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-    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
-    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
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-&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Thomas Wolsey&quot; height=67 width=286&gt;
-&lt;br&gt;born c. 1465 in Ipswich
-&lt;br&gt;died 29 November 1530 in Leicester&lt;/center&gt;
-
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-He was a man
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Himself with princes...
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
-&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
-&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;
-&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-O Cromwell, Cromwell!
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Had I but served my God with half the zeal
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-I served my king, he would not in mine age
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Have left me naked to mine enemies.
-&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-&lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;. Wolsey's speech in act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
-&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Cardinal Wolsey&quot; BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
-VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
-and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&amp;nbsp; He was
-born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&amp;nbsp;
-But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
-Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&amp;nbsp; Five years later, he
-became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
-Sir Richard Nanfan.&amp;nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
-Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&amp;nbsp;
-Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
-was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
-death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's
-death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
-found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
-to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
-as one could be to a king.&amp;nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
-mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
-diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
-and English-arbitrated European peace.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
-though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&amp;nbsp; He
-was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
-but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
-international affairs.&amp;nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
-spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
-English life.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
-and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
-delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The early years of Henry's
-reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
-in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&amp;nbsp; And
-while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
-on Wolsey's assistance.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
-changed by the French expedition of 1513.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
-to prove English strength in battle against this old
-&lt;br&gt;enemy.&amp;nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
-young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&amp;nbsp; When Henry VII
-died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&amp;nbsp;
-Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
-but not lively.&amp;nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
-dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
-a successful military strike against France.&amp;nbsp; After one failure, he
-went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&amp;nbsp;
-Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
-Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&amp;nbsp; Of course, the English
-couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
-peace.&amp;nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&amp;nbsp;
-At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&amp;nbsp;
-The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
-her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
-Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&amp;nbsp; Mary and Brandon
-were the grandparents of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
-Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt;.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
-was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&amp;nbsp; England would be taken
-seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
-and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&amp;nbsp; Henry
-was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
-Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
-months later, archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&amp;nbsp;
-The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
-of England.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
-taken into Henry's complete confidence.&amp;nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
-and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&amp;nbsp;
-Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
-Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&amp;nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
-dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
-his marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
-to it.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
-servant, Wolsey, for help.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
-himself as second only to Henry in power.&amp;nbsp; This naturally angered
-the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&amp;nbsp;
-They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
-the king.&amp;nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
-as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
-the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&amp;nbsp; In the natural order, he
-was their inferior.&amp;nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
-particularly the powerful dukes.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&amp;nbsp;
-That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
-arrogance?&amp;nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
-his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was his
-creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
-Henry.&amp;nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
-that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&amp;nbsp; (The complexity
-of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
-here.&amp;nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's &lt;i&gt;Henry VIII: The Mask of
-Royalty&lt;/i&gt;, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
-century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&amp;nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
-Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
-his own inadequacies.&amp;nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&amp;nbsp;
-In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&amp;nbsp;
-With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
-to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&amp;nbsp; At Hampton
-Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
-richly embroidered livery.&amp;nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
-knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; But his ties
-to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&amp;nbsp;
-He could not serve two masters.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
-Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&amp;nbsp; As stated
-before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
-At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
-the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; The situation became even
-more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
-Roman Emperor in 1519.&amp;nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
-with the Imperial power.&amp;nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
-with the Lowlands), history (England was
-&lt;br&gt;rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
-Katharine's nephew.)&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
-and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
-favor.&amp;nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
-between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
-broke out in 1521.&amp;nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
-Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&amp;nbsp; But war costs a great deal
-of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&amp;nbsp;
-And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&amp;nbsp; This unpleasant
-task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
-and, accordingly, take the blame.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
-taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&amp;nbsp; In 1528, the English
-were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
-1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&amp;nbsp; It
-was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
-troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&amp;nbsp; The Emperor
-Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
-of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
-sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&amp;nbsp; However, Charles - and
-the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
-and the pope.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
-judicial system.&amp;nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
-Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to extend
-justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&amp;nbsp; Only their
-code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
-murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
-matter entirely.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
-his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
-the law - at least more equal than before.&amp;nbsp; He also developed
-&lt;br&gt;committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
-the Court of Requests in 1529.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
-successful.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
-to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&amp;nbsp; Also,
-his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
-titles.&amp;nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
-children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
-ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
-leadership.&amp;nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
-some reforms.&amp;nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
-pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&amp;nbsp;
-Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&amp;nbsp;
-Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&amp;nbsp; And, ironically,
-most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
-instigation or approval.&amp;nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
-as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
-nobles.&amp;nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
-opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&amp;nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
-which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
-as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
-own.&amp;nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
-desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&amp;nbsp;
-His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Poor Wolsey
-- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
-his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
-though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; He suggested
-that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
-wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&amp;nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
-Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&amp;nbsp;
-The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
-a nunnery and marry Anne.&amp;nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
-of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&amp;nbsp; From 1527 to
-1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
-solutions but these were unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp; After all, England did not
-have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
-make an independent decision.&amp;nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
-would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
-for monarchs throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
-is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&amp;nbsp;
-He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
-legally married to Katharine.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
-virtually any support at the English court.&amp;nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
-Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
-he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
-to her and Henry's marriage.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
-torn between Katharine and Anne.&amp;nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
-both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&amp;nbsp;
-This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&amp;nbsp;
-Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
-to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
-English knight's daughter.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
-an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&amp;nbsp; He was now all too
-willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
-so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&amp;nbsp;
-It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
-direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
-papal jurisdiction.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
-authority and so had broken the law himself.&amp;nbsp; This did not matter.&amp;nbsp;
-Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
-9
-&lt;br&gt;October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
-York.&amp;nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
-and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
-with the French king.&amp;nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
-still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
-majesty.&amp;nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
-and taken from York Palace.&amp;nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
-at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&amp;nbsp; The group escorting him were
-concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&amp;nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
-quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
-&lt;br&gt;His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
-&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-This cardinal,
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-But to those men that sought him sweet as
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-summer.
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-And though he were unsatisfied in getting
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-He was most princely: ever witness for him
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-him,
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-So excellent in art, and still so rising,
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-And found the blessedness of being little:
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-And, to add greater honors to his age
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Than man could give him, he died fearing
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-God.
-&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
-&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
-Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
-&lt;center&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
-Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.
-&lt;br&gt;
-&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
-&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
-Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
-&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
-England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
-
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