< P></P>1440 <B></B><P></P> 1441 1441 <!-- 1442 1442 </Section> … … 1446 1446 </Description> 1447 1447 --> 1448 </B> 1448 1449 1449 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In principle. public expenditures on social services and infrastructure are allocated on a gender-neutral basis; in practice men and women use these services differently. The resulting inequalities frequently perpetuate gender based differences in the accumulation and distribution of human capital within households. Public policy can address this problem by public expenditure priorities between secrets and within social sectors. Further it can support services and types of infrastructure that provide the highest social returns to public spending and are most heavily used by women and children.</P> 1450 1450 … … 1473 1473 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rural electrification can also ease the time constraints on women who must balance household and productive work. Lack of time is often a primary season for women's weak response to economic incentives. especially in rural areas. The case for making public investments in infrastructure would be stronger if gender differences in the use of projects and services, as well as the potential effect of such investment on productivity and social development. were taken into account.</P> 1474 1474 1475 <B>< P></P>1475 <B></B><P></P> 1476 1476 <!-- 1477 1477 </Section> … … 1481 1481 </Description> 1482 1482 --> 1483 </B> 1483 1484 1484 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As we have seen. policies that specifically target women or girls can address the needs or this group more efficiently and with greater cost-effectiveness than general policy measures. Female household members tend to allocate resources more directly to children. while men tend to allocate more resources to adults. In households in which resources are not pooled. targeting programs to the household as a where will not necessarily benefit all members equally.</P> 1485 1485 … … 1525 1525 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the financial sector. women entrepreneurs are enabled to borrow at market rates of interest when banking institutions adopt innovate collateral requirements, reduce transaction costs, and offer small loans at repeated intervals The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and Badan Kredit Kecaman in Indonesia do not reserve loans for women specifically: instead. they adopt innovative lending policies the result of which is that women snake up the majority of participants-is 96 percent in a new branch of the Grameen Bank.</P> 1526 1526 1527 <B>< P></P>1527 <B></B><P></P> 1528 1528 <!-- 1529 1529 </Section> … … 1533 1533 </Description> 1534 1534 --> 1535 </B> 1535 1536 1536 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Until recently. the absence of input from beneficiaries often let's ignorant about how the costs and benefits of policy changes would be distributed among the population Today the views and needs of potential beneficiaries are being taken into account at both the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. This trend should make it possible to determine who benefits. who does not, and why. A good example of a situation in which a beneficiary's point of view can make a significant difference is in public expenditure reviews. Governments with unsustainable budget deficits must make difficult decisions about the allocation of public resources. Their task can of ten be facilitated by suggestions from the potential beneficiaries themselves, since one of the key questions policymakers face is whether investments as presently allocated are reaching the intended populations efficiently and effectively</P> 1537 1537 … … 1540 1540 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A third approach involves a range of participatory planning and management techniques that reflect a significant transfer of control to the community and local levels. Participatory evaluations use innovative research that allow illiterate and otherwise voiceless groups to express their concerns and priorities. Small grants and credits managed at the local level by NGOs or governments agencies permit a community to choose the projects that best reflect its OWN priorities. Social funds. whereby resources are channeled to demand-driven projects, are one such mechanism While these participatory approaches have been implemented primarily at the local level, they are also beginning to be used to involve the community in regional and national planning. Participatory methods, by helping to create local capacity. ensure the sustainability of projects and programs. They also help establish rational criteria for making public investment choices that incorporate both social and efficiency objectives.</P> 1541 1541 1542 <B>< P></P>1542 <B></B><P></P> 1543 1543 <!-- 1544 1544 </Section> … … 1548 1548 </Description> 1549 1549 --> 1550 </B> 1550 1551 1551 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Gender-desegregated data and the capacity to analyze these data provide public policymakers with essential information and enhance the dialogue with agents outside government. One of the most valuable instruments for collecting desegregated data is the household survey. which can provide detailed information that is invaluable in policymaking. Obtaining full gender information in many instances entails only a small increase in costs. since the desegregation itself involves little extra work. However additional resources ate often needed to analyze the data and make it useful to policymakers. Public statistical agencies might analyze gender-desegregated information in partnership with private and academic institutions in order to share the costs.</P> 1552 1552 … … 1561 1561 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Finally, greater priority needs to be given to gender-disaggregated analysis of existing data sets. This analysis should be carried out not only in social sectors such as health and education but also on such issues as the intrahousehold allocation of time and labor and access to and use of productive resources.</P> 1562 1562 1563 <B>< P></P>1563 <B></B><P></P> 1564 1564 <!-- 1565 1565 </Section> … … 1569 1569 </Description> 1570 1570 --> 1571 </B> 1571 1572 1572 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Governments' ability to identify and implement policies that promote gender equality is greatly enhanced by the active participation of other players from the development community and civil society. These agents include individual women and men, community-based groups, private-for-profit firms, trade unions, non governmental organizations, and multilateral and bilateral agencies. Interaction between public institutions and other actors provides the basis for a more informed policy dialogue on gender issues. It also lays the foundation for operational collaboration and for broadly based support for public policy measures.</P> 1573 1573 … … 1584 1584 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Governments also seek to collaborate with a range of institutions from the private sector. In the long run the choices made by private sector agents- whether households, firms, or trade unions-are profoundly important for the persistence or seduction of gender inequalities. Joint public-private sector initiatives can be vital in changing peoples perceptions about the benefits of investing in or hiring women. The private sector has a comparative advantage in providing certain kinds of services to women-for example, vocational education and training. Collaboration with the private sector- often means that public resources can be reallocated to those investments that offer the highest rate of social return. such as basic education and health care.</P> 1585 1585 1586 <B>< P></P>1586 <B></B><P></P> 1587 1587 <!-- 1588 1588 </Section> … … 1592 1592 </Description> 1593 1593 --> 1594 </B> 1594 1595 1595 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Not all issues that bear on gender equality can be effectively addressed by individual nations. For example, refugee and displaced women and children account for up to 80 percent of the 50 million refugees and displaced persons worldwide. The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and children highlight the urgent need to devise international strategies for dealing with this problem.</P> 1596 1596 … … 1603 1603 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Another area that demands an international response is the establishment of legal conventions for the enforcement of social justice and human rights. Equality under the law creates the legitimacy policymakers and private individuals need to seek change that will increase well-being and encourage economic opportunity. In certain instances, legitimacy needs to be established at the international level. For this reason it is vitally important that governments ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. This convention. adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, provides a framework for action by countries to reduce discrimination against women in political and public life, law and education, employment, health care. commerce. and domestic relations. International conventions of this type provide an important policy lever for women's organizations and other groups in civil society.</P> 1604 1604 1605 <B>< P></P>1605 <B></B><P></P> 1606 1606 <!-- 1607 1607 </Section> … … 1611 1611 </Description> 1612 1612 --> 1613 </B> 1613 1614 1614 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This chapter has presented the rationale for public interventions to promote gender equality. Such interventions are needed because of market failures and social externalities that extend beyond the individual household to affect society in general. For resources to be allocated efficiently, public spending should focus on those investments with the highest social returns. Given the evidence of high social and private returns to investments in women's human capital, public expenditures should give priority to the investments that have the largest impact on the welfare of girls and women, especially in basic education and reproductive and other health care services. Policymakers also need to identify areas in which actions can be taken that would have gender neutral outcomes, including sectoral programs addressing transport and infrastructure, water supply. and sanitation</P> 1615 1615 … … 1618 1618 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality, policy makers are promoted not only equality today but also higher labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, slower population growth. and stronger economic growth tomorrows However, none of these goals can be reached without the participation of women themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen carefully to the voices of individual women, to women s groups, and to woman policymakers By working with others to identify and implement policies for greater gander equality, governments can take actions that will make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.</P> 1619 1619 1620 <B> 1620 <B></B> 1621 1621 <!-- 1622 1622 </Section> … … 1627 1627 </Description> 1628 1628 --> 1629 </B> 1629 1630 1630 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1. Birdsall and Sabot (1994) use earlier findings by Barro (1991) to test the relationship between inequality and growth. They find that in Latin America unequal distribution of education. in terms of both quality and quantity, constrained economic growth in the region by reducing opportunities for increasing labor productivity. In East Asia open and relatively equal access to high-quality basic education led to a virtuous circle of high educational performance that stimulated growth and reduced inequality</P> 1631 1631 … … 1644 1644 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8. The International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREECA) was held in Guatemala City in May 1989 A total of 126 projects in seven countries were introduced. with an overall investment of $365 million Areas with high densities of returnees were targeted. and special attention was given to projects to support displaced women</P> 1645 1645 1646 <B> 1646 <B></B> 1647 1647 <!-- 1648 1648 </Section> … … 1652 1652 </Description> 1653 1653 --> 1654 </B> 1654 1655 1655 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Agarwal. Bina. 1994. "Gender and Command Over Property: A Critical Gap in Economic Analysis and Policy in South Asia." World/Development 22(10) 22(10): 145578.</P> 1656 1656
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