Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1944</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0103.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt; 
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;This page has been moved to&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;
+    http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082768&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082768&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6424</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0104.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">annedesc.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/annedesc.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;374&quot; height=&quot;171&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;Contemporary descriptions of 
+    Henry VIII's infamous second wife vary widely.&amp;nbsp; Even her 
+    admirers and supporters found it difficult to praise her physical 
+    appearance.&amp;nbsp; She was striking but not beautiful; her sister Mary was 
+    considered the beauty of the Boleyn family.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;There were occasional comments from hostile sources
+that Anne had the attributes of a witch - a large mole on her neck, possibly
+an extra finger.&amp;nbsp; The latter is probably true.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;When reading the following comments, 
+      remember
+that most observers at Henry's court were not friendly with Anne.&amp;nbsp;
+Naturally, their descriptions of her were colored by their dislike. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Also, contemporary views about her lifestyle were
+influenced by one overriding fact: most people believed she was the sole
+force behind the Henrician reformation.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon was popular 
+and respected.&amp;nbsp; Cast as the interloper, Anne was suitably despised.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;In the early 1530s, the Venetian ambassador 
+  Savorgnano wrote:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Anne was 'a young woman of noble birth, though many say of bad character,
+whose will is law to him, and he is expected to marry her should the divorce
+take place, which it is supposed will not be effected, as the peers of
+the realm.... and the people are opposed to it.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;The Abbot of Whitby describes the
+political situation in 1530:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'The King's Grace is ruled by one common stewed whore, Anne Boleyn,
+who makes all the spirituality to be beggared, and the temporality also.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Henry VIII ordered Katharine of
+Aragon to relinquish certain jewels (property of the crown) to Anne Boleyn;
+Katharine replied:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'I will not give them up to a person who is the scandal of Christendom
+and a disgrace to you.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;In 1532, a new Venetian ambassador described Anne 
+thusly:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'not one of the handsomest women in the world.&amp;nbsp; She is of middling
+stature, with a swarthy complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much
+raised, and in fact has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her
+eyes, which are black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who
+served the Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen,
+and the King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;And the French ambassador contradicts Anne's 
+enemies; he reports that she is controlled by the king:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'....all that the Lady does is by the king's order.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;The Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, described circumstances in early 1533 to his master, Charles V:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'Your Majesty must root out the Lady and her adherents.... This accursed
+Anne has her foot in the stirrup, and will do the Queen and the Princess
+all the harm she can.&amp;nbsp; She has boasted that she will make the Princess
+her lady-in-waiting, or marry her to some varlet.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Chapuys describes Anne's attendance
+at Mass on 14 April 1533:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'It looks like a dream, and even those who take her part know not whether
+to laugh or to cry.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Henry and Anne's conversation at
+her coronation procession was reported by Chapuys:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'How liked you the look of the City?' Henry asked.
+&lt;br&gt;Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough - but I saw a great
+many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury,
+was Anne's friend and champion.&amp;nbsp; When news reached him of her arrest,
+he bravely wrote to Henry VIII protesting - only to think better of offending
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer added a suitably apologetic postscript to the letter.&amp;nbsp;
+Here are excerpts in which he describes Anne:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'If it be true that is openly reported of the Queen's Grace... I am
+in such perplexity that my mind is clean amazed; for I never had better
+opinion in woman than I had in her; which maketh me to think that she should
+not be culpable...&amp;nbsp; Next to Your Grace, I was most bound to her of
+all creatures living... I wish and pray for her that she may declare herself
+inculpable and innocent... I loved her not a little for the love which
+I judged her to bear towards God and His Gospel.'
+    
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082598&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082598&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4805</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Selections from King Henry VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ablovelett.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ablovelett.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: Selections from King Henry VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;452&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;These famous 
+      love letters from King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn are undated.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      were found in the Vatican Library, possibly stolen from Anne and sent to 
+      the papacy during Henry VIII's struggle for an annulment of his marriage 
+      to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Though Henry argued for an annulment on the 
+      basis of his conscience (he stated that the marriage was in direct 
+      contradiction to the Bible), most people believed he simply wanted to 
+      marry Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anne's replies to these letters 
+      are lost.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The letters were written in French.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;My mistress and friend:&amp;nbsp; I and my heart put ourselves in your
+hands, begging you to have them suitors for your good favour, and that
+your affection for them should not grow less through absence.&amp;nbsp; For
+it would be a great pity to increase their sorrow since absence does it
+sufficiently, and more than ever I could have thought possible reminding
+us of a point in astronomy, which is, that the longer the days are the
+farther off is the sun, and yet the more fierce.&amp;nbsp; So it is with our
+love, for by absence we are parted, yet nevertheless it keeps its fervour,
+at least on my side, and I hope on yours also:&amp;nbsp; assuring you that
+on my side the ennui of absence is already too much for me:&amp;nbsp; and when
+I think of the increase of what I must needs suffer it would be well nigh
+unbearable for me were it not for the firm hope I have and as I cannot
+be with you in person, I am sending you the nearest possible thing to that,
+namely, my picture set in a bracelet, with the whole device which you already
+know.&amp;nbsp; Wishing myself in their place when it shall please you.&amp;nbsp;
+This by the hand of &lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Your loyal servant and friend&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;H. Rex&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;No more to you at this present mine own darling for lack of time but that
+I would you were in my arms or I in yours for I think it long since I kissed
+you.&amp;nbsp; Written after the killing of an hart at a xj. of the clock minding
+with God's grace tomorrow mightily timely to kill another: by the hand
+of him which I trust shortly shall be yours.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry R.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Mine own sweetheart, these shall be to advertise you of the great loneliness
+that I find here since your departing, for I ensure you methinketh the
+time longer since your departing now last than I was wont to do a whole
+fortnight:&amp;nbsp; I think your kindness and my fervents of love causeth
+it, for otherwise I would not have thought it possible that for so little
+a while it should have grieved me, but now that I am coming toward you
+methinketh my pains been half released....&amp;nbsp; Wishing myself (specially
+an evening) in my sweetheart's arms, whose pretty dukkys I trust shortly
+to kiss.&amp;nbsp; Written with the hand of him that was, is, and shall be
+yours by his will.&lt;p&gt;H.R.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082597&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082597&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6608</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: A contemporary description of Henry VIII, 1515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1515.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1515.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1515: A contemporary description of King Henry VIII&quot; width=&quot;397&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The accounts 
+      at right were written by the Venetian ambassador to Henry's court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They are among the most famous descriptions of Henry VIII and capture his 
+      exuberance, vanity and wit.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was born on 
+      28 June 1491, the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He was originally destined to be archbishop of Canterbury, but his older 
+      brother, Prince Arthur, died in 1502, shortly after marrying the Spanish 
+      princess Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; And so Henry became king of England at 
+      the age of 18.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He was strong, handsome, athletic and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The English people at first idolized him.&amp;nbsp; His thirty-eight year 
+      reign, however, disabused them of their early worship.&amp;nbsp; Henry married 
+      six times, executed two of his wives, was rumored to have poisoned one and 
+      secretly ordered the death of another.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly mercurial 
+      and tyrannical.&amp;nbsp; He imprisoned or executed, or both, many of the 
+      great nobles; he also executed several religious and intellectual leaders, 
+      most famously Sir Thomas More.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Much of the drama and confusion of Henry's reign was 
+      caused by his pressing need for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; His first marriage, to 
+      his brother's widow, Katharine of Aragon, lasted over twenty years but 
+      produced only a surviving daughter.&amp;nbsp; In order to marry again, Henry 
+      eventually rejected papal authority in England and named himself supreme 
+      head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; This decision forever altered English 
+      history; it also threw the English people into a social and religious 
+      upheaval which superficially ended during Queen Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;As king, Henry was as efficient as his father, though 
+      far more of a spendthrift.&amp;nbsp; He effectively controlled Parliament and 
+      chose brilliant advisers (first Wolsey, then Cromwell.)&amp;nbsp; His foreign 
+      policy was largely inconsequential, driven by his desire to interfere in 
+      continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; He remains one of the most famous and 
+      influential kings in English history.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;After dinner, we were taken to the King [Henry VIII], who embraced
+us, without ceremony, and conversed for a very long while very familiarly,
+on various topics, in good Latin and in French, which he speaks very well
+indeed, and he then dismissed us, and we were brought back here to London....
+&lt;br&gt;His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever set eyes on; above the
+usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his leg, his complexion very
+fair and bright, with auburn hair combed straight and short, in the French
+fashion, his throat being rather long and thick.&amp;nbsp; He was born on the
+28th of June, 1491, so he will enter his twenty-fifth year the month after
+next.&amp;nbsp; He speaks French, English, and Latin, and a little Italian,
+plays well on the lute and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws
+the bow with greater strength&amp;nbsp; than any man in England, and jousts
+marvelously.&amp;nbsp; Believe me, he is in every respect a most accomplished
+Prince; and I, who have now seen all the sovereigns in Christendom, and
+last of all these two of France and England in such great state, might
+well rest content. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;[And later that year....] His Majesty came into our arbor, and addressing
+me in French, said: 'Talk with me awhile!&amp;nbsp; The King of France, is
+he as tall as I am?'&amp;nbsp; I told him there was but little difference.&amp;nbsp;
+He continued, 'Is he as stout?'&amp;nbsp; I said he was not; and he then inquired,
+'What sort of legs has he?'&amp;nbsp; I replied 'Spare.'&amp;nbsp; Whereupon he
+opened the front of his doublet, and placing his hand on his thigh, said
+'Look here! and I have also a good calf to my leg.'&amp;nbsp; He then told
+me that he was very fond of this King of France, and that for the sake
+of seeing him, he went over there in person, and that on more than three
+occasions he was very near him with his army, but that he never would allow
+himself to be seen, and always retreated, which his Majesty attributed
+to deference for King Louis, who did not choose an engagement to take place;
+and he here commenced discussing in detail all the events of that war,
+and then took his departure....
+&lt;br&gt;After dinner, his Majesty and many others armed themselves &lt;i&gt;cap-a-pie&lt;/i&gt;,
+and he chose us to see him joust, running upwards of thirty courses, in
+one of which he capsized his opponent (who is the finest jouster in the
+whole kingdom), horse and all.&amp;nbsp; He then took off his helmet, and came
+under the windows where we were, and talked and laughed with us to our
+very great honor, and to the surprise of all beholders.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082595&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082595&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8053</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England 1485 to 1603 images biographies primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor dynasty Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Mary I, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, 16th century England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England 1485 to 1603: Table of Contents</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorenglandcontents1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorrosemain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">biography.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">questions.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">portraits.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newquizzes.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newsources.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newmedia.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newsearch.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newemail.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newconstruction.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorenglandcontents1.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Tudor England: Contents&quot; width=&quot;316&quot; height=&quot;181&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Site News&lt;br&gt;New Exhibits, Books, Films etc&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;updated 29 September '04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;354&quot; alt=&quot;crowned Tudor rose&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorrosemain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;190&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2f&quot;&gt;to EnglishHistory.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/biography.gif&quot; width=&quot;124&quot;
+ height=&quot;27&quot; alt=&quot;Biographies&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;MONARCHS&lt;/a&gt;:
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;King Henry VII - King
+Henry VIII - King Edward VI - Queen Mary I - Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;THE SIX
+WIVES OF KING HENRY VIII&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon
+- Anne Boleyn - Jane Seymour - Anne of Cleves - Catherine Howard -
+Katharine Parr&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;ROYAL
+RELATIVES&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
+Grey - Mary, Queen of Scots - Princess Mary Tudor - Princess Margaret
+Tudor - Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;TUDOR
+CITIZENS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir
+Thomas More - The Boleyn Family - Thomas Wolsey - Thomas Cromwell -
+Thomas Cranmer - Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/questions.gif&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;
+ height=&quot;26&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;Visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England FAQ&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Frequently Asked Questions, including a
+brief history of
+Tudor England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/portraits.gif&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;
+ height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;
+to view portraits of the Tudors and their contemporaries.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newquizzes.gif&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;
+ height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Test your
+knowledge of Tudor England&lt;/a&gt; at the Quizzes page.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newsources.gif&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;
+ height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;PRIMARY
+SOURCES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp; Read eyewitness
+accounts of people and events in Tudor England, including letters
+written by the six wives of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;SECONDARY
+SOURCES&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; Read &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Biographies;
+Histories; Studies, etc about the Tudor era.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newmedia.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;69&quot; height=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;Bibliography&lt;/a&gt;
+- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffilms.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Films&lt;/a&gt;
+- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html&quot;&gt;Links&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newsearch.gif&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;
+ height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Can't find what you need?&amp;nbsp; Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsearch.html&quot;&gt;the Tudor England
+search engine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newemail.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;63&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;the Email
+page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newconstruction.gif&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;
+ height=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+You can also visit the incomplete &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html&quot;&gt;Life in Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+webpages.&amp;nbsp; Some information is available, including a graphic
+image of the Tudor family tree.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Meet other Tudor enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
+Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Would you like to learn more about Tudor
+England? &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the following sites - &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fwelcome.cfm%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Suite101.com:
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fCollegePark%2f2809&quot;&gt;Claire Webb's
+Tudor Website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;Tudor-Portraits.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;338&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;th&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;86&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Tudor History Web Ring&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/graphic.jpg&quot; width=&quot;189&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/th&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;th&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;[&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3dlist%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;List
+Sites&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3drandom%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;Random&lt;/a&gt;]
+[&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3djoin%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;Join&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;This site created and
+maintained by Marilee &lt;br&gt;
+with help from the loveliest person in the world.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcopyright.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Click
+here for copyright information&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082525&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082525&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Anne Boleyn, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0125.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynex.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: The execution of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;372&quot; height=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution was recorded in the &lt;i&gt;Annals of John Stow&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The execution took place on 19 May 1536 at 8 o'clock in the 
+    morning.&amp;nbsp; It was the first public execution of an English queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This account mentions the famous 'hangman of Calais' who was 
+    brought to London for the execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt;
+All these being on a scaffold made there for the execution, the said
+Queen Anne said as followeth: Masters, I here humbly submit me to the law,
+as the law hath judged me, and as for mine offences, God knoweth them,
+I remit them to God, beseeching him to have mercy on my soul; and I beseech
+Jesu save my Sovereign and master the King, the most goodliest, and gentlest
+Prince that is, and long to reign over you, which words she spake with
+a smiling countenance: which done, she kneeled down on both her knees,
+and said, To Jesu Christ I commend my soul and with that word suddenly
+the hangman of Calais smote off her head at one stroke with a sword: her
+body with the head was buried in the choir of the Chapel in the Tower.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4825</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0126.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">exjane.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/exjane.gif&quot; width=&quot;426&quot; height=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, were executed on 12 February 
+      1554 at the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The account at right was found in the 
+      anonymous &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;i&gt;Chronicle of Queen
+Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The decision to 
+      execute her cousin was not easy for Queen Mary I.&amp;nbsp; But when Jane's 
+      father led another rebellion against her rule, she could no longer 
+      tolerate the Protestant threat.&amp;nbsp; Also, Philip II of Spain would not 
+      come to England for their marriage until the rebels were defeated.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+His [Guildford's] carcase thrown into a cart, and his head in a cloth,
+he was brought to the chapel within the Tower, where the Lady Jane, whose
+lodging was in Partidge's house, did see his dead carcase taken out of
+the cart, as well as she did see him before alive on going to his death
+- a sight to her no less than death.&amp;nbsp;By this time was there a scaffold
+made upon the green over against the White Tower, for the said Lady Jane
+to die upon....&amp;nbsp; The said lady, being nothing abashed....with a book
+in her hand whereon she prayed all the way till she came to the said scaffold....&amp;nbsp;
+First, when she mounted the said scaffold she said to the people standing
+thereabout: 'Good people, I am come hither to die, and by a law I am condemned
+to the same.&amp;nbsp; The fact, indeed, against the queen's highness was unlawful,
+and the consenting thereunto by me: but touching the procurement and desire
+thereof by me or on my behalf, I do wash my hands thereof in innocency,
+before God, and the face of you, good Christian people, this day' and therewith
+she wrung her hands, in which she had her book.&amp;nbsp; And then, kneeling
+down, she turned to Feckenham [the dean of St Paul's] saying, 'Shall I
+say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; And he said, 'Yea.'&amp;nbsp; Then she said the psalm
+of &lt;i&gt;Miserere mei Deus&lt;/i&gt;, in English, in most devout manner, to the
+end.&amp;nbsp; Then she stood up and gave...Mistress Tilney her gloves and
+handkercher, and her book to master Bruges, the lieutenant's brother; forthwith
+she untied her gown.&amp;nbsp; The hangman went to her to help her therewith;
+then she desired him to let her alone, and also with her other attire and
+neckercher, giving to her a fair handkercher to knit about her eyes.
+&lt;p&gt;Then the hangman kneeled down, and asked her forgiveness, whom she gave
+most willingly.&amp;nbsp; Then he willed her to stand upon the straw: which
+doing, she saw the block.&amp;nbsp; Then she said, 'I pray you dispatch me
+quickly.'&amp;nbsp; Then she kneeled down, saying, 'Will you take it off before
+I lay me down?' and the hangman answered her, 'No, madame.'&amp;nbsp; She tied
+the kercher about her eyes; then feeling for the block said, 'What shall
+I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; One of the standers-by guiding her thereto,
+she laid her head down upon the block, and stretched forth her body and
+said: 'Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit!'&amp;nbsp; And so she ended.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;
+to the Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9699</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0127.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqoschronology.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1575.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;608&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;96&quot; alt=&quot;Mary, Queen of Scots Chronology&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqoschronology.gif&quot; width=&quot;706&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1575.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, c1575, by an unknown artist&quot;
+ width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;437&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Miniature portrait of Mary, queen of Scots,
+c1575, by an unknown artist.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;If you would like to look at
+Scottish royal genealogy, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscottish.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Read &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt;Mary's last
+letter&lt;/a&gt;, an eyewitness account of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;her execution in
+1587&lt;/a&gt;, and other documents relating to her life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I wrote a letter
+to Mary at her trial, and about the execution to Mary's son, King James
+VI.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;Read
+her letters here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Portraits of Mary, her
+parents, husbands and child, with commentary, can be found at the
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;If you are interested in
+further research, &lt;i&gt;The Catholic Encyclopedia&lt;/i&gt; features &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f09764a.htm&quot;&gt;an article on Mary's
+life&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Encyclopedia Britannica&lt;/i&gt; also has &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.britannica.com%2feb%2farticle%3feu%3d52479&quot;&gt;an article about
+Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;And the most comprehensive
+website about the Scottish queen is maintained by &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1542&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+8 December; Mary Stuart is born at Linlithgow Palace&lt;br&gt;
+14 December; James V, King of Scots, Mary's father, dies at 31 &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1543&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Mary crowned Queen of Scots &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1546&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Cardinal Beaton is murdered; ascendancy of pro-French party&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1547&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;January; King Henry VIII of England dies&lt;br&gt;
+March; King Francis I of France dies&lt;br&gt;
+10 September; battle of Pinkie; Scots defeated by English forces led by
+duke of Somerset; new French king, Henry II, sends troops and money to
+Scotland; Mary is betrothed to Henry II's heir Francis, dauphin of
+France&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1548&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+August; Mary sent to France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1550&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Mary's mother, Mary of Guise, visits her in France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;big&gt;1554&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Mary of Guise is officially named Regent in Scotland &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;Fifteen-year-old Mary marries the 14-year-old Francis,
+dauphin of France, in Paris&lt;br&gt;
+        Queen Mary I of England dies and
+Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen&lt;br&gt;
+Mary's father-in-law quarters her arms with those of England, offending
+Elizabeth
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1559&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Death of King Henry II of France; Francis and Mary are crowned king and
+queen of France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1560&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;June; Mary of Guise passes away in Scotland&lt;br&gt;
+December; Mary's husband, Francis, Mary's husband, passes away &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;big&gt;1561&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Mary returns to Scotland &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1562&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Northern campaign and
+visit to Inverness; aged 19 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1563&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary visits
+Inveraray,Dunure Castle, Dumfries, and Peebles; aged 20 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1564&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary hunts near Blair
+Atholl, Tayside; aged 21 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1565&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary marries her
+19-year-old cousin Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley; aged 22 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1566&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's Piedmontese
+secretary, David Riccio/Rizzio, is murdered; Mary's only child born
+(James, later king of Scotland and England); aged 23 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1567&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's husband, Lord
+Darnley, murdered; Mary weds James Hepburn, the 30-year-old Earl of
+Bothwell; the Carberry Hill confrontation; Mary is imprisoned at
+Lochleven Castle; Mary's one-year-old son James is crowned as James VI
+of Scotland; aged 24 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1568&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary escapes from
+Lochleven Castle; Battle of Langside, Glasgow; Mary flees to England;
+aged 25 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1568-87&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary is held captive
+in various English prisons; aged 25-44 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1569&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth exonerates
+Mary from the charges made against her; aged 26 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1578&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's third husband,
+the earl of Bothwell (age 41), dies in a prison in Denmark; aged 35 &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1580&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary writes &lt;i&gt;Essay
+on Adversity&lt;/i&gt; in prison; aged 37 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1586&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary is tried for
+conspiring to kill Elizabeth; aged 43 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1587&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; on 8 February, Mary is
+executed in the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1603&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Queen Elizabeth I dies
+in March &amp;amp; Mary's only child, James VI of Scotland, becomes James I
+of England.&amp;nbsp; He is the first King of both Scotland and
+England.&amp;nbsp; He moves his mother's&amp;nbsp; body to Westminster Abbey
+and has a grand monument built. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;center&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html#Biography&quot;&gt;Read
+the biography of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to Mary,
+queen of Scots main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082705&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082705&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21906</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives - Margaret Tudor, queen of Scotland</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">margaretb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">margsket.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">jamesiv.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/margaretb.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Margaret Tudor&quot; height=50 width=296&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Margaret Tudor's life was in many respects as contrary and
+tempestuous as that of her granddaughter, Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Certainly
+the parallels between their second marriages are the most obvious and entertaining.&amp;nbsp;
+Both women married handsome younger earls with powerful fathers who embroiled
+them in conflict with the notoriously fractious Scottish lords and the
+English monarch.&amp;nbsp; And though both women married those earls for love,
+without regard for any effect upon their rule and reputation, they came
+to bitterly regret their hasty decisions.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/margsket.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;sketch of Margaret Tudor&quot; BORDER=2 height=329 width=200 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+They also entered Scotland as foreigners who found their new home backward
+and unsettling.&amp;nbsp; Margaret was the eldest daughter of Henry VII of
+England and Elizabeth of York, born on 28 November 1489 at the Palace of
+Westminster, a year and a half before her famous brother, Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;
+The elaborate and costly preparations for her birth were recorded by contemporary
+chroniclers; Elizabeth of York had officially retired from court life in
+October 1489 and, when labor began, the queen was accompanied by the earls
+of Oxford and Derby to Mass.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards she entered the state bedchamber
+where she presided over a meal of spiced wines and sweet cakes.&amp;nbsp; The
+queen's chamberlain then asked all present to pray for a successful labor.&amp;nbsp;
+The noblemen then left and Elizabeth, attended by twenty ladies and their
+various attendants, entered the inner chamber where she would actually
+give birth.&amp;nbsp; Her bed was a magnificent creation with a gold canopy
+and embroidered red roses for her husband's house of Lancaster.&amp;nbsp; At
+nine o'clock that night Princess Margaret Tudor was born.&amp;nbsp; She was
+christened by John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury, at the chapel
+in Westminster two days later; her godparents were her grandmother Lady
+Margaret Beaufort for whom she was named, the duchess of Norfolk, Lady
+Berkeley and the earl of Shrewsbury.&amp;nbsp; After the celebrations, she
+was returned to her room where four nurses (her two head nurses were Alice
+Davy and Alice Bywimble) and six rockers, along with their various attendants,
+waited to serve their new charge.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her first year was spent mostly in an oak cradle
+lined with ermine and draped in cloth of gold, an ornate setting to which
+she became accustomed and sorely missed later in life.&amp;nbsp; As the first
+Tudor princess, Margaret was immediately placed on the European marriage
+market since Henry VII was eager to strengthen foreign support for his
+new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; She spent her first fourteen years in England and was
+imbued with a self-righteous belief that England was meant to control Scotland,
+if not subjugate it entirely, and that Tudor rule was as valid as any other
+European dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Despite the general view that the Tudors were upstarts
+and her father's claim to the throne was rather dubious, Margaret embraced
+her royal title and lineage with passion.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The atmosphere of those early years in England was
+still medieval, and she lived in Gothic palaces with ornate decoration
+and rituals.&amp;nbsp; All of Henry VII's children came to participate publicly
+in court life while still children.&amp;nbsp; Before the age of five, Margaret
+attended court ceremonies and played her part with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; She had
+an early love of pomp and pageantry which was never lost, and her father's
+court was rather extravagant considering Henry's reputation as a shabby
+miser.&amp;nbsp; As a child, Margaret shared a household with her older brother,
+Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Born on 20 September 1486, barely nine months after
+his parents' marriage, Arthur was the hope and joy of the Tudors.&amp;nbsp;
+He and Margaret traveled with their own households from Eltham to Westminster
+to Windsor and back again, visiting their parents as often as possible.&amp;nbsp;
+Their education was guided by their formidable grandmother, Lady Margaret
+Beaufort, who was a shining example of female piety and learning.&amp;nbsp;
+Lady Beaufort's impact upon Margaret ensured her a thorough education but
+Margaret never shared her grandmother's love of scholarship.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VII was a busy and oft-distracted king whose reign was a constant struggle
+in the early years of Margaret's life; he loved his daughter, but had little
+time for any of his children.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, Elizabeth of York, was
+a quiet and gentle woman whose motto 'Humble and Reverent' aptly summarized
+her way of life.&amp;nbsp; She was a loving mother but spent most of her marriage
+either pregnant or recovering from increasingly difficult births.&amp;nbsp;
+Her ill health often forced her into confinement and her role at court
+functions was filled by her mother-in-law.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret reveled in court life and enjoyed her position
+as princess to the full; she began a lifelong love affair with beautiful
+clothes, delighted in dancing and music as well as archery and playing
+cards.&amp;nbsp; She had no responsibilities other than to fulfill her public
+duties as princess and, as a result of her privileged position, developed
+a very stubborn personality.&amp;nbsp; It was Margaret's lot to be impatient
+and disappointed when things did not go her way.&amp;nbsp; In this, however,
+she can be forgiven; most royal children were equally stubborn and certainly
+the two siblings who survived childhood with her shared this trait.&amp;nbsp;
+It is worth remembering, too, that her acute awareness of her position
+included the knowledge that she would one day leave England, perhaps forever.&amp;nbsp;
+It was not the fate of princesses to live and die in their own countries.&amp;nbsp;
+But as Margaret's later actions make clear, those early years in England
+left an indelible mark upon her; she always put English interests first,
+even when it was not the sensible thing to do.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her fifth birthday coincided with Henry's elevation
+to the dukedom of York in 1494.&amp;nbsp; There was a grand celebratory tournament
+in Westminster which lasted three days and the appearance of the 'right
+high and excellent Princess, the Lady Margaret' was recorded for posterity.&amp;nbsp;
+She wore a gown of buckram and velvet trimmed in gold lace with a winged
+white cap, an unflattering but popular style from the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp;
+Her best features were her clear complexion and fair hair, both inherited
+from her mother.&amp;nbsp; But her temperament was that of her maternal grandfather,
+Edward IV, a trait she shared with her brother Henry.&amp;nbsp; While Prince
+Arthur was a reserved and thoughtful boy dedicated to scholarship, Margaret
+and Henry were gregarious and energetic.&amp;nbsp; They danced at the tournament,
+to the amusement of the adults, and Margaret presented the prizes to the
+jousters.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Traveling with a great retinue from one palace to
+another, she was hardly aware of the struggles her father faced; plague,
+rebellion, and war marked Henry's years on the throne as he constantly
+struggled to fill his treasury and placate his people.&amp;nbsp; One of the
+more serious struggles led to Margaret's betrothal in 1496 to James IV,
+king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Henry wanted an alliance with Scotland for two
+pressing reasons.&amp;nbsp; First, James was following the old Scottish tradition
+of angering the English by supporting Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the
+English throne who claimed to be Prince Richard of York.&amp;nbsp; This debacle
+lasted from 1491 to 1497, but was made more pressing by Prince Arthur's
+engagement to Princess Katharine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand and
+Isabella of Spain.&amp;nbsp; At the time, only Spain recognized Henry's rule
+and he was desperate to secure a marriage alliance between the two countries.&amp;nbsp;
+But the Spanish would not send Katharine to England unless Henry was secure
+on the throne and their daughter could arrive safely and peacefully in
+England.&amp;nbsp; In 1493, they brokered an agreement between Scotland and
+England which ended Scottish support of Warbeck and gave hope for a more
+comprehensive peace in the future.&amp;nbsp; Second, Scotland had long been
+allied with France in what was termed the 'Auld Alliance', essentially
+the partnership of two English enemies.&amp;nbsp; French money and troops had
+often threatened the English-Scots border and Henry was desperate to avoid
+further unrest.&amp;nbsp; He and his councilors thought a marriage between
+James and Margaret would create a bond between England and Scotland which
+would allow England some desperately needed peace and tranquility.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; James IV of Scotland was amenable to the idea as
+well.&amp;nbsp; He was sixteen years older than Margaret, but such differences
+in age were common enough in royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; For the security of
+his own realm, as well as an impressive dowry, he was content to marry
+Margaret.&amp;nbsp; James's own life had been tempestuous and unhappy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/jamesiv.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;King James IV of Scotland&quot; BORDER=2 height=230 width=199 align=LEFT&gt;Born
+on 17 March 1473, he was barely sixteen years old when disaffected Scottish
+lords led by the Humes and Hepburns forced him to ride in battle against
+his own father, James III.&amp;nbsp; At the climactic battle of Sauchieburn
+in the summer of 1488, James III was murdered by a man pretending to be
+a priest and his son was crowned king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; James IV was traumatized
+by his role in his father's death; for the rest of his life he wore an
+iron chain around his waist as penance and made frequent pilgrimages to
+the shrine of his patron St Ninian.&amp;nbsp; His personality was both charismatic
+and melancholy and he was quite brilliant.&amp;nbsp; His varied interests included
+dentistry, golf, and hunting; he was also very energetic, and exhausted
+his nobles with his ceaseless traveling across his kingdom.&amp;nbsp; He was
+quite dedicated to the ideal of the chivalrous knight and admired the tales
+of King Arthur.&amp;nbsp; This romantic notion led him to numerous love affairs
+(by the time of his betrothal to Margaret, he already had five healthy
+illegitimate children) and a lifelong desire to lead a Crusade.&amp;nbsp; His
+people loved him and his court attracted a number of brilliant poets, including
+William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas and David Lindsay.&amp;nbsp; Also, Scotland had
+three universities while England had only two, a fact which few historians
+have noted when dismissing any evidence of Scottish learning in the late
+15th century.&amp;nbsp; But the country remained fractious and dangerous, largely
+because of its squabbling nobility.&amp;nbsp; Certainly James's reign was marked
+by increased prosperity and the flowering of the arts, but he could not
+subdue the clans or even intimidate them much.&amp;nbsp; And the lesson of
+his father's reign haunted him as he attempted to provide some order and
+stability for his people.&amp;nbsp; He was more successful at this than most
+Scottish kings, but not successful enough.&amp;nbsp; In Scotland, the nobles
+controlled far more land than the king and were savage opponents of royal
+authority.&amp;nbsp; The burgeoning middle class was terrified of warfare and
+also susceptible to English bribes.&amp;nbsp; Shifting loyalties and simmering
+resentment marked relations between the king and his nobles.&amp;nbsp; Poor
+James did not have an easy life as king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But his prolific romantic life was legendarily successful.&amp;nbsp;
+James cut quite a swath through the common and noble women of Scotland,
+eventually losing his heart to Lady Margaret Drummond.&amp;nbsp; James had
+earlier attempted to marry a Spanish princess himself (much as Henry VII
+secured a Spanish bride for Prince Arthur) but, when that failed, his love
+for Margaret Drummond was such that he seriously considered marrying her.&amp;nbsp;
+His councilors were understandably aghast; any marriage to a subject would
+necessarily elevate that subject's family to pre-eminence in the realm.&amp;nbsp;
+They would not allow it and did their utmost to persuade James to reconsider.&amp;nbsp;
+The king began negotiations for Margaret Tudor's hand even as Margaret
+Drummond gave birth to their daughter.&amp;nbsp; James moved mother and child
+to his palace of Linlithgow and showed them every favor.&amp;nbsp; Rumors of
+a secret marriage between the two were rampant but the Scots successfully
+concluded the marriage treaty with Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Still, James's ministers
+were concerned that Henry VII would learn of Margaret Drummond and it might
+complicate relations.&amp;nbsp; But the problem was solved when Margaret Drummond
+and her two sisters were poisoned in spring 1502.&amp;nbsp; The king was devastated.&amp;nbsp;
+No one was arrested for the crime, for which most of his councilors were
+secretly grateful.&amp;nbsp; James almost immediately began another affair
+with Lady Janet Kennedy, but his grief for Margaret Drummond did not lessen.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the great love of his life and he never forgot her.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Margaret Drummond's death freed him to openly
+plan his marriage to Margaret Tudor, who until then had been merely a bargaining
+chip with the English.&amp;nbsp; James was determined that his marriage would
+restore Scottish pride which had suffered much from English harassment
+along its borders.&amp;nbsp; He ordered a grand trousseau from Paris, as well
+as presents for Margaret and new clothing for his courtiers.&amp;nbsp; His
+own clothes included several pairs of scarlet hose, robes of black velvet
+trimmed in fur, a crimson jacket lined with cloth of gold, and a truly
+grand wedding outfit of white damask embroidered with silver and gold thread.&amp;nbsp;
+To Margaret he sent a gown worth almost 160 pds and his courtiers received
+sumptuous clothes and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; His spending grew so extravagant that
+he was forced to acknowledge his penury to Henry VII; the English king
+had written to find out the salaries of Margaret's ladies-in-waiting who
+would accompany her to Scotland.&amp;nbsp; James was forced to prevaricate
+on that matter, replying only that they would receive 'competent fees'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In England, meanwhile, preparations for Katharine
+of Aragon's marriage to Prince Arthur consumed far more time and energy
+than Margaret's betrothal.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish princess was married to the
+Tudor heir in the autumn of 1501 and Margaret attended the wedding feast
+at Westminster Hall; she wore a gown of crimson velvet trimmed in fur and
+sat, along with Prince Henry, on a wooden stool covered with scarlet cloth
+beside their parents.&amp;nbsp; Prince Henry had apparently flown into a rage
+when told that his sister would soon be known as queen of Scots and thus
+accorded precedence over him in public ceremonies.&amp;nbsp; This essentially
+meant that Margaret would be announced before him at court functions, a
+relatively trivial matter, but observers noted the young prince's love
+of his own high position.&amp;nbsp; The tantrum resolved itself and Henry was
+on perfect behavior during the wedding festivities which followed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The earl of Bothwell, the bishop of Moray, and the
+archbishop of Glasgow were sent as ambassadors from Scotland.&amp;nbsp; They
+were also present at Westminster during those celebratory days, under orders
+to observe Margaret and report on her appearance and behavior.&amp;nbsp; If
+they found it 'most convenient and advisable' they were to marry her at
+once by proxy.&amp;nbsp; Many of the intricacies of the marriage negotiation
+had already been decided upon and Pope Alexander VI had given the necessary
+dispensation, though he advised Margaret to remain in England for another
+year so she would be ready for child-bearing upon her arrival in Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+The matter of dower lands was soon settled as well.&amp;nbsp; James was to
+be responsible for 'the apparatus of her body, the ornamenting of her residences,
+her vehicles, stud, furniture, dress, private and domestic affairs, and
+all other things whatsoever necessary and becoming the honour, state and
+dignity of the said Lady Margaret.'&amp;nbsp; Margaret's dowry was 30,000 gold
+nobles to be paid over three years.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once Prince Arthur and his new wife had left for
+Ludlow Castle, their seat as Prince and Princess of Wales, Margaret's betrothal
+was celebrated at Richmond Palace.&amp;nbsp; There everyone gathered in Queen
+Elizabeth's official presence chamber and the archbishop of Glasgow conducted
+the proxy marriage ceremony.&amp;nbsp; He asked Margaret and her parents, 'Doth
+Your Grace know of any impediment other than there is dispensed withal?&amp;nbsp;
+Doth the Queen likewise?&amp;nbsp; Or the Princess?'&amp;nbsp; In their turn, the
+three said, 'There is none.'&amp;nbsp; Then Henry VII asked, 'Is it the very
+will and mind of the king of Scotland that the said earl Bothwell should
+in his name assure the said Princess?'&amp;nbsp; Both archbishop and earl gave
+assent and then Margaret was asked, 'Are you content without compulsion,
+and of your own free will?'&amp;nbsp; The princess answered composedly, 'If
+it please my lord and father the king, and my lady mother the queen.'&amp;nbsp;
+Her father said, 'It is my will and pleasure' and Margaret knelt for her
+parents' blessing.&amp;nbsp; Bothwell took her hand and repeated his marriage
+vows.&amp;nbsp; He did so easily enough; soon all eyes were upon Margaret,
+who spoke clearly and with no noticeable nervousness, 'I, Margaret, the
+first begotten daughter of the right excellent, right high and mighty prince
+and princess, Henry by the Grace of God king of England, and Elizabeth
+queen of the same, wittingly and of deliberate mind, having twelve years
+complete in age in the month of November last past, contract matrimony
+with the right excellent, right high and mighty prince, James king of Scotland,
+and the person of whom, Patrick earl of Bothwell, procurator of the said
+prince, represents, and take the said James king of Scotland into and for
+my husband and spouse, and all other for him forsake, during his and mine
+lives natural, and thereto I plight and give to him, in your person as
+procurator aforesaid, my faith and troth.'&amp;nbsp; And then, continues the
+herald's account, 'the trumpets....blew up, and the loud noise of the minstrels
+played in the best and most joyful manner.'
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The king then led the Scots to his rooms while Elizabeth
+of York took Margaret's hand and led her to the royal dais.&amp;nbsp; The mother
+and daughter sat side by side now, equal in title and precedence.&amp;nbsp;
+The next few days were spent in celebratory tournaments and banquets at
+Westminster Hall, all of which had Margaret's participation.&amp;nbsp; And
+yet, just as it seemed that Henry VII's most fervent ambitions were being
+realized, news soon arrived from Wales that Arthur and his bride had fallen
+ill.&amp;nbsp; The young prince died while his new bride recovered.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+and Elizabeth were devastated; accounts of their grief can be read at the
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.&amp;nbsp; The court was thrown into mourning and a few
+weeks after the death Elizabeth of York became pregnant yet again.&amp;nbsp;
+It did not help her delicate health.&amp;nbsp; A son was born prematurely and
+christened Edward, but died soon after.&amp;nbsp; The queen's strength never
+recovered and, upon yet another stillbirth on 2 February 1503, she became
+deathly ill.&amp;nbsp; She died on 11 February 1503, her thirty-seventh birthday,
+having given birth nine times and leaving three surviving children.&amp;nbsp;
+An account of Elizabeth's death, which coincided with Margaret's departure
+for Scotland, can also be read at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret's feelings on her brother's death and mother's
+ill
+health are not recorded.&amp;nbsp; She was obviously closer in temperament
+to Henry, but also she was consumed with preparations for her departure
+to Scotland.&amp;nbsp; And for a young woman with Margaret's great love of
+expensive gifts, pageantry, and magnificent gowns, the preparations were
+a delightful diversion.&amp;nbsp; She also enjoyed being queen of Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+Since she had to wait a year before going to Scotland, she was given her
+own establishments at Windsor and Westminster where she was served from
+golden plates engraved with the Scottish arms.&amp;nbsp; Scores of footmen
+served her, dressed in the white and green Tudor livery while her litter
+bearers wore green and black.&amp;nbsp; The litter which would carry her on
+progress north was itself a grand creation lined with blue velvet and cloth
+of gold; her state carriage was lined with bearskin, the horses hung with
+black and crimson velvet and her own saddle lavishly embroidered with red
+roses.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The rest of this article will be published&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;as soon as I finish scanning color portraits of Margaret.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082576&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082576&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">29115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Anne of Cleves fourth wife of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Anne of Cleves fourth wife of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne of Cleves: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevescardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesholbein2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;634&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and My Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII to Cromwell on his wedding day to
+Anne of Cleves&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevescardinal.gif&quot; width=&quot;352&quot; height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesholbein2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; width=&quot;331&quot; height=&quot;325&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves 
+      by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Anne of Cleves was the fourth wife of King
+Henry VIII; it was a very brief marriage, to the astonishment of all
+observers but the relief of both spouses.&amp;nbsp; Henry infamously
+referred to his bride as a 'Flanders mare' and told courtiers and
+ambassadors that he could not perform his husbandly duties because of
+Anne's appearance.&amp;nbsp; Anne's reaction to Henry's physical charms was
+not recorded, but she agreed to an annulment very quickly and remained
+in England for the rest of her life.&amp;nbsp; Henry was grateful for her
+cooperation and granted her a generous income and several homes,
+including Hever Castle.&amp;nbsp; Anne enjoyed an independent lifestyle
+denied most women, often visiting Henry's court as an honored
+guest.&amp;nbsp; Her fondness for English ale and gambling were her only
+vices.&amp;nbsp; Along with her successor as Henry's wife, Catherine
+Howard, Anne remains a mysterious figure about whom too little is
+known.&amp;nbsp; Had she and Henry remained married and had children, the
+course of English history might have changed dramatically.&amp;nbsp; But
+the mysteries of physical attraction denied Anne her place on the
+throne, ended the brilliant career of Thomas Cromwell, and thrust the
+king into the arms of his ill-fated fifth queen, Catherine Howard.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne of Cleves.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves meets Henry VIII for the first time&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'So she came to
+Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp; And the next
+day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at Greenwich,
+where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his
+grace and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich
+coronet of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown
+of rich cloth of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all
+her ladies and gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to
+behold.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Anne of Cleves marries King
+Henry VIII, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Anne of Cleves was Henry VIII's fourth wife, though not his first
+choice for the role by far.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors searched out all the
+eligible heiresses of Europe and discovered their king had a very nasty
+marital reputation.&amp;nbsp; The beautiful Christina of Milan was told of
+the king's interest and wittily replied that if she had two heads she
+would risk it, but she had only one; Marie de Guise, who would later
+wed his nephew the King of Scots, replied much the same.&amp;nbsp; The
+tragic tale of his second queen, Anne Boleyn, had kept European gossips
+busy for three years now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's poor and disrespectful treatment of his first wife (he
+was rumored to have bullied Katharine of Aragon to an unhappy death)
+and the quick end of his third (in his desperation for a healthy male
+heir, the king was rumored to have ordered Jane Seymour cut open,
+mangled and killed) only contributed to his low reputation. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;One wouldn't think a king would have too difficult a time finding
+a wife, but Henry VIII - who defied his contemporaries in so many other
+ways - did so in this respect as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, it was religion which brought Anne of Cleves to
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry had sought out Catholic princesses like Marie de Guise and
+his fifth wife would be a Catholic as well.&amp;nbsp; Despite the Henrician
+'reformation', England and its monarch remained a Catholic nation,
+albeit one in which supreme authority resided within the king rather
+than the pope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's influential advisor, Thomas Cromwell,
+wanted England to ally herself with a Protestant nation that also
+rejected papal authority.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized the inexorable
+Catholic decline which was only just beginning to occur; the king's
+assumption of supreme authority had merely been the first and most
+spectacular opening shot in a new religious war.&amp;nbsp; Raised to be a
+churchman until his brother's untimely death and deeply interested in
+theological debate, Henry VIII didn't appreciate the Pandora's Box of
+change he had opened.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, younger and more philosophically
+attuned to the attitudes of the rising middle class, did appreciate
+it.&amp;nbsp; And he approved of it.&amp;nbsp; The marriage to Anne of Cleves
+would openly ally England with a Protestant duchy, thus making the
+'reformation' even more settled. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's previous two marriages had been love matches; he had
+been quite independent in choosing women of his own court to
+marry.&amp;nbsp; But this fourth marriage was necessarily a more diplomatic
+endeavor.&amp;nbsp; In this, the king returned to the traditional role of
+kings searching for brides; he also understood that, since the Act of
+Supremacy in 1534, England stood dangerously isolated amongst the
+Catholic powers of Spain and France. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There was a gap of over two years between Jane Seymour's death in
+October 1537 and Anne of Cleves's arrival in England in late December
+1539.&amp;nbsp; Romantics believe the king waited such a long while to
+marry again because he loved Jane so much.&amp;nbsp; Whether he loved her
+or not is beside the point, though there is ample evidence that he
+did.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually waited so long (and he did so quite
+impatiently) because marriage negotiations took an unexpectedly long
+time.&amp;nbsp; He actually sent out instructions regarding the search for
+a new wife barely a month after Jane's death. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But the French princesses would not assemble for his perusal; they
+also made it clear they preferred other suitors.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Likewise,
+other heiresses of Europe, some of which (like Christina of Milan) were
+related through tangled Hapsburg bloodlines to the king's first wife,
+Katharine of Aragon, avoided the English ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; And always,
+busy with his paperwork and contacts throughout Europe, Cromwell sought
+to arrange a Protestant alliance. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;During all of these negotiations, one must not forget the king's
+own views regarding his future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry was used to making his
+own decisions about the women in his life; he had high standards for
+female beauty and insisted his next wife be physically
+attractive.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he told his ambassadors that no official
+overtures be made to certain ladies until he had approved of their
+looks.&amp;nbsp; 'The thing touches me too near,' said the king, which was
+true enough but not the sort of thing kings were supposed to say.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he was not merely a man but a monarch; he was not supposed
+to marry for himself alone. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors were often placed in embarrassing positions,
+commissioning portraits and sending back detailed descriptions of pock
+marks and hairstyles.&amp;nbsp; Finally, the choices were narrowed down to
+four serious contenders - Marie de Guise, the widow of the duc de
+Longueville, was tall, beautiful and already proven in
+childbirth.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, she chose the Scottish king
+James V.&amp;nbsp; Henry then looked to her younger sister, but she also
+became otherwise engaged.&amp;nbsp; Then there was the beautiful and
+intelligent Christina of Milan, just sixteen and one of the most
+sought-after heiresses of her generation.&amp;nbsp; But the king of England
+was three times her age, fat and with a cruel reputation; she allowed
+herself to be painted by Holbein but did nothing to solve the problem
+of her being a great-niece of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; This
+impediment of affinity was a nice way to avoid the king of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The year of 1538 passed with no alliance.&amp;nbsp; Henry had intended
+to use his fourth marriage as a balance between France and the Hapsburg
+empire.&amp;nbsp; But it now seemed as if those two enemies might join
+forces against him in defense of the papal supremacy. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Suddenly Cromwell's moment had arrived.&amp;nbsp; The fourth serious
+contender was the sister of the duke of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The duke was not
+a Protestant himself but was allied through marriage with Saxony and
+the league of Lutheran princes; he was also at odds with the Hapsburg
+emperor Charles V over the duchy of Gelderland.&amp;nbsp; The duchy of
+Cleves might one day rival the Netherlands in terms of trade and
+strategic advantage.&amp;nbsp; The king was persuaded to send his favorite
+court painter, Hans Holbein the Younger, to the German duchy.&amp;nbsp;
+There he painted both Anne and her sister Amelia.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who by
+this time was wearying of the endless rounds of negotiations (and whom
+Cromwell feared would soon turn to another English noblewoman), was
+interested in Anne.&amp;nbsp; Negotiations began in earnest. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was 24 years old, and had spent most of her life at the ducal
+court of Dusseldorf.&amp;nbsp; She was well-educated in domestic skills but
+she was neither intellectual or flirtatious, both qualities the king
+admired.&amp;nbsp; She had no musical skills, and music was one of Henry's
+passions, and no interest in books.&amp;nbsp; On the trip to England, her
+escort (perhaps sensing disaster ahead) tried to teach her the king's
+favorite card games but Anne found them hopeless.&amp;nbsp; It was not her
+fault, nor that of Henry VIII, but she was raised in a different
+country and, as things turned out, was not given time to acclimatize
+herself before the king rejected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;img height=&quot;280&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's betrothal portrait of Anne of Cleves&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio1.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;190&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The issue of the betrothal portrait is the most fascinating part
+of this story.&amp;nbsp; Holbein was a man of vast talent; his best
+portraits are simply astounding, beautifully composed and possessing
+great psychological insight.&amp;nbsp; Look at the infamous portrait of
+Anne of Cleves to the left; it is clear that Holbein was more
+fascinated with the embroidery of her gown than with Anne's
+personality.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are downcast and her features lost beneath the ornate
+trappings of her dress and hood. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There has long been a rumor that Henry was so enraged with the
+work, believing that Holbein had deliberately duped him with a false
+portrait, that he fired the painter.&amp;nbsp; But that is not true.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, there were a few remarks that she did not look as well as
+the portrait asserted, but this was not unlikely - she had arrived in
+England after a long journey, perhaps the sea air did not agree with
+her skin?&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps nervousness over the impending marriage
+caused a change in her complexion.&amp;nbsp; We cannot know.&amp;nbsp; But we
+do know that Henry's ambassadors, only too aware of their master's
+wishes, allowed the portrait to be sent as a fair likeness of
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Would they have dared to mislead their monarch in such a
+way?&amp;nbsp; It's not likely.&amp;nbsp; Even Henry himself did not make much
+of the supposed difference between the painted and real Anne, aside
+from a comment to Cromwell that she was 'nothing so fair as she had
+been reported.'&amp;nbsp; Often expectations can be idealistic, and that
+was possibly the case with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Holbein continued to receive
+commissions from the English aristocracy before dying of plague in
+London in 1543. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What actually happened to drive Anne and Henry apart was a simple
+matter of attraction.&amp;nbsp; Almost five hundred years later, we still
+don't understand why certain people are physically attracted to each
+other; it simply happens.&amp;nbsp; And it didn't happen with Anne and
+Henry; in fact, quite the opposite occurred and the king was repulsed
+by her.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings on the matter are not known but Henry was
+no longer the strong, athletic king of years past; various injuries had
+reduced his exercise but not his appetite.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly
+obese and subject to its attendant problems. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There were other reasons for the king to look askance at this new
+bride.&amp;nbsp; The foreign crisis which had caused Cromwell to seek an
+alliance with the Protestant duchy had passed; France and Spain had
+returned to their old enmity.&amp;nbsp; England was no longer threatened by
+the Catholic powers.&amp;nbsp; Also, the dispute over Gelderland had become
+more serious and Henry was not eager to fight the suddenly genial
+Spanish in defense of Anne's brother.&amp;nbsp; These issues were clear in
+mid-autumn 1539 but the marriage negotiations continued.&amp;nbsp; By that
+point, they had a momentum of their own.&amp;nbsp; A proxy marriage
+occurred and Anne left her home in late November.&amp;nbsp; She reached
+Calais on 11 December; during the journey, she was addressed as Queen
+of England and treated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; For a fortnight she waited at
+Calais until the weather settled.&amp;nbsp; On 27 December she set out for
+Deal; it was a stormy crossing.&amp;nbsp; It was on the first day of 1540
+that the king, so impatient to see his new bride, entered her rooms in
+disguise.&amp;nbsp; The scene was recorded by the Imperial ambassador,
+Eustace Chapuys: &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And on New Years Day in the afternoon the king's grace with five
+of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled cloaks with hoods so
+that they should not be recognized, came secretly to Rochester, and so
+went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a
+window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and
+suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here a token which the
+king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being abashed and not
+knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp; But she
+regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when the
+king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of
+purple velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they
+did him reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the
+king's majesty, and his grace saluted her again, and they talked
+together lovingly, and afterwards he took her by the hand and led her
+to another chamber where their graces amused themselves that night and
+on Friday until the afternoon.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;You can read the entire account at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Henry had so far managed to conceal his dislike of Anne.&amp;nbsp; There is
+reason to believe it was not an immediate revulsion; it was only after
+their wedding night, which the king declared he could not consummate,
+that word spread of his physical distaste.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell asked
+him the next morning, 'How liked you the Queen?', Henry replied, 'I
+liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Twelfth Night (6 January), they were married in the 'Queen's
+Closet' at Greenwich Palace, where Henry had also married his last
+bride.&amp;nbsp; But the king was already looking for ways out.&amp;nbsp; The
+very day of the ceremony, he told Cromwell, 'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and my Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.'&amp;nbsp; These were ominous words. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is also possible that around this time, the king met &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;, cousin of his second wife, Anne Boleyn, and now destined to
+be lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves when her Flemish attendants were
+dismissed.&amp;nbsp; There is no doubt he felt an instant attraction to the
+lively, curvaceous Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's nobility, which had long chafed against the power and
+influence of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Cromwell&lt;/a&gt;
+(much as they had against Wolsey), welcomed this opportunity to
+discredit him.&amp;nbsp; The minister had pushed the king into the Cleves
+marriage, they reminded Henry gleefully.&amp;nbsp; The king's wrath turned
+against his former friend and Cromwell was executed on 28 July 1540, a
+decision Henry almost instantly regretted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so four things pushed Henry towards an annulment - his dislike
+of Anne, foreign policy changes, his attraction to Catherine Howard,
+and his courtiers' hatred of Cromwell. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the few days between the first meeting and the wedding,
+Cromwell and the king had found a potential way out, though the
+ceremony continued as planned.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1530s, Anne had briefly
+been engaged to Francis, duke of Lorraine.&amp;nbsp; The English had not
+explored the issue too much, merely asking the government of Cleves if
+negotiations had ended.&amp;nbsp; Now they looked more closely, with the
+king waiting impatiently for the right response.&amp;nbsp; They suddenly
+discovered there was no dispensation from the precontract; Anne was
+still officially betrothed to Francis.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors from Cleves were not unaware of Henry's
+intent.&amp;nbsp; They struggled to find the right documents but, on 26
+February 1540, all they could produce was a report in their archives
+which stated that negotiations with Lorraine 'were not going to take
+their natural course.'&amp;nbsp; No actual papers of dispensation could be
+produced since they did not exist.&amp;nbsp; Thus Henry's marriage to Anne
+of Cleves was legally invalid from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This is one of the more ironic moments in Henry's checkered
+marital career.&amp;nbsp; For once, his decision to end a marriage was
+legally valid and acceptable to all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, the king made certain comments regarding Anne's body
+and virtue which reveal him in a less than gentlemanly light.&amp;nbsp; He
+told Anthony Denny, a member of the Privy Chamber, that she had
+'breasts so slack and other parts of body in such sort that [he]
+somewhat suspected her virginity.'&amp;nbsp; He further told his court
+physicians of the 'hanging of her breasts and looseness of her
+flesh.'&amp;nbsp; Clearly, consummation of the marriage would not
+occur.&amp;nbsp; The king bravely slept in the same bed at least every
+other night, yet he reported a month later that Anne 'was still as good
+a Maid.... as ever her Mother bare her.'&amp;nbsp; This contradiction - she
+was not a virgin, yet was - was never mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What did Anne think of all this controversy?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Luckily for her, she had only a small knowledge of English and
+even less knowledge of the physical relationship between a man and
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Her English ladies were astounded by her innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+'When he [Henry] comes to bed, he kisses me and taketh me by the hand,
+and biddeth me 'Goodnight, sweetheart,' and in the morning, kisses me,
+and biddeth me, 'Farewell, darling.'&amp;nbsp; Is this not enough?' asked
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; No, she was told emphatically, it most certainly was not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne's ignorance casts a bad light on her mother, Duchess Maria,
+but it served to protect her feelings in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, she ruled as queen for just four months; her last
+official appearance as the royal consort was during the May Day
+celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She was never crowned, though even if the king had
+wished it, he could not have afforded such a ceremony.&amp;nbsp; During
+those months, the Catholic nobility pushed their advantage against the
+Protestant Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; The minister was too Lutheran for the king's
+taste.&amp;nbsp; Likewise, the Catholics encouraged the flirtations of
+young Catherine Howard, also a Catholic and the duke of Norfolk's
+niece.&amp;nbsp; Too young and ill-educated to be aware of how others used
+her as a pawn, she happily danced before the king and accepted his
+gifts.&amp;nbsp; She was granted lands in April and the next month received
+rich gifts of fabric and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; There is every possibility
+Catherine consummated her relationship with the king in May.&amp;nbsp; How
+else can we explain the sudden race to rid himself of Anne? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The investigation into her precontract with Lorraine had been
+hastily done in January and February but for two months afterwards, the
+king merely lamented his fate.&amp;nbsp; Parliament even confirmed Anne's
+dowry in April.&amp;nbsp; But suddenly in May there was a fierce new
+determination to annul the marriage; the king was no longer content to
+complain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is possible, and was rumored, that Henry had slept with
+Catherine and consequently there was a chance she was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+Another male heir was never far from Henry's mind.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+deeply in love with his 'Rose without a Thorn', a somewhat pathetic
+attraction between an elderly (the king was almost 49 years old) man
+and a very young woman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Anne had to go.&amp;nbsp; She succumbed to the inevitable with
+surprising grace.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she was leery of the royal temper, or&lt;img
+ height=&quot;218&quot; alt=&quot;engraving of Anne of Cleves, after Holbein&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio2.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;154&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; remembered the king's marital
+history, or she simply didn't care.&amp;nbsp; Henry was very
+grateful.&amp;nbsp; If she had not cooperated....&amp;nbsp; He knew, from the
+example of Katharine of Aragon, what could happen if a queen fought an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; He had no desire to alienate Cleves or engage in
+another lengthy legal and theological dispute.&amp;nbsp; The king declared
+the marriage had not been consummated and, in any case, it was invalid
+from the start.&amp;nbsp; Would Anne agree? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She did agree, most readily.&amp;nbsp; She was shocked at first by the
+news; the king's representatives visited her at Richmond Palace, where
+she had gone to escape the threat of plague.&amp;nbsp; They brought an
+interpreter so there would be no misunderstanding.&amp;nbsp; For her part,
+Anne quickly grasped the situation.&amp;nbsp; She had no advisers and the
+king had already executed one wife and harassed another to death.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly she enjoyed the role of queen, was more fluent in English and
+had taken a liking to her new country; even the people cheered her on
+the occasional public ride between palaces.&amp;nbsp; But did she dare
+fight Henry?&amp;nbsp; Of course not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's servants wrote that she was 'content always with your
+Majesty', thus accepting Henry's judgment, and in her &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;letter of&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt; submission&lt;/a&gt;
+she signed herself 'daughter of Cleves', not 'queen of England'.&amp;nbsp;
+She agreed the marriage had never been consummated and signed all
+necessary documents.&amp;nbsp; For his part, Henry was now prepared to be
+generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne was to enjoy precedence over all the ladies in
+England, except the Queen and the king's daughters.&amp;nbsp; She was to be
+known as the king's 'good sister' and received a very nice settlement
+of manors and estates, some of which belonged to Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; This
+guaranteed her an income of 3000 pds a year, making her one of the
+wealthiest women in England.&amp;nbsp; All this depended upon her remaining
+in England, and this Anne was more than willing to do.&amp;nbsp; 'The
+King's highness whom I cannot have as a husband is nevertheless a most
+kind, loving and friendly father and brother,' she wrote to her
+brother.&amp;nbsp; Why should she return home in ignominy, dependent upon
+her brother's generosity, when she could remain in England and live a
+comfortable, independent life? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was perhaps as content with the arrangement as Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+She grew to enjoy English ale and gambling; she spent large sums on
+gowns; she visited with the king's children and occasionally the king
+himself.&amp;nbsp; She was heard to remark that she was more attractive
+than Katharine Parr, to whom the king's attention turned in 1543.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, upon Catherine Howard's execution in 1542, rumors circulated
+that perhaps the king would take back his former bride.&amp;nbsp; The
+French ambassador was suitably impressed with Anne's handling of a
+delicate situation, observing that 'all her affairs could never make
+her utter a word by which one might suppose that she was
+discontented.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;These rumors were understandable enough; Anne occupied a nebulous
+place in English society, unmarried but wealthy and independent.&amp;nbsp;
+She was not an heiress but still honored as a royal.&amp;nbsp; She answered
+to no male authority but that of the king, and he did not choose to
+trouble her.&amp;nbsp; For the rest of her life, rumors spread about her
+lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; For Anne's part, she was content and happy and had
+little reason to be otherwise. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She made her last public appearance at Mary Tudor's coronation in
+1553, riding alongside the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She died in 1557
+of a 'declining illness' and was buried with appropriate honor at
+Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her will is perhaps most representative of her
+kindly character.&amp;nbsp; In it, she remembered gifts to everyone who had
+ever served her, no matter how humble or long ago. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had chosen as her motto 'God send me well to keep' and it
+proved apt, though in a way few could have predicted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082569&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082569&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5898</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The death of Prince Arthur Tudor, 1502</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0132.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">arthurdeath.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/arthurdeath.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1502: The death of Prince Arthur&quot; width=&quot;474&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The first 
+      account listed at right was taken from a contemporary herald's report, 
+      first published in 1715.&amp;nbsp; The second account was written by Tudor 
+      citizen Richard Grafton.&amp;nbsp; Its spelling has been modernized.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Arthur was the eldest son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth 
+      of York.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 20 September 1486, barely a year after the 
+      pivotal battle of Bosworth Field, and died on 2 April 1502.&amp;nbsp; Arthur 
+      was indeed named after the mythical King Arthur; Henry VII was Welsh and 
+      the legend was popular in medieval England.&amp;nbsp; In fact, it was 
+      generally believed at the time that Winchester was built upon the ruins of 
+      Camelot.&amp;nbsp; And so Elizabeth of York was sent to Winchester to give 
+      birth and Arthur was christened at its cathedral.&amp;nbsp; He was titled 
+      Prince of Wales (and was the first to receive the title) when he was 3 
+      years old.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Negotiations for his marriage to Katharine of Aragon, 
+      daughter of the famous Ferdinand and Isabella, began in 1488.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      terms were settled in 1500 and the couple were married in London on 14 
+      November 1501.&amp;nbsp; They journeyed to Ludlow Castle, the traditional seat 
+      of the Prince of Wales, and established a small court.&amp;nbsp; However, 
+      Arthur died suddenly on 2 April 1502, possibly of tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      two accounts at right record his parents' reaction to the news.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;When his Grace [Henry VII] understood that 
+      sorrowful heavy tydings, he sent for the Queene [Elizabeth of York], 
+      saying that he and his Queene would take the painful sorrows together.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After that she was come and saw the Kyng her Lord, and that naturall and 
+      paineful sorrowe, as I have heard saye, she with full great and constant 
+      comfortable words besought his Grace that he would first after God 
+      remember the weale of his own noble person, the comfort of his realme and 
+      of her.&amp;nbsp; She then saied that my Lady his mother had never no more children 
+      but him only, and that God by his Grace had ever preserved him, and 
+      brought him where he was.&amp;nbsp; Over that, howe that God had left him yet a 
+      fayre Prince, two fayre Princesses and that God is where he was, and we 
+      are both young ynoughe. &lt;br&gt;
+      ....Then his Grace of true gentle and faithful love, in good hast came and 
+      relieved her, and showed her howe wise counsell she had given him before, 
+      and he for his parte would thanke God for his sonn, and would she should 
+      doe in like wise. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When
+the king by his high policy had completed his alliance with Spain in this
+way, there suddenly came a lamentable mischance and loss to the king, queen
+and all the people.&amp;nbsp; For that noble prince Arthur, the king's first
+begotten son, after he had been married to the Lady Catherine for five
+months, departed this transitory life at Ludlow on 2 April 1502. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;With great funeral obsequies he was buried in the cathedral church of
+Worcester.&amp;nbsp; After his death the name of prince belonged to his brother
+the duke of York, since his brother died without his issue, and so without
+being thus created he ought to be called, unless some apparent cause was
+a let or obstacle to it.&amp;nbsp; But the duke, suspecting that his brother's
+wife was with child, as was thought possible by the expert and wise men
+of the prince's council, was by a month or more delayed from his title,
+name and pre-eminence, in which time the truth might easily appear to women.
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is reported that this lady Catherine thought and feared such an unhappy
+chance might come, for when she had embraced her father and taken leave
+of her noble and prudent mother, and sailed towards England, she was continually
+so tossed and tumbled hither and thither with boisterous winds that what
+with the raging of the water and the contrary winds her ship was prevented
+many times from approaching the shore and landing.&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082591&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082591&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23069</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Elizabeth I: Poetry</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+        
+&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;   
+&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;   
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I am redesigning the Elizabethan &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Speeches&quot;&gt;speeches &lt;/a&gt;- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Letters&quot;&gt;letters &lt;/a&gt;- &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Poetry&quot;&gt;poetry&lt;/a&gt; pages - as of 15 October 2002.&lt;br&gt;
+   Until I'm finished, all the text is posted here. &amp;nbsp;Click the above 
+links  to visit the different sections.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Poetry&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;COMPOSED 1554-5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Much suspected by me, &lt;br&gt;
+   Nothing proved can be, &lt;br&gt;
+   Quoth Elizabeth prisoner. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;WRITTEN ON A WALL AT WOODSTOCK, 1554-5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Oh Fortune, thy wresting wavering state &lt;br&gt;
+   Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit, &lt;br&gt;
+   Whose witness this present prison late &lt;br&gt;
+   Could bear, where once was joy's loan quit. &lt;br&gt;
+   Thou causedst the guilty to be loosed &lt;br&gt;
+   From bands where innocents were inclosed, &lt;br&gt;
+   And caused the guiltless to be reserved, &lt;br&gt;
+   And freed those that death had well deserved. &lt;br&gt;
+   But all herein can be nothing wrought, &lt;br&gt;
+   So God send to my foes all they have thought. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    
+&lt;h3&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
+     
+&lt;h3&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;small&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;+0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;WRITTEN IN HER FRENCH PSALTER, 1554-5&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
+    No crooked leg, no bleared eye, &lt;br&gt;
+   No part deformed out of kind, &lt;br&gt;
+   Nor yet so ugly half can be &lt;br&gt;
+   As is the inward suspicious mind.&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;/div&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+       
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE DOUBT OF FUTURE FOES, 1568-70&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;The doubt of future foes exiles my present joy, &lt;br&gt;
+   And wit me warns to shun such snares as threaten mine annoy; &lt;br&gt;
+   For falsehood now doth flow, and subjects' faith doth ebb, &lt;br&gt;
+   Which should not be if reason ruled or wisdom weaved the web. &lt;br&gt;
+   But clouds of joys untried do cloak aspiring minds, &lt;br&gt;
+   Which turn to rain of late repent by changed course of winds. &lt;br&gt;
+   The top of hope supposed the root upreared shall be, &lt;br&gt;
+   And fruitless all their grafted guile, as shortly ye shall see. &lt;br&gt;
+   The dazzled eyes with pride, which great ambition blinds, &lt;br&gt;
+   Shall be unsealed by worthy wights whose foresight falsehood finds. &lt;br&gt;
+   The daughter of debate that discord aye doth sow &lt;br&gt;
+   Shall reap no gain where former rule still peace hath taught to know.
+&lt;br&gt;
+   No foreign banished wight shall anchor in this port; &lt;br&gt;
+   Our realm brooks not seditious sects, let them elsewhere resort. &lt;br&gt;
+   My rusty sword through rest shall first his edge employ &lt;br&gt;
+   To poll their tops that seek such change or gape for future joy. &lt;/p&gt;
+       
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;THAT WHICH OUR SOVEREIGN LADY WROTE IN DEFIANCE OF FORTUNE, 1568-70&lt;/b&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Never think you fortune can bear the sway &lt;br&gt;
+   Where virtue's force can cause her to obey. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz%2fpoetry.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+0&quot;&gt;ON MONSIEUR'S DEPARTURE, 1582&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;I grieve and dare not show my discontent, &lt;br&gt;
+   I love and yet am forced to seem to hate, &lt;br&gt;
+   I do, yet dare not say I ever meant, &lt;br&gt;
+   I seem stark mute but inwardly do prate. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; I am and not, I freeze and yet am burned, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Since from myself another self I turned. &lt;br&gt;
+   My care is like my shadow in the sun, &lt;br&gt;
+   Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it, &lt;br&gt;
+   Stands and lies by me, doth what I have done. &lt;br&gt;
+   His too familiar care doth make me rue it. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; No means I find to rid him from my breast, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Till by the end of things it be supprest. &lt;br&gt;
+   Some gentler passion slide into my mind, &lt;br&gt;
+   For I am soft and made of melting snow; &lt;br&gt;
+   Or be more cruel, love, and so be kind. &lt;br&gt;
+   Let me or float or sink, be high or low. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Or let me live with some more sweet content, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Or die and so forget what love ere meant. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a name=&quot;Speeches&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;ELIZABETH'S MARRIAGE SPEECH TO PARLIAMENT, 1559&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's Parliament thought to bully her into marriage.&amp;nbsp;
+  From Henry VIII's accession in 1509 onwards, the Tudor dynasty was always
+  consumed by the problem of succession.&amp;nbsp; For a hundred years, Englishmen
+  - and many Europeans - discussed the topic.&amp;nbsp; It was of vital importance.&amp;nbsp;
+  Elizabeth, however, would not be bullied and refused to marry.&amp;nbsp; She
+ responded to Parliament's demand for her marriage with a wonderful extemporaneous
+ speech.&amp;nbsp; This was in 1559, barely a year into her reign.&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;When the Assembly of Parliament was now to be dissolved, they all thought
+  good that the Third Estate, or Lower House, should advise the Queen to
+marry  betimes: yet would not the Temporal Lords joyn with them, lest any
+of them  might seem to propound it in hope to prefer himself. Thomas Gargrave
+therefore,  Speaker of the Lower House, with some few selected men, after
+leave obtained,  came unto the Queen, and making his excuse by his Office,
+the Queen's Courtesie,  and the Weightiness of the matter, went forward to
+this purpose: There is  nothing which with more ardent affection we beg of
+God in our daily prayers,  than that our Happiness hitherto received by your
+most gratious Government  may be perpetuated to the English Nation unto all
+eternity, Whilstin our mind and cogitation we cast many ways how this may
+be effected, we can find none at all, unless your Majesty should either reign
+for ever, (which to hope for is not lawfull;) or else by Marriage bring forth
+Children, Heirs both of their Mother's Vertue and Empire, (which God Almighty
+grant.) This is the single, the onely, the all-comprehending Prayer of all
+English-men. All other men, of what place and degree soever, but especially
+Princes, must have a care, that though themselves be mortal, yet the Commonwealth
+may continue  immortal. This immortality may your Majesty give to the English,
+if (as your  humane nature, Age, Beauty and Fortune do require,) you will
+take some man  to your Hus band, who may be a Comfort and Help unto you,
+and a Consort in  Prosperity and Adversity. For (questionless) more availeth
+the Help of one  onely Husband for the effecting of matters, than the joynt
+Industry of many  men. Nothing can be more contrary to the publick Respects,
+than that such  a Princess, in whose Marriage is comprehended the Safety
+and Peace of the  Commonwealth, should live unmarried, and as it were a Vestal
+Virgin. A Kingdom  received from Ancestours is to be left to Children, who
+will be both an Ornament  and Strength to the Realm. The Kings of England
+have never been more carefull  of any thing, than that the Royal Family might
+not fail of Issue. Hence it  was, that within our fresh memory Henry the
+VII. your Grandfather, provided  his Sons Arthur and Henry of Marriage even
+in their tender years. Hence it  was that your Father sought to procure Mary
+Queen of Scots to be a Wife for  his young Son Prince Edward, then scarce
+eight years old: and very lately  your Sister, Queen Mary, being well in
+years, married Philip of Spain . If  lack of Children use to be inflicted
+by God as a great Punishment as well  upon Royal as private Families; what
+and how great a Sin may it be, if the  Prince voluntarily pluck it upon himself, 
+whereby an infinite heap of Miseries  must needs overwhelm the Commonwealth 
+with all Calamities which the mind even dreadeth to remember? Which that it
+may not come to pass, not onely we few that are here to present, but even 
+all England , yea all English men, do prostrate our selves at your feet, and
+with humble voice and frequent Sighs do from the bottom of our hearts most
+submissively pray and beseech you. These things spake he eloquently and more
+amply. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;ELIZABETH'S REPLY:&lt;small&gt; &lt;big&gt;(&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;small&gt;She 
+answered briefly:)&lt;/small&gt; In a  matter most unpleasing, most pleasing to 
+me is the apparent Good will of you and my People, as proceeding from a very 
+good mind towards me and the Commonwealth. Concerning Marriage, which ye so
+earnestly move me to, I have been long since perswaded, that I was sent into
+this world by God to think and doe those things chiefly which may tend to
+his Glory. Hereupon have I chosen that kind of life which is most free from
+the troublesome Cares of this world, that I might attend the Service of God
+alone. From which if either the tendred Marriages of most Potent Princes, 
+or the danger of Death intended against me, could have removed me, I had long
+agone enjoyed the honour of an Husband. And these things have I thought upon
+when I was a private person. But now that the publick Care of governing the
+Kingdom is laid upon me, to draw upon me also the Cares of Marriage may seem
+a point of inconsiderate Folly. Yea, to satisfie you, I have already joyned
+my self in Marriage to an Husband, namely, the Kingdom of England. And behold
+(said she which I marvell ye have forgotten,) the Pledge of this my Wedlock
+and Marriage with my Kingdom. (And therewith she drew the Ring from her Finger,
+and shewed it, wherewith at her Coronation she had in a set form of words
+solemnly given her self in Marriage to her Kingdom.) Here having made a pause,
+And do not (saith she) upbraid me with miserable lack of Children: for every
+one of you, and as many as are Englishmen, are Children and Kinsmen to me;
+of whom if God deprive me not, (which God forbid) I cannot without injury
+be accounted Barren. But I commend you that ye have not appointed me an Husband,
+for that were most unworthy the Majesty of an absolute Princess, and unbeseeming
+your Wisedom, which are Subjects born. Nevertheless if it please God that
+I enter into another course of life, I promise you I will doe nothing which
+may be prejudicial  to the Commonwealth, but will take such a Husband, as
+near as may be, as will have as great a Care of the Commonwealth as my self.
+But if I continue in this kind of life I have begun, I doubt not but God
+will so direct mine own and your Counsels, that ye shall not need to doubt
+of a Successour which may be more beneficial to the Commonwealth than he
+which may be born of me, considering that the Issue of the best Princes many
+times degenerateth. And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the
+memorial of my Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath,
+it be ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
+Virgin, and died a Virgin. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH'S SPEECH AT TILBURY, 1588&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The English forces were gathered to fight the Spanish
+Armada;  their unlikely victory was one of the great highlights of Elizabeth's
+reign.&lt;/font&gt;   &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+ My loving people, &lt;br&gt;
+   We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take 
+heed  how we commit our selves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; 
+but I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving 
+people.  Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, 
+I have  placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and 
+good-will  of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, 
+at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the 
+midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down 
+for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even 
+in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I 
+have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think 
+foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade 
+the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall grow by 
+me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and 
+rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your 
+forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We do assure you in 
+the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant 
+general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble 
+or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your 
+concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a
+famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my  people.
+ &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a name=&quot;Letters&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;To King Edward VI, 15th May 1546.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;Like as the rich man daily gathereth riches to riches, and one bag of
+money layeth a great sort till it come to infinite, so methinks your Majesty,
+not being sufficed with many benefits and gentleness showed to me afore this 
+ time, doth now increase them in asking and desiring where you may bid and 
+ command, requiring a thing not worthy the desiring for itself, but made worthy
+ for your Highness's request. My picture, I mean, in which if the inward
+good  mind toward your Grace might as well be declared as the outward face
+and countenance shall be seen, I would not have tarried the commandment but
+prevent it, nor have been the last to grant but the first to offer it. For
+the face, I grant, I might well blush to offer, but the mind I shall never
+be ashamed to present. For though from the grace of the picture the colours
+may fade by time, may give you weather, may be spotted by chance; yet the
+other nor time with her swift wings shall overtake, nor the misty clouds
+with their lowerings may darken, nor chance with her slippery foot may overthrow.
+Of this although yet the proof could not be great because the occasion hath
+been but small, notwithstanding as a dog hath a day, so may I perchance have
+time to declare it in deeds where now I do write them in words. And further
+I shall most humbly beseech your Majesty that when you shall look on my picture,
+you will vouchsafe to think that as you have but the outward shadow of the
+body before you, so my inward mind wisheth that the body itself were oftener
+in your presence; howbeit because both my so being I think could do your
+Majesty little pleasure, though myself great good; and again because I see
+as yet not the time agreeing thereunto, I shall learn to follow this saying
+of Horace, ' Feras non culpes quod vitari non potest.' And thus I will (troubling
+your Majesty I fear) end with my most humble thanks. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beseeching God long to preserve you to His Honour,
+to  your comfort, to the Realm's profit, and to my joy.&amp;nbsp; From Hatfield 
+this  15th day of May. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your Majesty's most humble sister and servant, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To the Dowager Queen Katharine Parr, 31st July 1548.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This was written after Elizabeth had left Katharine's
+home  (after the Thomas Seymour debacle.)&amp;nbsp; Katharine was due to deliver
+her  first child soon; she died shortly after childbirth.&lt;/font&gt; Although
+your  Higness's letters be most joyful to me in absence, yet, considering
+what pain it is for you to write, your Grace being so sickly, your commendations 
+were enough in my Lord's letter. I much rejoice at your health, with the well
+liking of the country, with my humble thanks that your Grace wished me with
+you till you were weary of that country. Your Highness were like to be cumbered,
+if I should not depart till I were weary of being with you; although it were
+the worst soil in the world, your presence would make it pleasant. I cannot
+reprove my Lord for not doing your commendations in his letter, for he did
+it; and although he had not, yet I will not complain on him; for he shall
+be diligent to give me knowledge from time to time how his busy child doth;
+and if I were at his birth, no doubt I would see him beaten, for the trouble
+he hath put you to. Master Denny and my lady, with humble thanks, prayeth
+most entirely for your Grace, praying the Almighty  God to send you a most
+lucky deliverance, and my mistress wisheth no less,  giving your Highness
+most humble thanks for her commendations. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Written with very little leisure this last day of July.
+  &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your humble daughter, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To Princess Mary, 27th October 15--.&lt;/b&gt; Good Sister, as to hear of 
+your  sickness is unpleasant to me, so is it nothing fearful; for that I understand
+ it is your old guest that is wont oft to visit you, whose coming though
+it  be oft, yet is it never welcome, but notwithstanding it is comfortable 
+for  that iacula prÃŠuisa minus feriunt. And as I do understand your 
+need  of Jane Russel's service, so am I sorry that it is by my man's occasion 
+letted,  which if I had known afore, I would have caused his will give place 
+to need  of her service. For as it is her duty to obey his commandment, so 
+is it his  part to attend your pleasure; and, as I confess, it were meeter 
+for him to  go to her, since she attends upon you, so indeed he required the
+same, but  for that divers of his fellows had business abroad that made his
+tarrying  at home. &lt;br&gt;
+   Good Sister, though I have good cause to thank you for your oft sending
+ to me, yet I have more occasion to render hearty thanks for your gentle
+writing,  which how painful it is to you, I may well guess by myself; and
+you may well  see by my writing so oft, how pleasant it is to me. And thus
+I end to trouble  you, desiring God to send you as well to do, as you can
+think and wish, or  I desire or pray. From Ashridge, scribbled this 27th
+of October. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your loving sister, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To Queen Mary, 16th March 1554.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This was written when the order came that Elizabeth was
+ to be sent to the Tower, on suspicion that she was implicated by Wyatt's
+rebellion. Wyatt's correspondence with Elizabeth was seized, and amongst
+the evidence produced was an alleged copy of a letter written by Elizabeth
+to Henri II of France.&amp;nbsp; It was a forgery.&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;If any ever did try this old saying, 'that a king's word was more than
+  another man's oath,' I most humbly beseech your Majesty to verify it to
+me, and to remember your last promise and my last demand, that I be not not
+condemned without answer and due proof, which it seems that I now am; for
+without cause proved, I am by your council from you commanded to go to the
+Tower, a place more wanted for a false traitor than a true subject, which
+though I know I desire it not, yet in the face of all this realm it appears
+proved. I pray to God I may die the shamefullest death that any ever died,
+if I may mean any such thing; and to this present hour I protest before God
+(Who shall judge my truth, whatsoever malice shall devise), that I never
+practised, counselled, nor consented to anything that might be prejudicial
+to your person anyway, or dangerous to the state by any means. And therefore
+I humbly beseech your Majesty to let me answer afore yourself, and not suffer
+me to trust to your Councillors, yea, and that afore I go to the Tower, if
+it be possible; if not, before I be further condemned. Howbeit, I trust assuredly
+your Highness will give me leave to do it afore I go, that thus shamefully
+I may not be cried out on, as I now shall be; yea, and that without cause.
+Let conscience move your Highness to pardon this my boldness, which innocency
+procures me to do, together with hope of your natural kindness, which I trust
+will not see me cast away without desert, which what it is I would desire
+no more of God but that you truly knew, but which thing I think and believe
+you shall never by report know, unless by yourself you hear. I have heard
+of many in my time cast away for want of coming to the presence of their
+Prince; and  in late days I heard my Lord of Somerset say that if his brother
+had been  suffered to speak with him he had never suffered; but persuasions
+were made to him so great that he was brought in belief that he could not
+live safely if the Admiral lived, and that made him give consent to his death.
+Though these persons are not to be compared to your Majesty, yet I pray to
+God the like evil persuasions persuade not one sister against the other,
+and all for that they have heard false report, and the truth not known. Therefore, 
+ once again, kneeling with humbleness of heart, because I am not suffered 
+to bow the knees of my body, I humbly crave to speak with your Highness, which
+I would not be so bold as to desire if I knew not myself most clear, as I
+know myself most true. And as for the traitor Wyatt, he might peradventure 
+ write me a letter, but on my faith I never received any from him. And as 
+for the copy of the letter sent to the French King, I pray God confound me 
+eternally if ever I sent him word, message, token, or letter, by any means, 
+and to this truth I will stand in till my death. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your Highness's most faithful subject, that hath been 
+ from the beginning, and will be to my end, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+   I humbly crave but only one word of answer from yourself. &lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;(added as a postscript)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   Read Elizabeth's last letter to Mary, queen of Scots and her letter to 
+King  James VI informing him of Mary's execution.&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082607&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082607&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,958 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0134.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">more.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">more.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">moresketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">morefamilysmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;IMG height=51 alt=&quot;Sir Thomas More&quot; 
+
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/more.gif&quot; width=310&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/more.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Sir Thomas More&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;315&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More's most famous literary 
+
+work, &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt;, was first conceived in 1515 when More was sent on a 
+
+diplomatic mission to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; The story, inspired by and modeled upon 
+
+Plato's &lt;I&gt;Republic&lt;/I&gt;, has given its name to a whole genre of 
+
+literature.&amp;nbsp; I do not wish to ignore More's literary and philosophical 
+
+accomplishments at this page, but I simply don't have the time to discuss 
+
+&lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; within the context of the following biography.&amp;nbsp; I urge 
+
+readers to visit the following links to learn about More's work:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;gopher://gopher.cc.columbia.edu:71/11/miscellaneous/cubooks/offbooks/more&quot;&gt;Read 
+
+the entire text of &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; at this link&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2futopia.htm&quot;&gt;Another electronic version of 
+
+the text&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt; &lt;br&gt;This website lists various 
+
+essays on &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; available in electronic format:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt; &lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2fmore.htm&quot;&gt;More about More&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2ferasmus.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Click 
+    here to read 
+    Erasmus's famous description of More in a letter from 1519&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Other online biographies of Sir Thomas More:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;William 
+    Roper was More's son-in-law;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fordham.edu%2fhalsall%2fmod%2f16Croper-more.html&quot;&gt;click here 
+    to read his famous biography&lt;/a&gt; of More.&lt;br&gt;John Farrow's
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.cin.org%2ffarmor.html&quot;&gt;biography of More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;The 
+    Catholic Encyclopedia's
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f14689c.htm&quot;&gt;biography of More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;An &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2f1535exec.html&quot;&gt;eyewitness account of 
+
+More's execution&lt;/A&gt; can be read at the Primary Sources section.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;You can also read &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimore.html&quot;&gt;More's final letter&lt;/A&gt;, 
+
+written to his beloved daughter Margaret while he was imprisoned in the 
+
+Tower.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chronology of major events in More's life:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Born 7 
+
+  February 1478 at Milk Street, London &lt;BR&gt;Entered Parliament in 1504 
+
+  &lt;BR&gt;Appointed undersheriff of London in 1510 &lt;BR&gt;Became a member of the Privy 
+
+  Council in 1518 &lt;BR&gt;Knighted in 1521 &lt;BR&gt;Made Speaker of the House of Commons 
+
+  in 1523 &lt;BR&gt;Made Lord Chancellor of England in 1529 &lt;BR&gt;Imprisoned in the 
+
+  Tower of London on charges of treason in 1534 &lt;BR&gt;Executed 6 July 1535 at 
+
+  Tower Hill, the Tower of London &lt;BR&gt;Canonized as a saint by the Catholic 
+
+  Church in 1935&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'[E]ven though we should have no word or deed to charge upon 
+  you, yet we have your silence, and that is a sign of your evil intention and a 
+  sure proof of malice.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry 
+
+    VIII's attorney-general at the trial of Thomas More, 1535&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Thomas More is perhaps the most famous victim of Henry VIII's 
+
+  perverse judicial policies.&amp;nbsp; He was England's most famous and respected 
+
+  intellectual, close friends with the great philosopher Erasmus, and beloved by 
+
+  his closely-knit family and wide circle of friends.&amp;nbsp; He was that most 
+
+  rare of intellectuals - one who was humble, patient, and truly kind; he spent 
+
+  his life in ceaseless study, both intellectual and spiritual, and was a 
+
+  dedicated public servant.&amp;nbsp; He was also an astute judge of character, and 
+
+  capable of witty, trenchant observations - he once said of his famous king, 
+
+  'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold him.'&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  And, of course, when his son-in-law mentioned Henry VIII's fondness for More, 
+
+  the philosopher noted even more famously that if the king thought 'my head 
+
+  could win him a castle in France it should not fail to go!' &lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+
+  &lt;IMG height=236 alt=&quot;sketch of Thomas More as Lord Chancellor, by Holbein&quot; 
+
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/moresketch1.jpg&quot; width=175 align=left border=0&gt;In the end, Henry did not want More's head in exchange for any French 
+
+  castles; he wanted it because More refused to recognize the king's sovereignty 
+
+  over the English church.&amp;nbsp; But Henry had wanted More's approval 
+
+  desperately, and kept his former Lord Chancellor imprisoned for months in 
+
+  increasingly dire conditions, alternating between threats and flattery in 
+
+  desperate attempts to secure More's acknowledgment of the king's new 
+
+  role.&amp;nbsp; Henry knew, none better, that More's approval would carry great 
+
+  weight throughout Europe, and he offered More his life in return for a few 
+
+  simple words.&amp;nbsp; But More refused, and he learned the truth of the medieval 
+
+  adage that 'the king's wrath is death'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More was the sole surviving son of Sir John More, a prominent lawyer and 
+
+  later judge, and Agnes Graunger.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 7 February 1478 (some 
+
+  sources say 1477), and entered Parliament in 1504.&amp;nbsp; One of his first acts 
+
+  in public life was to speak against one of Henry VII's more austere financial 
+
+  policies; as a result, Sir John was imprisoned and only released after a fine 
+
+  was paid and Thomas retired from public life.&amp;nbsp; After the king's death in 
+
+  1509, however, Thomas once again entered public service.&amp;nbsp; His early 
+
+  education had prepared him well for such a life.&amp;nbsp; His father had sent him 
+
+  to St Anthony's School at Threadneedle Street, under the direction of Nicholas 
+
+  Holt; upon reaching adolescence, More was sent to the household of Cardinal 
+
+  Morton, then archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England.&amp;nbsp; As 
+
+  Morton was the most powerful man in England next to the king, and the most 
+
+  prominent ecclesiastic, his household was an invigorating blend of political 
+
+  and religious life.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly here that More first learned how 
+
+  to reconcile a deeply spiritual character with a devotion to secular 
+
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; Morton was living proof that a religious leader did not have to 
+
+  be monkish or retiring; he was also an inveterate gossip, and his twisted tale 
+
+  of Richard III's brief reign inspired More's awful &lt;I&gt;Life&lt;/I&gt; of the last 
+
+  Plantagenet king.&amp;nbsp; That biography is the only blight upon More's literary 
+
+  career. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Morton was sufficiently impressed with his young charge to sponsor More at 
+
+  Oxford.&amp;nbsp; The young man entered Canterbury Hall (now part of Christ 
+
+  Church) probably around 1492.&amp;nbsp; His time at Oxford was well-spent; under 
+
+  the tutelage of great scholars such as Thomas Linacre, More studied the 
+
+  classics and classical languages, as well as the other liberal arts.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  was a bright and engaging student, enthusiastic about learning but also 
+
+  accustomed to more basic pleasures (he loved to play upon the flute and viol, 
+
+  and began his lifelong passion for collecting pets - apparently his adult home 
+
+  in Chelsea was a veritable zoo.)&amp;nbsp; But like many university students, More 
+
+  found himself constantly short of money, a ploy his father used to keep the 
+
+  young man's mind upon his studies and not other, less academic pursuits. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;He returned to London after about two years at Oxford, and entered as a law 
+
+  student at the New Inn in late 1494; in early 1496 he was admitted to 
+
+  Lincoln's Inn as well, and then called to the outer bar and made a 
+
+  bencher.&amp;nbsp; He was once again a successful student, now following in his 
+
+  father's footsteps.&amp;nbsp; He was made a 'reader' (or tutor) at Furnival's Inn, 
+
+  and was successful enough to retain the appointment for three years.&amp;nbsp; But 
+
+  the law was not his true passion, and perhaps More already recognized this 
+
+  fact; he wrote poetry in his spare time, and entered into correspondence with 
+
+  the great English intellectuals of his age.&amp;nbsp; Most of these men were 
+
+  introduced to him through his former professor at Oxford, Thomas 
+
+  Linacre.&amp;nbsp; More's own reputation as a man of learning and wit was already 
+
+  begun, but he was beginning to suffer great spiritual conflict.&amp;nbsp; The law 
+
+  was not wholly satisfying to his character, but religious study might be, or 
+
+  so he thought.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps his introduction to the famous Dutch humanist 
+
+  Desiderius Erasmus in 1497 spurred his intense personal examination; the men 
+
+  became fast friends, and corresponded until More's execution.&amp;nbsp; Whatever 
+
+  the cause, it is certain that around the turn of the century, More turned his 
+
+  attention to religious matters; he delivered well-attended lectures on St 
+
+  Augustine's &lt;I&gt;The City of God&lt;/I&gt;, and was seriously considering becoming a 
+
+  priest.&amp;nbsp; He underwent a dramatic personal struggle, debating whether he 
+
+  had a true vocation, or calling, to be a priest; he left his comfortable home 
+
+  in Chelsea and moved near the London Charterhouse. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;At the Charterhouse, More began to examine the possibility of a wholly 
+
+  religious life.&amp;nbsp; He joined the monks in daily prayer, and wore a hair 
+
+  shirt; he wavered between joining the Franciscans or Carthusians, and both 
+
+  orders were particularly dedicated to lives of strictness and denial.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Perhaps their extreme fervor dismayed More, for he possessed an ironic wit 
+
+  which would not rest easy with their single-minded worship.&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps 
+
+  he remembered his comfortable home and lifestyle in London.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the 
+
+  case, he decided to abandon his brief dream of becoming a priest. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;(It is worth noting that Erasmus later referred to his friend's decision in 
+  a letter, writing that More 'chose, therefore, to be a chaste husband rather 
+
+  than an impure priest.'&amp;nbsp; The implication is obvious, but sexual desires 
+
+  are normal enough in young men, and - even if Erasmus is correct - it does not 
+
+  speak ill of More's character.) 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;After finally deciding that the priesthood was not his true vocation, More 
+
+  returned to his law practice with a vengeance.&amp;nbsp; He was soon enough 
+
+  elected to Parliament, and found himself firmly on the side of his friends, 
+
+  mostly London merchants, as they battled Henry VII's unjust 'grants'.&amp;nbsp; As 
+
+  mentioned at the beginning of this biography, his speeches in defense of the 
+
+  merchants irked the king; as a result of More's persuasive oratory, Parliament 
+
+  lessened the amount from Henry's request of over Â£100,000 to about 
+
+  Â£30,000.&amp;nbsp; Immediately, the temperamental king imprisoned More's father 
+
+  upon some pretext, and demanded that the hefty sum of Â£100 as a fine.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  More paid the fine, and thought it wise to disappear a bit from public 
+
+  life.&amp;nbsp; He had other, more personal matters to occupy him anyway; in 1505, 
+
+  he married Jane, the eldest daughter of Master John Colte.&amp;nbsp; It was a 
+
+  happy marriage, and Jane bore four children before her untimely death in 1511 
+
+  (daughters Margaret, Elizabeth, and Cecilia, and son John.)&amp;nbsp; His 
+
+  son-in-law William Roper's biography implies that More married Jane out of 
+
+  pity; he preferred her younger sister, but thought it would bring shame upon 
+
+  the eldest daughter for her younger sister to be married before her.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  This anecdote was perhaps Roper's attempt to further enshrine More's generous 
+
+  character.&amp;nbsp; In truth, More loved his wife deeply, and two decades after 
+
+  her death he called her 'uxorcula Mori'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;In any case, More was not a widower for long.&amp;nbsp; He was left with four 
+
+  young children to care for, and soon decided to marry again.&amp;nbsp; This time 
+
+  he chose a widow, Alice Middleton, seven years his senior.&amp;nbsp; She had a 
+
+  good dowry and became exceptionally devoted to More and his children.&amp;nbsp; The 
+
+  marriage was quite happy, and Alice maintained the household in London as a 
+
+  refuge for her busy, scholarly husband.&amp;nbsp; More became a renowned 'family 
+
+  man', loathe to leave his home and kin, and truly dedicated to their 
+
+  happiness.&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/morefamilysmall.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's famous portrait of Sir Thomas More and his family&quot; width=&quot;550&quot; height=&quot;370&quot;&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Rowland Lockey's 1593 copy of Holbein's famous portrait of 
+  Sir Thomas More and his family&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;P&gt;But More's love of family and learning were soon to become secondary to the 
+
+  desires of his king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was crowned in 1509, and More's 
+
+  reputation for learning and wit was already well-known.&amp;nbsp; In 1510, he was 
+
+  made Under-Sheriff of London, and four years later the Lord Chancellor, 
+
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, appointed More as ambassador to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; The 
+
+  mission was close to More's heart for it involved the rights of London 
+
+  merchants.&amp;nbsp; But he was unhappy in Flanders; the salary was insufficient 
+
+  for his needs, and he missed his family.&amp;nbsp; But it was in Flanders that he 
+
+  first began his most famous literary work, &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt;; it was published 
+
+  shortly after his return to England and helped secure his fame throughout 
+
+  Europe. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Wolsey and Henry VIII were impressed enough by More's services that they 
+  offered him a position at Court.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, after returning from Flanders, 
+  he was officially granted a pension of Â£100 for life, a significant sum at the 
+  time.&amp;nbsp; In 1517, the government 
+
+  duties began in earnest - missions to the all-important Calais, and 
+
+  appointment to the Privy Council.&amp;nbsp; Other honors soon followed; he 
+
+  attended Henry personally at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, was knighted and 
+
+  made treasurer to the king in 1521, and secured lands in Kent and 
+
+  Oxford.&amp;nbsp; In 1523 Wolsey secured More's appointment as Speaker of the 
+
+  House of Commons, and a few years later More was appointed High Steward of 
+
+  Cambridge University and Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, all honorable 
+
+  and important offices. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;It is obvious that both Henry VIII and Wolsey greatly favored More, though 
+
+  how More himself thought of his government service is unclear.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  performed his offices with aplomb, but undoubtedly wished for 
+
+  more time with his family - and even more time with his studies.&amp;nbsp; Life at 
+
+  court held little attraction for him; he was not ambitious (which intrigued 
+
+  the king and Wolsey) and he thought little of the gossip and mad scramble for 
+
+  power which characterized the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; But he did admire Henry and 
+
+  the king's intelligent and pious wife, Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; For her 
+
+  part, Henry's queen once commented that, of all her husband's ministers, only 
+
+  Thomas More had deserved the title 'Lord Chancellor', a remarkable comment 
+
+  considering More was the first layman to hold the office. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More first purchased the land for his famous home in Chelsea in 1523; soon 
+
+  enough his mansion upon the Thames was built, complete with a large garden 
+
+  bordering the river.&amp;nbsp; It was here that he retreated as often as possible 
+
+  from court; here, too, that he entertained his many friends, including 
+
+  Erasmus.&amp;nbsp; Often the king would arrive unannounced for dinner and stroll 
+
+  about the garden with More.&amp;nbsp; Despite his later decision to imprison and 
+
+  execute More, it is clear that the king was truly fond of his councilor.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Henry enjoyed intellectual debate and More was arguably the most learned man 
+
+  in England; he was also witty and kind-hearted.&amp;nbsp; And for a long while, he 
+
+  basked in the king's service. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;The conflict within More between government service and personal time was 
+
+  never fully resolved, though for many successful years he remained a respected 
+
+  and influential friend to the king and an independent philosopher.&amp;nbsp; It 
+
+  was simply that he and Henry, for a long while, shared similar philosophical 
+
+  and religious views.&amp;nbsp; Henry had, after all, jumped to the defense of the 
+
+  Catholic faith with a religious treatise of his own, and thus won the title 
+
+  'Defender of the Faith' from the pope.&amp;nbsp; More had little reason to suspect 
+
+  that Henry, originally raised as the second son destined for the church, would 
+
+  one day force papal power from England.&amp;nbsp; But in the mid-1520s, More was 
+
+  aware - like everyone in England - that the king's long marriage to 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+
+  of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; was unlikely to produce a male heir.&amp;nbsp; Of the four sons 
+
+  Katharine had borne, all had died - and only the Princess Mary, born in 1516, 
+
+  survived as a viable heir for the Tudor throne.&amp;nbsp; It was clear to everyone 
+
+  - especially the king - that something had to be done, though Henry never 
+
+  envisioned anything as drastic as what has come to be known as the '&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Henrician 
+
+  Reformation&lt;/a&gt;'.&amp;nbsp; It was only after years of frustration, delays, 
+
+  double-talk, and interference from Charles V that Henry finally denounced the 
+
+  pope's authority on religious matters. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Both the king and More had responded to the growing threat of Lutheranism 
+
+  with religious works (as mentioned above, Henry's work won special praise from the 
+
+  pope.)&amp;nbsp; Today More's work strike us as bigoted and narrow-minded, but 
+
+  it should be read within the context of his time and beliefs, and it is often less inflammatory than other Catholic polemics.&amp;nbsp; Also, the 
+
+  Lutherans were hardly decorous in their prose.&amp;nbsp; More was eventually 
+
+  persuaded to write in English so he could reach a wider audience; he had also 
+
+  watched as the Lutheran 'heretics' wrote in the vernacular and attracted 
+
+  numerous followers. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;But More's response to this new heresy was reinforced by the fall of 
+
+  Cardinal Wolsey, once his great patron.&amp;nbsp; Henry's decision to annul his 
+
+  marriage to Katharine of Aragon was simple enough, and quite common among 
+
+  monarchs and other high nobles in Europe.&amp;nbsp; It was a necessary way to end 
+
+  unsuccessful (i.e., childless) unions.&amp;nbsp; Henry had every reason to expect 
+
+  that the pope would grant his petition for an annulment; he even had a 
+
+  stronger claim that most men.&amp;nbsp; Henry could quote liberally from 
+
+  Leviticus, particularly the injunction against marrying a brother's 
+
+  wife.&amp;nbsp; On grounds of strict theology, he certainly had a case for 
+
+  annulment.&amp;nbsp; But he had two problems - a stubborn wife who refused to see 
+
+  reason, and her very powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who 
+
+  virtually controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; As a result, the simple matter of an 
+
+  annulment became a major European political issue. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn, whose marriage to King Henry VIII brought about More's downfall&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;Matters were complicated by Henry's growing - and 
+  scandalously open - passion for 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+
+  Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;, the daughter of Thomas Boleyn and niece of the duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; More knew 
+
+  the Boleyns well enough for Thomas was an ambassador and well-liked; like 
+
+  More, he was from humble beginnings but used his skill and intelligence to 
+
+  rise quickly in Henry's service.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter Mary had been 
+  Henry's mistress, and possibly borne his son.&amp;nbsp; Anne, however, was more 
+  ambitious than her sister.&amp;nbsp; She recognized 
+
+  the king's predicament; he needed heirs, and she was young and healthy.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  And Henry loved her passionately, at least for a time.&amp;nbsp; But it is far too 
+
+  simplistic to argue, as many biographers have, that Henry defied the Catholic 
+
+  Church because of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; The king was dissatisfied with his 
+
+  marriage before they met and there had been talk of an annulment as 
+
+  well.&amp;nbsp; His love for Anne simply gave new impetus to an existing desire to 
+
+  break with Katharine. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+
+  Wolsey's hatred of the Boleyns was spurred by jealousy.&amp;nbsp; He had been the king's closest advisor and confidante 
+
+  until his failure to secure an annulment earned royal displeasure.&amp;nbsp;  Anne and her supporters were quick to put distance between Henry 
+
+  and the elderly cardinal.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey's time had passed, and he died while on 
+
+  the way to the Tower for trial.&amp;nbsp; And so, in October of 1529, Thomas More 
+
+  became the first layperson appointed Lord Chancellor of England.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+
+  now Keeper of the Great Seal, and second only to the king in power.&amp;nbsp; It 
+
+  was a heady appointment, but More probably greeted the appointment with his 
+
+  usual ironic stance - particularly since he had just witnessed Wolsey's fall 
+
+  from grace. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More did not like the Boleyns.&amp;nbsp; They represented a new generation at 
+
+  court - greedy, flamboyant, and openly ambitious.&amp;nbsp; They were quick to 
+
+  make enemies, and difficult to please.&amp;nbsp; More, who had no love of gossip 
+
+  and admired Katharine of Aragon's deep piety (the old queen spent several 
+
+  hours a day on her knees in prayer), was aware that Henry was drifting from 
+
+  him intellectually and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn had come to represent 
+
+  the Lutheran cause in More's mind as well, though not because she was a 
+
+  Lutheran.&amp;nbsp; It was simply that her marriage to Henry would mean defiance 
+
+  of papal law, and would place England in spiritual jeopardy.&amp;nbsp; And so, to 
+
+  More and most Englishmen, Katharine represented the piety and virtues of the 
+
+  old faith, and Anne represented the startling spiritual changes sweeping 
+
+  throughout Europe. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More used his position as Lord Chancellor to wipe out as much of the new 
+
+  heresy as possible; he had always been a great lawyer and judge, and he used 
+
+  these talents formidably.&amp;nbsp; He never equaled Wolsey's power or prestige, 
+
+  simply because Henry had temporarily lost his taste for all-powerful political 
+
+  advisors.&amp;nbsp; But More was completely successful in ridding the English 
+
+  court of cases - he actually exhausted the case log!&amp;nbsp; And, of course, he 
+
+  didn't simply judge cases; he also enforced the existing heresy laws with 
+
+  great zeal.&amp;nbsp; One cannot condemn More for following the tenets of his own 
+
+  religious convictions, and it is worth noting that he specifically 
+
+  distinguished between the vice of heresy and the actual heretic.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  hesitated to bring the full force of the law against heretics; he was 
+
+  scrupulous about offering them every possible opportunity to recant.&amp;nbsp; In 
+
+  this he was successful, and only four people were actually executed for heresy 
+
+  during his tenure as Lord Chancellor. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More's religious views were shortly to conflict with his king's 
+
+  desires.&amp;nbsp; Henry was frustrated with the pope's endless delays in deciding 
+
+  his case, and he was determined to establish some control over the church in 
+
+  England.&amp;nbsp; He did not tell More of his plans, preferring to confide in 
+
+  more liberal members of his council and parliament.&amp;nbsp; And so, just a few 
+
+  months after More's elevation to the position of lord chancellor, a new 
+
+  parliament began to pass the sweeping laws which would end the supremacy of 
+
+  the Roman Catholic Church in England.&amp;nbsp; First there was a royal 
+
+  proclamation that all members of the clergy must acknowledge the king as 
+
+  'Supreme Head' of English affairs 'as far as the law of God will 
+
+  permit'.&amp;nbsp; More realized the threat to his own spiritual beliefs and 
+
+  immediately proffered his resignation.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused angrily, and 
+
+  promised More that he would never have to agree to anything proclamation that 
+
+  went against his conscience.&amp;nbsp; Was this promise a deliberate lie on the 
+
+  king's part?&amp;nbsp; Probably not, for Henry truly believed in the religious 
+
+  righteousness of his own cause and undoubtedly expected all to do the same. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;But More could not hold out for long, and nor could Henry - whose designs 
+
+  were becoming more sweeping and offensive to the old faith - ignore his chief 
+
+  minister's open opposition.&amp;nbsp; It was an embarrassment, and in May 1532 he 
+
+  finally accepted More's resignation.&amp;nbsp; By this time, More had lost his 
+
+  close friendship with the king; there were no more impromptu dinner visits, or 
+
+  intense conversations about philosophical matters.&amp;nbsp; It was clear to 
+
+  everyone that a line would soon be clearly drawn, and everyone would be either 
+
+  for or against the king - always remembering, of course, the old adage that 
+
+  'the king's wrath is death'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More still had powerful friends and allies, and Henry was always far more 
+
+  eager to have More's cooperation than his disobedience.&amp;nbsp; More was still, 
+
+  after all, the most famous English philosopher, widely read and respected on 
+
+  the continent.&amp;nbsp; And in England he even had the friendship of Thomas 
+
+  Cranmer, the very Protestant archbishop of Canterbury and, along with Thomas 
+
+  Cromwell, the chief advisor to the king.&amp;nbsp; But English Catholics, feeling 
+
+  their faith under siege, were also looking to More as their most prominent 
+
+  champion.&amp;nbsp; And so he was faced with the simple fact that despite his own 
+
+  longing for retirement and personal peace, he was too much a public figure to 
+
+  fade into the background.&amp;nbsp; His opinion mattered too much, and was sought 
+
+  by too many. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;After resigning from the lord chancellorship, More had immediately lost a 
+
+  great deal of his income but he scaled back his lifestyle and happily returned 
+
+  to Chelsea.&amp;nbsp; His greatest wish was to simply stay at home with his 
+
+  beloved family and write; he wanted no part in the politics of Henry's 
+
+  court.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't escape so easily.&amp;nbsp; Still, it is worth 
+
+  remembering that More did not hurry toward his fate; he did not accept death 
+
+  as inevitable and put himself directly in opposition to the king.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  wanted to live, and in the following years he did much to avoid his eventual 
+
+  fate - everything except betray his conscience. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;For about eighteen months he was able to escape the king's wrath.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  stayed away from Anne Boleyn's coronation, deliberately avoiding a public 
+
+  confrontation with the king.&amp;nbsp; And when his nephew, William Rastell, wrote 
+
+  a pro-Catholic treatise, More immediately wrote to Cromwell and Henry denying 
+
+  any involvement.&amp;nbsp; More specifically stressed that he knew his duty as a 
+
+  citizen, and supported his prince completely - too completely to criticize any 
+
+  of his decisions.&amp;nbsp; But such dissembling - and from such a famous man - 
+
+  would not please Henry for long.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough More's name was included in 
+
+  the Bill of Attainder against the Catholic mystic Elizabeth Barton, the Holy 
+
+  Maid of Kent.&amp;nbsp; More had once visited the woman, but was too skeptical to 
+
+  believe in her increasingly dramatic 'visions'.&amp;nbsp; He was brought before 
+
+  the Council and asked about his religious views; he explained that he had 
+
+  discussed his feelings to the king on various occasions, and never incurred 
+
+  Henry's wrath.&amp;nbsp; More was popular enough, and quite innocent, and so Henry 
+
+  grudgingly removed his name from the bill.&amp;nbsp; But he had intended the 
+
+  measure as a warning to More, and it was well-taken.&amp;nbsp; The duke of 
+
+  Norfolk, Anne Boleyn's uncle, warned More that 'the king's wrath is death' and 
+
+  More replied wittily, 'Is that all, my lord?&amp;nbsp; Then, in good faith, 
+
+  between your grace and me is but this - that I shall die today, and you 
+
+  tomorrow'.&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Thou wilt give me this day a greater benefit than ever any mortal man 
+
+    can be able to give me.&amp;nbsp; Pluck up thy spirits, man, and be not afraid 
+
+    to do thine office.&amp;nbsp; My neck is very short: take heed, therefore, thou 
+
+    strike not awry for saving of thine honesty.'&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;Thomas 
+
+    More's last words to his executioner, 6 July 
+
+1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Today came quickly for More; in March of 1534, just months after the birth 
+
+  of Henry and Anne's 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;daughter&lt;/a&gt;, the Act of Succession was passed which ordered 
+
+  everyone the government called upon to swear an oath acknowledging the 
+
+  legitimacy of Anne and Henry's heirs, and - most significantly - including a 
+
+  clause which repudiated the power of any 'foreign authority' in English 
+
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; On the 14th of April More was summoned from Chelsea to take the 
+
+  oath at Lambeth; he refused.&amp;nbsp; He was turned over to the custody of the 
+
+  abbot of Westminster, and four days later taken to the Tower of London where he was 
+
+  lodged in the Bell Tower.&amp;nbsp; Months passed, and the king both threatened 
+
+  and cajoled his former friend, sending various emissaries while also keeping 
+
+  More in increasingly dire conditions.&amp;nbsp; More did not break.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Imprisoned with John Fisher, the bishop of Rochester, More took strength from 
+
+  that great man's equal courage. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;When not entertaining a rare visitor with his wit and charm, More engaged 
+
+  in prayer and writing.&amp;nbsp; In the spring of 1535 Cromwell visited the Tower 
+
+  personally to ask More's opinion of recently-passed statutes which gave Henry 
+
+  the title 'Supreme Head of the Church of England'.&amp;nbsp; More judiciously 
+
+  replied that he was a faithful servant of the king; in June, the 
+
+  solicitor-general interviewed him and reported to Henry and Cromwell that More 
+
+  had denied parliament's power to confer supreme ecclesiastical authority upon 
+
+  the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry now turned both petty and cruel - he used the pretext of 
+
+  More and Fisher's occasional letters to one another to confiscate all of 
+
+  More's writing materials.&amp;nbsp; He was now reduced to writing upon scraps with 
+
+  a stick of charcoal. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;The king was further angered when the pope made Fisher a cardinal, 
+
+  essentially a prince of the church, even while the bishop was imprisoned for 
+
+  treason.&amp;nbsp; The king caustically remarked that he would soon send Fisher's 
+
+  head to Rome so it could wear the red cardinal's hat.&amp;nbsp; By now, Henry had 
+
+  pushed aside all thought of popular reaction; he was flush with his own power, 
+
+  and determined to have his way.&amp;nbsp; More refused to submit to royal 
+
+  authority, and he would pay the ultimate price.&amp;nbsp; And so, on the 1st of 
+
+  July 1535, he was indicted for high treason at Westminster Hall.&amp;nbsp; More 
+
+  denied the chief charges and defended himself ably, but it was of no 
+
+  matter.&amp;nbsp; The jury found him guilty and he was sentenced to hang at 
+
+  Tyburn.&amp;nbsp; A few days later news arrived that the king would be merciful - 
+
+  More would instead be beheaded at Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; On the 6th of July, a bit 
+
+  before nine o'clock in the morning, More was executed; he met his end with 
+
+  great dignity, grace, and courage.&amp;nbsp; His body was buried at the Tower 
+
+  church of St Peter ad Vincula, but his head was parboiled and stuck on a pike 
+
+  in Tower Bridge.&amp;nbsp; His beloved daughter Margaret bribed a worker to give 
+
+  it to her and it was interred in the Roper family vault in Canterbury, 
+
+  Margaret having married William Roper some years before. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;King Henry VIII was increasingly tyrannical and hated as his reign 
+  progressed.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was beheaded less than a year after More on 
+  false charges of witchcraft, adultery and incest; the king would eventually 
+  marry four more times.&amp;nbsp; His fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was also 
+  executed.&lt;/P&gt; 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;On 29 December 1886, Pope Leo XIII formally beatified Thomas More, and his 
+
+  reputation for learning and saintliness has only grown.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; Modern studies of More often discuss his religious 
+conservatism and intolerance of more progressive views.&amp;nbsp; He openly 
+denounced and persecuted members of the Protestant faith, and much of his 
+writing was both vitriolic and inflammatory on this point.&amp;nbsp; But to condemn 
+More for his religious intolerance is unfair.&amp;nbsp; He (and Bishop Fisher, et 
+al) represented the last gasp of Catholicism in England.&amp;nbsp; After his death, 
+the faith never regained its intellectual breadth and stature.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;In our own increasingly secular age, it is easy to be cynical and 
+
+dismissive of deeply held religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; But to judge More by modern 
+
+standards is obviously wrong; the following books do an admirable job of placing 
+
+More in the context of his time, and I recommend them to students for further 
+
+study:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The Life of Thomas More&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by Peter 
+
+Ackroyd.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The King's Good Servant but God's First: The 
+
+Life and Writings of Saint Thomas More&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by James 
+
+Monti.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More: A Biography&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;by Richard Marius.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More: A Portrait of 
+
+Courage&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by Gerard B. Wegemer.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;i&gt;Tudor 
+England: Images&lt;/i&gt; to view portraits of the Tudor monarchs and their courtiers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082582&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082582&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,1479 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">106237</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0135.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey-nga.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworthcr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janecrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=287 
+      alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read 
+        the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account 
+        of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to 
+        Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account 
+        of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: 
+        Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady 
+        Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic 
+        sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward 
+        VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's 
+        Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet 
+        Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor 
+        Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign 
+        of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or 
+        other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; 
+      &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt; 
+      &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in 
+      Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother, 
+      Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in 
+      1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her 
+      great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters 
+      Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six 
+      years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in 
+      power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and 
+      leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen 
+      at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was 
+      this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic 
+      sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen 
+      of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped 
+      and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular 
+      support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor 
+  blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it 
+  is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was 
+  broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word, 
+  and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by 
+  God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham, 
+      1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt; 
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances 
+        Grey, the duke and duchess of 
+      &lt;IMG height=205 
+      alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to 
+        the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess 
+        Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis 
+        XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles 
+        Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+        VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to 
+        the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+        Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest 
+        child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of 
+        Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the 
+        Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died 
+        childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;; 
+        if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;; 
+        if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+        If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp; 
+        This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;, 
+        the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and, 
+        more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was 
+        bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s 
+        expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left 
+        three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+        course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with 
+        Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health 
+        rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession 
+        crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was 
+        Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never 
+        robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did 
+        not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by 
+        self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the 
+        grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in 
+        1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth 
+        even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a 
+        bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the 
+        Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were 
+        both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession 
+        from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger 
+        sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp; 
+        For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+        Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this 
+        ten-year-old &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen 
+        of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted 
+        laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than 
+        her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed 
+        Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since 
+        both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp; 
+        However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the 
+        Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never 
+        considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of 
+        blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was 
+        half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession 
+        crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the 
+        Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his 
+        authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI 
+        died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would 
+        triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of 
+        Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would 
+        welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible 
+        candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had 
+        been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country 
+        by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a 
+        woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor 
+        and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right 
+        would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel 
+          at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that 
+          he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a 
+          schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother, 
+          whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry 
+          or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do 
+          it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as 
+          God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly 
+          threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and 
+          other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so 
+          without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time 
+          comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so 
+          pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all 
+          the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from 
+          him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is 
+          full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
+          &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham, 
+        1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her 
+        parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke 
+        of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's 
+        eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey 
+        was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a 
+        Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive 
+        lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth 
+        Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey 
+        family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess 
+        of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas, 
+        was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in 
+        1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary 
+        Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and 
+        Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances 
+        and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble 
+        families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in 
+        London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon 
+        remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp; 
+        When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called 
+        Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+        his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years 
+        later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when 
+        Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to 
+        his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body 
+        of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the 
+        French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey 
+        children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in 
+        1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced 
+        social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously 
+        expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his 
+        long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good 
+        health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide 
+        heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children 
+        centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was 
+        thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were 
+        the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently 
+        Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at 
+        Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of 
+        Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited 
+        to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious 
+        of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her 
+        uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of 
+        riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the 
+        most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their 
+        aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three 
+        daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their 
+        daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her 
+        until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain, 
+        Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in 
+        October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine 
+        Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she 
+        received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis 
+        would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of 
+        obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was 
+        taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century 
+        expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London, 
+        accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have 
+        met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady 
+        Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+        Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's 
+        accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor, 
+        Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with 
+        modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she 
+        had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour, 
+        Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old 
+        Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her 
+        warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's 
+        children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after 
+        Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join 
+        them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a 
+        common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at 
+        Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she 
+        was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most 
+        intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the 
+        Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent 
+        debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And 
+        though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she 
+        became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had 
+        become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of 
+        political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant 
+        because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense 
+        study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was 
+        Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his 
+        younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and 
+        angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be 
+        content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of 
+        Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years 
+        before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed 
+        their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in 
+        a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April 
+        1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them 
+        his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would 
+        have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always 
+        remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his 
+        desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior - 
+        notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning, 
+        still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous 
+        play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the 
+        throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and 
+        she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his 
+        brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their 
+        loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young 
+        heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of 
+        Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with 
+        the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John 
+        Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to 
+        use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and 
+        marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised 
+        anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his 
+        daughter to Seymour for the sum of Â£2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few 
+        hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his 
+        bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he 
+        could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward 
+        lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth 
+        in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager 
+        mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a 
+        course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious 
+        instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers 
+        deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became 
+        pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a 
+        very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess 
+        Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction 
+        was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an 
+        ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were 
+        sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from 
+        Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt 
+        embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is 
+        no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf 
+        between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same 
+        homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or 
+        reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure; 
+        the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for 
+        a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas 
+        to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August 
+        Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the 
+        dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+        yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her 
+        age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming 
+        restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased 
+        their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made 
+        with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry 
+        Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour, 
+        consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since 
+        Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane 
+        should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that 
+        his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's 
+        household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto 
+        Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home 
+        briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for 
+        the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents' 
+        favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the 
+        greatest prize) and agreed to pay another Â£500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas 
+        Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy 
+        his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry 
+        Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging, 
+        particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting 
+        to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited 
+        for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+        be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old 
+        friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas 
+        to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was 
+        arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately 
+        brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in 
+        session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a 
+        bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early 
+        March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the 
+        bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his 
+        chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his 
+        authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed 
+        without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for 
+        either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and 
+        assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20 
+        March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the 
+        government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising 
+        prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the 
+        radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There 
+        were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which 
+        alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with 
+        the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as 
+        cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier 
+        and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the 
+        landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a 
+        well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10 
+        October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at 
+        Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the 
+        Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King 
+        but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord 
+        Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry 
+        VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord 
+        High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified 
+        Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a 
+        family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his 
+        dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own 
+        sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater 
+        access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his 
+        coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a 
+        sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of 
+        London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical 
+        abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the 
+        like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured 
+        into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young 
+        woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their 
+        devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their 
+        gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to 
+        continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was 
+        a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him 
+        greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise, 
+        &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp; 
+        There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one 
+        another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to 
+        be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving 
+        lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against 
+        gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and 
+        irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would 
+        enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home, 
+        Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry 
+        Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded 
+        about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many 
+        surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his 
+        treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a 
+        pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is 
+        taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp; 
+        She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful 
+        that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union 
+        would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane 
+        turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was 
+        in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with 
+        Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister 
+        Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4 
+        October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in 
+        right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley 
+        was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had 
+        sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first 
+        man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the 
+        reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have 
+        terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during 
+        Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice 
+        to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward 
+        Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his 
+        young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI 
+        had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he 
+        did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to 
+        the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate 
+        physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who 
+        had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and 
+        Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in 
+        particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was 
+        simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him, 
+        ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected 
+        obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than 
+        him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at 
+        court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots 
+        and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and 
+        Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there, 
+        bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's 
+        two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English 
+        political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified 
+        illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in 
+        a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded 
+        her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+        course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted 
+        a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the 
+        measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St 
+        George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted, 
+        played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he 
+        began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his 
+        kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far 
+        outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness 
+        in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by 
+        thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his 
+        appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then, 
+        the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By 
+        Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday 
+        celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the 
+        king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his 
+        illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's 
+        illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's 
+        will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is 
+        discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or 
+        consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved 
+        his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+        managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since 
+        the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and, 
+        oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest 
+        advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this 
+        was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly 
+        the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete 
+        financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his 
+        head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to 
+        his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp; 
+        It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on 
+        the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty 
+        years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's 
+        pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances) 
+        remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to 
+        encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of 
+        Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's 
+        ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's 
+        only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger 
+        sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they 
+        agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the 
+        betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was 
+        persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father'; 
+        in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she 
+        didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome 
+        enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her 
+        age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered 
+        against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's 
+        reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared 
+        Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane 
+        which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and 
+        committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than 
+        he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real 
+        principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the 
+        Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great 
+        homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt; 
+        was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders, 
+        signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that 
+        the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was 
+        supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his 
+        cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and 
+        silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the 
+        beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever 
+        since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister 
+        from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake, 
+        to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the 
+        path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious 
+        welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal 
+        soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to 
+        damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry 
+        VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his 
+        Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady 
+        Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male 
+        heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more 
+        children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So 
+        he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the 
+        Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt; 
+        was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the 
+        Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth 
+        because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to 
+        succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the 
+        utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But 
+        Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's 
+        1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead, 
+        Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup 
+        so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553 
+        persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to 
+        endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward 
+        Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy; 
+        but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, 
+        the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the 
+        Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21 
+        June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy 
+        Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London, 
+        various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including 
+        William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and 
+        churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this 
+        triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of 
+        Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to 
+        Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws 
+        more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage, 
+        returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to 
+        her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they 
+        were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of 
+        Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this 
+        arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and 
+        Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in 
+        readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later 
+        said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the 
+        Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane 
+        apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all 
+        involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be 
+        with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham 
+        House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a 
+        few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation) 
+        and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+        Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so 
+        happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest 
+        daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and 
+        go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley 
+        controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true 
+        knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley 
+        intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent 
+        it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a 
+        result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own 
+        lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English 
+        throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also 
+        knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate 
+        to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched 
+        her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same 
+        day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's 
+        plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a 
+        greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to 
+        escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally, 
+        trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney, 
+        she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles - 
+        the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of 
+        Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt 
+        before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced 
+        Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and 
+        always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy 
+        sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as 
+        much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords 
+        of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of 
+        her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will 
+        that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern 
+        England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered 
+        expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even 
+        pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she 
+        simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp; 
+        That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane 
+        Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was 
+        along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham 
+        House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; 
+        It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower 
+        and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane 
+        and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp; 
+        There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista 
+        Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the 
+        main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and 
+          graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth 
+          flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker 
+          than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and 
+          reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the 
+        pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a 
+        special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was 
+        made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered 
+        her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very 
+        tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver 
+        velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal 
+        apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between 
+        her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was 
+        visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a 
+        selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was 
+        the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the 
+        crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it 
+        fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being 
+        queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of 
+        the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of 
+        her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This 
+        was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from 
+        Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her 
+        to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's 
+        duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout 
+        Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin 
+        Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous 
+        nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood 
+        was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his 
+        family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane 
+        was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right 
+        to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no 
+        right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would 
+        gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of 
+        Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife 
+        and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and 
+        Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from 
+        leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him 
+        for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this 
+        story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live 
+        on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by 
+        the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his 
+        mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would 
+        soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that 
+        evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters, 
+        marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the 
+        plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy - 
+        and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the 
+        crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support 
+        or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the 
+        Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he 
+        wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer 
+        considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men 
+        considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike 
+        their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by 
+        supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on 
+        ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen 
+        and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here 
+        to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also 
+        recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles 
+        would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that 
+        a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp; 
+        So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of 
+        Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary 
+        was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust 
+        and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of 
+        this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley 
+        about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley 
+        wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early 
+        July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not 
+        traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a 
+        trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned 
+        back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in 
+        East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near 
+        the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son 
+        Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he 
+        was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London, 
+        Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth 
+        bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would 
+        destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign 
+        powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp; 
+        But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her 
+        brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to 
+        proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of 
+        her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this 
+        realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen 
+        Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly 
+        reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys, 
+        were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her 
+        nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the 
+        Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland 
+        linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also 
+        collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped 
+        toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an 
+        important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit 
+        political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who 
+        met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor; 
+        he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When 
+        they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another 
+        coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady 
+        Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to 
+        strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when 
+        that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he 
+        could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could 
+        sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his 
+        father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of 
+        Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under 
+        pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and 
+        mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the 
+        country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that 
+        if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was 
+        forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet, 
+        neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and 
+        most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on 
+        11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England 
+        was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation 
+        to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's 
+        succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be 
+        decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and 
+        determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at 
+        Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army 
+        and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on 
+        the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When 
+        told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and 
+        begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for 
+        their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it 
+        would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was 
+        a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia 
+        (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley, 
+        the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no 
+        choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go, 
+        not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in 
+        your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every 
+        reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13 
+        July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet 
+        him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for 
+        the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at 
+        Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much 
+        support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind, 
+        trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any 
+        man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be 
+        eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this 
+        virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is 
+        rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and 
+        request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of 
+        them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable, 
+        which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your 
+        doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it 
+        be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious 
+        beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his 
+        cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising 
+        Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were 
+        meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived 
+        that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was 
+        still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham 
+        Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the 
+        Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was 
+        doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had 
+        assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of 
+        July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed 
+        were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see 
+        us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more 
+        perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England, 
+        declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off 
+        Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and 
+        heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were 
+        sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered 
+        by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own 
+        army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be 
+        on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the 
+        ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save 
+        themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been 
+        stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about 
+        7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they 
+        keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords 
+        (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the 
+        city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending 
+        out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects 
+        to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the 
+        futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and 
+        frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the 
+        pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were 
+        planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured 
+        Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had 
+        been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday, 
+        the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing: 
+        'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so 
+        changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly 
+        wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to 
+        Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long 
+        fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought 
+        support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she 
+        ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they 
+        took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his 
+        men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near 
+        him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen 
+        and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the 
+        Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned 
+        to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for 
+        the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a 
+        prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house, 
+        awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings 
+        were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was 
+        accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was 
+        riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by 
+        his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken 
+        to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted 
+        them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it 
+        'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power 
+        had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler 
+        to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower, 
+        almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her 
+        family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin 
+        Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience 
+        with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at 
+        his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode 
+        past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey 
+        waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe 
+        pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the 
+        committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her 
+        brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did 
+        question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only 
+        reinforced her 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen, 
+        there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the 
+        same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname 
+        'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later 
+        celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of 
+        Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more 
+        complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious 
+        differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and 
+        her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had 
+        imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was 
+        well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected 
+        imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her 
+        crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she 
+        wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter 
+        exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to 
+        Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she 
+        freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I 
+        might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can 
+        ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with 
+        it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for 
+        all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click 
+        here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to 
+        Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the 
+        culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few 
+        years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and 
+        sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of 
+        Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding 
+        countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the 
+        early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her 
+        beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed 
+        that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp; 
+        indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule 
+        in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by 
+        her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the 
+        newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary 
+        through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs 
+        were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12 
+        August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain 
+        other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their 
+        hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she 
+        supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment 
+        upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin 
+        to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have 
+        worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to 
+        Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be 
+        induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her 
+        cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be 
+        queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not 
+        put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent 
+        but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of 
+        trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary 
+        and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but 
+        she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced 
+        to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William 
+        Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser 
+        nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21 
+        August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled 
+        to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death, 
+        appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to 
+        convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day 
+        while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning, 
+        he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the 
+        church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass 
+        and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully 
+          believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true 
+          religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the 
+          false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do 
+          believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and 
+          Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for 
+          me. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of 
+        spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great 
+        effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from 
+        imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with 
+        increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea 
+        (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author 
+        of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a 
+        staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one 
+        manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The 
+        government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a 
+        generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books 
+        and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished 
+        it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal 
+        with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and 
+        respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable 
+          calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+          answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be 
+          of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I 
+          pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in 
+          that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general, 
+          and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and 
+          at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was 
+          never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope 
+          for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye 
+          more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so 
+          was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine, 
+          die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my 
+          faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he 
+          should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number 
+          of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it 
+          appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care 
+          how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in 
+          chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean 
+          [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso 
+          denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
+          &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are 
+        evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious 
+        intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her 
+        parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined 
+        other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming 
+        Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by 
+        his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed 
+          sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp 
+          of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the 
+          stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of 
+          Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my 
+          faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout 
+          Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I 
+          consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon 
+          thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what 
+          art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that 
+          fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true 
+          God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of 
+          Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked 
+          mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and 
+        intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed 
+        their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane 
+        remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to 
+        exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is 
+        no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not 
+        speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her 
+        coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage 
+        was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard, 
+        for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession - 
+        she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England 
+        would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the 
+        weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave 
+        in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial; 
+        the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the 
+        trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned 
+        at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an 
+        axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as 
+        befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad 
+        all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with 
+        velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle 
+        hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of 
+        prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+        attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled 
+        guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against 
+        them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be 
+        burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the 
+        Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a 
+        formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is 
+        believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am 
+        told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the 
+        reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but 
+        given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was 
+        Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary, 
+        were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great 
+        favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free 
+        to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys 
+        seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of 
+        Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of 
+        Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain, 
+        are discussed at her &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+        They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her 
+        contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for 
+        support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right 
+        before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of 
+        Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets, 
+        young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most 
+        of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released 
+        him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the 
+        great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace 
+        after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for 
+        advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became 
+        queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was 
+        the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the 
+        grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary 
+        Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years 
+        essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp; 
+        would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was 
+        called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden 
+        and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with 
+        her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing 
+        England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had 
+        never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but - 
+        now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of 
+        righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her, 
+        her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in 
+        late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both 
+        her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many 
+        Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against 
+        France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth, 
+        Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and 
+        the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his 
+        trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England 
+        has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists 
+        and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish 
+        invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their 
+        policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into 
+        her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to 
+        iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his 
+        valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English 
+        fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the 
+        countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in 
+        Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached 
+        them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his 
+        country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when 
+        Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower, 
+        betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to 
+        France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January, 
+        Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men 
+        deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For 
+        two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to 
+        support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they 
+        feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt 
+        reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned 
+        on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark 
+        would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually 
+        surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the 
+        depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did 
+        not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry 
+        but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was 
+        rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as 
+        well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were 
+        occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure 
+        his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would 
+        dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's 
+        council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against 
+        the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey 
+        owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to 
+        overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires 
+        and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of 
+        this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his 
+        manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some 
+        hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of 
+        Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen 
+        during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it 
+        didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors 
+        put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once 
+        again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still 
+        dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip 
+        could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp; 
+        All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary 
+        more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane 
+        was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9 
+        February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one 
+        last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St 
+        Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the 
+        Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and 
+        theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of 
+        Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last 
+        chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument, 
+        she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham 
+        very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the 
+        scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to 
+        send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of 
+        utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until 
+        Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with 
+        as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress, 
+        composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who 
+        would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to 
+        her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10 
+        February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions 
+        had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor 
+        did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a 
+        story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary 
+        granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting 
+        until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the 
+        story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in 
+        seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to 
+        the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and 
+        watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage 
+        and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane 
+        muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case, 
+        she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw, 
+        driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside 
+        the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read 
+        an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She 
+        wore the  &lt;IMG height=360 
+      alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried 
+        her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the 
+        lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant, 
+        Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was 
+        calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being 
+        erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of 
+        its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her 
+        execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted 
+        Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty 
+        thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions 
+        have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the 
+        steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed 
+        treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this 
+        day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death, 
+        and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet 
+        another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now, 
+        good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your 
+        prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in 
+        prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I 
+        say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he 
+        followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I 
+        beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She 
+        then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed 
+        her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her 
+        prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then 
+        began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped 
+        forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became 
+        the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or 
+        perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward 
+        her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a 
+        handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt 
+        before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and 
+        one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most 
+        willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw 
+        the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for 
+        just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me 
+        quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you 
+        take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief 
+        around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find 
+        the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she 
+        cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on 
+        the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the 
+        crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to 
+        the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her 
+        last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The 
+        executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered 
+        across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner 
+        then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies. 
+        Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St 
+        Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic 
+        again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the 
+        permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly 
+        four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the 
+        execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed 
+        to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body 
+        was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens - 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+        Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant 
+        cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith 
+        and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As 
+      the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the 
+  day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of 
+      London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's 
+        lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite 
+        biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082561&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082561&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4354</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">index page for EnglishHistory.net gateway to John Keats Lord Byron Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">index page for EnglishHistory.net gateway to John Keats Lord Byron Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EnglishHistory.net: John Keats, Lord Byron, Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0137.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#996600&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td nowrap bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#666600&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;18%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#996600&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indexkeats.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the John Keats website&quot; width=&quot;160&quot; height=&quot;200&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indexbyron.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Lord Byron site&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;200&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;8&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;54%&quot; bgcolor=#CCCC66&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Hello.&amp;nbsp; This page is a gateway of sorts to 
+      my four websites.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can visit my two never-ending 
+      website tributes to the wonderful poets
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;John Keats&lt;/a&gt; and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;Lord Byron&lt;/a&gt;, as well as 
+      my &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can also visit
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and view portraits of 16th century kings, queens, and various courtiers.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's a reasonably entertaining way to pass the time.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, a study 
+      of Henry VIII's progression from handsome young king to bloated tyrant 
+      leads one to all sorts of reflections, most of them unpleasant.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The websites were originally posted 
+      in June 1997.&amp;nbsp; Of the three, the Keats site is my personal favorite.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The Tudor site gets the most visitors, with Byron in second place and 
+      Keats in third.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The visitors (such as you) are the 
+      main reason I haven't taken the sites down.&amp;nbsp; When thousands of people 
+      visit your work each month, you start to feel unaccountably responsible 
+      and mature about things.&amp;nbsp; So I can't keep a goldfish or plant alive, 
+      but my websites are still around.&amp;nbsp; Impressive.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Enjoy your visit.&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;8&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;18%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666600&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indextudor1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Tudor England site&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;201&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082528&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082528&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3065</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">search the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">search the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Search the Website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorsearch.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorsearch.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Search the website&quot; width=&quot;338&quot; height=&quot;138&quot;&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Simply enter the names or words in the box below and 
+  click 'Search'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;DIV align=center&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;!-- Begin PicoSearch Query Box --&gt;
+  &lt;FORM action=http://www.picosearch.com/cgi-bin/ts.pl method=post&gt;&lt;INPUT 
+  type=hidden value=158772 name=index&gt; 
+  &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 bgColor=white border=0&gt;
+    &lt;TBODY&gt;
+    &lt;TR&gt;
+      &lt;TD&gt;
+        &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 bgColor=white border=0&gt;
+          &lt;TBODY&gt;
+          &lt;TR&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.picosearch.com&quot; target=_gsdltop_&gt;
+            &lt;IMG 
+              alt=PicoSearch src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.picosearch.com/picosmall.gif&quot; border=0 width=&quot;56&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt; &lt;/A&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;INPUT name=query size=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;INPUT type=submit value=Search name=SEARCH&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&lt;!-- End PicoSearch Query Box --&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=center&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082549&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082549&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16721</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary Boleyn: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryboleyn.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryboleynunknown.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleyn.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Mary Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;493&quot; height=&quot;144&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleynunknown.jpg&quot; width=&quot;359&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Mary Boleyn by an unknown artist&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn was the sister of 
+      King Henry VIII's second wife, the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; But she was 
+      also the king's mistress before her sister's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; She may also have given birth 
+      to Henry's son.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;Information about the life of Mary Boleyn is sketchy at best.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Before her sister's ascendancy, Mary was the most famous member of her
+
+family, a dubious honor since it was based upon her adulterous affair with
+
+King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; There has been great debate over the exact year
+
+of her birth, with many researchers unable to agree on which Boleyn sister
+
+was older.&amp;nbsp; Some speculate Anne was born in 1501 or 1502; others place
+
+it at 1507.&amp;nbsp; The most recent scholarship supports 1507 as the year
+
+of Anne's birth.&amp;nbsp; Mary was born a year later, in 1508.&amp;nbsp; Their
+
+only surviving sibling was an older brother George, born in 1503.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was born at Hever Castle, the family seat.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She was named after Princess Mary Tudor, the youngest child of Henry VII
+
+and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; Her family was loyal to the Tudor dynasty
+
+but had Yorkist connections.&amp;nbsp; Her mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+
+of Thomas, earl of Surrey.&amp;nbsp; His father, the 1st duke of Norfolk, had
+
+died fighting for Richard III against Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Mary's father, Thomas
+
+Boleyn, could trace his ancestry only to the 13th century.&amp;nbsp; His family
+
+was originally from Norfolk where they lived as tenant farmers.&amp;nbsp; In
+
+1457, a Sir Geoffrey Boleyn was serving as Lord Mayor of London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He wed Anne, heiress of Lord Hoo and Hastings, and - through her - acquired
+
+Hever Castle in Kent and Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; His son became
+
+a knight under Richard III and a baron under Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; He married
+
+a great heiress as well; she was Margaret, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th
+
+earl of Ormond.&amp;nbsp; He was incredibly wealthy and bequeathed Margaret
+
+36 manors.&amp;nbsp; Their eldest child was Thomas Boleyn, Mary's father.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Thomas had married Elizabeth Howard by 1501.&amp;nbsp; Their three surviving
+
+children were born within the next 10 years.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1512, Thomas was one of three envoys assigned
+
+to the regent of Netherlands court.&amp;nbsp; His skill in speaking French
+
+and his family connections secured the appointment.&amp;nbsp; Once there, he
+
+was a great success with the regent, Margaret, archduchess of Austria.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He used this friendship to secure a prestigious appointment for his eldest
+
+daughter, Anne; she was to reside with the regent's wards, sharing their
+
+royal education.&amp;nbsp; This is the primary evidence that Anne was the elder
+
+sister.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, the elder sister would receive the opportunity
+
+first.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was married before Anne - an unusual
+
+occurrence and one which led many to believe Mary was older.&amp;nbsp; However,
+
+it is completely plausible that Anne was not married first because she
+
+was still in Europe, gaining a royal education and hoping to wed a foreign
+
+nobleman.&amp;nbsp; Mary, on the other hand, wed a man named William Carey,
+
+a gentleman of the royal privy chamber on 4 February 1520.&amp;nbsp; Though
+
+he was not a titled lord, his duties meant he had intimate contact with
+
+the king on a daily basis.&amp;nbsp; He would be a valuable connection for
+
+the Boleyns.&amp;nbsp; Henry used his attendants, with whom he spent his leisure
+
+hours, to carry out government work.&amp;nbsp; Carey was 24 years old and Mary
+
+not quite twelve, young even for 16th century marriage.&amp;nbsp; The consummation
+
+of the marriage was probably delayed for a few years.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's wedding was held a few weeks before her father
+
+returned from a mission abroad.&amp;nbsp; This indicates that Thomas Boleyn
+
+had planned the marriage well in advance.&amp;nbsp; The king gave the newlyweds
+
+a cash present - 6s.8d.; this was undoubtedly welcome since William Carey
+
+was a younger son and lacked money and lands.&amp;nbsp; Henry's favor (and,
+
+more particularly, Mary's affair with Henry) helped in this respect - before
+
+his death in 1528, William had received two keeperships, a stewardship,
+
+an annuity, and manors in two counties.&amp;nbsp; As to William's ancestry,
+
+he could trace his descent from Edward III; his mother was a cousin of
+
+Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII's mother.&amp;nbsp; His aunt Catherine Spencer
+
+was married to Henry, fifth earl of Northumberland.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As William's wife, Mary had lodgings at court, information
+
+about royal policies, and the great opportunity to participate in all court
+
+events.&amp;nbsp; Their first child, Catherine, was born about 1524 when Mary
+
+was just sixteen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her family continued its ascendancy
+
+during these years.&amp;nbsp; Personally, she and her sister Anne were two
+
+of eight women who participated in a celebration at York Place, Cardinal
+
+Wolsey's home.&amp;nbsp; Anne played Perseverance and Mary was Kindness; they
+
+were clothed in white satin with bejeweled headdresses.&amp;nbsp; This was
+
+in 1522; Mary was just fourteen.&amp;nbsp; By the time she was seventeen, Mary
+
+was a first-time mother and Henry VIII's mistress.&amp;nbsp; There is much
+
+circumstantial evidence to support this:
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;* in 1527, Henry was planning to marry Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+sought and received a papal dispensation to marry the sister of a woman
+
+with whom he had engaged in illicit/unlawful intercourse.&amp;nbsp; Anne had
+
+only one sister - Mary. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;* Reginald Pole reported the following - in 1528, a member of Parliament
+
+insulted the king's morals by accusing Henry of sleeping with Anne's mother
+
+&lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;
+
+sister.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly flustered, the king replied:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Never with
+
+her mother.&quot;
+
+&lt;p&gt;* the affair was known of in diplomatic circles - in 1532, Francis I
+
+of France met Mary face-to-face when she accompanied Henry and Anne to
+
+Calais.&amp;nbsp; He mentioned her infamous behavior with her sister's spouse
+
+&lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt;
+
+the marriage to Anne.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The affair was brief, ending in mid-1525 (probably July.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son, called Henry.&amp;nbsp; He was widely
+
+assumed to be the king's son.&amp;nbsp; He physically resembled the king, a&amp;nbsp;
+
+fact often remarked upon.&amp;nbsp; In 1535, for example, a man called 'young
+
+Master Carey' the king's son. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps more telling, Henry granted the Careys actual
+
+manors and estates during the affair and immediately before the child's
+
+birth.&amp;nbsp; Before, the Careys had been granted rather minor offices.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(You may recall that Henry publicly acknowledged another illegitimate son,
+
+born in 1519.&amp;nbsp; This boy was called &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+
+Fitzroy&lt;/a&gt; - the surname traditionally given to royal bastards - and was
+
+ennobled, given the title duke of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; If Henry Carey was also
+
+his son, why didn't Henry do the same for him?&amp;nbsp; The answer lies in
+
+his determination to divorce Katharine of Aragon and marry &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
+
+Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;, the child's aunt.&amp;nbsp; It is likely that even Henry VIII would
+
+have been too embarrassed to recognize his bastard son by his fiancee's
+
+younger sister.)&amp;nbsp;  Henry Carey was eventually ennobled as Lord Hunsdon by 
+Elizabeth I, the queen who may have been his half-sister and was undoubtedly his 
+cousin.&amp;nbsp; Though he served her ably, Elizabeth only offered Hunsdon a title 
+upon his deathbed.&amp;nbsp; To this dubious honor, the old man aptly replied that 
+if the queen hadn't thought him worth it while he was in health, he would not 
+accept it while ill.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Boleyn was referenced in &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry's
+
+love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; in 1528, the year her husband died.&amp;nbsp; William
+
+had asked Mary to seek her sister's influence with the king; his elder
+
+sister, Eleanor, wanted the position of abbess at St Edith's Nunnery.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The nuns wanted their prioress elevated to the position instead.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Anne asked the king to intervene.&amp;nbsp; In the end, Eleanor's dubious moral
+
+destroyed her chances.&amp;nbsp; But the episode demonstrates Anne's willingness
+
+to help Mary; also, Mary clearly expected to benefit from her sister's
+
+closeness to the king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; William Carey died on 23 June 1528 and Henry VIII
+
+promptly granted Anne Boleyn the wardship of her nephew (and possibly his
+
+son), two-year-old Henry Carey.&amp;nbsp; In another letter to Anne, Henry
+
+remarked upon Mary's easy virtue.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were concerned that,
+
+after William's death, Mary's behavior would degenerate; in other words,
+
+she would be an embarrassment to the king and his intended wife.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In November 1530, Henry gave Anne 20 pds to redeem
+
+a jewel from Mary; it was probably a gambling debt.&amp;nbsp; Two years later,
+
+Mary was one of thirty ladies who accompanied Henry and Anne on a visit
+
+to France (colorfully known to history as 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold'.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+They stayed in Calais in late October, attending various events with Francis
+
+I; ostensibly, they were celebrating a new peace agreement.&amp;nbsp; But it
+
+was also a chance to present Anne to a foreign king.&amp;nbsp; When Henry wed
+
+Anne in 1533, Mary became a lady-in-waiting to her sister.&amp;nbsp; It was
+
+only in 1534 that she and Anne had a serious conflict.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1534, Mary secretly married William Stafford.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was the younger son of Humphrey Stafford of Blatherwick in Northampton.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This marriage was a disaster for her, excepting her personal happiness.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Mary undoubtedly loved Stafford, a soldier she had met at Calais (he had
+
+been part of Henry VIII's retinue.)&amp;nbsp; But her relatives - all newly
+
+ennobled and very self-conscious about their status - were outraged.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was a commoner, not fit for the queen's sister.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, Mary
+
+and her new husband were banished from court.&amp;nbsp; (It is quite possible
+
+that her relatives planned to wed Mary to a nobleman, further cementing
+
+their rise to prominence; instead, her marriage was a step backwards socially.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+In late 1534, while her father and brother received numerous grants, titles,
+
+and other gifts, Mary was reduced to begging Thomas Cromwell for assistance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Would he speak to Henry on her behalf?&amp;nbsp; Mary hoped Henry would persuade
+
+Anne to forgive her but her former lover was less than helpful.&amp;nbsp; So
+
+Mary asked Cromwell to speak to her father, her uncle, and her brother.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her son was still living with his
+
+aunt, Queen Anne.&amp;nbsp; He was being tutored by the great French poet,
+
+Nicholas Bourbon, clearly benefiting from the wardship.&amp;nbsp; His mother's
+
+life between 1534 and her sister's execution in 1536 is difficult to trace.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She seems to have resided at Rochford, Essex from the time of her disgrace
+
+to her death on 19 July 1543.&amp;nbsp; When her sister fell into disfavor
+
+and Henry sought a divorce, his earlier affair with Mary was mentioned.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Perhaps this would justify an annulment, even as Katharine of Aragon's
+
+marriage to his brother had?&amp;nbsp; But no one seriously considered this
+
+(after all, there had been a papal dispensation) and it was more expedient
+
+to press other charges.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not visit her sister when Anne was
+
+imprisoned in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Nor did she visit their brother George,
+
+also condemned to death.&amp;nbsp; There is no evidence that she wrote to them,
+
+either.&amp;nbsp; Like their uncle, the duke of Norfolk, she may have thought
+
+it wise to avoid association with her disgraced relatives.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary lived to see her children gain some royal favor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her teenage daughter Catherine (born 1524) was appointed a maid of honor
+
+to Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII's fourth wife.&amp;nbsp; Sometime in 1540, she
+
+made a good match, marrying Sir Francis Knollys.&amp;nbsp; He was a member
+
+of Henry VIII's household.&amp;nbsp; She also became one of her cousin Elizabeth
+
+Tudor's closest friends.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Lettice Knollys, would later
+
+marry Elizabeth's great love, Robert Dudley; her son, the earl of Essex,
+
+would also be one of Elizabeth's favorites (though eventually executed
+
+for treason.)&amp;nbsp; Henry Carey, whose paternity was the subject of such
+
+speculation, would be ennobled as Lord Hunsdon in Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth was kind to her Boleyn relatives, especially Mary's children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Twenty-two years after Anne Boleyn's execution, a Boleyn was sole ruler
+
+of England.&amp;nbsp; It was a triumph few could have predicted.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Some other stuff about Mary Boleyn that I've found: &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;* Mary was considered more conventionally beautiful than Anne but lacked
+
+her sister's style and wit.
+
+&lt;br&gt;* As a child, Mary was taught French by Mademoiselle Semmonet;&amp;nbsp;
+
+she also studied music (practicing on the lute, harp, viol, and virginals.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;* Mary also spent time in Archduchess Margaret's service; she was removed
+
+in 1518/19 by her father and placed in Katharine of Aragon's service.
+
+&lt;br&gt;* Anne and George Boleyn were very close and reportedly had little
+
+use for their sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; (This was reported by several foreign
+
+ambassadors.) &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Note:&amp;nbsp; I have read that Mary Boleyn accompanied Princess Mary Tudor
+
+to France, as a lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; However, the trip occurred in 1515;
+
+Mary would have been just 7 years old - so the assertion seems unlikely. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;So the following questions remain:
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; * did she accompany Mary to France?
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; * did she use her influence with Mary Tudor to get
+
+Anne a position as lady-in-waiting to Katharine of Aragon (thus allowing
+
+Henry VIII and Anne to meet?)&amp;nbsp; This has been mentioned in several
+
+books but, as I stated, it would mean Mary was a lady-in-waiting at the
+
+age of seven. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I have used the spelling 'Boleyn' instead of 'Bullen'
+
+for one simple reason - it is how the family chose to spell it when they
+
+first rose to prominence.&amp;nbsp; Certainly they thought 'Boleyn' was more
+
+elegant - I'll stay mum on that issue, but since most history texts also
+
+use 'Boleyn', it remains less confusing than switching between two surnames.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Visit the 
+    Anne Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082580&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082580&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3357</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of the duke of Somerset, 1552</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0144.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">somerset.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/somerset.gif&quot; width=&quot;537&quot; height=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Somerset's execution was made by Henry Machyn, a London undertaker.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Somerset was the brother of Henry VIII's third wife Jane 
+      Seymour and thus uncle to King Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; He was a popular leader 
+      amongst the common people.&amp;nbsp; He attempted to reform agricultural 
+      policies and led a successful army against the Scots.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+      treachery of his younger brother (whom he was forced to execute) and the 
+      ambitions of other noblemen (most notably the earl of Warwick) doomed him.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On 22 January, soon after 8 o'clock in the morning, the duke of Somerset
+was beheaded on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; There was as great a company as has been
+seen... the king's guard being there with their halberds and a thousand
+more with halberds of the privilege of the Tower, Ratcliffe, Limehouse,
+Whitechapel, St Katherine's and Stratford Bow, as well as Hoxton and Shoreditch;
+and the two sheriffs being present there, seeing the execution of my lord,
+and his head being cut off, and shortly after his body was put into a coffin
+and carried into the Tower, and there buried in the church, on the northside
+of the choir of St Peter's, and I beseech God to have mercy on his soul,
+amen!&amp;nbsp; And there was a sudden rumbling a little before he died, as
+if it had been guns shooting and great horses coming, so that a thousand
+fell to the ground for fear, for they who were at one side thought no other
+but that one was killing another, so that they fell down to the ground,
+one upon another with their halberds, some fell into the ditch of the Tower
+and other places, and a hundred into the Tower ditch, and some ran away
+for fear.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082604&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082604&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2460</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more King Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots etc history of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more King Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0147.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;map name=&quot;FPMap0&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;19, 14, 430, 499&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/map&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudorroyalarms1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;434&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; alt=&quot;the royal arms of the Tudor dynasty, from a stained glass window&quot; usemap=&quot;#FPMap0&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/yearscastellar.gif&quot; width=&quot;451&quot; height=&quot;347&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082527&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082527&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12507</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The romance between Anne Boleyn and Henry Percy, 1523</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0157.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1523.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1523.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1523: The romance between Anne Boleyn &amp;amp; Henry Percy&quot; width=&quot;417&quot; height=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;was written by George Cavendish, Cardinal Wolsey's gentleman-usher.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; BORDER=0 height=194 width=139 align=LEFT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The year of her birth is unknown; it was possibly 1501 or 1507.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      spent her adolescence at the French court but returned home to England in 
+      1522.&amp;nbsp; As the daughter of an ambitious courtier and niece of the duke 
+      of Norfolk, she was invited to serve at court as lady-in-waiting to 
+      Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; It was here that she caught the attention of 
+      King Henry.&amp;nbsp; Anne, however, had fallen in love with Lord Henry Percy, 
+      heir to the earl of Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; They were secretly engaged and 
+      planned to marry.&amp;nbsp; As Cavendish's account makes plain, Henry ordered 
+      Cardinal Wolsey to end the engagement.&amp;nbsp; The Cardinal did so, thus 
+      earning Anne's lasting enmity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's 'secret love' for Anne was highly controversial, 
+      and not merely because he was already married.&amp;nbsp; Kings did, after all, 
+      have mistresses.&amp;nbsp; But he had already had an open affair (and possibly 
+      a son) with her sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; His relationship with Anne, however, 
+      was far more serious.&amp;nbsp; In love and desperate for a legitimate male 
+      heir, Henry planned to annul his marriage to Katharine of Aragon and marry 
+      Anne.&amp;nbsp; The pope's refusal to help eventually led Henry to break with 
+      the church of Rome and declare himself supreme head of a new English 
+      church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It was all for naught.&amp;nbsp; Anne did not give Henry a 
+      surviving son and she was executed on 19 May 1536.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;    I will tell you as best I can how the king's love came about and what 
+    followed thereafter.&amp;nbsp; When this lady, Mistress Anne Boleyn, was very 
+    young she was sent to France to be a lady-in-waiting to the French queen.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When the queen died she was sent back to her father who arranged for her to 
+    become a lady-in-waiting to queen Catherine, wife of Henry.&amp;nbsp; Such was 
+    her success in this post, shown both by her exemplary behavior and excellent 
+    deportment that she quickly outshone all the others.&amp;nbsp; To such an 
+    extent, in fact, that the flames of desire began to burn secretly in the 
+    king's breast, unknown to all, least of all to Anne herself. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;At this time Lord Percy, the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland,
+
+was aide and secretary to Wolsey, the lord cardinal, and whenever the lord
+
+cardinal happened to be at court Lord Percy would pass the time in the
+
+queen's quarters where he would dally with the ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of these, he was most familiar with mistress Anne Boleyn, to such an extent
+
+that a secret love grew up between them and they pledged that, in time,
+
+they intended to wed.&amp;nbsp; When knowledge of this reached the king's ears
+
+he was greatly distraught.&amp;nbsp; Realizing that he could no longer hide
+
+his secret love, he revealed all to the lord cardinal and discussed with
+
+him ways of sundering the couple's engagement to each other.
+
+&lt;p&gt;When the lord cardinal had left the court and returned to Westminster,
+
+he remembered Henry's request and summoned Lord Percy to his presence,
+
+saying in front of us, his servants: 'I am amazed at your foolishness in
+
+getting entangled, even engaged, to this silly girl at court - I mean Anne
+
+Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Have you not considered your position?&amp;nbsp; After the death
+
+of your noble father you stand to inherit one of the greatest earldoms
+
+in the country.&amp;nbsp; It would thus have been more proper if you had sought
+
+the consent of your father in this affair and to have made his highness
+
+the king privy to it, requesting his royal blessing.&amp;nbsp; Had you done
+
+so, he was not only have welcomed your request but would, I can assure
+
+you, have promoted you to a position more suited to your noble estate.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And thence you might have gained the king's favor by your conduct and wise
+
+council and and thus risen further still in his estimation.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'But now look what you have done by your thoughtlessness.&amp;nbsp; You
+
+have not only offended your own father but also your sovereign and pledged
+
+yourself to someone whom neither would agree to be suitable.&amp;nbsp; And
+
+do not doubt that I shall send for your father and when he comes he will
+
+break off this engagement or disinherit you forever.&amp;nbsp; The king himself
+
+will make a complaint to your father and demand no less an action than
+
+I have suggested.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, I happen to know that the king has already
+
+promised this lady to someone else and that though she is not yet aware
+
+of it, the arrangements are already far advanced.&amp;nbsp; The king however,
+
+being a man of great prudence and diplomacy, is confident that, once she
+
+is aware of the situation, she will agree to the union gladly.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Sir,' said Lord Percy, weeping, 'I knew nothing of the king's involvement
+
+in all this, and I am sorry to have incurred his displeasure.&amp;nbsp; I considered
+
+myself to be of sufficient age and in a good enough situation to be able
+
+to take a wife of my own choosing and never doubted that my father would
+
+have accepted my decision.&amp;nbsp; And though she is just a simple maid and
+
+her father is only a knight, yet she is of very noble descent.&amp;nbsp; On
+
+her mother's side she has Norfolk blood and on her father's side she is
+
+a direct descendant of the earl of Ormond.&amp;nbsp; Why then, sir, should
+
+I query the suitability of the match when her pedigree is of equal worth
+
+to mine?&amp;nbsp; Thus I humbly beg your favor in this matter and ask you
+
+to beg the king to be benevolent concerning this issue of my engagement,
+
+which I cannot deny, still less break it off?'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'See, gentlemen,' said the lord cardinal to us, 'what nonsense there
+
+is in this willful boy's head!&amp;nbsp; I though that when you heard me explain
+
+the king's involvement in this business you would have relented in your
+
+suit and have submitted yourself to the king's will, allowing his highness
+
+to decide on the matter as he thinks fit.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Sir, and so I would,' said Lord Percy, 'but in this matter I have gone
+
+so far that I am no longer able to renounce my commitment in full conscience.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'What?' said the cardinal, 'Do you think that the king and I do not
+
+know what to do in such a serious matter as this?&amp;nbsp; One thing's for
+
+sure, I can see no point in your making any further pleas in this case.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Very well,' said Lord Percy, 'if it please you, I will submit myself
+
+completely to the king's will in this matter and will release my conscience
+
+from the heavy burden of the engagement.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'So be it, then,' said the cardinal, 'I will send for your father in
+
+the north, and he, the king and I will take whatever measure for the annulment
+
+of this hasty folly the king thinks necessary.&amp;nbsp; And in the meantime,
+
+I order you - and in the king's name command you - not to see her again
+
+if you intend to avoid the full wrath of his majesty.'&amp;nbsp; Having said
+
+this, he got up and went off to his study.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Then the earl of Northumberland was sent for, who, learning of the request
+
+being at the king's command, made great speed to court.&amp;nbsp; his first
+
+port of call after leaving the north was to lord cardinal, by whom he was
+
+briefed about the cause of his hasty summons and with whom he spent a considerable
+
+time in secret discussions.&amp;nbsp; After their long talk, the cardinal ordered
+
+some wine and after they had drunk together the meeting broke up and the
+
+earl left.
+
+&lt;p&gt;As he was leaving, he sat down on a bench that the servants used and
+
+called his son Lord Percy to him, saying, in our presence: 'Son, you have
+
+always been a proud, presumptuous, headstrong wastrel.&amp;nbsp; And you have
+
+so proved yourself once more.&amp;nbsp; What possible joy, comfort, pleasure
+
+or solace could I ever receive from you who have so misconducted yourself
+
+without discretion and in such secrecy.&amp;nbsp; With no regard for your own
+
+father, nor for your sovereign to whom all honest and loyal subjects give
+
+faithful and humble obedience, nor even for your own noble estate, you
+
+have ill-advisedly become engaged to this girl and thereby incurred the
+
+king's displeasure - an action intolerable in any of his subjects!
+
+&lt;p&gt;'If it wasn't for the wisdom of the king and his benevolence towards
+
+your empty-headedness and willful stupidity, his wrath would have been
+
+sufficient to cast me and all my family for generations to come into abject
+
+poverty and desolation.&amp;nbsp; But by the supreme goodness of his grace
+
+and the worthy lord cardinal, I have been excused your transgression -
+
+they have decided to pity your stupidity rather than blame it - and have
+
+presented me with a command concerning you and your future conduct.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'I pray to God that this may serve as sufficient warning to you to conduct
+
+yourself with more care hereafter, for I can assure you that, if you do
+
+not amend your ways, you will be the last earl of Northumberland if I have
+
+anything to do with it.&amp;nbsp; You do nothing but waste and consume everything
+
+that all your ancestors have built up and cherished with great honor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But in the name of the good and gracious king, I intend - God willing -
+
+so to arrange my succession that you will benefit from it but little.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For I have no intention, I can assure you, of making you my heir.&amp;nbsp;
+
+I have, after all, praise be to God, a wide choice of sons who will, I
+
+am sure, prove themselves worthier than you and abler to conduct themselves
+
+as true nobles should.&amp;nbsp; And from these I will choose the best as my
+
+successor.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Now gentlemen,' he said to us servants, 'it may so happen that when
+
+I am dead you will see these things that I have spoken of to my son prove
+
+to be the case.&amp;nbsp; Yet in the meantime, I would be grateful if you could
+
+be his friends and tell him when he strays from the path or is at fault.'&amp;nbsp;
+
+And with that he took his leave of us and said to his son: 'Go on your
+
+way and serve the lord cardinal, your master, and make sure you carry out
+
+your duty.'&amp;nbsp; And thus he departed and went down through the hall and
+
+out to his barge.
+
+&lt;p&gt;After much debate and consultation about lord Percy's case it was finally 
+decided that his engagement to Anne Boleyn should be dissolved and that he 
+should instead marry one of the earl of Shrewsbury's daughters, Mary Talbot, 
+which he later did.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082595&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082595&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">39021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0157/f87feabc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER ONE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prospects of a disputed succession to the 
+      crown -- Various claimants -Catherine incapable of having further children 
+      -- Irregularity of her marriage with the King -- Papal dispensations -- 
+      First mention of the divorce -- Situation of the Papacy -- Charles V. -- 
+      Policy of Wolsey -- Anglo-French alliance -- Imperial troops in Italy -- 
+      Appeal of the Pope -- Mission of Inigo de Mendoza -- The Bishop of Tarbes 
+      -Legitimacy of the Princess Mary called in question -- Secret meeting of 
+      the Legates' court -- Alarms of Catherine -- Sack of Rome by the Duke of 
+      Bourbon -- Proposed reform of the Papacy -- The divorce promoted by Wolsey 
+      -- Unpopular in England -- Attempts of the Emperor to gain Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;IN the year 1526 the political prospects of England became 
+    seriously clouded. A disputed succession had led in the previous century to 
+    a desperate civil war. In that year it became known in private circles that 
+    if Henry VIII. was to die the realm would again be left without a certain 
+    heir, and that the strife of the Roses might be renewed on an even more 
+    distracting scale. The sons who had been born to Queen Catherine had died in 
+    childbirth or had died immediately after it. The passionate hope of the 
+    country that she might still produce a male child who would survive had been 
+    constantly disappointed, and now could be entertained no longer. She was 
+    eight years older than her husband. She had &amp;quot;certain diseases&amp;quot; which made it 
+    impossible that she should be again pregnant, and Henry had for two years 
+    ceased to cohabit with her. He had two children still living -- the Princess 
+    Mary, Catherine's daughter, then a girl of eleven, and an illegitimate son 
+    born in 1519, the mother being a daughter of Sir John Blount, and married 
+    afterwards to Sir Gilbert Talboys. By presumptive law the Princess was the 
+    next heir; but no woman had ever sat on the throne of England alone and in 
+    her own right, and it was doubtful whether the nation would submit to a 
+    female sovereign. The boy, though excluded by his birth from the prospect of 
+    the crown, was yet brought up with exceptional care, called a prince by his 
+    tutors, and probably regarded by his father as a possible successor should 
+    his sister go the way of her brothers. In 1525, after the King had 
+    deliberately withdrawn from Catherine, he was created Duke of Richmond -- a 
+    title of peculiar significance, since it had been borne by his grandfather, 
+    Henry VII. -- and he was granted precedence over the rest of the peerage. 
+    Illegitimacy was a serious, but, it might be thought, was not an absolute, 
+    bar. The Conqueror had been himself a bastard. The Church, by its habits of 
+    granting dispensations for irregular marriages or of dissolving them on 
+    pleas of affinity or consanguinity or other pretext, had confused the 
+    distinction between legitimate and illegitimate. A Church Court had 
+    illegitimatised the children of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Grey, on the ground 
+    of one of Edward's previous connections; yet no one regarded the princes 
+    murdered in the Tower as having been illegitimate in reality; and to prevent 
+    disputes and for an adequate object, the Duke of Richmond, had he grown to 
+    manhood, might, in the absence of other claims, have been recognised by 
+    Parliament. But the Duke was still a child, and might die as Henry's other 
+    sons had died; and other claims there were which, in the face of the bar 
+    sinister, could not fail to be asserted. James V. of Scotland was next in 
+    blood, being the son of Henry's eldest sister, Margaret. There were the 
+    Greys, inheriting from the second sister, Mary. Outside the royal house 
+    there were the still popular representatives of the White Rose, the Marquis 
+    of Exeter, who was Edward IV.'s grandson; the Countess of Salisbury, 
+    daughter of Edward's brother the Duke of Clarence, and sister of the 
+    murdered Earl of Warwick; and Henry's life was the only obstacle between the 
+    collision of these opposing pretensions. James, it was quite certain, would 
+    not be allowed to succeed without a struggle. National rivalry forbade it. 
+    Yet it was no less certain that he would try, and would probably be backed 
+    by France. There was but one escape from convulsions which might easily be 
+    the ruin of the realm. The King was in the flower of his age, and might 
+    naturally look for a Prince of Wales to come after him if he was married to 
+    a woman capable of bearing one. It is neither unnatural nor, under the 
+    circumstances, a matter to be censured if he and others began to reflect 
+    upon the peculiar character of his connection with Catherine of Aragon. It 
+    is not sufficiently remembered that the marriage of a widow with her 
+    husband's brother was then, as it is now, forbidden by the laws of all 
+    civilised countries. Such a marriage at the present day would be held &lt;i&gt;
+    ipso facto&lt;/i&gt; invalid and not a marriage at all. An irregular power was 
+    then held to rest with the successors of St. Peter to dispense, under 
+    certain conditions, with the inhibitory rules. The popes are now understood 
+    to have never rightly possessed such an authority, and therefore, according 
+    to modern law and sentiment, Henry and Catherine never were husband and wife 
+    at all. At the time it was uncertain whether the dispensing power extended 
+    so far as to sanction such a union, and when the discussion rose upon it the 
+    Roman canonists were themselves divided. Those who maintained the widest 
+    view of thepapal faculty yet agreed that such a dispensation could only be 
+    granted for urgent cause, such as to prevent foreign wars or internal 
+    seditions, and no such cause was alleged to have existed when Ferdinand and 
+    Henry VII. arranged the marriage between their children. The dispensation 
+    had been granted by Pope Julius with reluctance, had been acted upon after 
+    considerable hesitation, and was of doubtful validity, since the necessary 
+    conditions were absent. The marriages of kings were determined with little 
+    reference to the personal affection of the parties. Between Henry and 
+    Catherine there was probably as much and as little personal attachment as 
+    there usually is in such cases. He respected and perhaps admired her 
+    character; but she was not beautiful, she was not attractive, while she was 
+    as proud and intractable as her mother Isabella. Their union had been 
+    settled by the two fathers to cement the alliance between England and Spain. 
+    Such connections rest on a different foundation from those which are 
+    voluntarily entered into between private persons. What is made up for 
+    political reasons may pardonably be dissolved when other reasons of a 
+    similar kind require it; and when it became clear that Catherine could never 
+    bear another child, that the penalty threatened in the Levitical law against 
+    marriages of this precise kind had been literally enforced in the death of 
+    the male offspring, and that civil war was imminent in consequence upon the 
+    King's death, Henry may have doubted in good faith whether she had ever been 
+    his wife at all -- whether, in fact, the marriage was not of the character 
+    which everyone would now allow to attach to similar unions. Had there been a 
+    Prince of Wales, the question would never have arisen, and Henry, like other 
+    kings, would have borne his fate. But there was no prince, and the question 
+    had risen, and there was no reason why it should not. There was no trace at 
+    the outset of an attachment to another woman. If there had been, there would 
+    be little to condemn; but Anne Boleyn, when it was first mooted, was no more 
+    to the King than any other lady of the court. He required a wife who could 
+    produce a son to secure the succession. The powers which had allowed an 
+    irregular marriage could equally dissolve it, and the King felt that he had 
+    a right to demand a familiar concession which other sovereigns had often 
+    applied for in one form or another, and rarely in vain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus as early as 1526 certainly, and probably as much as a 
+    year before, Cardinal Wolsey had been feeling his way at Rome for a 
+    separation between Henry and Catherine. On September 7 in that year the 
+    Bishop of Bath, who was English Ambassador at Paris, informed the Cardinal 
+    of the arrival there of a confidential agent of Pope Clement VII. The agent 
+    had spoken to the Bishop on this especial subject, and had informed him that 
+    there would be difficulties about it. The &amp;quot;blessed divorce&amp;quot; -- &lt;i&gt;benedictum 
+    divorcium&lt;/i&gt; the Bishop calls it -- had been already under consideration at 
+    Rome. The difficulties were not specified, but the political features of the 
+    time obliged Clement to be circumspect, and it was these that were probably 
+    referred to. Francis I. had been defeated and taken prisoner by the 
+    Imperialists at Pavia. He had been carried to Spain, and had been released 
+    at Henry's intercession, under severe conditions, to which he had 
+    reluctantly consented, and his sons had been left at Madrid as hostages for 
+    the due fulfilment of them. The victorious army, half Spanish, half German, 
+    remained under the Duke of Bourbon to complete the conquest of Italy; and 
+    Charles V., with his already vast dominions and a treasury which the world 
+    believed to be inexhaustibly supplied from the gold mines of the New World, 
+    seemed advancing to universal empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;France in the preceding centuries had been the hereditary 
+    enemy of England; Spain and Burgundy her hereditary friends. The marriage of 
+    Catherine of Aragon had been a special feature of the established alliance. 
+    She was given first to Prince Arthur, and then to Henry, as link in the 
+    confederacy which was to hold in check French ambition. Times were changing. 
+    Charles V. had been elected emperor, largely through English influence; but 
+    Charles was threatening to be a more serious danger to Europe than France 
+    had been. The Italian princes were too weak to resist the conqueror of Pavia. 
+    Italy once conquered, the Papacy would become a dependency of the empire, 
+    and, with Charles's German subjects in open revolt against it, the Church 
+    would lose its authority, and the organisation of the Catholic world would 
+    fall into hopeless decrepitude. So thought Wolsey, the most sharp-sighted of 
+    English ministers. He believed that the maintenance of the Papacy was the 
+    best defence of order and liberty. The only remedy which he could see was a 
+    change of partners. England held the balance between the great rival powers. 
+    If the English alliance could be transferred from the Empire to France, the 
+    Emperor could be held in check, and his supposed ambition neutralised. 
+    Wolsey was utterly mistaken; but the mistake was not an unnatural one. 
+    Charles, busy with his Italian wars, had treated the Lutheran schism with 
+    suspicious forbearance. Notwithstanding his Indian ingots his finances were 
+    disordered. Bourbon's lansquenets had been left to pay themselves by 
+    plunder. They had sacked monasteries, pillaged cathedral plate, and ravished 
+    nuns with irreverent ferocity. The estates of the Church had been as little 
+    spared by them as Lombardy; and to Clement VII. the invasion was another 
+    inroad of barbarians, and Bourbon a second Attila. What Bourbon's master 
+    meant by it, and what he might intend to do, was as uncertain to Clement as 
+    perhaps it was to Charles himself. In the prostrate, degraded, and desperate 
+    condition into which the Church was falling, any resolution was possible. To 
+    the clearest eyes in Europe the Papacy seemed tottering to its fall, and 
+    Charles's hand, if he chose to raise it, might precipitate the catastrophe. 
+    To ask a pope at such a time to give mortal offence to the Spanish nation by 
+    agreeing to the divorce of Catherine of Aragon was to ask him to sign his 
+    death-warrant. No wonder, therefore, that he found difficulties. Yet it was 
+    to France and England that Clement had to look for help in his extremities. 
+    The divorce perhaps had as yet been no more than a suggestion, a part of a 
+    policy which was still in its infancy. It could wait at any rate for a more 
+    convenient season. Meantime he sent his secretary, Sanga, to Paris to beg 
+    aid; and to Henry personally he made a passionate appeal, imploring him not 
+    to desert the Apostolic See in its hour of extreme need. He apologised for 
+    his importunacy, but he said he hoped that history would not have to record 
+    that Italy had been devastated in the time of Clement VII. to the dishonour 
+    of the King and of Wolsey. If France and England failed him, he would 
+    himself be ruined. The Emperor would be universal monarch. They would open 
+    their eyes at last, but they would open them too late. So piteous was the 
+    entreaty that Henry when he read the Pope's letter burst into tears. Clement 
+    had not been idle. He had brought his own small army into the field to 
+    oppose Bourbon; he joined the Italian League, and prepared to defend 
+    himself. He was called the father of Christendom, yet he was at open war 
+    with the most Catholic king. But Wolsey reasonably considered that unless 
+    the Western powers interfered the end would come. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;If England was to act, she could act only in alliance with 
+    France. The change of policy was ill understood, and was not popular among 
+    Henry's subjects. The divorce as yet had not been spoken of. No breath of 
+    such a purpose had gone abroad. But English sentiment was imperial, and 
+    could endure with equanimity even the afflictions of a pope. The King was 
+    more papal than his people; he allowed Wolsey to guide him, and negotiations 
+    were set on foot at once for a special treaty with France, one of the 
+    conditions of which was to be the marriage of the Princess Mary -- allotted 
+    like a card in a game -- either to Francis or to one of his sons; another 
+    condition being that the English crown should be settled upon her should 
+    Henry die without a legitimate son. Sir John Russell was simultaneously 
+    despatched to Rome with money to help the Pope in paying his troops and 
+    garrisoning the city. The ducats and the &amp;quot;kind words&amp;quot; which accompanied them 
+    &amp;quot;created incredible joy,&amp;quot; encouraged his Holiness to reject unjust 
+    conditions which had been offered, and restored him, if for the moment only, 
+    &amp;quot;from death to life.&amp;quot; If Russell described correctly what he saw in passing 
+    through Italy, Clement had good cause for anxiety. &amp;quot;The Swabians and 
+    Spaniards,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;had committed horrible atrocities. They had burnt 
+    houses to the value of two hundred million ducats, with all the churches, 
+    images, and priests that fell into their hands. They had compelled the 
+    priests and monks to violate the nuns. Even where they were received without 
+    opposition they had burned the place; they had not spared the boys, and they 
+    had carried off the girls; and whenever they found the Sacrament of the 
+    Church they had thrown it into a river or into the vilest place they could 
+    find. If God did not punish such cruelty and wickedness, men would infer 
+    that He did not trouble Himself about the affairs of this world.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The news from Italy gave a fresh impulse to Wolsey's policy 
+    and the Anglo-French Alliance, which was pushed forward in spite of popular 
+    disapproval. The Emperor, unable to pay, and therefore unable to control, 
+    his troops, became himself alarmed. He found himself pressed into a course 
+    which was stimulating the German revolt against the Papacy, and he professed 
+    himself anxious to end the war. Inigo de Mendoza, the Bishop of Burgos, was 
+    despatched to Paris to negotiate for a general pacification. From Paris he 
+    was to proceed to London to assure Henry of the Emperor's inalienable 
+    friendship, and above all things to gain over Wolsey by the means which 
+    experience had shown to be the nearest way to Wolsey's heart. The great 
+    Cardinal was already Charles's pensionary, but the pension was several years 
+    in arrear. Mendoza was to tell him not only that the arrears should be 
+    immediately paid up, but that a second pension should be secured to him on 
+    the revenues of Milan, and that the Emperor would make him a further grant 
+    of 6,000 ducats annually out of the income of Spanish bishoprics. No means 
+    was to be spared to divert the hostility of so dangerous an enemy.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Wolsey was not to be so easily gained. He had formed large 
+    schemes which he did not mean to part with, and in the matter of pensions 
+    Francis I. was as liberal in promises as Charles. The Pope's prospects were 
+    brightening. Besides the English money, he had improved his finances by 
+    creating six new cardinals, and making 240,000 crowns out of the disposition 
+    of these sacred offices. A French embassy, with the Bishop of Tarbes at its 
+    head, came to England to complete the treaty with Henry in the Pope's 
+    defence. Demands were to be made upon the Emperor; if those demands were 
+    refused, war was to follow, and the cement of the alliance was to be the 
+    marriage of Mary with a French prince. It is likely that other secret 
+    projects were in view also of a similar kind. The marriage of Henry with 
+    Catherine had been intended to secure the continuance of the alliance with 
+    Spain. Royal ladies were the counters with which politicians played; and 
+    probably enough there were thoughts of placing a French princess in 
+    Catherine's place. However this may be, the legality of the King's marriage 
+    with his nominal queen was suddenly and indirectly raised in the discussion 
+    of the terms of the treaty, when the Bishop of Tarbes inquired whether it 
+    was certain that Catherine's daughter was legitimate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Mr. Brewer, the careful and admirable editor of the &amp;quot;Foreign 
+    and Domestic Calendar of State Papers,&amp;quot; doubts whether the Bishop did 
+    anything of the kind. I cannot agree with Mr. Brewer. The Bishop of Tarbes 
+    was among the best-known diplomatists in Europe. He was actively concerned 
+    during subsequent years in the process of the divorce case in London, in 
+    Paris, and at Rome. The expressions which he used on this occasion were 
+    publicly appealed to by Henry in his addresses to the peers and to the 
+    country, in the public pleas which he laid before the English prelates, in 
+    the various repeated defences which he made for his conduct. It is 
+    impossible that the Bishop should have been ignorant of the use which was 
+    made of his name, and impossible equally to suppose that he would have 
+    allowed his name to be used unfairly. The Bishop of Tarbes was 
+    unquestionably the first person to bring the question publicly forward. It 
+    is likely enough, however, that his introduction of so startling a topic had 
+    been privately arranged between himself and Wolsey as a prelude to the 
+    further steps which were immediately to follow. For the divorce had by this 
+    time been finally resolved on as part of a general scheme for the alteration 
+    of the balance of power. The domestic reasons for it were as weighty as ever 
+    were alleged for similar separations. The Pope's hesitation, it might be 
+    assumed, would now be overcome, since he had flung himself for support upon 
+    England and France, and his relations with the Emperor could hardly be worse 
+    than they were. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The outer world, and even the persons principally concerned, 
+    were taken entirely by surprise. For the two years during which it had been 
+    under consideration the secret had been successfully preserved. Not a hint 
+    had reached Catherine herself, and even when the match had been lighted by 
+    the Bishop of Tarbes the full meaning of it does not seem to have occurred 
+    to her. Mendoza, on his arrival in England, had found her disturbed; she was 
+    irritated at the position which had been given to the Duke of Richmond; she 
+    was angry, of course, at the French alliance; she complained that she was 
+    kept in the dark about public affairs; she was exerting herself to the 
+    utmost among the friends of the imperial connection to arrest Wolsey's 
+    policy and maintain the ancient traditions; but of the divorce she had not 
+    heard a word. It was to come upon her like a thunderstroke.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before the drama opens a brief description will not be out 
+    of place of the two persons who were to play the principal parts on the 
+    stage, as they were seen a year later by Ludovico Falieri, the Venetian 
+    ambassador in England. Of Catherine his account is brief. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The Queen is of low stature and rather stout; very good and 
+    very religious; speaks Spanish, French, Flemish, and English; more beloved 
+    by the Islanders than any queen that has ever reigned; about forty-five 
+    years old, and has been in England thirty years. She has had two sons and 
+    one daughter. Both the sons died in infancy. One daughter survives.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On the King, Falieri is more elaborate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;In the 8th Henry such beauty of mind and body is combined 
+    as to surprise and astonish. Grand stature, suited to his exalted position, 
+    showing the superiority of mind and character; a face like an angel's, so 
+    fair it is; his head bald like CÃŠsar's, and he wears a beard, which is not 
+    the English custom. He is accomplished in every manly exercise, sits his 
+    horse well, tilts with his lance, throws the quoit, shoots with his bow 
+    excellent well; he is a fine tennis player, and he practises all these gifts 
+    with the greatest industry. Such a prince could not fail to have cultivated 
+    also his character and his intellect. He has been a student from his 
+    childhood; he knows literature, philosophy, and theology; speaks and writes 
+    Spanish, French, and Italian, besides Latin and English. He is kind, 
+    gracious, courteous, liberal, especially to men of learning, whom he is 
+    always ready to help. He appears religious also, generally hears two masses 
+    a day, and on holy days High Mass besides. He is very charitable, giving 
+    away ten thousand gold ducats annually among orphans, widows, and cripples.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such was the King, such the Queen, whom fate and the 
+    preposterous pretensions of the Papacy to dispense with the established 
+    marriage laws had irregularly mated, and whose separation was to shake the 
+    European world. Pope Clement complained in subsequent years that the burden 
+    of decision should have been thrown in the first instance upon himself. If 
+    the King had proceeded at the outset to try the question in the English 
+    courts; if a judgment had been given unfavourable to the marriage, and had 
+    he immediately acted upon it, Queen Catherine might have appealed to the 
+    Holy See; but accomplished facts were solid things. Her case might have been 
+    indefinitely protracted by legal technicalities till it died of itself. It 
+    would have been a characteristic method of escape out of the difficulty, and 
+    it was a view which Wolsey himself perhaps at first entertained. He knew 
+    that the Pope was unwilling to take the first step.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On the 17th of May, 1527, after a discussion of the Treaty 
+    with France, he called a meeting of his Legatine court at York Place. 
+    Archbishop Warham sate with him as assessor. The King attended, and the 
+    Cardinal, having stated that a question had arisen on the lawfulness of his 
+    marriage, enquired whether the King, for the sake of public morals and the 
+    good of his own soul, would allow the objections to be examined into. The 
+    King assented, and named a proctor. The Bull of Julius II. was introduced 
+    and considered. Wolsey declared that in a case so intricate the canon 
+    lawyers must be consulted, and he asked for the opinions of the assembled 
+    bishops. The bishops, one only excepted, gave dubious answers. The aged 
+    Bishop of Rochester, reputed the holiest and wisest of them, said decidedly 
+    that the marriage was good, and the Bull which legalised it sufficient. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;These proceedings were not followed up, but the secrecy 
+    which had hitherto been observed was no longer possible, and Catherine and 
+    her friends learnt now for the first time the measure which was in 
+    contemplation. Mendoza, writing on the day following the York Place meeting 
+    to the Emperor, informed him, as a fact which he had learnt on reliable 
+    authority, that Wolsey, for a final stroke of wickedness, was scheming to 
+    divorce the Queen. She was so much alarmed that she did not venture herself 
+    to speak of it, but it was certain that the lawyers and bishops had been 
+    invited to sign a declaration that, being his brother's widow, she could not 
+    be the wife of the King. The Pope, she was afraid, might be tempted to take 
+    part against her, or the Cardinal himself might deliver judgment as Papal 
+    Legate. Her one hope was in the Emperor. The cause of the action taken 
+    against her was her fidelity to the Imperial interests. Nothing as yet had 
+    been made formally public, and she begged that the whole matter might be 
+    kept as private as possible.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;That the Pope would be willing, if he dared, to gratify 
+    Henry at Charles's expense was only too likely. The German Lutherans and the 
+    German Emperor were at the moment his most dangerous enemies. France and 
+    England were the only Powers who seemed willing to assist him, and a week 
+    before the meeting of Wolsey's court he had experienced in the most terrible 
+    form what the imperial hostility might bring upon him. On the 7th of that 
+    same month of May the army of the Duke of Bourbon had taken Rome by storm. 
+    The city was given up to pillage. Reverend cardinals were dragged through 
+    the streets on mules' backs, dishonoured and mutilated. Convents of nuns 
+    were abandoned to the licentious soldiery. The horrors of the capture may 
+    have been exaggerated, but it is quite certain that to holy things or holy 
+    persons no respect was paid, and that the atrocities which in those days 
+    were usually perpetrated in stormed towns were on this occasion eminently 
+    conspicuous. The unfortunate Pope, shut up in the Castle of St. Angelo, 
+    looked down from its battlements upon scenes so dreadful that it must have 
+    appeared as if the Papacy and the Church itself had been overtaken by the 
+    final judgment. We regard the Spaniards as a nation of bigots, we consider 
+    it impossible that the countrymen of Charles and Philip could have been 
+    animated by any such bitterness against the centre of Catholic Christendom. 
+    Charles himself is not likely to have intended the humiliation of the Holy 
+    See. But Clement had reason for his misgivings, and Wolsey's policy was not 
+    without excuse. Lope de Soria was Charles's Minister at Genoa, and Lope de 
+    Soria's opinions, freely uttered, may have been shared by many a Catholic 
+    besides himself. On the 25th of May, a fortnight after the storm, he wrote 
+    to his master the following noticeable letter: -- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The sack of Rome must be regarded as a visitation from God, 
+    who permits his servant the Emperor to teach his Vicar on earth and other 
+    Christian princes that their wicked purposes shall be defeated, the unjust 
+    wars which they have raised shall cease, peace be restored to Christendom, 
+    the faith be exalted, and heresy extirpated. . . . Should the Emperor think 
+    that the Church of God is not what it ought to be, and that the Pope's 
+    temporal power emboldens him to promote war among Christian princes, I 
+    cannot but remind your Majesty that it will not be a sin, but a meritorious 
+    action, to reform the Church; so that the Pope's authority be confined 
+    exclusively to his own spiritual affairs, and temporal affairs to be left to 
+    CÃŠsar, since by right what is God's belongs to God, and what is CÃŠsar's to 
+    CÃŠsar. I have been twenty-eight years in Italy, and I have observed that the 
+    Popes have been the sole cause of all the wars and miseries during that 
+    time. Your Imperial Majesty, as Supreme Lord on earth, is bound to apply a 
+    remedy to that evil.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Heretical English and Germans were not the only persons who 
+    could recognise the fitness of the secular supremacy of princes over popes 
+    and Churches. Such thoughts must have passed through the mind of Charles 
+    himself, and of many more besides him. De Soria's words might have been 
+    dictated by Luther or Thomas Cromwell. Had the Emperor at that moment placed 
+    himself at the head of the Reformation, all later history would have been 
+    different. One statesman at any rate had cause to fear that this might be 
+    what was about to happen. Wolsey was the embodiment of everything most 
+    objectionable and odious to the laity in the ecclesiastical administration 
+    of Europe. To defend the Papacy and to embarrass Charles was the surest 
+    method of protecting himself and his order. The divorce was an incident in 
+    the situation, but not the least important. Catherine represented the 
+    Imperialist interest in England. To put her away was to make the breach with 
+    her countrymen and kindred irreparable. He took upon himself to assure the 
+    King that after the last outrage the Pope would agree to anything that 
+    France and England demanded of him, and would trust to his allies to bear 
+    him harmless. That the divorce was a thing reasonable in itself to ask for, 
+    and certain to be conceded by any pope who was free to act on his own 
+    judgment, was assumed as a matter of course. Sir Gregory Casalis, the 
+    English agent at Rome, was instructed to obtain access to Clement in St. 
+    Angelo, to convey to him the indignation felt in England at his treatment, 
+    and then to insist on the illegality of the King's relations with Catherine, 
+    on the King's own scruples of conscience, and on the anxiety of his subjects 
+    that there should be a male heir to the crown. The &amp;quot;urgent cause&amp;quot; such as 
+    was necessary to be produced when exceptional actions were required of the 
+    popes was the imminence or even certainty of civil war if no such heir was 
+    born. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Catherine meanwhile had again communiated with Mendoza. She 
+    had spoken to her husband, and Henry, since further reticence was 
+    impossible, had told her that they had been living in mortal sin, and that a 
+    separation was necessary. A violent scene had followed, with natural tears 
+    and reproaches. The King endeavoured to console her, but it was not a matter 
+    where consolation could avail. Wolsey advised him to deal with her gently, 
+    till it was seen what the Pope and the King of France would do in the 
+    matter. Wolsey himself was to go immediately to Paris to see Francis, and 
+    consult with him on the measures necessary to be taken in consequence of the 
+    Pope's imprisonment. It was possible that Clement, finding himself helpless, 
+    might become a puppet in the Emperor's hands. Under such circumstances he 
+    could not be trusted by other countries with the spiritual authority 
+    attaching to his office, and schemes were being formed for some interim 
+    arrangement by which France and England were to constitute themselves into a 
+    separate patriarchate, with Wolsey at its head as Archbishop of Rouen. 
+    Mendoza says that this proposal had been actually made to Wolsey by the 
+    French Ambassador. In Spain it was even believed to be contemplated as a 
+    permanent modification of the ecclesiastical system. The Imperial 
+    Councillors at Valladolid told the Venetian Minister that the Cardinal 
+    intended to separate the Churches of England and France from that of Rome, 
+    saying that as the Pope was a prisoner he was not to be obeyed, and that 
+    even if the Emperor released him, he still would not be free unless his 
+    fortresses and territory now in the Emperor's hands were restored to him. 
+    Wolsey had reason for anxiety, for Catherine and Mendoza were writing to the 
+    Emperor insisting that he should make the Pope revoke Wolsey's Legatine 
+    powers. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In spite of efforts to keep secret the intended divorce, it 
+    soon became known thoughout England. The Queen was personally popular. The 
+    nation generally detested France, and looked on the Emperor as their 
+    hereditary friend. The reasons for the divorce might influence statesmen, 
+    but did not touch the body of the people. They naturally took the side of an 
+    injured wife, and if Mendoza can be believed (and there is no reason why he 
+    should not be believed), the first impression was decidedly unfavourable to 
+    a project which was regarded as part of the new policy. Mendoza made the 
+    most of the opposition. He told the Emperor that if six or seven thousand 
+    men were landed in Cornwall, forty thousand Englishmen would rise and join 
+    them. He saw Wolsey -- he reasoned with him, and when he found reason 
+    ineffectual, he named the bribe which the Emperor was willing to give. 
+    Knowing what Francis was bidding, he baited his hook more liberally. He 
+    spoke of the Papacy: &amp;quot;how the chair was now in the Emperor's hands, and the 
+    Emperor, if Wolsey deserved it, would no doubt promote his elevation.&amp;quot; The 
+    glittering temptation was unavailing. The papal chair had been Wolsey's 
+    highest ambition, but he remained unmoved. He said that he had served the 
+    Emperor in the past out of disinterested regard. He still trusted that the 
+    Emperor would replace the Pope and restore the Church. Mendoza's answer was 
+    not reassuring to an English statesman. He said that both the spiritual and 
+    temporal powers were now centred in his master, and he advised Wolsey, if he 
+    desired an arrangement, to extend his journey from France, go on to Spain, 
+    and see the Emperor in person. It was precisely this centering which those 
+    who had charge of English liberties had a right to resent. Divorce or no 
+    divorce, they could not allow a power possessed of so much authority in the 
+    rest of Christendom to be the servant of a single prince. The divorce was 
+    but an illustration of the situation, and such a Papacy as Mendoza 
+    contemplated would reduce England and all Catholic Europe into fiefs of the 
+    Empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudetwo.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Two&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082631&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082631&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8777</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I / Mary Tudor - Marian Government Policies</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marygovt.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG 
+height=45 alt=&quot;Marian Government Policies&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marygovt.gif&quot; 
+width=343&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The following is a list of government policies &amp;amp; officials. 
+&lt;BR&gt;It also includes religious legislation. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;When did Parliament meet during Mary's reign?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;5 October 1553 to 5 December 1553 &lt;BR&gt;2 April 1554 to 5 May 1554 &lt;BR&gt;12 
+November 1554 to 16 January 1555 &lt;BR&gt;21 October 1555 to 9 December 1555 &lt;BR&gt;20 
+January 1558 to 17 November 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Who were the Speakers of the House of Commons?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;Sir John Pollard, M.P. for Oxfordshire - elected 5 October 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Robert Brooke, M.P. for the City of London - elected 2 April 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Clement Higham, M.P. for West Looe - elected 12 November 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John 
+Pollard, M.P. for Chippenham - elected 21 October 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell, 
+M.P. for Suffolk - elected 20 January 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester&amp;nbsp; 1553-1555 &lt;BR&gt;Nicholas Heath, 
+Archbishop of York&amp;nbsp; 1556-1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Keepers of the Privy Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;John Russell, 1st 
+Lord Russell, created 1st earl of Bedford, 1550)&amp;nbsp; 1542-1555 &lt;BR&gt;William 
+Paget&amp;nbsp; 1555-1559 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Principal Secretaries&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Cheke&amp;nbsp; 
+1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Bourne&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of the King's Bench&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Thomas 
+Bromley&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;William Portman&amp;nbsp; 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Edward Saunders&amp;nbsp; 1557 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of Common Pleas&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Richard 
+Morgan&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Robert Brooke&amp;nbsp; 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Anthony Browne&amp;nbsp; 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Treasurers&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;William Paulet, 1st earl of 
+Wiltshire (1550) and 1st marquis of Winchester (1551) &lt;BR&gt;held office of Lord 
+Treasurer from 1550 to 1572 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Barons of the Court of Exchequer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;David 
+Brook&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Clement Heigham&amp;nbsp; 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Masters of the Rolls - Court of Chancery&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Nicholas Hare&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell&amp;nbsp; 1557&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Religious Developments&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;UL&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT color=#990000&gt;Compare the religious acts of January - July 1553 to 
+  those passed after Mary became queen.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine the confusion 
+  caused by such rapid shifts in ideology.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/UL&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;1553&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Sir Richard 
+Cotton ordered to seize Church plate and vestments.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;12 June - the Forty-Two Articles issued (includes the statement 
+that Justification before God is by faith alone; also, good works play no part 
+in salvation &amp;amp; there is no purgatory.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;19 
+July - Mary Tudor proclaimed queen of England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;Immediate &amp;amp; rapid religious changes ensue.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;September - Bishops Bale, Coverdale, Ponet, Scory &amp;amp; 
+Barlow are deprived of their offices &amp;amp; eventually flee overseas.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Bishops Gardiner and Bonner are released from prison and 
+reinstated to former offices.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Mary orders that 
+Archbishop Cranmer be arrested.&amp;nbsp; His fellow Protestant leaders - Latimer, 
+Hooper &amp;amp; Ridley (and a score of others) are also arrested.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;October - Parliament in session.&amp;nbsp; It refuses to repeal the 
+Act of Supremacy, despite Mary's insistence.&amp;nbsp; They do pass an Actof Repeal 
+which essentially voids the Edwardian reformation - and reinstates Mass, 
+clerical celibacy &amp;amp; ritual worship.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;December 
+- Mary responds to Parliament's refusal to repeal the Act of Supremacy &amp;amp; 
+rejects the title of Supreme Head of the English Church.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - 
+prominent English Protestants flee to Germany and Switzerland, trying to avoid 
+Marian prosecution of married/non-celibate clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;March - Mary issues Royal Injunction - orders bishops to remove 
+married clergy from office; suppress heresy; only ordain clergy who have been 
+ordained under the English Ordinal; restore Holy Days and attendant 
+ceremonies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Gardiner begins a methodical purge of 
+married clergy.&amp;nbsp; This practice eventually claims almost a quarter of parish 
+clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;April - Parliament meets again - and once 
+more clash with Mary.&amp;nbsp; They eventually agree to pass heresy laws - &lt;I&gt;if 
+&lt;/I&gt;there is no restoration of monastic lands.&amp;nbsp; Mary reluctantly agrees to 
+the condition.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;November - Cardinal Reginald Pole 
+(whose Plantagenet mother, Margaret, was brutally murdered by Henry VIII) 
+returns to England and the sentence of excommunication is lifted from 
+England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Also, Parliament meets again and passes 
+a 2nd Act of Repeal which voids all religious legislation since 1529.&amp;nbsp; In 
+other words, the Henrician Reformation never occurred!&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1555&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Mary 
+begins the new year by appointing a commission to re-establish various religious 
+houses.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;4 February - The first Protestant martyr 
+is publicly burned - John Rogers, translator of the Bible, is convicted under 
+the new heresy laws.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;16 October - Bishops Ridley 
+and Latimer are burnt for heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;12 November - Stephen Gardiner, Mary's Catholic adviser, 
+dies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;13 November - Archbishop Cranmer is 
+officially deprived of the See of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;December - Cardinal Reginald Pole is given Cranmer's former 
+position - named Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1556&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;The public 
+burning of Protestant martyrs continues unabated.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;21 March - Thomas Cranmer recants all retractions and is burnt for 
+heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford - where Ridley and Latimer were also 
+killed.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;22 March - Pole is officially consecrated 
+as Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Cardinal Pole 
+becomes enmeshed in arguments with Pope Paul IV and is deprived of his position 
+as Papal Legate.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1557&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Many small 
+religious houses are re-established.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;June - Pole 
+is recalled to Rome to answer charges of heresy, referencing his arguments with 
+the pope.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to let him go.&amp;nbsp; The pope appoints Friar 
+William Peto as Papal Legate in Pole's place.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to recognize 
+the appointment.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1558&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;10 November - 
+five prominent Protestants burnt for hersey at Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; In total, about 
+300 Protestants were killed during Mary's reign.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;The prominent Protestant exile Thomas Bentham returns to London 
+and leads Protestant meetings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;17 November - Mary 
+and Pole both die.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Queen Mary I main page&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082673&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082673&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,724 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">51569</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0163.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;FOREIGN AFFAIRS : 1572-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THE year 1572 witnessed two events of capital 
+    importance in European history: the rising in the Netherlands, which 
+    resulted in the establishment of the Dutch Republic (April); and the 
+    massacre of St. Bartholomew, which marked the decisive rejection of 
+    Protestantism by France (August). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the beginning of that year--a few weeks 
+    before the proceedings in Parliament just narrated--Elizabeth had at last 
+    concluded the defensive alliance with France for which she had been so long 
+    negotiating (19 April). It cannot be too often repeated that this was the 
+    corner-stone of her foreign policy. For the sake of its superior importance 
+    she had abstained from the interference in Scotland which her Ministers were 
+    always urging. The more she interfered there the more she would have to 
+    interfere, till it would end in her having a rebellious province on her 
+    hands in addition to the hostility of both France and Spain; whereas an 
+    alliance with France would give her security on all sides, Scotland 
+    included. In the treaty it was agreed that if either country were invaded 
+    &amp;quot;under any pretence or cause, none excepted,&amp;quot; the other should send 6000 
+    troops to its assistance. This was accompanied with an explanation, in the 
+    King's handwriting, that &amp;quot;any cause &amp;quot; included religion. The article 
+    relating to Scotland is not less significant. The two sovereigns &amp;quot;shall make 
+    no innovations in Scotland, but defend it against foreigners, not suffering 
+    strangers to enter, or foment the factions in Scotland; but it shall be 
+    lawful for the Queen of England to chastise by arms the Scots who shall 
+    countenance the English rebels now in Scotland.&amp;quot; Mary was not mentioned. 
+    France therefore tacitly renounced her cause. Immediately after the 
+    conclusion of the treaty Charles IX. formally proposed a marriage between 
+    Elizabeth and his youngest brother, AlenÃ§on. This proposal she managed to 
+    encourage and elude for eleven years. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was just at this moment that the seizure 
+    of Brill by some Dutch rovers, who had taken refuge on the sea from the 
+    cruelty of Alva, caused most of the towns of Holland and Zealand to blaze 
+    into rebellion (1 April). Thus began the great war of liberation, which was 
+    to last thirty-seven years. The Protestant party in England hailed the 
+    revolt with enthusiasm. Large subscriptions were made to assist it, and 
+    volunteers poured across to take part in the struggle. Charles IX. and his 
+    mother, full of schemes of conquest in the Netherlands, urged Elizabeth to 
+    join them in a war against Philip. But, with a sagacity and self-restraint 
+    which do her infinite honour, she refused to be drawn beyond the lines laid 
+    down in the recent defensive alliance. Security, economy, fructification of 
+    the tax-payers' money in the tax-payers' pocket--such were the guiding 
+    principles of her policy. She was not to be dragged into dangerous 
+    enterprises either ambitious or Quixotic. Schemes for the partition of the 
+    Netherlands were laid before her. Zealand, it was said, would indemnify her 
+    for Calais. What Englishman with any common sense does not now see that she 
+    was right to reject the bribe? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;To Elizabeth no rebellion against a 
+    legitimate sovereign could be welcome in itself. Since Philip was so 
+    possessed by religious bigotry as to be dangerous to all Protestant States, 
+    she was not sorry that he should wear out his crusading ardour in the 
+    Netherlands; and she was ready to give just as much assistance to the Dutch, 
+    in an underhand way, as would keep him fully occupied without bringing a 
+    declaration of war upon herself. But she would have vastly preferred that he 
+    should repress Catholic and Protestant fanatics alike, and get along quietly 
+    with the mass of his subjects as his father had done before him. Charles IX. 
+    was eager to strike in if she would join him. Those who blame her so 
+    severely for her refusal seem to forget that a French conquest of the 
+    Netherlands would have been far more dangerous to this country than their 
+    possession by Spain. To keep them out of French hands has indeed been the 
+    traditional policy of England during the whole of modern history. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But, it is said, such a war would have 
+    clinched the alliance recently patched up between the French court and the 
+    Huguenots; there would have been no Bartholomew Massacre; &amp;quot;on Elizabeth 
+    depended at that moment whether the French Government would take its place 
+    once for all on the side of the Reformation.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Whether it would have been for the advantage 
+    of European progress in the long-run that France should settle down into 
+    Calvinism, I will forbear to inquire. Fortunately for the immediate 
+    interests of England, Elizabeth understood the situation in France better 
+    than some of her critics do, even with the results before their eyes. The 
+    Huguenots were but a small fraction of the nation. Whatever importance they 
+    possessed they derived from their rank, their turbulence, and the ambition 
+    of their leaders. In a few towns of the south and south-west they formed a 
+    majority of the population. But everywhere else they were mostly noblemen, 
+    full of the arrogance and reckless valour of their class, anything but 
+    puritans in their morals, and ready to destroy the unity of the kingdom for 
+    political no less than for religious objects. They had been losing ground 
+    for several years. The mass of the people abhorred their doctrines, and 
+    protested against any concession to their pretensions. Charles and his 
+    mother were absolutely careless about religion. Their feud with the Guises 
+    and their designs on the Netherlands had led them to invite the Huguenot 
+    chiefs to court, and so to give them a momentary influence in shaping the 
+    policy of France. It was with nothing more solid to lean on than this 
+    ricketty and short-lived combination that Burghley and Walsingham were eager 
+    to launch England into a war with the most powerful monarchy in Europe.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The massacre of St. Bartholomew (24 August) 
+    was a rude awakening from these dreams. That thunderclap did not show that, 
+    in signing the treaty with England and in proposing an attack on Philip, the 
+    French Government had been playing a treacherous game all along, in order to 
+    lure the Huguenots to the shambles. But it did show that when the Catholic 
+    sentiment in France was thoroughly roused, the dynasty itself must bend 
+    before it or be swept away. England might help the Huguenots to keep up a 
+    desultory and harassing civil war; she could no more enable them to control 
+    the policy of the French nation and wield its force, than she could at the 
+    present day restore the Bourbons or Bonapartes. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The first idea of Elizabeth and her 
+    ministers, on receiving the news of the massacre, naturally was that the 
+    French Government had been playing them false from the first, that the 
+    Catholic League for the extirpation of heresy in Europe, which had been so 
+    much talked of since the Bayonne interview in 1565, was after all a reality, 
+    and that England might expect an attack from the combined forces of Spain 
+    and France. Thanks to the prudent policy of Elizabeth, England was in a far 
+    better position to meet all dangers than she had been in 1565. The fleet was 
+    brought round to the Downs. The coast was guarded by militia. An expedition 
+    was organised to co-operate with the Dutch insurgents. Money was sent to the 
+    Prince of Orange. Huguenot refugees were allowed to fit out a flotilla to 
+    assist their co-religionists in Rochelle. The Scotch Regent Mar was 
+    informed, with great secrecy, that if he would demand the extradition of 
+    Mary, and undertake to punish her capitally for her husband's murder, she 
+    should be given up to him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A few weeks sufficed to show that there was 
+    no reason for panic. Confidence, indeed, between the French and English 
+    Governments had been severely shaken. Each stood suspiciously on its guard. 
+    But the alliance was too well grounded in the interests of both parties to 
+    be lightly cast aside. The French ambassador was instructed to excuse and 
+    deplore the massacre as best he could, and to press on the AlenÃ§on marriage. 
+    Elizabeth, dressed in deep mourning, gave him a stiff reception, but let him 
+    see her desire to maintain the alliance. The massacre did not restore the 
+    ascendancy of the Guises. To the Huguenots, as religious reformers, it gave 
+    a blow from which they did not recover. But as a political faction they were 
+    not crushed. Nay, their very weakness became their salvation, since it 
+    compelled them to fall into the second rank behind the &lt;i&gt;Politiques&lt;/i&gt;, 
+    the true party of progress, who were before long to find a victorious leader 
+    in Henry of Navarre. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Philip, for his part, was equally far from 
+    any thought of a crusade against England. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, commanding 
+    several companies of English volunteers, with the hardly concealed sanction 
+    of his government, was fighting against the Spaniards in Walcheren and 
+    hanging all his prisoners. Sir John Hawkins, with twenty ships, had sailed 
+    to intercept the Mexican treasure fleet. Yet Alva, though gnashing his 
+    teeth, was obliged to advise his master to swallow it all, and to be 
+    thankful if he could get Elizabeth to reopen commercial intercourse, which 
+    had been prohibited on both sides since the quarrel about the Genoese 
+    treasure. A treaty for this purpose was in fact concluded early in 1573. 
+    Thus the chief result of the Bartholomew Massacre, as far as Elizabeth was 
+    concerned, was to show how strong her position was, and that she had no need 
+    either to truckle to Catholics or let her hand be forced by Protestants. A 
+    balance of power on the Continent was what suited her, as it has generally 
+    suited this country. Let her critics say what they will, it was no business 
+    of hers to organise a Protestant league, and so drive the Catholic 
+    sovereigns to sink their mutual jealousies and combine against the common 
+    enemy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Scotch Regent was quite ready to 
+    undertake the punishment of Mary, but only on condition that Elizabeth would 
+    send the Earl of Bedford or the Earl of Huntingdon with an army to be 
+    present at the execution and to take Edinburgh Castle. It need hardly be 
+    said that there was also a demand for money. Mar died during the 
+    negotiations, but they were continued by his successor Morton. Elizabeth was 
+    determined to give no open consent to Mary's execution. She meant, no doubt, 
+    as soon as it should be over, to protest, as she did fifteen years 
+    afterwards, that there had been an unfortunate mistake, and to lay the blame 
+    of it on the Scotch Government and her own agents. This part of the 
+    negotiation therefore came to nothing. But money was sent to Morton, which 
+    enabled him to establish a blockade of Edinburgh Castle, and by the 
+    mediation of Elizabeth's ambassador, the Hamiltons, Gordons, and all the 
+    other Marians except those in the Castle, accepted the very favourable terms 
+    offered them, and recognised James. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All that remained was to reduce the Castle. 
+    Its defenders numbered less than two hundred men. The city and the 
+    surrounding country were--as far as preaching and praying went--vehemently 
+    anti-Marian. The Regent had now no other military task on his hands. 
+    Elizabeth might well complain when she was told that unless she sent an army 
+    and paid the Scotch Protestants to co-operate with it, the Castle could not 
+    be taken. For some time she resisted this thoroughly Scotch demand. But at 
+    last she yielded to Morton's importunity. Sir William Drury marched in from 
+    Berwick, did the job, and marched back again (May 1573). Among the captives 
+    were the brilliant Maitland of Lethington, once the most active of 
+    Anglophiles, and Kirkaldy of Grange, who had begun the Scottish Reformation 
+    by the murder of Cardinal Beaton, and had taken Mary prisoner at Carberry 
+    Hill. A politician who did not turn his coat at least once in his life was a 
+    rare bird in Scotland. Maitland died a few days after his capture, probably 
+    by his own hand. Kirkaldy was hanged by his old friend Morton. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;By taking Edinburgh Castle Elizabeth did not 
+    earn any gratitude from the party who had called her in. What they wanted, 
+    and always would want, was money. Morton himself, treading in the steps of 
+    his old leader Moray, remained an unswerving Anglophile. But his coadjutors 
+    told the English ambassador plainly that, if they could not get money from 
+    England, they could and would earn it from France. Elizabeth's councillors 
+    were always teasing her to comply with these impudent demands. If there had 
+    been a grown-up King on the throne, a man with a will of his own, and whose 
+    right to govern could not be contested, it might have been worth while to 
+    secure his good-will by a pension; and this was what Elizabeth did when 
+    James became real ruler of the country. But she did not believe in paying a 
+    clique of greedy lords to call themselves the English party. An English 
+    party there was sure to be, if only because there was a French party. Their 
+    services would be neither greater nor smaller whether they were paid or 
+    unpaid. The French poured money into Scotland, and were worse served than 
+    Elizabeth, who kept her money in her treasury. It was no fault of Elizabeth 
+    if the conditions of political life in Scotland during the King's minority 
+    were such that a firmly established government was in the nature of things 
+    impossible. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As Mary was kept in strict seclusion during 
+    the panic that followed on the Bartholomew Massacre, she did not know how 
+    narrow was her escape from a shameful death on a Scottish scaffold. When the 
+    panic subsided she was allowed to resume her former manner of life as the 
+    honoured guest of Lord Shrewsbury, with full opportunities for communication 
+    with all her friends at home and abroad. Any alarm she had felt speedily 
+    disappeared. If Elizabeth had for a moment contemplated striking at her life 
+    or title by parliamentary procedure, that intention was evidently abandoned 
+    when the Parliament of 1572 was prorogued without any such measure becoming 
+    law. The public assumed, and rightly, that Elizabeth still regarded the 
+    Scottish Queen as her successor. Peter Wentworth in the next session (1576) 
+    asserted, and probably with truth, that many who had been loud in their 
+    demands for severity repented of their forwardness when they found that Mary 
+    might yet be their Queen, and tried to make their peace with her. 
+    Wentworth's outburst (for which he was sent to the Tower) was the only 
+    demonstration against Mary in that session. She told the Archbishop of 
+    Glasgow that her prospects had never been better, and when opportunities for 
+    secret escape were offered her she declined to use them, thinking that it 
+    was for her interest to remain in England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The desire of the English Queen to reinstate 
+    her rival arose principally from an uneasy consciousness that, by detaining 
+    her in custody, she was fatally impairing that religious respect for 
+    sovereigns which was the main, if not the only, basis of their power. The 
+    scaffold of Fotheringay was, in truth, the prelude to the scaffold of 
+    Whitehall. But as year succeeded year, and Elizabeth became habituated to 
+    the situation which had at first given her such qualms, she could not shut 
+    her eyes to the fact that, troublesome and even dangerous as Mary's presence 
+    in England was, the trouble and the danger had been very much greater when 
+    she was seated on the Scottish throne. The seething caldron of Scotch 
+    politics had not, indeed, become a negligible quantity. It required 
+    watching. But experience had shown that, while the King was a child, the 
+    Scots were neither valuable as friends nor formidable as foes. This was a 
+    truth quite as well understood at Paris and Madrid as at London, though the 
+    French, no less keen in those days than they are now to maintain that 
+    shadowy thing called &amp;quot;legitimate French influence&amp;quot; in countries with which 
+    they had any historical connection, continued to intrigue and waste their 
+    money among the hungry Scotch nobles. It was a fixed principle with 
+    Elizabeth, as with all English statesmen, not to tolerate the presence of 
+    foreign troops in Scotland. But she believed--and her belief was justified 
+    by events-that a French expedition was not the easy matter it had been when 
+    Mary of Guise was Regent of Scotland and Mary Tudor Queen of England. And, 
+    more important still, in spite of much treachery and distrust, the French 
+    and English Governments were bound together by a treaty which was equally 
+    necessary to each of them. Scotland, therefore, was no longer such a cause 
+    of anxiety to Elizabeth as it had been during the first ten years of her 
+    reign. Her ministers had neither her coolness nor her insight. Yet modern 
+    historians, proud of having unearthed their croaking criticisms, ask us to 
+    judge Elizabeth's policy by prognostications which turned out to be false 
+    rather than by the known results which so brilliantly justified it. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How to deal with the Netherlands was a much 
+    more complicated and difficult problem. Here again Elizabeth's ministers 
+    were for carrying matters with a high hand. In their view, England was in 
+    constant danger of a Spanish invasion, which could only be averted by openly 
+    and vigorously supporting the revolted provinces. They would have had 
+    Elizabeth place herself at the head of a Protestant league, and dare the 
+    worst that Philip could do. She, on the other hand, believed that every year 
+    war could be delayed was so much &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;gained for England. There were many ways in 
+    which she could aid the Netherlands without openly challenging Philip. A 
+    curious theory of international relations prevailed in those days--an 
+    English Prime Minister, by the way, found it convenient not long ago to 
+    revive it--according to which, to carry on warlike operations against 
+    another country was a very different thing from going to war with that 
+    country. Of this theory Elizabeth largely availed herself. English generals 
+    were not only allowed, but encouraged, to raise regiments of volunteers to 
+    serve in the Low Countries. When there, they reported to the English 
+    Government, and received instructions from it with hardly a pretence of 
+    concealment. Money was openly furnished to the Prince of Orange. English 
+    fleets-also nominally of volunteers--were encouraged to prey on Spanish 
+    commerce, Elizabeth herself subscribing to their outfit and sharing in the 
+    booty. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are not to suppose, because the revolt of 
+    the Netherlands crippled Philip for any attack on England, that Elizabeth 
+    welcomed it, or that she contemplated the prolongation of the struggle with 
+    cold-blooded satisfaction. Its immediate advantage to this country was 
+    obvious. But Elizabeth had a sincere abhorrence of war and disorder. She was 
+    equally provoked with Philip for persecuting the Dutch Protestants into 
+    rebellion, and with the Dutch for insisting on religious concessions which 
+    Philip could not be expected to grant, and which she herself was not 
+    granting to Catholics in England. At any time during the struggle, if Philip 
+    would have guaranteed liberty of conscience (as distinguished from liberty 
+    of public worship), the restoration of the old charters, and the removal of 
+    the Spanish troops, Elizabeth would not only have withheld all help from the 
+    Dutch, but would have put pressure on them to submit to Philip. The presence 
+    of Spanish veterans opposite the mouth of the Thames was a standing menace 
+    to England. &amp;quot;As they are there,&amp;quot; argued Burghley, we must help the Dutch to 
+    keep them employed. &amp;quot;If the Dutch were not such impracticable fanatics,&amp;quot; 
+    rejoined Elizabeth, &amp;quot;the Spanish veterans need not be there at all.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The &amp;quot;Pacification of Ghent&amp;quot; (November 1576), 
+    by which the Belgian Netherlands, for a short time, made common cause with 
+    Holland and Zealand, relieved Elizabeth, for a time, from the necessity of 
+    taking any decisive step. Philip was still recognised as sovereign, but he 
+    was required to be content with such powers as the old constitution gave 
+    him. It seemed likely that Catholic bigots would have to give up 
+    persecuting, and Protestant bigots to acquiesce in the official 
+    establishment of the old religion. This was precisely the settlement 
+    Elizabeth had always desired. It would get rid of the Spanish troops. It 
+    would keep out the French. It would relieve her from the necessity of 
+    interfering. If it put some restriction on the open profession of Calvinism 
+    she would not be sorry. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If this arrangement could have been carried 
+    out, would it in the long-run have been for the benefit of Europe? Those who 
+    hold that the conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism was simply a 
+    conflict between truth and falsehood will, of course, have no difficulty in 
+    giving their answer. Others may hold that freedom of conscience was all that 
+    was needed at the time, and they may picture the many advantages which 
+    Europe would have reaped during the last three centuries from the existence 
+    of a united Netherlands, independent, as it must soon have become, of Spain, 
+    and able to make its independence respected by its neighbours. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Short-lived as the coalition was destined to 
+    be, it secured for the Dutch a breathing-time when they were most sorely 
+    pressed, and enabled Elizabeth to avoid quarrelling with Spain. The first 
+    step of the newly allied States was to apply to her for assistance and a 
+    loan of money. The loan they obtained-Â£40,000--a very large sum in those 
+    days. But she earnestly advised them that if the new Governor, Don John of 
+    Austria, would accept the Pacification, they should use the money to pay the 
+    arrears of the Spanish troops; otherwise they would refuse to leave the 
+    country for Don John or any one else. This was done. Don John had treachery 
+    in his heart. But the departure of the Spaniards was a solid gain; and if 
+    the Protestants and Catholics of the Netherlands had been able to tolerate 
+    each other, they would have achieved the practical independence of their 
+    country, and achieved it by their own unaided efforts. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But Don John, the crusader, the victor of 
+    Lepanto, the half-brother of Philip, was a man of soaring ambition. His 
+    dream was to invade England, marry the Queen of Scots, and seat himself with 
+    her on the English throne. It was in vain that Philip, who never wavered in 
+    his desire to conciliate Elizabeth, and was jealous of his showy brother, 
+    had strictly enjoined him to leave England alone. He persisted in his 
+    design, and sent his confidant Escovedo to persuade Philip that to conquer 
+    the Netherlands it was necessary to begin by conquering England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;For a pair of determined enemies, Elizabeth 
+    and Philip were just now upon most amicable, not to say affectionate, terms. 
+    She knew well that he had incited assassins to take her life, and that 
+    nothing would at any time give him greater pleasure than to hear that one of 
+    them had succeeded. But she bore him no malice for that. She took it all in 
+    the way of business, and intended, for her part, to go on robbing and 
+    damaging him in every way she could short of going to war. Philip bore it 
+    all meekly. Alva himself insisted that he could not afford to quarrel with 
+    her. Diplomatic relations by means of resident ambassadors, which had been 
+    broken off by the expulsion of De Espes in 1571, were resumed; and English 
+    heretics in the prisons of the Inquisition were released in spite of the 
+    outcries of the Grand Inquisitor. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the summer of 1557 it seemed as if Don 
+    John's restless ambition would interrupt this pacific policy which suited 
+    both monarchs. He had sent for the Spanish troops again. He was known to be 
+    projecting an invasion of England. He was said to have a promise of help 
+    from Guise. Elizabeth's ministers, as usual, believed that she was on the 
+    brink of ruin, and implored her to send armies both to the Netherlands and 
+    to France. But she refused to be hustled into any precipitate action, and 
+    reasons soon appeared for maintaining an expectant attitude. The treaty of 
+    Bergerac between Henry III. and Henry of Navarre (September 1557) showed 
+    once more that the French King had no intention of letting the Huguenots be 
+    crushed. The invitation of the Archduke Matthias by the Belgian nobles 
+    showed that they were deeply jealous of English interference. Here, surely, 
+    was matter for reflection. The most Elizabeth could be got to do was to 
+    become security for a loan of Â£100,000 to the States, on condition that 
+    Matthias should leave the real direction of affairs to William of Orange, 
+    and to promise armed assistance (January 1578). At the same time she 
+    informed Philip that she was obliged to do this for her own safety; that she 
+    had no desire to contest his sovereignty of the Netherlands; on the 
+    contrary, she would help him to maintain it if he would govern reasonably; 
+    but he ought to remove Don John, who was her mortal enemy, and to appoint 
+    another Governor of his own family; in other words, Matthias. Her policy 
+    could not have been more candidly set forth, and Philip showed his 
+    disapproval of Don John's designs in a characteristic way--by causing 
+    Escovedo to be assassinated. Don John himself died in the autumn, of a fever 
+    brought on by disappointment, or, as some thought, of a complaint similar to 
+    Escovedo's (September 1578). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Elizabeth feared that Don John's scheme 
+    was countenanced by his brother, she had risked an open rupture by promising 
+    to send an army to the Netherlands. The murder of Escovedo and the arrival 
+    of the Spanish ambassador Mendoza (March 1578) reassured her. Philip was 
+    evidently pacific to the point of tameness. Instead, therefore, of sending 
+    an English army, she preferred to pay John Casimir, the Count Palatine, to 
+    lead a German army to the assistance of the States. As far as military 
+    strength went, they were probably no losers by the change. But what they 
+    wanted was to see Elizabeth committed to open war with Philip, and that was 
+    just what she desired to avoid. Indirect and underhand blows she was 
+    prepared to deal him, for she knew by experience that he would put up with 
+    them. Thus in the preceding autumn she had despatched Drake on his famous 
+    expedition to the South Pacific. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Don John was succeeded by his nephew, 
+    Alexander of Parma. The fine prospects of the revolted provinces were now 
+    about to be dashed. In the arts which smooth over difficulties and 
+    conciliate opposition, Parma had few equals. He was a head and shoulders 
+    above all contemporary generals; and no soldiers of that time were 
+    comparable to his Spanish and Italian veterans. When he assumed the command, 
+    he was master of only a small corner of the Low Countries. What he effected 
+    is represented by their present division between Belgians and Dutch. The 
+    struggle in the Netherlands continued, therefore, to be the principal object 
+    of Elizabeth's attention. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Shortly before the death of Don John, the 
+    Duke of AlenÃ§on, (1) brother and heir-presumptive of Henry III. had been 
+    invited by the Belgian nobles to become their Protector, and Orange, in his 
+    anxiety for union, had accepted their nominee. AlenÃ§on was to furnish 12,000 
+    French troops. It was hoped and believed that, though Henry had ostensibly 
+    disapproved of his brother's action, he would in the end give him open 
+    support, thus resuming the enterprise which had been interrupted six years 
+    before by the Bartholomew Massacre. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Now, how was Elizabeth to deal with this new 
+    combination? The Protectorship of AlenÃ§on might bring on annexation to 
+    France, the result which most of all she wished to avoid. For a moment she 
+    thought of offering her own protection (which Orange would have much 
+    preferred), and an army equal to that promised by AlenÃ§on. But upon further 
+    reflection, she determined to adhere to the policy of not throwing down the 
+    glove to Philip, and to try whether she could not put AlenÃ§on in harness, 
+    and make him do her work. One means of effecting this would be to allow him 
+    subsidies--the means employed on such a vast scale by Pitt in our wars with 
+    Napoleon. But Elizabeth intended to spend as little as possible in this way. 
+    She relied chiefly on a revival of the marriage comedy--now to be played 
+    positively for the last time; the lady being forty-five, and her wooer 
+    twenty-four. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A dignified policy it certainly was not. All 
+    that was ridiculous and repulsive in her coquetry with Henry had now to be 
+    repeated and outdone with his younger brother. To overcome the incredulity 
+    which her previous performances had produced, she was obliged to exaggerate 
+    her protestations, to admit a personal courtship, to simulate amorous 
+    emotion, and to go through a tender pantomime of kisses and caresses. But 
+    Elizabeth never let dignity stand in the way of business. What to most women 
+    would have been an insupportable humiliation did not cost her a pang. She 
+    even found amusement in it. From the nature of the case, she could not take 
+    one of her counsellors into her confidence. There was no chance of imposing 
+    upon foreigners unless she could persuade those about her that she was in 
+    earnest. They were amazed that she should run the risk of establishing the 
+    French in the Netherlands. She had no intention of doing so. When Philip 
+    should be brought so low as to be willing to concede a constitutional 
+    government, she could always throw her weight on his side and get rid of the 
+    French. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The match with AlenÃ§on had been proposed six 
+    years before. It had lately slumbered. But there was no difficulty in 
+    whistling him back, and making it appear that the renewed overture came from 
+    his side. After tedious negotiations, protracted over twelve months, he at 
+    length paid his first visit to Elizabeth ( August 1579). He was an 
+    under-sized man with an over-sized head, villainously ugly, with a face 
+    deeply seamed by smallpox, a nose ending in a knob that made it look like 
+    two noses, and a croaking voice. Elizabeth's liking for big handsome men is 
+    well known. But as she had not the least intention of marrying AlenÃ§on, it 
+    cost her nothing to affirm that she was charmed with his appearance, and 
+    that he was just the sort of man she could fancy for a husband. The only 
+    agreeable thing about him was his conversation, in which he shone, so that 
+    people who did not thoroughly know him always at first gave him credit for 
+    more ability than he possessed. Elizabeth, who had a pet name for all 
+    favourites, dubbed him her &amp;quot;frog&amp;quot;; and &amp;quot;Grenouille&amp;quot; he was fain to subscribe 
+    himself in his love-letters. This first visit was a short one, and he went 
+    away hopeful of success. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The English people could only judge by 
+    appearances, and for the first time in her reign Elizabeth was unpopular. 
+    The Puritan Stubbs published his &lt;i&gt;Discovery of a Gaping Gulf wherein 
+    England is like to be swallowed by another French Marriage&lt;/i&gt;. But the 
+    excitement was by no means confined to the Puritans. Hatred of Frenchmen 
+    long remained a ruling sentiment with most Englishmen. Elizabeth vented her 
+    rage on Stubbs, who had been so rude as to tell her that childbirth at her 
+    age would endanger her life. He was sentenced to have his hand cut off. &amp;quot;I 
+    remember,&amp;quot; says Camden, &amp;quot;being then present, that Stubbs, after his right 
+    hand was cut off, put off his hat with his left, and said with a loud voice, 
+    'God save the Queen.' The multitude standing about was deeply silent.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not long after AlenÃ§on's visit, a treaty of 
+    marriage was signed (November 1579), with a proviso that two months should 
+    be allowed for the Queen's subjects to become reconciled to it. If, at the 
+    end of that time, Elizabeth did not ratify the treaty, it was to be null and 
+    void. The appointed time came and went without ratification. Burghley, as 
+    usual, predicted that the jilted suitor would become a deadly enemy, and 
+    drew an alarming picture of the dangers that threatened England, with the 
+    old exhortation to his mistress to form a Protestant league and subsidise 
+    the Scotch Anglophiles. But in 1572 she had slipped out of the Anjou 
+    marriage, and yet secured a French alliance. She confided in her ability to 
+    play the same game now. Though she had not ratified the marriage treaty, she 
+    continued to correspond with AlenÃ§on and keep up his hopes, urging him at 
+    the same time to lead an army to the help of the States. This, however, he 
+    was unwilling to do till he had secured the marriage. The French King was 
+    ready, and even eager, to back his brother. But he, too, insisted on the 
+    marriage, and that Elizabeth should openly join him in war against Spain.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the summer of 1580, Philip conquered 
+    Portugal, thus not only rounding off his Peninsular realm, but acquiring the 
+    enormous transmarine dominions of the Portuguese crown. All Europe was 
+    profoundly impressed and alarmed by this apparent increase of his power. 
+    Elizabeth incessantly lectured Henry on the necessity of abating a 
+    preponderance so dangerous to all other States, and tried to convince him 
+    that it was specially incumbent on France to undertake the enterprise. But 
+    she preached in vain. Henry steadily refused to stir unless England would 
+    openly assist him with troops and money, of which the marriage was to be the 
+    pledge. He did not conceal his suspicion that, when Elizabeth had pushed him 
+    into war, she would &amp;quot;draw her neck out of the collar&amp;quot; and leave him to bear 
+    the whole danger. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was, in fact, her intention. She 
+    believed that a war with France would soon compel Philip to make proper 
+    concessions to the States; whereupon she would interpose and dictate a 
+    peace. &amp;quot;Marry my brother,&amp;quot; Henry kept saying, &amp;quot;and then I shall have 
+    security that you will bear your fair share of the fighting, and expenses.&amp;quot; 
+    &amp;quot;If I am to go to war,&amp;quot; argued Elizabeth, &amp;quot;I cannot marry your brother; for 
+    my subjects will say that I am dragged into it by my husband, and they will 
+    grudge the expense. Suppose, instead of a marriage, we have an alliance not 
+    binding me to open war; then I will furnish you with money &lt;i&gt;underhand&lt;/i&gt;. 
+    You know you have got to fight. You cannot afford to let Philip go on 
+    increasing his power.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry remained doggedly firm. No marriage, no 
+    war. At last, finding she could not stir him, Elizabeth again concluded a 
+    treaty of marriage, but with the extraordinary proviso that six weeks should 
+    be left for private explanations by letter between herself and AlenÃ§on. It 
+    soon appeared what this meant. In these six weeks Elizabeth furnished her 
+    suitor with money, and incited him to make a sudden attack on Parma, who was 
+    then besieging Cambray, close to the French frontier. AlenÃ§on, thinking 
+    himself now sure of the marriage, collected 15,000 men; and Henry, though 
+    not openly assisting him, no longer prohibited the enterprise. But, as soon 
+    as Elizabeth thought they were sufficiently committed, she gave them to 
+    understand that the marriage must be again deferred, that her subjects were 
+    discontented, that she could only join in a defensive alliance, but that she 
+    would furnish money &amp;quot;in reasonable sort&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;underhand&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All this is very unscrupulous, very 
+    shameless, even for that shameless age. Hardened liars like Henry and 
+    AlenÃ§on thought it too bad. &lt;i&gt;They&lt;/i&gt; were ready for violence as well as 
+    fraud, and availed themselves of whichever method came handiest. Elizabeth 
+    also used the weapon which nature had given her. Being constitutionally 
+    averse from any but peaceful methods, she made up for it by a double dose of 
+    fraud. &lt;i&gt;Dente lupus, cornu taurus&lt;/i&gt;. It would have been useless for a 
+    mate statesman to try to pass himself off as a fickle impulsive, susceptible 
+    being, swayed from one moment to another in his political schemes by 
+    passions and weaknesses that are thought natural in the other sex. This was 
+    Elizabeth's advantage, and she made the most of it. She was a masculine 
+    woman simulating, when it suited her purpose, a feminine character. The men 
+    against whom she was matched were never sure whether they were dealing with 
+    a crafty and determined politician, or a vain, flighty, amorous woman. This 
+    uncertainty was constantly putting them out in their calculations. AlenÃ§on 
+    would never have been so taken in if he had not told himself that any folly 
+    might be expected from an elderly woman enamoured of a young man. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On this occasion Elizabeth scored, if not the 
+    full success she had hoped from her audacious mystification, yet no 
+    inconsiderable portion of it. Henry managed to draw back just in time, and 
+    was not let in for a big war. But AlenÃ§on, at the head of 15,000 men, and 
+    close to Cambray, could not for very shame beat a retreat. Parma retired at 
+    his approach, and the French army entered Cambray in triumph (August 1581). 
+    AlenÃ§on therefore had been put in harness to some purpose. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Though Henry III. had good reason to complain 
+    of the way he had been treated, he did not make it a quarrel with Elizabeth. 
+    His interests, as she saw all along, were too closely bound up with hers to 
+    permit him to think of such a thing. On the contrary, he renewed the 
+    alliance of 1572 in an ampler form, though it still remained strictly 
+    defensive. AlenÃ§on, after relieving and victualling Cambray, disbanded his 
+    army, and went over to England again to press for the marriage (November 
+    1581). Thither he was followed by ambassadors from the States. By the advice 
+    of Orange they had resolved to take him as their sovereign, and they were 
+    now urgently pressing him to return to the Netherlands to be installed. 
+    Elizabeth added her pressure; but he was unwilling to leave England until he 
+    should have secured the marriage. For three months (November 1581 to 
+    February 1582) did Elizabeth try every art to make him accept promise for 
+    performance. She was thoroughly in her element. To win her game in this way, 
+    not by the brutal arbitrament of war, or even by the ordinary tricks of 
+    vicarious diplomacy, but by artifices personally executed, feats of cajolery 
+    that might seem improbable on the stage,--this was delightful in the highest 
+    degree. The more distrustful AlenÃ§on showed himself, the keener was the 
+    pleasure of handling him. One day he is hidden behind a curtain to view her 
+    elegant dancing; not, surely, that he might be smitten with it, but that he 
+    might think she desired him to be smitten. Another day she kisses him on the 
+    lips (&lt;i&gt;en la boca&lt;/i&gt;) in the presence of the French ambassador. She gives 
+    him a ring. She presents him to her household as their future master. She 
+    orders the Bishop of Lincoln to draw up a marriage service. It is a 
+    repulsive spectacle; but, after all, we are not so much disgusted with the 
+    elderly woman who pretends to be willing to marry the young man, as with the 
+    young man who is really willing to marry the elderly woman. Unfortunately 
+    for Elizabeth, her acting was so realistic that it not only took in 
+    contemporaries, but has persuaded many modern writers that she was really 
+    influenced by a degrading passion. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry III. himself was at last induced to 
+    believe that Elizabeth was this time in earnest. But he could not be driven 
+    from his determination to risk nothing till he saw the marriage actually 
+    concluded. Pinart, the French Secretary of State, was accordingly sent over 
+    to settle the terms. Elizabeth demanded one concession after another, and 
+    finally asked for the restitution of Calais. There was no mistaking what 
+    this meant. Pinart, in the King's name, formally forbade AlenÃ§on to proceed 
+    to the Netherlands except as a married man, and tried to intimidate 
+    Elizabeth by threatening that his master would ally himself with Philip. But 
+    she laughed at him, and told him that she could have the Spanish alliance 
+    whenever she chose, which was perfectly true. AlenÃ§on himself gave way. He 
+    felt that he was being played with. He had come over here, with a &lt;i&gt;fatuilÃ©&lt;/i&gt; 
+    not uncommon among young Frenchmen, expecting to bend a love-sick Queen to 
+    serve his political designs. He found himself, to his intense mortification, 
+    bent to serve hers. Ashamed to show his face in France without either his 
+    Belgian dominions or his English wife, he was fain to accept Elizabeth's 
+    solemn promise that she would marry him as soon as she could, and allowed 
+    himself to be shipped off under the escort of an English fleet to the 
+    Netherlands (February 1582). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;According to Mr. Froude, &amp;quot;the Prince of 
+    Orange intimated that AlenÃ§on was accepted by the States only as a pledge 
+    that England would support them; if England failed them, they would not 
+    trust their fortunes to so vain an idiot.&amp;quot; This statement appears to be 
+    drawn from the second-band tattle of Mendoza, and is probably, like much 
+    else from that source, unworthy of credit. But whether Orange sent such an 
+    &amp;quot;intimation&amp;quot; or not, it cannot be allowed to weigh against the ample 
+    evidence that AlenÃ§on was accepted by him and by the States mainly for the 
+    sake of the French forces he could raise on his own account, and the 
+    assistance which he undertook to procure from his brother. Neither Orange 
+    nor any one else regarded him as an idiot. Orange had not been led to expect 
+    that he would bring any help from England except money supplied underhand; 
+    and money Elizabeth did furnish in very considerable quantities. But the 
+    Netherlanders now expected everything to be done for them, and were backward 
+    with their contributions both in men and money. Clearly there is something 
+    to be said for the let-alone policy to which Elizabeth usually leant. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The States intended AlenÃ§on's sovereignty to 
+    be of the strictly constitutional kind, such as it had been before the 
+    encroachments of Philip and his father. This did not suit the young 
+    Frenchman, and at the beginning of 1583 he attempted a &lt;i&gt;coup d'Ã©tat&lt;/i&gt;, 
+    not without encouragement from some of the Belgian Catholics. At Antwerp his 
+    French troops were defeated with great bloodshed by the citizens, and the 
+    general voice of the country was for sending him about his business. But 
+    both Elizabeth and Orange, though disconcerted and disgusted by his 
+    treachery, still saw nothing better to be done than to patch up the breach 
+    and retain his services. Both of them urged this course on the 
+    States--Orange with his usual dignified frankness; Elizabeth in the crooked, 
+    blustering fashion which has brought upon her policy, in so many instances, 
+    reproach which it does not really deserve. Norris, the commander of the 
+    English volunteers, had discountenanced the &lt;i&gt;coup-d'Ã©tat&lt;/i&gt; and taken his 
+    orders from the States. Openly Elizabeth reprimanded him, and ordered him to 
+    bring his men back to England. Secretly she told him he had done well, and 
+    bade him remain where he was. Norris was in fact there to protect the 
+    interests of England quite as much against the French as against Spain. 
+    There is not the least ground for the assertion that in promoting a 
+    reconciliation with AlenÃ§on, Orange acted under pressure from Elizabeth. 
+    Everything goes to show that he, the wisest and noblest statesman of his 
+    time, thought it the only course open to the States, unless they were 
+    prepared to submit to Philip. Both Elizabeth and Orange felt that the first 
+    necessity was to keep the quarrel alive between the Frenchman and the 
+    Spaniard. The English Queen therefore continued to feed AlenÃ§on with hopes 
+    of marriage, and the States patched up a reconciliation with him (March 
+    1583). But his heart failed him. He saw Parma taking town after town. He 
+    knew that he had made himself odious to the Netherlanders. He was covered 
+    with shame. He was fatally stricken with consumption. In June 1583 he left 
+    Belgium never to return. Within a twelvemonth he was dead. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;1. He had received the Duchy of 
+    Anjou in addition to that of AlenÃ§on, and some historians call him by the 
+    former title.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterseven.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VII The Papal Attack: 1570-1583&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082625&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082625&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0170.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1535.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1535.gif&quot; width=&quot;519&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Th&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;e account at right was written by 
+    the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The summer of 1535 was one of the bloodiest of King Henry 
+    VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; The deaths of John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, and Sir 
+    Thomas More shocked and appalled Europe.&amp;nbsp; Henry's reputation never 
+    recovered and was further blemished when he later executed two wives.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;This year on 11 June were arraigned in the king's bench at
+Westminster three monks of the Charterhouse of London, and there condemned
+of high treason against the king, and sentenced to be drawn, hanged, disemboweled,
+beheaded and quartered.&amp;nbsp; One of them was called Francis Nitigate,
+another Master Exmew, storekeeper of the same place, and the third was
+called Master Middlemore, vicar of the same place.&amp;nbsp; This year also
+on 17 June was arraigned at Westminster in the king's bench John Fisher,
+bishop of Rochester, for treason against the king, and he was condemned
+there by a jury of knights and esquires (the lord chancellor sitting as
+high judge), who passed this sentence on him - that the said John Fisher
+should go from thence to the place where he came from, which was the Tower
+of London, and from thence to be drawn through the City of London to Tyburn,
+there to be hanged, cur down alive, his bowels taken out of his body and
+burnt before him, his head cut off, and his body be divided into four parts
+and his head and body be set in such places as the king should assign.&amp;nbsp;
+The effect of the treason was denying the king to be Supreme Head of the
+Church of England, according to a statute, The Act of Supremacy, made in
+the last session of Parliament.
+&lt;p&gt;On 19 June, a Saturday, the three monks of the Charterhouse, aforementioned,
+were drawn from the Tower to Tyburn, and there executed according to their
+sentence, and their heads and bodies hung at different gates around the
+city.
+&lt;p&gt;Also on 22 June, Tuesday, John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, was beheaded
+at Tower Hill, and the rest of his execution pardoned.&amp;nbsp; His body was
+buried in Barking churchyard, next to the Tower of London, and his head
+was set on London Bridge.
+&lt;p&gt;This year also on 1 July, being Thursday, Sir Thomas More, sometime
+chancellor of England, was arraigned at Westminster for high treason and
+there condemned, and the Tuesday after, being 6 July, he was beheaded at
+Tower Hill and his body was buried within the chapel in the Tower of London,
+and his head was set on London Bridge.&amp;nbsp; The effect of his death was
+for the same cause that the bishop of Rochester died for.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082599&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082599&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,1004 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">69904</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-rainbow.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizmom.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-scrots.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsig-sm.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward4-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsister.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworth.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=444 
+      alt=&quot;'The Rainbow Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1600&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-rainbow.jpg&quot; width=350 align=center border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Elizabeth Tudor is considered by many to be the greatest monarch in 
+      English history.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen in 1558, she was twenty-five 
+      years old, a survivor of scandal and danger, and considered illegitimate 
+      by most Europeans.&amp;nbsp; She inherited a bankrupt nation, torn by 
+      religious discord, a weakened pawn between the great powers of France and 
+      Spain.&amp;nbsp; She was only the third queen to rule England in her own 
+      right; the other two examples, her cousin Lady Jane Grey and half-sister 
+      Mary I, were disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Even her supporters believed her position 
+      dangerous and uncertain.&amp;nbsp; Her only hope, they counseled, was to marry 
+      quickly and lean upon her husband for support.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth had 
+      other ideas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;She ruled alone for nearly half a century, 
+      lending her name to a glorious epoch in world history.&amp;nbsp; She dazzled 
+      even her greatest enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her sense of duty was admirable, though 
+      it came at great personal cost.&amp;nbsp; She was committed above all else to 
+      preserving English peace and stability; her genuine love for her subjects 
+      was legendary.&amp;nbsp; Only a few years after her death in 1603, they 
+      lamented her passing.&amp;nbsp; In her greatest speech to Parliament, she told 
+      them, 'I count the glory of my crown that I have reigned with your 
+      love.'&amp;nbsp; And five centuries later, the worldwide love affair with 
+      Elizabeth Tudor continues.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Proud 
+      and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she 
+      nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, 
+      whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less 
+      legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother 
+      would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the 
+      authority of the Church....&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;She prides herself on her father and 
+  glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the 
+  Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the 
+  same way as the Queen.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;I&gt;the Venetian 
+      ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth Tudor was born on 7 September 1533 at Greenwich 
+      Palace.&amp;nbsp; She was the daughter of &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;King Henry 
+      VIII&lt;/A&gt; and his second wife, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+      Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Henry had &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;defied the 
+      papacy&lt;/A&gt; and the Holy Roman Emperor to marry Anne, spurred on by love 
+      and the need for a legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; And so Elizabeth's birth 
+      was one of the most exciting political events in 16th century European 
+      history; rarely had so much turmoil occurred on behalf of a mere 
+      infant.&amp;nbsp; But the confident predictions of astrologers and physicians 
+      were wrong and the longed-for prince turned out to be a princess.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Eustace Chapuys, the Imperial ambassador and enemy of Anne Boleyn, 
+      described the birth to his master as 'a 
+      &lt;IMG height=324 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizmom.jpg&quot; width=250 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;great disappointment and sorrow to 
+      the King, the Lady herself and to others of her party.'&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+      next two years, Henry VIII was willing to hope for a son to join this 
+      healthy daughter.&amp;nbsp; Immediately after Elizabeth's birth, he wrote to 
+      his 17 year old daughter, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess 
+      Mary&lt;/A&gt;, and demanded she relinquish her title Princess of Wales and 
+      acknowledge both the annulment of his marriage to her mother, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+      Aragon&lt;/A&gt;, and the validity of his new marriage.&amp;nbsp; Mary refused; she 
+      already blamed Anne Boleyn (and, by extension, Elizabeth) for the sad 
+      alteration of her own fortunes.&amp;nbsp; In December, she was moved into her 
+      infant half-sister's household.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her respects to the 
+      baby Princess, she replied that she knew of no Princess of England but 
+      herself, and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Henry already ignored Mary and Katharine's constant pleas to meet; now 
+      he began a more aggressive campaign to secure Anne and Elizabeth's 
+      position.&amp;nbsp; For one mother and daughter to be secure, the other pair 
+      must necessarily suffer.&amp;nbsp; Most Europeans, and indeed Englishmen, 
+      still believed Katharine to be the king's valid wife.&amp;nbsp; Now old and 
+      sickly, imprisoned in one moldy castle after another, she remained a very 
+      popular figure.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was dismissed in polite circles as the 
+      king's 'concubine' and their marriage was recognized only by those of the new 
+      Protestant faith.&amp;nbsp; Henry attempted to legislate popular acceptance of 
+      his new queen and heiress.&amp;nbsp; But the various acts and oaths only cost 
+      the lives of several prominent Catholics, among them &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas 
+      More&lt;/A&gt; and Bishop John Fisher.&amp;nbsp; The English people never accepted 
+      'Nan Bullen' as their queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But while she had the king's personal favor, Elizabeth's mother was 
+      secure.&amp;nbsp; And she held that favor far longer than any had 
+      expected.&amp;nbsp; It was only after she miscarried twice that Henry began to 
+      consider this second marriage as cursed as the first.&amp;nbsp; The last 
+      miscarriage occurred in January 1536; Katharine died that same 
+      month.&amp;nbsp; With her death, the king's Catholic critics considered him a 
+      widower, free to marry again.&amp;nbsp; And this next marriage would not be 
+      tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; It was only necessary to get rid 
+      of Anne, and find a new wife - one who could hopefully deliver a 
+      son.&amp;nbsp; The king already had a candidate in mind; her name was &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane 
+      Seymour&lt;/A&gt;, a lady-in-waiting to both Katharine and Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In the end, Henry VIII was not merely content to annul his marriage to 
+      Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was arrested, charged with a variety of crimes which even 
+      her enemies discounted, and executed on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her little 
+      daughter was now in the same position as her half-sister, Princess 
+      Mary.&amp;nbsp; However, all of Europe and most Englishmen considered Mary to 
+      be Henry's legitimate heir, despite legislation to the contrary.&amp;nbsp; No 
+      one believed Elizabeth to be more than the illegitimate daughter of the 
+      king.&amp;nbsp; Also, there were already disparaging rumors of her mother's 
+      infidelities; perhaps the solemn, red-headed child was not the king's 
+      after all?&amp;nbsp; It was to Henry's (small) credit that he always 
+      acknowledged Elizabeth as his own, and took pride in her intellectual 
+      accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; As she grew older, even Catholic courtiers noted 
+      Elizabeth resembled her father more than Mary did.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Henry married Jane just twelve days after Anne's execution and his 
+      long-awaited son, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince 
+      Edward&lt;/A&gt;, was born in October 1537.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth participated in the 
+      christening, carried by Thomas Seymour, the handsome young brother of the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Jane died shortly after the birth of childbed fever.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henry VIII married &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of 
+      Cleves&lt;/A&gt; on Twelfth Night (6 January) 1541.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was a disaster, 
+      and Henry quickly divorced Anne and married &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+      Howard&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was a cousin of Anne Boleyn; they were both 
+      related to Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk and perhaps Henry's most 
+      nervous peer.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed a brief few months of happiness with 
+      his fifth wife.&amp;nbsp; But Catherine was thirty years younger than Henry 
+      and soon enough resumed an affair with a former lover.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      executed in February 1543 and buried beside Anne Boleyn in the Tower of 
+      London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, these changes in her father's marital fortunes did not 
+      pass unnoticed.&amp;nbsp; She was part of her half-brother Edward's household; 
+      her days were spent mostly at lessons, with the occasional visit from her 
+      father.&amp;nbsp; As a child, no one expected her to comment upon her 
+      various stepmothers.&amp;nbsp; It was only when she reached adulthood and 
+      became queen that its psychological effects were revealed.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      had a dim view of romantic love and, given her father's example, who can 
+      blame her?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was Henry's sixth and final wife, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+      Parr&lt;/A&gt;, who had the greatest impact upon Elizabeth's life.&amp;nbsp; A kind 
+      woman who believed passionately in&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-scrots.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;Princess Elizabeth, c1546, attributed to William Scrots&quot; width=&quot;370&quot; height=&quot;495&quot;&gt; education and religious reform, 
+      Katharine was a devoted stepmother.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, she had far more 
+      of an impact with the young Edward and Elizabeth than with Mary, who was 
+      just four years her junior.&amp;nbsp; Katharine arranged for 10 year old 
+      Elizabeth to have the most distinguished tutors in England, foremost among 
+      them Roger Ascham.&amp;nbsp; As a result, Elizabeth was educated as well as 
+      any legitimate prince, and she displayed a genuine love and aptitude for 
+      her studies.&amp;nbsp; 'Her mind has no womanly weakness,' Ascham would write 
+      approvingly, 'her perseverance is equal to that of a man.'&amp;nbsp; And 
+      later, 'She readeth more Greek every day, than some Prebendaries of this 
+      Church do in a whole week.'&amp;nbsp; And so she did; Elizabeth's love of 
+      scholarship never faltered and, in an age when women were considered 
+      inferior to men, she was a glorious exception.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      Along with 
+      such classical subjects as rhetoric, languages, philosophy, and history, 
+      Elizabeth also studied theology.&amp;nbsp; Ascham and her other tutors were 
+      famous Cambridge humanists who supported the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Likewise, Katharine Parr was devoted to the reformed faith.&amp;nbsp; Unlike 
+      their half-sister Mary, both Edward and Elizabeth were raised Protestant 
+      during its most formative years.&amp;nbsp; Yet while Edward was known for his 
+      piety and didacticism, Elizabeth already displayed the pragmatic character 
+      which would make her reign successful.&amp;nbsp; She studied theology and 
+      supported the Protestant cause; she had been raised to do so and knew 
+      only Protestants recognized her parents' marriage.&amp;nbsp; But she was never 
+      openly passionate about religion, recognizing its divisive role in English 
+      politics.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;Most people viewed the adolescent Elizabeth as a serious young 
+      woman who always carried a book with her, preternaturally composed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      She encouraged this perception, which was as accurate as any, by dressing 
+      with a degree of severity virtually absent at the Tudor royal court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But she was not so serious that she avoided all the material trappings of 
+      her position.&amp;nbsp; Her household accounts, which came under the 
+      management of William Cecil (who later became her secretary of state), 
+      show evidence of a cultivated and lively mind, as well as a love of 
+      entertainment:&amp;nbsp; fees for musicians, musical instruments, and a 
+      variety of books.&amp;nbsp; As she grew older and her position more prominent, 
+      her household also expanded.&amp;nbsp; During her brother Edward's reign, she 
+      lived the life of a wealthy and privileged lady - and apparently enjoyed 
+      it immensely.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was thirteen years old when her father died.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      were never particularly close though he treated her with affection on her 
+      few visits to his court.&amp;nbsp; He even occasionally discussed the 
+      possibility of her marriage for, in the 16th century, royal bastards were 
+      common and often used to great advantage in diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; Under the 
+      1536 'Second Act of Succession', which declared both her and the 19 year 
+      old Mary illegitimate, Parliament gave Henry the ability to determine his 
+      children's status, as well as the actual succession.&amp;nbsp; Typically for 
+      Henry, he simply let both his daughters live as princesses and gave them 
+      precedence over everyone at court except his current wife.&amp;nbsp; But they 
+      had no real claim to the title of 'princess' and were known as 'the lady 
+      Elizabeth' and 'the lady Mary'.&amp;nbsp; This was often followed by the 
+      explanatory 'the king's daughter.'&amp;nbsp; It was an awkward situation which 
+      the king saw no reason to resolve.&amp;nbsp; His will did recognize his 
+      daughters' crucial place in the succession.&amp;nbsp; If Edward died without 
+      heirs, Mary would inherit the throne; if Mary died without heirs, 
+      Elizabeth would become queen.&amp;nbsp; He also left them the substantial 
+      income of 3000 pds a year, the same amount for each daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Did Elizabeth mourn her father?&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly so, for at least 
+      under Henry VIII she was three steps from the throne and protected by his 
+      rough paternal affection.&amp;nbsp; After his death, she had good cause to 
+      wish him alive again.&amp;nbsp; Ten year old Edward was king in name 
+      only.&amp;nbsp; The rule of England was actually in the hands of his uncle, 
+      the Lord Protector Edward Seymour, soon titled duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth was now separated from her brother's household, moving to 
+      Katharine Parr's home in Chelsea.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps the happiest time 
+      of her adolescence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But Katharine married again quickly, to the man she had loved before 
+      Henry VIII had claimed her.&amp;nbsp; Her new husband was Thomas Seymour, the 
+      younger brother of Lord Protector Somerset and uncle to the new King 
+      Edward.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome, charming, and very ambitious.&amp;nbsp; He also 
+      had terrible political instincts.&amp;nbsp; Seymour was not content to be 
+      husband of the Dowager Queen of England.&amp;nbsp; He was jealous of his 
+      brother's position and desperate to upstage him.&amp;nbsp; And so he 
+      inadvertently played into the hands of the equally ambitious John Dudley, 
+      earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Dudley wished to destroy the Seymour protectorship 
+      and seize power for himself.&amp;nbsp; He allowed the feuding brothers to 
+      destroy each other.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, the main problem with Seymour was his inappropriate and 
+      very flirtatious behavior.&amp;nbsp; As a teenaged girl with little experience 
+      of men, she was flattered by his attention and also a bit 
+      frightened.&amp;nbsp; Certainly it placed great strain on Katharine Parr, who 
+      had become pregnant soon after her marriage.&amp;nbsp; The queen originally 
+      participated in Seymour's early morning raids into Elizabeth's room, where 
+      he would tickle and wrestle with the girl in her nightdress.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      while Katharine considered this simple fun, her husband was more 
+      serious.&amp;nbsp; He soon had keys made for every room in their house and 
+      started visiting Elizabeth while she was still asleep and he was clad in 
+      just his nightshirt.&amp;nbsp; She soon developed the habit of rising early; 
+      when he appeared, her nose was safely in a book. Edward's council heard 
+      rumors of these romps and investigated.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth proved herself 
+      circumspect and clever; she managed to admit nothing which would 
+      offend&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She left the Seymour home for Hatfield House in May 1548, ostensibly 
+      because the queen was 'undoubtful of health'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and 
+      Katharine exchanged affectionate letters, but they would not meet 
+      again.&amp;nbsp; The queen died on 4 September 1548 of childbed fever.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;After her death, Seymour's position became more dangerous.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      rumored that he wished to marry Elizabeth and thus secure the throne of 
+      England in case Edward died young.&amp;nbsp; He had already bought the 
+      wardship of &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt;, a Tudor cousin and heir in Henry VIII's will.&amp;nbsp; He planned 
+      to marry Jane and Edward, thus securing primary influence with his 
+      nephew.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, his grandiose plans unraveled and he was 
+      arrested.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps the most damning charge was his planned marriage 
+      to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Immediately, the council sent Sir Robert Tyrwhit to 
+      Hatfield with the mission to take control of Elizabeth's household and 
+      gain her confession.&amp;nbsp; He immediately arrested Elizabeth's beloved 
+      governess Kat Ashley and her cofferer, Thomas Parry; they were sent to the 
+      Tower.&amp;nbsp; Now, Tyrwhit told the princess, confess all; he wanted 
+      confirmation of the charge that Seymour and Elizabeth planned to 
+      wed.&amp;nbsp; If she confessed, Tyrwhit said, she would be forgiven for she 
+      was young and foolish - her servants should have protected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=122 alt=&quot;Elizabeth's signature as Princess of England&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsig-sm.jpg&quot; width=200 align=left border=2&gt;Elizabeth did not hesitate to demonstrate her own wit and 
+      learning.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she drove Tyrwhit to exasperation; 'in no way will 
+      she confess any practice by Mistress Ashley or the cofferer concerning my 
+      lord Admiral; and yet I do see it in her face that she is guilty and do 
+      perceive as yet she will abide more storms ere she accuse Mistress 
+      Ashley,' he wrote to Somerset, 'I do assure your Grace she hath a very 
+      good wit and nothing is gotten of her but by great policy.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth refused to scapegoat her loyal servants and defiantly asserted 
+      her complete innocence.&amp;nbsp; She told Tyrwhit she cared nothing for the 
+      Admiral and when he had mentioned some vague possibility of marriage, she 
+      had referred him to the council.&amp;nbsp; She also secured permission to 
+      write to Somerset and, upon doing so, demanded a public apology be made 
+      regarding her innocence.&amp;nbsp; She also demanded the return of her loyal 
+      servants for if they did not return, she said, her guilt would be 
+      assumed.&amp;nbsp; She read Ashley and Parry's 'confessions' in which they 
+      described Seymour's romps with her at Katharine Parr's home.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      details were undoubtedly embarrassing but she recognized their 
+      harmlessness.&amp;nbsp; In short, she demonstrated every aspect of her 
+      formidable intelligence and determination.&amp;nbsp; Poor Tyrwhit left for 
+      London with no damaging confession.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the council didn't need Elizabeth's confession to execute 
+      Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He was charged with thirty-three other crimes, and he 
+      answered only three of the charges.&amp;nbsp; He was not given a trial; a 
+      messy execution was always best passed by a Bill of Attainder.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      was executed on 20 March 1549, dying 'very dangerously, irksomely, 
+      horribly... a wicked man and the realm is well rid of him.'&amp;nbsp; Contrary 
+      to some biographies, Elizabeth did not say, 'This day died a man with much 
+      wit, and very little judgment.'&amp;nbsp; The 17th century Italian novelist 
+      Leti invented this, as well as several forged letters long supposed to be 
+      hers.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Soon enough, Seymour's brother followed him to the scaffold.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Somerset was a kind man in private life and genuinely dedicated to 
+      economic and religious reform in England but, as a politician, he failed 
+      miserably.&amp;nbsp; He lacked charisma and confidence; he preferred to bully 
+      and bluster his way through council meetings.&amp;nbsp; He simply did not 
+      understand how to manage the divisive personalities of Edward VI's privy 
+      council.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, John Dudley had been quietly manipulating other 
+      councilors and the young king to gain ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; Upon Somerset's 
+      execution, Dudley became Lord Protector; he was also titled duke of 
+      Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; He was the first non-royal Englishman given that 
+      title.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, these events were merely background noise at 
+      first.&amp;nbsp; Dudley took pains to cultivate a friendship with her, which 
+      she wisely avoided.&amp;nbsp; He sent her and Mary amiable letters.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Since Mary was a Catholic, and Dudley a Protestant who had benefited 
+      materially from the Reformation, he was necessarily more friendly to 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For example, Edward VI had given Dudley Hatfield House, 
+      which was currently Elizabeth's residence.&amp;nbsp; Dudley graciously 
+      returned it to her in exchange for lesser lands in her possession.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He also passed the patents to her lands, which allowed her more 
+      income.&amp;nbsp; This, of course, should have been done at Henry VIII's 
+      death.&amp;nbsp; So Elizabeth at first benefited from Dudley's rise to 
+      power.&amp;nbsp; She was now a well-respected and popular princess, a landed 
+      lady in her own right with a large income and keen mind.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      also an heir to the English throne, though still officially recognized as 
+      a bastard.&amp;nbsp; But she was shown every respect, and a degree of 
+      affection from Edward VI completely lacking in his relations with their 
+      sister Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Their mutual faith was an important connection with the increasingly 
+      devout Edward.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth visited Court occasionally, corresponded 
+      with her brother, and continued her studies mainly at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      had always been excessively cautious and very intelligent, qualities she 
+      displayed to great effect during the Seymour crisis.&amp;nbsp; The only time 
+      in her life when she demonstrated any recklessness had been during the 
+      Seymour debacle; she had learned its lesson well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She also cultivated the image of a sober Protestant young lady.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When queen, she became known for her love of beautiful gowns and 
+      jewels.&amp;nbsp; But before 1558, she took care to dress soberly, the image 
+      of chastity and modesty.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps a conscious attempt to 
+      distance herself from Mary, a typical Catholic princess who dressed in all 
+      the glittering and garish finery she could afford.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic 
+      note on Mary's character that she has become known as a dour, plain woman; 
+      she was as fond of clothes and jewelry as her sister would become.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was Elizabeth who dressed plainly, most often in severely cut black or 
+      white gowns.&amp;nbsp; She wore each color to great effect.&amp;nbsp; She had 
+      matured into a tall, slender and striking girl, with a fair, unblemished 
+      complexion and the famous Tudor red hair.&amp;nbsp; She wore her hair loose 
+      and did not use cosmetics.&amp;nbsp; When she traveled about the countryside, 
+      crowds gathered to see her, a Protestant princess renowned for her virtue 
+      and learning, her appearance modest and pleasing.&amp;nbsp; In this respect, 
+      she was emulated by her cousin Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When Jane was invited to a 
+      reception for Mary of Guise, the regent of Scotland, Mary Tudor sent her 
+      'some goodly apparel of tinsel cloth of gold and velvet laid on with 
+      parchment lace of gold.'&amp;nbsp; Jane, a devout Protestant, was offended; 
+      such apparel reflected the material trappings of Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; When 
+      her parents insisted she wear it, Jane replied, 'Nay, that were a shame to 
+      follow my Lady Mary against God's word, and leave my Lady Elizabeth, which 
+      followeth God's word.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was honorably and extravagantly received at her brother's 
+      court.&amp;nbsp; For example, on 17 March 1552, she arrived at St James's 
+      Palace with 'a great company of lords, knights and gentlemen' along with 
+      over 200 ladies and a company of yeomen.&amp;nbsp; Two days later she left St 
+      James for Whitehall Palace, her procession accompanied by a grand 
+      collection of nobles.&amp;nbsp; The visit was a marked success for Edward was 
+      open in his affection.&amp;nbsp; She was his 'sweet sister Temperance,' unlike 
+      Mary who continued to defy his religious policy.&amp;nbsp; The Primary Sources 
+      section of this site contains an excerpt from Edward VI's journal in which 
+      he records a religious argument with Mary.&amp;nbsp; In that matter, Elizabeth 
+      remained distant, preferring to let her siblings argue without her.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Edward's ministers, especially after the Seymour affair, were careful 
+      with her.&amp;nbsp; Dudley recognized Elizabeth's formidable 
+      intelligence.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI became ill in 1553 and it was clear he 
+      would not survive, Dudley had a desperate plan to save himself from Mary 
+      I's Catholic rule - place Henry VIII's niece, Lady Jane Grey on the 
+      throne.&amp;nbsp; (This is discussed in great length at the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site.)&amp;nbsp; Simply put, Dudley believed he would be supported 
+      because Jane was Protestant and the English would not want the Catholic 
+      Mary on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Of course, the question arises - Elizabeth was 
+      Protestant, so why not put her on the throne instead of Jane?&amp;nbsp; The 
+      main reason is that Dudley was well aware that Elizabeth Tudor would not 
+      be his puppet, unlike Jane Grey whom he had married to his son 
+      Guildford.&amp;nbsp; As for Edward VI, he went along with the plan because of 
+      two main reasons: Elizabeth was illegitimate so there might be resistance 
+      to her rule and, as a princess, she might be persuaded to marry a foreign 
+      prince and England would fall under foreign control.&amp;nbsp; Jane was 
+      already safely wed to an Englishman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=228 
+      alt=&quot;a profile portrait of Elizabeth's half-brother, King Edward VI&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward4-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Edward VI's decision should not indicate any great dislike of 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; He was primarily determined to preserve the Protestant 
+      regime in England.&amp;nbsp; He believed this was necessary for his personal 
+      and political salvation.&amp;nbsp; He was also practical.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      disinherited Mary because of her Catholicism; however, it was officially 
+      sanctioned because of her illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Like Elizabeth, Mary had her 
+      illegitimacy established by an act of Parliament during Henry VIII's 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; Since he had ostensibly disinherited Mary because of this 
+      act, he couldn't let Elizabeth inherit - it simply wasn't logical.&amp;nbsp; 
+      So the throne would pass to the legitimate - and Protestant - Lady Jane 
+      Grey.&amp;nbsp; As most know, she ruled for just nine days before Mary became 
+      queen of England.&amp;nbsp; It should be noted that Edward originally told 
+      Dudley that, though he didn't want Mary to succeed him, he saw no logical 
+      reason for Elizabeth to be disowned.&amp;nbsp; It was Dudley who pointed out 
+      the logical inconsistency - that Mary 'could not be put by unless the Lady 
+      Elizabeth were put by also.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Dudley attempted to place Mary and Elizabeth in his power while Edward 
+      was dying.&amp;nbsp; He knew that if he imprisoned the two princesses, they 
+      would be unable to rouse popular support against his plan.&amp;nbsp; But if 
+      that failed, he was determined to prevent them from seeing Edward, 
+      especially Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Dudley feared that Edward's affection for his 
+      sister, and Elizabeth's cleverness, might persuade Edward to rewrite his 
+      will in her favor.&amp;nbsp; Like her sister, Elizabeth would undoubtedly 
+      destroy Dudley, making him the scapegoat for Edward's ineffectual 
+      regime.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Elizabeth had suspected her brother was ill and set 
+      out from Hatfield to visit him just a few weeks before Edward died, but 
+      Dudley's men intercepted her and sent her home.&amp;nbsp; She then wrote her 
+      brother a number of letters, inquiring about his health and asking 
+      permission to come to Court.&amp;nbsp; These were intercepted as well.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But as Edward's health continued to deteriorate and death was imminent, 
+      Dudley sent a message to Hatfield, ordering Elizabeth to Greenwich 
+      Palace.&amp;nbsp; She may have been warned of his intentions - more likely she 
+      guessed them.&amp;nbsp; She refused the summons, taking to her bed with a 
+      sudden illness.&amp;nbsp; As a further precaution, her doctor sent a letter to 
+      the council certifying she was too ill for travel.&amp;nbsp; As for Mary, 
+      Dudley had told her that Edward desired her presence; it would be a 
+      comfort to him during his illness.&amp;nbsp; She was torn - though Dudley hid 
+      the true extent of the king's illness, the Imperial ambassador had kept 
+      Mary informed.&amp;nbsp; He was the agent of her cousin, the Holy Roman 
+      Emperor Charles V; Mary's mother had been his aunt.&amp;nbsp; Conscious of her 
+      sisterly duty, Mary set out for Greenwich from Hunsdon the day before 
+      Edward died.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Dudley was enraged by Elizabeth's refusal but he could do 
+      nothing.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, events moved too quickly for the princess to 
+      be his primary concern.&amp;nbsp; It was being whispered that Dudley had 
+      poisoned the king to place his daughter-in-law on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+      course, this was untrue since Dudley needed Edward to live as long as 
+      possible for his plan to work.&amp;nbsp; To this end, he had engaged a female 
+      'witch' to help prolong the king's life.&amp;nbsp; She concocted a mix of 
+      arsenic and other drugs; they worked, at least for Dudley's purpose.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The young king lived for a few more weeks though he suffered 
+      terribly.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 6 July 1553, Edward VI died.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Immediately, Dudley had Jane Grey proclaimed queen, an honor she had not 
+      sought and did not want.&amp;nbsp; It was only Dudley's appeal to her 
+      religious convictions which convinced her to accept the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Meanwhile, Jane's cousin, Mary Tudor, was still on her way to Greenwich 
+      to see her brother, until a sympathizer (sent by Nicholas Throckmorton or 
+      William Cecil) rode out to meet her; the summons was a trap, he told her, 
+      and Dudley intended to imprison her.&amp;nbsp; Mary rode to East Anglia, the 
+      conservative section of England where her support would be 
+      strongest.&amp;nbsp; Eventually she would realize the true extent of her 
+      support.&amp;nbsp; Protestants and Catholics alike rallied to her cause since 
+      she was Henry VIII's daughter and the true heir under his will.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      she left for East Anglia, she didn't know her brother was already dead but 
+      she sent a note to the Imperial ambassador Simon Renard; once she knew of 
+      Edward's death, she said, she would declare herself queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent 
+      another note to Dudley, telling him she was too ill to travel.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The failure of Dudley's ambitions is discussed at the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site.&amp;nbsp; Suffice to say, he was overthrown and executed and 
+      Mary Tudor, at the age of thirty-seven, was declared queen of England in 
+      her own right.&amp;nbsp; During the nine days of Jane's reign, Elizabeth had 
+      continued her pretense of illness.&amp;nbsp; It was rumored that Dudley had 
+      sent councilors to her, offering a large bribe if she would just renounce 
+      her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth refused, remarking, 'You must 
+      first make this agreement with my elder sister, during whose lifetime I 
+      have no claim or title to resign.'&amp;nbsp; So she remained at her beloved 
+      Hatfield, deliberately avoiding a commitment one way or another.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When word reached her that Mary was finally queen, she sent a letter of 
+      congratulation to her sister and set off for London.&amp;nbsp; On 29 July, she 
+      entered the capital with 2000 mounted men wearing the green and white 
+      Tudor colors.&amp;nbsp; There she awaited Mary's official arrival into the 
+      city.&amp;nbsp; On 31 July, Elizabeth rode with her attendant nobles along the 
+      Strand and through the City to Colchester, the same path her sister would 
+      take.&amp;nbsp; It was here she would receive her sister as queen.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      had not seen each other for about five years.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary had always disliked her half-sister for many reasons, not least 
+      because she sensed an innate shiftiness in Elizabeth's character.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth, Mary believed, was never to be trusted.&amp;nbsp; Originally, this 
+      dislike was because of Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Mary had 
+      long blamed Anne for her own mother's tragic end as well as the alienation 
+      of her father's affections.&amp;nbsp; After Anne died and Elizabeth, too, was 
+      declared illegitimate, Mary found other reasons to hate Elizabeth, chief 
+      among them religion.&amp;nbsp; Like her mother, Mary was a devout Catholic; 
+      she recognized Elizabeth's lack of religious zeal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth's half-sister, Queen Mary I; she ruled England from 1553 to 1558&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt; But at her 
+      accession, the moment of her great triumph, she was prepared to be 
+      conciliatory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary ordered that Elizabeth share her triumphal march through 
+      London.&amp;nbsp; Their processions met at Wanstead on 2 August.&amp;nbsp; There, 
+      Elizabeth dismounted and knelt in the road before her sister.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      dismounted and raised her sister, embracing and kissing her with 
+      affection.&amp;nbsp; She even held her hand as they spoke.&amp;nbsp; Their two 
+      parties entered London together, the sisters riding side by side.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The contrast between their physical appearances could not have been more 
+      striking.&amp;nbsp; Mary, at thirty-seven, was old beyond her years.&amp;nbsp; An 
+      adulthood passed in anxiety and tribulation had marred her health and 
+      appearance.&amp;nbsp; She was small like her mother and thin, with Katharine's 
+      deep, almost gruff voice.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was nineteen years old, taller 
+      than her sister and slender.&amp;nbsp; While Mary was richly attired in 
+      velvets covered in jewels and gold, Elizabeth was dressed in her usual 
+      strikingly severe style.&amp;nbsp; Neither sister was conventionally beautiful 
+      but onlookers commented upon Mary's open compassion and kindness and 
+      Elizabeth's innate majesty.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary was thirty-seven, quite 
+      old to have a child, Elizabeth was viewed as her probable heir.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      such, she was cheered as much as the new queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On 1 October, Elizabeth rode to Mary's coronation with Henry VIII's 
+      discarded fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; She was once again accorded a 
+      place of honor amongst the English ladies, though not the highest position 
+      as was her due.&amp;nbsp; The Imperial ambassador Renard reported that she 
+      spoke often with the French ambassador de Noailles.&amp;nbsp; For his part, de 
+      Noailles reported that Elizabeth complained her coronet was too heavy and 
+      made her head ache.&amp;nbsp; He replied to her that, God willing, she would 
+      soon wear a heavier crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This was dangerous talk, as Elizabeth soon discovered.&amp;nbsp; Mary's 
+      mood was fickle regarding her clever half-sister.&amp;nbsp; For every kind 
+      word or gesture, there were public statements dismissing Henry VIII as 
+      Elizabeth's father, or allowing distant cousins precedent at court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was simply impossible for Mary to forget the past, etched so acutely 
+      upon her spirit.&amp;nbsp; She could not like Elizabeth, nor trust her.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth responded to this emotional hostility by retreating to 
+      Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; There she continued her studies and attempted to remain 
+      safe in the morass of English politics.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But however much she might wish for peace, she was not to have 
+      it.&amp;nbsp; She was destined to be the focal point for all discontent over 
+      Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; And there was soon much reason for discontent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Edward VI's council had left the economy in shambles; currency was debased 
+      and near worthless.&amp;nbsp; There was a series of bad harvests.&amp;nbsp; Prices 
+      rose and discontent spread.&amp;nbsp; And worst of all, Mary soon decided to 
+      marry King Philip II of Spain, son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; This was 
+      yet another example of her inability to forget the past.&amp;nbsp; Philip 
+      represented the homeland of her beloved mother, and a chance to bring all 
+      the weight of the Holy Roman Empire to bear upon the heretics of 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; Mary was determined to turn back the clock on twenty years 
+      of religious reform and make England a Catholic nation again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Understandably, her subjects were less than thrilled.&amp;nbsp; Even 
+      English Catholics did not want their country to become a powerless 
+      appendage of the Hapsburg empire.&amp;nbsp; Certainly a queen had to marry, 
+      but not the emperor's son!&amp;nbsp; In this climate of rebellion and 
+      repression, Elizabeth's life was in great danger.&amp;nbsp; It could not be 
+      otherwise; she was the only alternative to Mary's rule.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth conformed outwardly to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; But she 
+      could not distance herself too much from her Protestant supporters.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When Sir Thomas Wyatt, the son of her mother's great poetic admirer, led a 
+      rebellion in January 1554, matters came to an unpleasant impasse.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Wyatt had written to Elizabeth that he intended to overthrow Mary but his 
+      letter was intercepted, as was a letter from de Noailles to the king of 
+      France.&amp;nbsp; His letter implied that Elizabeth knew of the revolt in 
+      advance, and repeated rumors that she was off gathering armed 
+      supporters.&amp;nbsp; The government was able to suppress the rebellion before 
+      it spread very far and Wyatt was arrested.&amp;nbsp; Mary's council could find 
+      no real proof that de Noailles's suppositions were true but they decided 
+      to summon Elizabeth back to London for questioning.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      understandably frightened and ill; she sent word that she could not 
+      travel.&amp;nbsp; Two of Mary's personal physicians were sent to evaluate her 
+      condition.&amp;nbsp; They diagnosed 'watery humors' and perhaps an 
+      inflammation of the kidneys.&amp;nbsp; She was ill, they reported, but not too 
+      ill to travel the 30 miles to London in the queen's own litter.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Three of the queen's councilors - Howard, Hastings, and Cornwallis, all of 
+      whom were friendly with Elizabeth - escorted her back to London.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They traveled quite slowly, covering just six miles a day.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth kept the curtains of the litter pulled back as she entered 
+      the city, and the citizens were able to see her pale, frightened 
+      face.&amp;nbsp; She had good cause for her fear; the heads and corpses of 
+      Wyatt and his supporters were thrust upon spikes and gibbets throughout 
+      the city.&amp;nbsp; The queen waited for her at Whitehall but they did not 
+      meet immediately.&amp;nbsp; First, Elizabeth's household was dismissed and she 
+      was told that she must undergo close interrogation about her 
+      activities.&amp;nbsp; She was questioned by the unfriendly bishop of 
+      Winchester, Stephen Gardiner, but she was not intimidated.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      denied any involvement in the rebellion and repeatedly asked to see the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; But she was told that Mary was leaving for Oxford where she 
+      would hold a Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth would be leaving Whitehall as 
+      well, though at first the council could not decide where to send 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; No councilor wanted the responsibility of keeping her in close 
+      confinement at their homes; it was too unpleasant and potentially 
+      dangerous.&amp;nbsp; And so Gardiner and Renard had their way and she went to 
+      the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The earl of Sussex and the marquess of 
+      Winchester were sent to escort her from Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was terrified.&amp;nbsp; The mere mention of the Tower was enough 
+      to shatter her already fragile nerves.&amp;nbsp; She begged to be allowed to 
+      write to her sister, and the men agreed.&amp;nbsp; The letter was long, 
+      rambling, and repetitious - proof of her fear and trepidation:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;I have heard in my time of many cast away for want of coming 
+        to the presence of their Prince....&amp;nbsp; Therefore once again kneeling 
+        with humbleness of my heart, because I am not suffered to bow the knees 
+        of my body, I humbly crave to speak with your Highness, which I would 
+        not be so bold to desire if I knew not myself most clear as I know 
+        myself most true.&amp;nbsp; And as for the traitor Wyatt, he might 
+        peradventure write me a letter but on my faith I never received any from 
+        him; and as for the copy of my letter sent to the French king, I pray 
+        God confound me eternally if ever I sent him word, message, token or 
+        letter by any means, and to this truth I will stand it to my 
+        death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;....Let conscience move your Highness to take some 
+        better way with me than to make me be condemned in all men's sight afore 
+        my desert know.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;After finishing, she carefully drew lines 
+      throughout the rest of the blank sheet so no forgeries could be added, and 
+      she signed it 'I humbly crave but one word of answer from yourself.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Your Highness's most faithful subject that hath been from the beginning 
+      and will be to my end, Elizabeth'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The letter had taken too long to write; they had missed the tide.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They could wait a few hours and take her to the Tower in the darkest part 
+      of night, but the council disagreed.&amp;nbsp; There could be an attempt to 
+      rescue her under cover of darkness.&amp;nbsp; They decided to wait until the 
+      next morning, Palm Sunday, when the streets would be nearly deserted since 
+      everyone would be in church.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her letter was sent to Mary 
+      who received it angrily and refused to read it through.&amp;nbsp; She had not 
+      given permission for it to be written or sent, and she rebuked her 
+      councilors fiercely.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next morning, 17 March 1554, arrived cold and grey; there was a 
+      steady rain.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock in the morning, Elizabeth was taken from 
+      her rooms and through the garden to where the barge waited.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      accompanied by six of her ladies and two gentleman-attendants.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      waited under a canopy until the barge began to slow; she then saw that 
+      they would enter beneath Traitor's Gate, beneath St Thomas's Tower.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This was the traditional entrance for prisoners returned to their cells 
+      after trial at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; The sight terrified her and she begged 
+      to be allowed entry by any other gate.&amp;nbsp; Her request was 
+      refused.&amp;nbsp; She was offered a cloak to protect her from the rain but 
+      she pushed it aside angrily.&amp;nbsp; Upon stepping onto the landing, she 
+      declared, 'Here landeth as true a subject, being prisoner, as ever landed 
+      at these stairs.&amp;nbsp; Before Thee, O God, do I speak it, having no other 
+      friend but Thee alone.'&amp;nbsp; She then noticed the yeoman warders gathered 
+      to receive her beyond the gate.&amp;nbsp; 'Oh Lord,' she said loudly, 'I never 
+      thought to have come in here as a prisoner, and I pray you all bear me 
+      witness that I come in as no traitor but as true a woman to the Queen's 
+      Majesty as any as is now living.'&amp;nbsp; Several of the warders stepped 
+      forward and bowed before her, and one called out, 'God preserve your 
+      Grace.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She still refused to enter the Tower.&amp;nbsp; After the warder's 
+      declaration, she sat upon a stone and would not move.&amp;nbsp; The Lieutenant 
+      of the Tower, Sir John Brydges, said to her, 'You had best come in, 
+      Madame, for here you sit unwholesomely.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied with 
+      feeling, 'Better sit here, than in a worse place, for God knoweth where 
+      you will bring me.'&amp;nbsp; And so she sat until one of her attendants burst 
+      into tears.&amp;nbsp; She was taken to the Bell Tower, a small corner tower 
+      beside Brydges's own lodgings.&amp;nbsp; Her room was on the first floor, and 
+      had a large fireplace with three small windows.&amp;nbsp; Down the passageway 
+      from the door were three latrines which hung over the moat.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      not as destitute or uncomfortable as she had feared, but it was still the 
+      Tower of London and she was a prisoner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This was the beginning of one of the most trying times of her 
+      life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth spent just two months in the Tower of London, but she had no 
+      idea that her stay would be so brief - and it did not feel particularly 
+      brief.&amp;nbsp; She truly believed some harm would come to her and she dwelt 
+      most upon the possibility of poison.&amp;nbsp; She knew Mary hated her and 
+      that many of her councilors constantly spoke ill of her, encouraging 
+      either her imprisonment or execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;However, Elizabeth had enough popular support that she would not face 
+      death at her sister's orders.&amp;nbsp; But Lady Jane Grey, the unfortunate 
+      Nine Days' Queen, and her husband were neither so popular or lucky.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They, too, had lived in the Tower under threat of execution; both had been 
+      convicted of treason.&amp;nbsp; But Mary had always been fond of Jane and was 
+      close friends with her mother Frances; she allowed her cousin to live very 
+      comfortably in the Tower while her fate remained undecided.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      probably intended to release Jane as soon as the country settled under her 
+      own rule.&amp;nbsp; But Renard wanted both Jane and her husband 
+      executed.&amp;nbsp; He warned Mary that the emperor would not allow Philip to 
+      enter England as long as Jane lived.&amp;nbsp; She was a traitor, and it was 
+      only a matter of time before the Protestants tried to place either Jane or 
+      Elizabeth upon the throne.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not persuaded by Renard's 
+      arguments, but his threat carried greater force - she wanted to marry 
+      Philip and he would not come to England until it was safe.&amp;nbsp; The small 
+      rebellion led by Jane's father clearly did not help matters.&amp;nbsp; And so 
+      Jane and the equally unfortunate Guildford Dudley were executed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth herself arrived at the Tower just six weeks later, and her 
+      cousin's fate must have weighed heavily on her mind.&amp;nbsp; After all, she 
+      and Jane had lived and studied together briefly under Katharine Parr's 
+      tutelage, and Jane's admiration of Elizabeth had been open and 
+      obvious.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was abundantly clear to Elizabeth that her position was precarious 
+      and dangerous.&amp;nbsp; During the first weeks of her imprisonment, she was 
+      allowed to take exercise along the Tower walls but when a small child 
+      began to give her flowers and other gifts, Brydges was told to keep her 
+      indoors.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had always been active, both physically and 
+      mentally.&amp;nbsp; She chafed at her confinement and its boring 
+      routine.&amp;nbsp; She was occasionally interrogated by members of Mary's 
+      council, but she held firm to her innocence.&amp;nbsp; She had faced such 
+      interrogations during Thomas Seymour's fall from grace, and could not be 
+      easily intimidated.&amp;nbsp; Still, the stress - which she handled with 
+      outward aplomb - took its toll on her physical health.&amp;nbsp; She lost 
+      weight, and became prone to headaches and stomach problems.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Ironically enough, it was the impending arrival of Philip of Spain 
+      which led to her freedom.&amp;nbsp; Renard had urged Mary to execute Jane and 
+      imprison Elizabeth so that Philip would be safe in England.&amp;nbsp; Philip, 
+      however, was far more sensitive to the political implications of such an 
+      act.&amp;nbsp; He knew the English were acutely sensitive to any shift in 
+      Mary's policies simply because she had chosen to marry a foreigner.&amp;nbsp; 
+      If she made an unpopular decision, it would be blamed upon his 
+      influence.&amp;nbsp; He knew, too, that the Protestant faith was still popular 
+      in the country, and that Elizabeth embodied its greatest hope.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      she were harmed in any way, his arrival in England would be even more 
+      unpopular and dangerous.&amp;nbsp; And the Wyatt rebellion had merely 
+      reinforced Philip's natural inclination to tread lightly.&amp;nbsp; His 
+      intention was to wed Mary, be crowned king of England, and find a suitable 
+      husband for Elizabeth, preferably one of his Hapsburg relations.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Then, if Mary died without bearing a child, England would remain within 
+      the Hapsburg sphere of influence, a willing and useful adjunct of the 
+      empire.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Accordingly, Philip wrote to Mary and advised that Elizabeth be set at 
+      liberty.&amp;nbsp; This conciliatory gesture was not appreciated by Mary, 
+      always inclined to believe the worst in her half-sister, but - once again 
+      - her eagerness for Philip's arrival made her desperate to please 
+      him.&amp;nbsp; She dispensed with Renard's advice and on Saturday 19 May at 
+      one o'clock in the afternoon, Elizabeth was finally released from the 
+      Tower; incidentally, her mother had been executed on the same day eighteen 
+      years earlier.&amp;nbsp; She spent one night at Richmond Palace, but it was 
+      clear that her release had not lifted Elizabeth's spirits.&amp;nbsp; That 
+      night she summoned her few servants and asked them to pray for her, 'For 
+      this night,' Elizabeth said, 'I think to die.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She did not die, of course, but she was still frightened and 
+      lonely.&amp;nbsp; She had been released into the care of Sir Henry 
+      Bedingfield, a Catholic supporter of Queen Mary whose father had guarded 
+      Katharine of Aragon during her last years at Kimbolton Castle.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      had come to the Tower on 5 May as the new Constable, replacing Sir John 
+      Gage, and his arrival had caused Elizabeth no end of terror.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      believed he was sent to secretly murder her for, not long before, a 
+      credible rumor had reached her; it was said that the Catholic elements of 
+      Mary's council had sent a warrant for her execution to the Tower but that 
+      Sir John Brydges, the strict but honest Lieutenant, had not acted upon it 
+      because it lacked the queen's signature.&amp;nbsp; With Bedingfield's arrival, 
+      Elizabeth lost her almost preternatural self-control and she asked her 
+      guards 'whether the Lady Jane's scaffold was taken away or no?'&amp;nbsp; When 
+      told it was gone, she asked about Bedingfield, and if 'her murdering were 
+      secretly committed to his charge, he would see the execution 
+      thereof?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;From Richmond, Bedingfield took his cowed charge to Woodstock, a 
+      hunting-lodge miles from London and once favored by her Plantagenet 
+      grandfather, Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; She was neither officially under arrest nor 
+      free, a nebulous position which confused nearly everyone.&amp;nbsp; She could 
+      not be received at court, but she could not be set at liberty in the 
+      countryside.&amp;nbsp; And so Bedingfield was essentially her jailer, but not 
+      referred to as such; and Woodstock was her prison, but also not called 
+      such.&amp;nbsp; The journey to Woodstock certainly raised her spirit.&amp;nbsp; 
+      She was greeted by throngs of people shouting 'God save your grace!' and 
+      other messages of support.&amp;nbsp; Flowers, sweets, cakes and other small 
+      gifts were given to her.&amp;nbsp; At times, the reception was so enthusiastic 
+      that Elizabeth was openly overwhelmed.&amp;nbsp; It was now clear to her that 
+      the English people loved her, perhaps as much as they did Queen 
+      Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the love of the people was small comfort when faced with the 
+      dilapidation of Woodstock.&amp;nbsp; The main house was in such disrepair that 
+      Elizabeth was lodged in the gatehouse.&amp;nbsp; The queen had ordered that 
+      her sister be treated honorably and given limited freedom; Elizabeth was 
+      allowed to walk in the orchard and gardens.&amp;nbsp; She also requested 
+      numerous books.&amp;nbsp; After a few weeks, her initial fear of Bedingfield 
+      had settled into a bemused appraisal of her jailer.&amp;nbsp; She now 
+      recognized him for what he was - a conscientious, unimaginative civil 
+      servant with a difficult assignment.&amp;nbsp; They got on tolerably well, and 
+      Bedingfield even forwarded her numerous letters to the Council and the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was concerned that her imprisonment in the 
+      countryside would remove her too much from the public eye and her 
+      ceaseless letter-writing was an attempt to reassert her position as 
+      princess of England.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not read the letters and angrily order 
+      Bedingfield to stop sending them along.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At the end of June, Elizabeth fell ill and asked that the queen's 
+      physician Dr Owen be sent to her.&amp;nbsp; But Dr Owen was busy tending to 
+      Queen Mary and told Bedingfield that his charge must be patient.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      recommended the services of Drs Barnes and Walbeck.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      refused to allow their examination; she preferred to commit her body to 
+      God rather than to the eyes of strangers, she told Bedingfield.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Finally, on 7 July, Mary finally sent permission to Woodstock for 
+      Elizabeth to write to her and the Council about her various 
+      concerns.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was petulant and took her time with the 
+      composition of this most important letter.&amp;nbsp; When it was finally sent, 
+      written in Bedingfield's hand from her dictation, it was a typically 
+      shrewd and pointed document.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth wanted the Council to 
+      consider 'her long imprisonment and restraint of liberty, either to charge 
+      her with special matter to be answered unto and tried, or to grant her 
+      liberty to come unto her highness's presence, which she sayeth she would 
+      not desire were it not that she knoweth herself to be clear even before 
+      God, for her allegiance.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth specifically requested that the 
+      members of the queen's council who were executors of 'the Will of the 
+      King's majesty her father' read the letter and be allowed to visit with 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; It was a pointed reminder that despite her deprived 
+      circumstances, she was still next in line to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      Council heard the document uneasily.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary, however, had other matters on her mind.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 20 
+      July, even as Elizabeth mulled over her letter, Philip II of Spain finally 
+      landed at Southampton.&amp;nbsp; The handsome, fair-haired 27 year old King 
+      was already a widow with a male heir; his first wife Maria of Portugal had 
+      died in childbirth in 1545 after two years of&lt;IMG height=480 
+      alt=&quot;another portrait of Elizabeth's half-sister, Queen Mary I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworth.jpg&quot; width=332 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; marriage.&amp;nbsp; He was a 
+      conscientious and pious man who impressed all who met him with his 
+      discipline and work ethic.&amp;nbsp; But he also had a tendency toward 
+      religious asceticism which worsened as he grew older.&amp;nbsp; As a child, he 
+      had accompanied his father to the inquisition in Spain, watching 
+      impassively as heretics were burned alive.&amp;nbsp; But his marriage to Mary 
+      was one of political necessity and Philip had no intention of threatening 
+      its success with unpopular religious policies.&amp;nbsp; He was willing to 
+      move England slowly back into the Catholic fold; faced with Mary's 
+      impatience, it was Philip who advised moderation.&amp;nbsp; He wed his cousin 
+      at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July in a splendid ceremony.&amp;nbsp; On 18 
+      August they finally entered London in triumph, its citizens plied with 
+      enough free drinks and entertainment to greet Philip 
+      enthusiastically.&amp;nbsp; But there were already signs of trouble; the 
+      anonymous pamphlets condemning foreigners and the queen's marriage 
+      circulated, and Philip's Spanish entourage were unhappy over a number of 
+      petty slights and insults from their English hosts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had hoped the marriage would result in some change in her 
+      circumstances.&amp;nbsp; But she was sadly mistaken.&amp;nbsp; Instead she passed 
+      the months needling Bedingfield for more books, scribbling more letters, 
+      and listening to the occasional rumor from her servants.&amp;nbsp; The rumors 
+      were hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; The queen was reportedly pregnant and she 
+      and Philip would open Parliament together on 12 November.&amp;nbsp; From then 
+      on, the reunion between England and the papacy could begin in force.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Mary was the happiest she had been since childhood, but the problem of 
+      Elizabeth remained.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner wanted her executed; he argued that 
+      Protestantism could not be completely eradicated until its great hope, 
+      Elizabeth herself, was gone.&amp;nbsp; But Philip and most other councilors 
+      were more pragmatic.&amp;nbsp; Parliament had already agreed that if Mary died 
+      in childbirth, Philip would be regent of England during their child's 
+      minority.&amp;nbsp; However, if both mother and child died, then Elizabeth 
+      once again assumed prominence.&amp;nbsp; Philip, always prudent, preferred to 
+      know his sister-in-law before making an enemy of her.&amp;nbsp; With his 
+      encouragement, and flush with happiness at her marriage and pregnancy, 
+      Mary finally invited Elizabeth to court.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In the third week of April 1555, almost a year since she was sent to 
+      Woodstock, Elizabeth was brought to Hampton Court Palace.&amp;nbsp; Mary had 
+      gone there to prepare for her lying-in.&amp;nbsp; They did not meet 
+      immediately.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was brought into the palace through a side 
+      entrance, still closely guarded.&amp;nbsp; According to the French ambassador, 
+      Philip visited her three days later but Mary never came.&amp;nbsp; Two weeks 
+      later, the most powerful members of the council appeared to chide her for 
+      not submitting to the queen's authority; she was told to admit her past 
+      wrongdoing and seek the queen's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied that 
+      she had done nothing wrong in the past and wanted no mercy from her sister 
+      'but rather desired the law'.&amp;nbsp; She told Gardiner she would rather 
+      remain in prison forever than admit to crimes she had never 
+      committed.&amp;nbsp; He went off immediately to tell Mary of her sister's 
+      continued stubbornness.&amp;nbsp; The queen was not pleased.&amp;nbsp; The next 
+      day, Gardiner told Elizabeth that the queen marveled that 'she would so 
+      stoutly use herself, not confessing that she had offended'.&amp;nbsp; Did 
+      Elizabeth really believe she was wrongfully imprisoned? Gardiner asked.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth refused the bait.&amp;nbsp; She did not criticize her sister 
+      explicitly, telling him only that the queen must do with her as her 
+      conscience dictated.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner replied that if she wanted her liberty 
+      and former position, she must tell a different story; only by admitting 
+      her past faults, confessing all sins, could she hope for 
+      forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; It was a stalemate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth again told him she 
+      would rather be unjustly imprisoned than gain freedom with lies.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next week passed with no word from anyone.&amp;nbsp; And then, around 
+      10 o'clock one evening, a message arrived that the queen would see 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had begged for an interview for more than a year but 
+      now that the moment had at last arrived, she was understandably 
+      nervous.&amp;nbsp; She was accompanied into Mary's apartments by one of her 
+      own ladies-in-waiting and Mary's close friend and Mistress of the Robes 
+      Susan Clarencieux.&amp;nbsp; The queen's bedroom was lit with flickering 
+      candlelight; the queen herself was half-hidden in shadow.&amp;nbsp; Without 
+      asking permission, Elizabeth immediately prostrated herself and declared 
+      her innocence.&amp;nbsp; And though she and Mary sparred for a short while, 
+      the queen was willing to be generous at her own moment of triumph.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was rumored that Philip watched the sisters from behind a curtain; 
+      whether or not he was there, Mary was content to make peace of 
+      sorts.&amp;nbsp; She sent Elizabeth away amicably enough and a week later poor 
+      Bedingfield was relieved of his duties.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth would remain at 
+      Hampton Court, still under light guard but with her own household and 
+      permission to receive certain guests.&amp;nbsp; It was the end of over a year 
+      of tiresome captivity and she was delighted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;While she enjoyed her newfound liberty, the burning of Protestant 
+      heretics began in earnest.&amp;nbsp; These killings have earned Mary the 
+      nickname 'Bloody Mary' and blighted her reputation.&amp;nbsp; In truth, the 
+      roughly 300 people killed (about 60 women) was not considered excessive by 
+      Mary's European contemporaries; and in the government's mind, 
+      Protestantism had become dangerously linked with treason, sedition, and 
+      other secular crimes.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, who was perhaps the most personally 
+      kind and gentle of the Tudor rulers, the killings were necessary to save 
+      the heretics' souls as well.&amp;nbsp; It is a telling feature of her 
+      character that she could often forgive treason against herself, but would 
+      not countenance treason against God.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The burnings, coupled with the Spanish marriage, caused enough 
+      resentment; but, unfortunately for Mary, famine and poverty added to her 
+      list of woes.&amp;nbsp; But the greatest tragedy of all for the queen was the 
+      humiliating and heartbreaking realization that her pregnancy was not 
+      real.&amp;nbsp; Mary had truly believed she was pregnant; her stomach had 
+      become swollen and she had felt the child quicken.&amp;nbsp; But she had 
+      always suffered from digestive and menstrual troubles.&amp;nbsp; It is 
+      probable that she developed a tumor in her stomach which, combined with 
+      the lack of a cycle and her own fervent prayers, made her believe she was 
+      pregnant.&amp;nbsp; All of April was spent in a state of readiness.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dozens of nurses and midwives crowded into Hampton Court, joined by a 
+      throng of noble ladies who would assist in the delivery.&amp;nbsp; On 30 April 
+      a rumor reached London that a male child had been born and celebrations 
+      ensued.&amp;nbsp; But it was a false alarm; the next three months were spent 
+      in a state of suspended disbelief.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 3 August, the queen's 
+      household departed to Oatlands and the pregnancy was not mentioned 
+      again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary's heartache was soon worsened by the impending departure of 
+      Philip.&amp;nbsp; He had spent over a year in a country he disliked, married 
+      to a woman he pitied but did not love.&amp;nbsp; He used the excuse of 
+      pressing business in the Low Countries to leave England.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      protested passionately, begging him to stay; it was clear to everyone that 
+      she truly loved her husband.&amp;nbsp; But Philip was equally determined to 
+      go.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps clear to him that Mary was seriously ill and 
+      would never have children.&amp;nbsp; If that was the case, he had no reason to 
+      remain in England.&amp;nbsp; He left explicit instructions that she treat her 
+      sister well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was sent to a small manor house a few miles from Oatlands 
+      where she played another waiting game, only this time with some measure of 
+      freedom and hope.&amp;nbsp; But it was to be another three years before she 
+      would become queen of England.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082564&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082564&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36987</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-coronation.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ditchley.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cecil-sm1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1woodcrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliztruelove.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-coronation.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The 'Coronation Portrait' of Elizabeth I; late 16th copy of a lost original&quot; width=&quot;294&quot; height=&quot;427&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Some have fallen from being Princes of this land to be 
+  prisoners in this place; I am raised from being prisoner in this place to be 
+  Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That dejection was a work of God's justice; this 
+  advancement is a work of His mercy.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth 
+      I at the Tower of London, during her coronation ceremonies, 
+      1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;There is an apocryphal story about Elizabeth's accession.&amp;nbsp; In it, 
+      she was out in the meadows surrounding Hatfield when the courtiers 
+      approached.&amp;nbsp; They bowed before her, and presented Mary's signet 
+      ring.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth supposedly fell upon her knees and exclaimed, most 
+      aptly, 'A Domino factum est illud et est mirabile in oculis nostris.' 
+      ('This is the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in Our eyes.')&amp;nbsp; The 
+      citizens of London undoubtedly felt the same; upon receiving word of 
+      Mary's death, bonfires were lit and tables were set in the streets for a 
+      grand celebratory feast.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;A glorious accession, then, and much celebrated.&amp;nbsp; A 
+      contemporary observer, however, commented wryly upon the state of affairs 
+      in England in 1558: 'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility 
+      poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of 
+      order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all 
+      things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among 
+      ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot 
+      in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast 
+      friendship abroad.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was well aware of the dire situation she faced.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      herself had been the victim of the religious and political confusion of 
+      Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; And&lt;IMG height=412 
+      alt=&quot;'The Ditchley Portrait' of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ditchley.jpg&quot; width=281 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; even the weather had been uncooperative for Queen 
+      Mary; the droughts which had plagued farmers led to high prices and much 
+      poverty.&amp;nbsp; Most of the poor flocked to London where they crowded into 
+      ever-expanding slums.&amp;nbsp; Mary's attempts to reform the debased currency 
+      of Henry VIII and Edward VI's reign had been somewhat successful, but 
+      England was still considered a poor credit risk on the Continent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And so the new queen, though popular and much-admired, did not inherit 
+      a stable and prosperous country - and the quest for stability and 
+      prosperity became the guiding force of her reign.&amp;nbsp; To that end, she 
+      came to eschew foreign entanglements and religious extremism.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Practical and pragmatic, Elizabeth chose as her motto 'Semper Eadem' 
+      ('Always the Same'), and it was highly appropriate.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Her succession was assured and untroubled.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew 
+      that when the celebrations ended, the real work would begin.&amp;nbsp; Almost 
+      immediately, she would be forced to consider a rival claim to the throne 
+      by her cousin, Mary Stuart.&amp;nbsp; Queen of Scotland since infancy, and now 
+      the wife of the French dauphin (and crowned queen of France in 1559), Mary 
+      was denied a place in the Tudor succession by Henry VIII's will.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      she was a Catholic and had the French monarchy behind her.&amp;nbsp; For her 
+      part, she was content to stay in France.&amp;nbsp; But she did - with spirit 
+      and not much sense, as was her wont - choose to quarter the royal arms of 
+      England, Wales and Ireland upon her heraldry, thus openly laying claim to 
+      the throne of England.&amp;nbsp; Even this symbolic act was fraught with 
+      political danger for the queenly cousins.&amp;nbsp; From her accession on, 
+      Elizabeth knew her Scottish 'sister' was a serious concern; and while Mary 
+      was safely in France, it was all for the better.&amp;nbsp; Scotland was 
+      already turning Protestant and England could continue to support its 
+      religious dissension and political upheaval.&amp;nbsp; If their northern 
+      neighbor was kept busy with its own troubles, it was less likely to clash 
+      with England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;As for her English subjects, even the Catholics were largely against 
+      Mary Stuart's claims.&amp;nbsp; In this case, nationalism trumped 
+      religion.&amp;nbsp; There were other English claimants, of course; the younger 
+      sisters of the unfortunate &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; But of the two, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt; 
+      was flighty and foolish and Mary was barely four feet tall.&amp;nbsp; Neither 
+      was a popular choice to be queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Her smooth accession was further assured by the Lord Chancellor, 
+      Nicholas Heath.&amp;nbsp; Parliament had been in session while Mary lay dying 
+      and, on 17 November, Heath announced her death to the assembled lords and 
+      commons.&amp;nbsp; He then said, 'Which hap as it is most heavy and grievous 
+      unto us, so have we no less cause another way to rejoice with praise to 
+      Almighty God for that He hath left unto us a true, lawful and right 
+      inheritrice to the crown of this realm, which is the Lady Elizabeth, of 
+      whose lawful right and title we need not to doubt.&amp;nbsp; Wherefore the 
+      lords of this house have determined with your assents and consents, to 
+      pass from hence into the palace, and there to proclaim the said Lady 
+      Elizabeth Queen of this realm without further tract of time.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;There was no dissension at Heath's words.&amp;nbsp; Traditionally, 
+      Parliament dissolved upon the death of the reigning monarch - but Heath's 
+      prompt actions ensured Elizabeth's lawful recognition as queen before the 
+      lords and commons dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And, as a leading Catholic, Heath also 
+      secured the loyalty of his religious party for the new queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth held court at Hatfield for about a week, assembling statesmen 
+      and studying English affairs more acutely.&amp;nbsp; Nicholas Throckmorton 
+      wrote to her immediately; he advised her to be wary and careful, so that 
+      neither 'the old or the new should wholly understand what you mean.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      She did not need such advice; it was already central to her 
+      character.&amp;nbsp; How else had she survived the reigns of Edward and 
+      Mary?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=206 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest advisor, Sir William Cecil&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cecil-sm1.jpg&quot; width=140 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On 20 November, she held her first council meeting and appointed the 
+      loyal William Cecil as her Principal Secretary of State.&amp;nbsp; They had 
+      been friends for a long while, since his appointment as her accountant 
+      many years ago.&amp;nbsp; And, for the next forty years, they were to rule 
+      England as a virtually inseparable team.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's words to Cecil 
+      have become justly famous: 'I give you this charge, that you shall be of 
+      my Privy Council and content to take pains for me and my realm.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      judgment I have of you that you will not be corrupted by any manner of 
+      gift and that you will be faithful to the state; and that without respect 
+      of my private will you will give me that counsel which you think best and 
+      if you shall know anything necessary to be declared to me of secrecy, you 
+      shall show it to myself only.&amp;nbsp; And assure yourself I will not fail to 
+      keep taciturnity therein and therefore herewith I charge you.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;All monarchs use such appointments to reward loyalty and friendship; 
+      Cecil's was also a reward for ability.&amp;nbsp; On a more personal note, 
+      Elizabeth rewarded the faithful servants who had been her companions since 
+      childhood, among them Thomas Parry and Kat Ashley.&amp;nbsp; The handsome 
+      Robert Dudley was appointed Master of the Horse; he was the son of the 
+      late Lord Protector and had been imprisoned in the Tower with Elizabeth 
+      during Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; Not coincidentally, this position required 
+      close contact with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Thus from the very beginning, a source 
+      of rivalry was established amongst Elizabeth's closest councilors.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Cecil and Dudley disliked one another, each man viewing the other as his 
+      main rival for the queen's attention.&amp;nbsp; But even this potentially 
+      untenable situation benefited the young queen; it meant that she alone 
+      dominated her government while two rival factions developed, each centered 
+      around Cecil and Dudley.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Everything depends upon the husband this woman takes.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1560&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'If I were a milkmaid with a pail on my 
+      arm, whereby my private person might be little set by, I would not forsake 
+      that poor and single state to match with the greatest monarch.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I 
+      to Parliament, regarding marriage&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth well understood the importance of public relations and knew 
+      her entry into London must be a lavish spectacle; the coronation which 
+      would follow must be even more impressive.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was placed in 
+      charge of the coronation plans.&amp;nbsp; He was well-suited to the 
+      task.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's favorite astronomer, Dr John Dee, was consulted 
+      and Sunday, 15 January 1559 was selected as the perfect date.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On 23 November, Elizabeth left Hatfield for London; she stayed at the 
+      Charterhouse, and for the next five days she made regular appearances 
+      before adoring crowds.&amp;nbsp; On Monday 28 November, she left the 
+      Charterhouse to ride through London and to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; She wore a 
+      purple velvet gown and had a scarf tied loosely around her neck.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dudley rode closely behind her.&amp;nbsp; When they neared the Tower, both the 
+      queen and her Master of the Horse appreciated the irony of the 
+      moment.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth said simply, and wittily: 'Some have fallen from 
+      being Princes of this land to be prisoners in this place; I am raised from 
+      being prisoner in this place to be Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That 
+      dejection was a work of God's justice; this advancement is a work of His 
+      mercy.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She spent the next ten days at the Tower, holding council meetings and 
+      slowly but steadily learning how to rule.&amp;nbsp; She had been welcomed to 
+      the throne with great celebration, but few monarchs have inherited such a 
+      dire predicament.&amp;nbsp; Religious turmoil was inevitable; though 
+      the Protestants regarded Elizabeth as their savior, many Marian exiles 
+      believed she would maintain her sister's religious changes.&amp;nbsp; She had 
+      to tread carefully - and fortunately for both Elizabeth and her nation, 
+      she was uniquely suited to do so.&amp;nbsp; She made it clear to her 
+      councilors that she wanted no windows into men's souls.&amp;nbsp; Also, she 
+      would not be dominated by one religious party at the expense of 
+      another.&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, her citizens were Englishmen first; their 
+      religious loyalties - whether Catholic or Protestant - were to remain 
+      subservient to their loyalty to her as queen of England.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      explains her later disregard for Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; She characteristically 
+      remarked that she preferred loyal Catholics to Puritans; this may have 
+      confused some of her subjects since she was a Protestant queen, and the 
+      Puritans were simply Protestant extremists.&amp;nbsp; However, Elizabeth 
+      recognized that, by the end of her reign, most of her Catholic subjects 
+      were loyal to her instead of the pope (despite her excommunication) and 
+      accepted royal prerogative.&amp;nbsp; Her Puritan subjects, however, did not 
+      recognize the sanctity of the crown, and their presence in Parliament 
+      ensured a steady erosion of royal power.&amp;nbsp; The end result of this 
+      conflict occurred during the reign of Charles I, when a powerful Puritan 
+      populace revolted against their Catholic king and beheaded him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Luckily, most of Elizabeth's councilors were of the same mind as the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Their first priority was the stability of the realm, and they 
+      wanted to negotiate a truce of sorts between the two factions.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+      course, the more extreme members of both parties could not be 
+      satisfied.&amp;nbsp; Also, Philip II of Spain and Henri II of France had 
+      recently ended their near-constant warfare, and now England remained 
+      outside Continental affairs; perhaps it would become the prey of both 
+      powers.&amp;nbsp; When Elizabeth's court moved to Whitehall for Christmas, the 
+      Spanish ambassador De Feria tried to secure a possible marriage between 
+      Elizabeth and one of Philip's innumerable relatives.&amp;nbsp; Already her 
+      expected marriage dominated European politics.&amp;nbsp; No one expected her 
+      to rule alone.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Christmas festivities at Whitehall were quite extravagant.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The English court had not had cause for much celebration in years; Mary's 
+      reign had been increasingly insular and solemn.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth, young 
+      and beautiful, was determined to celebrate her near-miraculous 
+      triumph.&amp;nbsp; And yet Christmas would pale in comparison to her 
+      coronation festivities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On the 12th of January, she set out once again to the Tower, traveling 
+      by river from Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; Two days later, at two o'clock in the 
+      afternoon, she rode in an open litter for her recognition procession 
+      throughout London.&amp;nbsp; She wore a gown of crimson velvet and cloth of 
+      gold with an ermine cape for warmth, and was surrounded by richly-dressed 
+      lords and ladies.&amp;nbsp; Crowds of Londoners thronged the streets, to the 
+      queen's open delight.&amp;nbsp; It was a cold and wet Saturday with snow 
+      flurries settling upon the brocade canopy of the queen's litter, but the 
+      weather could not distract from the spectacle.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The entire route through the city was marked by pageants, plays, and 
+      orations; even Anne Boleyn appeared in a tableau beside Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth's replies to each presentation were memorable and kind; to the 
+      Recorder of London, she memorably said, 'Whereas your request is that I 
+      should continue your good lady and Queen, be ye assured that I will be as 
+      good unto you as ever Queen was to her people.&amp;nbsp; No will in me can 
+      lack, neither do I trust shall there lack any power.&amp;nbsp; And persuade 
+      yourselves, that for the safety and quietness of you all, I will not spare 
+      if need be to spare my blood.'&amp;nbsp; These words were not merely facile 
+      endearments.&amp;nbsp; Long ago, during the dark days of Mary's reign, she had 
+      realized the importance of public relations and popular support.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next day she was crowned queen of England.&amp;nbsp; She entered 
+      Westminster on foot, walking upon a long blue carpet which the crowd 
+      promptly cut up for souvenirs.&amp;nbsp; The great Abbey was crowded full of 
+      both rural and urban dignitaries, and their ladies.&amp;nbsp; They watched as 
+      the queen marched slowly forward, the long red velvet train of her gown 
+      carried by the duchess of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Hundreds of candles and lamps 
+      burned, and the boys' choir sang beautifully while a medley of pipes, 
+      drums, and the church organ played.)&amp;nbsp; She was crowned by Owen 
+      Oglethorpe, the bishop of Carlisle.&amp;nbsp; The&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1woodcrop.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I on wood; c1565&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;285&quot;&gt; archbishop of Canterbury, 
+      Reginald Pole, had died the same day as Queen Mary; the archbishop of York 
+      asked to be excused on grounds of conscience; the bishop of Durham said he 
+      was too old to perform the ceremony.&amp;nbsp; And so it fell to Dr 
+      Oglethorpe, who was as good as anyone else in Elizabeth's eyes.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      ceremony itself was a mish-mash of Catholic and Protestant rituals - the 
+      Mass was said in Latin but the celebrant did not elevate the Host; the 
+      epistle and gospel were read in Latin and English; and the coronation oath 
+      itself was read from an English Bible.&amp;nbsp; In other words, it was a 
+      ceremony which accurately reflected the religious confusion of mid-16th 
+      century England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Oglethorpe placed the heavy Crown of St Edward on her head, but it was 
+      quickly removed after the oath was administered.&amp;nbsp; Then, wearing a 
+      lighter crown, the new queen was presented to the congregation.&amp;nbsp; 
+      There was an explosion of noise (the Venetian ambassador said it sounded 
+      like the end of the world) as bells were rung, trumpets were blown, and 
+      every other musical instrument played with such force that spectators 
+      winced.&amp;nbsp; The coronation banquet was held at Westminster Hall at three 
+      o'clock and lasted until one o'clock Monday morning.&amp;nbsp; The new queen, 
+      who now wore a becoming gown of purple velvet, sat beneath the great 
+      window on a raised dais.&amp;nbsp; There were eight hundred guests, and the 
+      queen was served by the Lord Chamberlain and the Chief Steward.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      spoke little during the banquet, and was so tired when it ended that a 
+      tournament planned for Monday afternoon was canceled.&amp;nbsp; She had also 
+      caught a cold; the opening of Parliament was thus delayed from the 23rd of 
+      January to the 25th.&amp;nbsp; Her arrival at Parliament, however, was another 
+      moment of triumph for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She wore a crimson gown and a cap 
+      decorated with pearls and was quite lovely and energetic despite her 
+      recent cold.&amp;nbsp; When the crowd called out, 'God save and maintain 
+      thee!', she responded with enthusiasm, 'God a' mercy, good people!'&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;All things considered, these first two months on the throne had gone 
+      very smoothly.&amp;nbsp; But most European powers were convinced she wouldn't 
+      last a year as queen.&amp;nbsp; If she did, it would only be due to a 
+      quick marriage.&amp;nbsp; And so, over the next several years, the dominant 
+      issue of her reign would be one which she personally detested - who would 
+      the queen marry, and when?&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, treading carefully and 
+      conscious of the novelty of her position, the issue was a personal and 
+      political threat - and one which she handled with exquisite care.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She [Elizabeth] is incomparably more feared than her 
+  sister, and gives her orders and has her way as absolutely as her father did.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 
+  1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's seeming obliviousness to marriage, her refusal to discuss 
+      it, or her occasional witty but vague comments - all these infuriated her 
+      councilors.&amp;nbsp; They seemed incapable of appreciating the impact 
+      marriage would have upon her life, while its impact was distressingly 
+      clear to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; The councilors wanted a king, and an heir, a 
+      natural enough desire since her throne could not be completely secure without 
+      them.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew herself to be intellectually superior to 
+      most men and she relished her independence.&amp;nbsp; And, of course, her 
+      father's marital history - as well as her sister's - made her question 
+      both the personal and political cost of marriage.&amp;nbsp; The new queen always 
+      had a low opinion of marital happiness, and saw little reason to change 
+      her mind.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Even in her own lifetime, rumors abounded that Elizabeth was physically 
+      deformed, incapable of pleasing a husband or bearing a child.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      also whispered that she was a sexual deviant whose appetites could not be 
+      satisfied by marriage.&amp;nbsp; However, it is clear enough that Elizabeth's 
+      character - pragmatic, rational, and calculating - was not overly 
+      romantic; she was openly fond of many courtiers, particularly Robert 
+      Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But she never wed Dudley, and a healthy flirtation does not 
+      indicate sexual deviancy.&amp;nbsp; Rather, it shows Elizabeth to be a normal 
+      young woman who enjoyed the company of a handsome man.&amp;nbsp; If she had 
+      not flirted with Dudley, or her other courtiers, then speculation about 
+      her character would be understandable.&amp;nbsp; In truth, she was no less 
+      flirtatious than her father, but the simple, unavoidable fact of her 
+      gender made her flirtations far more politically charged.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Furthermore, any sexual activity would have been immediately 
+      reported.&amp;nbsp; 'I do not live in a corner,' the queen once commented. 'A 
+      thousand eyes see all I do, and calumny will not fasten on me for 
+      ever.'&amp;nbsp; A foreign ambassador was caught paying one of her laundresses 
+      for proof of the queen's regular menstrual cycle; everyone at court 
+      gossiped about her relationships with the handsome courtiers who soon 
+      flocked to London.&amp;nbsp; The queen herself preferred to rise above such 
+      discussion.&amp;nbsp; If she fulfilled her royal duties with care and 
+      diligence, and if she brought prosperity and peace to her country, then 
+      she was successful.&amp;nbsp; And since she had great faith in her own 
+      talents, she saw no reason to share her throne with a husband.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And so, out of love of independence and power, and a native distrust of 
+      marriage, Elizabeth was determined to remain single.&amp;nbsp; Her councilors, 
+      for their part, pretended to believe otherwise for quite a long 
+      time.&amp;nbsp; Despite her repeated vows to 'live and die a virgin', they 
+      embarked upon countless rounds of diplomatic negotiations searching for a 
+      husband.&amp;nbsp; They visited her in private, they 
+      openly begged her; they eventually forced a parliamentary showdown upon 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; William Cecil prayed that 'God would send our mistress a 
+      husband, and by time a son, that we may hope our posterity shall have a 
+      masculine succession.'&amp;nbsp; Despite their close friendship, and mutual 
+      respect, even Cecil succumbed to the sexism of their age - he rebuked a 
+      messenger for talking to the queen of something that 'was too much for 
+      woman's knowledge.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But over the years, her councilor's discomfort lessened.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      Stuart bore a son, James, in 1566 and was imprisoned in England shortly 
+      afterwards.&amp;nbsp; James was raised as a Protestant and was soon the only 
+      Tudor relative with a viable claim.&amp;nbsp; His religion allowed most 
+      Englishmen to look favorably upon him as Elizabeth's eventual heir.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The queen wisely dangled its possibility before him and thus ensured 
+      Scottish political cooperation throughout the later years of her 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; Also, as the years passed, so did the possibility that 
+      Elizabeth would bear a child.&amp;nbsp; And why marry, if not for an 
+      heir?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It is also worth noting the endless difficulties in selecting a 
+      suitable husband.&amp;nbsp; A foreign match would have dragged England into 
+      the morass of European politics, with possibly the same disastrous results 
+      of Mary's marriage.&amp;nbsp; But marriage to an Englishman would have given 
+      too much power to one political faction or the other.&amp;nbsp; And so 
+      Elizabeth's personal dislike of marriage turned out to be a shrewd 
+      political decision, though it confounded everyone for several years.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;From the earliest days of her reign, one of Elizabeth's greatest 
+      political attributes was her endless prevarication.&amp;nbsp; Many historians 
+      have described it less as an attribute, and more as her greatest failing.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They mention her inability to decide upon marriage, or - most famously - 
+      her refusal to execute Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; They argue that these 
+      incidents prove she was hesitant and indecisive.&amp;nbsp; But it actually 
+      reveals a formidable political talent, and one which greatly benefited her 
+      nation.&amp;nbsp; The new queen was not one to whole-heartedly plunge into any 
+      scheme, personal or political; thus, she refused to become involved in 
+      foreign entanglements which would have bankrupted her country and produced 
+      strife and discontent.&amp;nbsp; She sent money and a few troops to 
+      continental Protestants, but no more.&amp;nbsp; In terms of religion, she 
+      sought to strike a balance between two extremes through careful thought 
+      and debate.&amp;nbsp; In doing so, she negotiated a truce of sorts which 
+      lasted through most of her reign - in contrast to the religious turmoil 
+      which marked the reigns before and after her own.&amp;nbsp; One could label 
+      her indecisive since she did not strike a definitive stance on either 
+      issue.&amp;nbsp; But she preserved the peace and prosperity of her nation; she 
+      put England, and the welfare of its citizens, first.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the 
+      ability to prevaricate was an essential tool of her political success, 
+      however much it frustrated those who wanted her to take sides.&amp;nbsp; In 
+      Elizabeth's case, one could argue that she took only the English side.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is a very vain and clever woman.&amp;nbsp; She must have 
+  been thoroughly schooled in the manner in which her father conducted his 
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; She is determined to be governed by no one.' &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=307 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest love, Sir Robert Dudley&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliztruelove.jpg&quot; width=300 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This understandably caused strife within her council.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      clear from the beginning that Robert Dudley was the queen's favorite 
+      courtier.&amp;nbsp; They were openly affectionate and Dudley enjoyed flaunting 
+      the queen's favor.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was often terrified that Elizabeth would 
+      wed Dudley, but that fear at least was soon put to rest.&amp;nbsp; At the 
+      start of Elizabeth's reign, Dudley was still married to an heiress called 
+      Amy Robsart; she was safely tucked away in the country while her husband 
+      flirted at court.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth knew of the match; she had attended the 
+      wedding.&amp;nbsp; But the marriage, which had begun happily, was soon torn 
+      apart by Dudley's ambition.&amp;nbsp; But whatever he planned for the future, 
+      it was soon impossible for him to dream of becoming king.&amp;nbsp; Amy was 
+      living in secluded and deprived circumstances at Cumnor Place, the 
+      Oxfordshire manor of Anthony Forster, an MP and close friend of 
+      Dudley's.&amp;nbsp; She had been ill for some time.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday the 8th of 
+      September 1560, roughly nine months after Elizabeth's coronation, she gave 
+      her few servants permission to visit a fair.&amp;nbsp; When they returned, 
+      they found her lying dead at the bottom of the staircase with a broken 
+      neck.&amp;nbsp; There had been other ladies in the home; they reported playing 
+      backgammon with Amy until, suddenly and without explanation, she left the 
+      room and fell to her death.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was informed of the news while at 
+      Windsor Castle with the queen.&amp;nbsp; He immediately ordered a thorough 
+      investigation.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; His close relationship with the queen was 
+      already a minor scandal; Amy's suspicious death could make it 
+      explosive.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Amy had been ill for some months, with a 'canker in her breast', as the 
+      doctors said.&amp;nbsp; They had assured Dudley that his wife would not live 
+      much longer.&amp;nbsp; So the immediate supposition after her death - that 
+      Dudley had murdered Amy so he could marry the queen - does not make 
+      sense.&amp;nbsp; There were only three other conclusions to draw - first, that 
+      Amy, knowing her own condition, was depressed and angry at her husband; 
+      she therefore took her own life in an attempt to end her suffering and 
+      Dudley's hopes to be king.&amp;nbsp; Second, that one of Dudley's enemies had 
+      murdered Amy in an attempt to discredit him and make marriage with the 
+      queen impossible.&amp;nbsp; Or third, that nothing so nefarious occurred and 
+      her death was completely accidental; she simply fell while walking down 
+      the stairs.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But everyone enjoyed gossip and scandal too much to let it pass.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And Amy's maid told a jury that her mistress had often 'prayed to God to 
+      deliver her from desperation', and many courtiers remembered Dudley's 
+      public speculation about divorcing his wife.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was forced to 
+      send Dudley from court until the funeral, but he did not attend the 
+      service.&amp;nbsp; The queen sent Lady Norton as her representative, and it 
+      was known that other ladies had been asked but refused to go because of 
+      the scandal.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth's affection for Dudley was at its 
+      greatest during these early years and could not be denied.&amp;nbsp; Soon 
+      enough he was back at court and in as much favor as always.&amp;nbsp; Once, 
+      during a boating party on the Thames, he asked the ambassador de Quadra, 
+      who was also Bishop of Avila, to marry he and Elizabeth immediately.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The ambassador remarked that he would do so as soon as the queen dismissed 
+      her Protestant councilors from service.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In light of Amy Robsart's death, it is worth considering Elizabeth's 
+      own feelings on the matter.&amp;nbsp; Her closest advisors thought she had 
+      good cause to dread the woman's death, though not because of any 
+      scandal.&amp;nbsp; The queen, they realized, enjoyed flirting with Dudley and 
+      occasionally encouraged his fantasies, but she did not want to be given 
+      the opportunity to marry him.&amp;nbsp; When Amy Robsart died, Elizabeth had 
+      no ready excuse for denying Dudley's proposals.&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the queen had other, far more appropriate suitors.&amp;nbsp; Cecil's 
+      natural inclination was to make peace with England's 
+      traditional enemy, France.&amp;nbsp; He urged a match with one of Queen Catherine d'Medici and 
+      King Henry II's sons.&amp;nbsp; These Francophile maneuvers began seriously 
+      after Mary Stuart's French husband died in 1560 and she returned to 
+      Scotland.&amp;nbsp; To thwart Cecil, other councilors pressed a Spanish 
+      marriage, perhaps even to her former brother-in-law Philip.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      queen expertly considered all options but never committed to any.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This routine would continue until advancing age made childbirth 
+      impossible.&amp;nbsp; Only then was Elizabeth truly free of parliamentary 
+      meddling in her private affairs, a situation which had inspired several 
+      famously bitter outbursts in 1566.&amp;nbsp; After insisting that the 
+      succession was too weighty an issue for such &amp;quot;a knot of harebrains&amp;quot; as the 
+      House of Commons, she later invoked her own arrest during Wyatt's 
+      rebellion as the reason for her refusal to name a successor (if she would 
+      not marry): &amp;quot;I did differ from her [Mary I] in religion and I was sought 
+      for divers ways.&amp;nbsp; And so shall never be my successor.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; And, she 
+      warned them, &amp;quot;as your Prince and head&amp;quot;, it was up to her to judge such 
+      weighty political issues without parliamentary interference, &amp;quot;For it is 
+      monstrous that the feet should direct the head.&amp;quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In other words, they could discuss and debate and suggest - but only 
+      Elizabeth could rule.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part one&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082680&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082680&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">27296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-metsys.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz3-maryqos1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizfan.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=476 
+      alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my 
+      Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be 
+      ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a 
+  Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to 
+      Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered 
+      religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her 
+      subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of 
+      Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had 
+      been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of 
+      heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded, 
+      and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout 
+      Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule 
+      witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and 
+      Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with 
+      genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to 
+      England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the 
+      throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the 
+      treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant 
+      councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if 
+      their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth 
+      that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and 
+      strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+      queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private 
+      worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as 
+      they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content 
+      not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was 
+      considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the 
+      queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let 
+      the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to 
+      court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England 
+      - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House 
+      of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced 
+      by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she 
+      felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent 
+      Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it 
+      was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive 
+      to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was 
+      passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious 
+      dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of 
+      doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as 
+      Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly 
+      outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from 
+      positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In 
+      total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on 
+      both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the 
+      church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political 
+      power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all 
+      religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she 
+      seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not 
+      entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my 
+      opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both 
+      creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of 
+      her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal 
+      supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by 
+      continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule 
+      only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of 
+      ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the 
+      supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would 
+      usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of 
+      England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement 
+      underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 
+      1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed 
+      reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I 
+      had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in 
+      establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few 
+      Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of 
+      the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It 
+      remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however 
+      unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts 
+      to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation. 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very 
+      life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic 
+      extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively 
+      quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of 
+      England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed 
+      Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither 
+      Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her 
+      title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two 
+      greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were 
+      cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their 
+      competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain 
+      had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took 
+      care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into 
+      her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and 
+      choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a 
+      Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip 
+      &lt;IMG height=216 
+      alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of 
+      Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly 
+      across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only 
+      wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he 
+      then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+      Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's 
+      help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant 
+      rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England 
+      in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary 
+      of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable 
+      focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots 
+      would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth 
+      should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the 
+      English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified; 
+      what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by 
+      the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in 
+      reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated 
+      followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan 
+      plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully 
+      maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the 
+      precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure 
+      castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an 
+      inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely 
+      believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet 
+      sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that 
+      Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of 
+      Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with 
+      evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would 
+      the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed 
+      a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to 
+      investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded 
+      with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to 
+      Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor 
+      dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their 
+      lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry 
+      VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal 
+      authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII, 
+      was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern 
+      rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt 
+      brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress 
+      afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon 
+      after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the 
+      north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north 
+      after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the 
+      earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her 
+      Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some 
+      degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal 
+      relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious 
+      differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England 
+      and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to 
+      the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in 
+      1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors, 
+      including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier 
+      peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin 
+      Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his 
+      opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could 
+      possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled 
+      in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized 
+      this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she 
+      live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and 
+      torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what 
+      support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to 
+      sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant 
+      and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her 
+      displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for 
+      his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear 
+      before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further 
+      roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and 
+      his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern 
+      earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not 
+      plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and 
+      Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but 
+      also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary 
+      nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as 
+      well.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland 
+      and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for 
+      Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act 
+      of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As 
+      their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of 
+        Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her 
+        highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up 
+        nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to 
+        overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also 
+        misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve 
+        years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy 
+        contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof 
+        divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will 
+        be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same 
+        .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for 
+        the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort 
+        unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any 
+        of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready 
+      adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth 
+      that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her 
+      subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex, 
+      sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for 
+      the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of 
+      Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels 
+      themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their 
+      church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their 
+      property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended 
+      satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England 
+      must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of 
+      the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in 
+      March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth 
+      I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all 
+      loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe 
+      were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+      heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long 
+      expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant 
+      councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by 
+      any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her 
+      former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571, 
+      parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a 
+      heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants, 
+      those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased 
+      dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble 
+      Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines; 
+      they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become 
+      treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to 
+      leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against 
+      Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led 
+      by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and 
+      Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were 
+      deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from 
+      European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was 
+      particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert 
+      Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political 
+      treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and 
+      it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise 
+      in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects' 
+      ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only 
+      of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the 
+      queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were 
+      condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she 
+      was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her 
+      choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal 
+      actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the 
+      role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of 
+      Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with 
+      France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by 
+      considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of 
+      accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then 
+      Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to 
+      systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought 
+      Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under 
+      attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 
+      1572. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished 
+      with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying 
+      English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned 
+      by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged 
+      caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she 
+      faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious 
+      treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence 
+      loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships 
+      under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from 
+      the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she 
+      gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents 
+      of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily 
+      over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting 
+      insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots 
+      continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082753&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082753&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz4-four.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-bettes1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Zuccaro's sketch of Queen Elizabeth I; c1570s; the most authentic likeness of the queen&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;482&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I cannot but deplore my evil fortune, seeing 
+      you have been pleased not only to refuse me your presence, causing me to 
+      be declared unworthy of it by your nobles; but also suffered me to be torn 
+      in pieces by my rebels.... not allowing me to have copies of their false 
+      accusations, or affording me any liberty to accuse 
+      them.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;Mary, queen of Scots to Elizabeth I after the Northern 
+      Rebellion&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;There were three main plots concerning &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/A&gt; - the duke of Norfolk's scheme of 1569, the Throckmorton Plot of 
+      1583, and the Babington Plot of 1586.&amp;nbsp; For as long as Mary lived, she 
+      was a potential threat to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And since she was now 
+      imprisoned on English soil, she was an even greater menace.&amp;nbsp; Domestic 
+      enemies of the queen made no secret of their admiration for Mary 
+      Stuart.&amp;nbsp; And foreign ambassadors often communicated secretly with 
+      her, particularly the French and Spanish ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; As a former 
+      queen of France, Mary had many friends in that country.&amp;nbsp; And as a 
+      Catholic queen, she was friendly with the increasingly pious Philip II of 
+      Spain.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was always of two minds regarding her cousin.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      recognized the danger which Mary represented, but she was acutely 
+      conscious of Mary's status as a sovereign queen unlawfully deposed by her 
+      subjects.&amp;nbsp; She could not impugn her cousin's dignity without risking 
+      damage to the ideal of royal prerogative.&amp;nbsp; The trick was to deprive 
+      Mary of her standing as a sovereign.&amp;nbsp; Mary's own behavior, in 
+      Scotland and England, gave Elizabeth a distinct advantage.&amp;nbsp; Even 
+      staunch Catholic allies were troubled by Mary's reported crimes.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Perhaps she was innocent of complicity in her second husband's murder, but 
+      she had married James Hepburn, the earl of Bothwell in a Protestant ceremony.&amp;nbsp; And the 
+      evidence of the 'Casket Letters' (now believed to be false) supported the 
+      theory that Mary and Bothwell had an adulterous affair and then plotted 
+      Darnley's murder.&amp;nbsp; This erosion of Mary's reputation necessarily 
+      alienated her moderate supporters.&amp;nbsp; But for the extremists, such flaws 
+      could be overlooked for the greater good of overthrowing the heretic 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At first, Mary was content to avoid plotting against her cousin.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But when it became clear that Elizabeth would not help her return to 
+      Scotland, she was forced into a corner.&amp;nbsp; She wrote constantly to the 
+      English queen, begging for a personal meeting, much as Elizabeth had 
+      requested an audience with Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth refused.&amp;nbsp; Mary was 
+      originally placed in the care of the wealthy earl of Shrewsbury and his 
+      formidable wife, Bess of Hardwick.&amp;nbsp; She was kept in comfortable 
+      quarters, with a large retinue of servants and accorded respect as a 
+      sovereign queen; she even ate beneath a cloth of estate.&amp;nbsp; But she was 
+      essentially a prisoner and no material comforts could obscure that 
+      essential fact. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=229 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I's cousin, Mary queen of Scots&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz4-four.jpg&quot; width=155 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Those early years in England were spent in various hearings and 
+      meetings, with Mary proclaiming her innocence of Darnley's murder and the 
+      duplicity of her Scottish nobles.&amp;nbsp; When these ended with her freedom 
+      still denied, she became understandably bitter.&amp;nbsp; She had been 
+      condemned to prison without a fair hearing, with no end in sight.&amp;nbsp; 
+      For a lively young woman who had always lived openly and passionately, 
+      with as great a love of the outdoors as Elizabeth, used to being her 
+      own mistress and the former queen of two countries, the situation was intolerable.&amp;nbsp; She was only 25 years 
+      old when she arrived in England and all of her natural energy and 
+      enthusiasm became fixed upon one goal - freedom. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She was essentially powerless.&amp;nbsp; And so she turned to subterfuge, 
+      relying upon a small network of Catholic and foreign allies.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      was surprisingly successful.&amp;nbsp; She gained important news from the 
+      continent and Elizabeth's court.&amp;nbsp; But Shrewsbury complained 
+      incessantly about the expense of Mary's imprisonment and Elizabeth's 
+      councilors complained about her ceaseless correspondence with 
+      Catholics.&amp;nbsp; And so she was eventually removed from Shrewsbury's care 
+      into less comfortable quarters. &amp;nbsp;This had the paradoxical effect of 
+      encouraging more plotting on Mary's part. &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;After the plot to marry Norfolk and the Northern Rebellion failed in 
+      1569, Mary increasingly turned to her foreign supporters. &amp;nbsp;They were 
+      able to provide crucial encouragement as well as the names of trusted 
+      English sympathizers. &amp;nbsp;In 1583, the second serious plan to free Mary 
+      and kill Elizabeth was discovered. &amp;nbsp;It is known as the 'Throckmorton 
+      Plot', after its leader Sir Francis Throckmorton. &amp;nbsp;A well-born 
+      Catholic Englishman, Throckmorton was given money and guidance by the 
+      French prince, the duc de Guise. &amp;nbsp;De Guise wished to invade Scotland 
+      and England simultaneously, murder Elizabeth with the assistance of 
+      English Catholics, and then place Mary on the throne. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth's 
+      great spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham was notoriously suspicious, a trait 
+      which most (including Elizabeth) often condemned. &amp;nbsp;But in this case, 
+      his prudence, and an agent named Fagot, foiled the plot. &amp;nbsp;The 30 year 
+      old Throckmorton was arrested and tortured on the rack before confessing 
+      everything. &amp;nbsp;He was executed at Tyburn on 10 July 1584. &amp;nbsp;Based 
+      upon his confession, the complicity of the Spanish ambassador Bernadino de 
+      Mendoza was discovered; he was expelled from England in January 1584.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In June 1584, even as Throckmorton awaited execution, the Protestant leader William of Orange was assassinated 
+      at Delft by a Catholic. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth's councilors became even more terrified for 
+      her safety. &amp;nbsp;It did not help matters that France was in the midst of 
+      terrible religious turmoil. &amp;nbsp;Catherine de Medici had sought to 
+      placate both parties by tolerating Protestant services; she also married 
+      her daughter Marguerite to the Protestant prince Henri of Navarre in 1572. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre was the result. &amp;nbsp;Henri had 
+      saved his own life by renouncing Protestantism, but in 1576 he was able to 
+      escape imprisonment and publicly embraced his faith again. &amp;nbsp;In 1584, 
+      King Henri III of France named Henri of Navarre his heir presumptive. 
+      &amp;nbsp;None of Catherine de Medici's sons had produced a male heir and so the 
+      throne would pass to a Protestant king.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This decision led to 'The War of the Three Henrys' and, indirectly, 
+      Henri III's assassination in 1589 by a Catholic fanatic, Jacques Clement.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henri of Navarre was then 
+      crowned king of France, but was forced to fight against the Catholic 
+      League. &amp;nbsp;He could not enter Paris until 1594, after once again 
+      renouncing his faith with the famous remark, 'Paris is well worth a Mass.' 
+      &amp;nbsp;But he continued at war with Spain for several more years and 
+      embarked upon a policy of religious toleration which culminated in the 
+      Edict of Nantes in 1598.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth and her council carefully considered the events in France. 
+      &amp;nbsp;There were three great Protestant leaders in Europe - Elizabeth I 
+      (however unwilling she was to accept the role), William of Orange, and 
+      Henri of Navarre. &amp;nbsp;Of the three, William was assassinated in 1584 and 
+      Navarre was once again forced to convert. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth survived 
+      unscathed, but the Throckmorton plot was a very troubling development. 
+      &amp;nbsp;It meant that foreign powers were determined to destroy her; there 
+      would be no more marriage proposals, only a shadowy network of 
+      plots.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In October, Cecil and Walsingham were concerned enough to draft the 
+      'Bond of Association', a document which pledged protection of the queen 
+      and destruction of her enemies. &amp;nbsp;Walsingham was now secretary of 
+      state, having assumed the more onerous duties of that office from Cecil in 
+      1568; his focus was primarily on diplomacy and espionage. &amp;nbsp;In January 
+      1585, he arranged for Mary, queen of Scots to be moved to Tutbury Castle.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Her personal papers were minutely examined during the process, without her 
+      knowledge. Walsingham wished to know all, but without rousing Mary's 
+      suspicions.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth approved of these plans. &amp;nbsp;She was personally courageous 
+      and refused to alter her many public appearances for fear of an assassin. 
+      &amp;nbsp;This caused her councilors many sleepless nights. &amp;nbsp;But they 
+      could not help but admire her bravery. &amp;nbsp;She also took to keeping a 
+      small sword beneath her pillow in case of an attack. &amp;nbsp;It was her only 
+      sign of distress and perfectly in keeping with her pragmatic approach to 
+      life. &amp;nbsp;The assassins might come, but she would be armed and ready to 
+      fight&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In February 1585, Parliament banished Catholic priests and 
+      ordered the return of all Englishmen studying at seminaries abroad. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The 'Bond of&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-bettes1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Elizabeth I, painted by John Bettes the Younger, c1580s&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;478&quot;&gt; Association' was also given legal force, which meant 
+      that noncompliance with its terms would be a treasonable offense. &amp;nbsp;It 
+      would be officially ratified by Parliament in July 1586. &amp;nbsp;And in May, 
+      relations with Spain deteriorated further when Philip II ordered the 
+      seizure of English ships in Atlantic ports. &amp;nbsp;Three months later, 
+      England signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Alliance at Nonsuch Palace, in 
+      which Elizabeth pledged military assistance to the Protestant Dutch 
+      rebellion against Spain. &amp;nbsp;Almost 7000 English soldiers under the 
+      command of Robert Dudley immediately left for the Netherlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was clear to everyone that conflict between England and Spain was 
+      fast becoming inevitable. &amp;nbsp;As much as she preferred to prevaricate 
+      and remain neutral, Elizabeth was being forced to choose sides. &amp;nbsp;The 
+      problem of Mary, queen of Scots only encouraged Elizabeth's support for 
+      the Protestant cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In December 1585, Mary was moved to Chartley Manor. &amp;nbsp;Walsingham 
+      knew she was plotting again, this time with increasing desperation. 
+      &amp;nbsp;Throckmorton's failure had shaken her badly, though she professed 
+      innocence. &amp;nbsp;Her exact role in that conspiracy remains unclear; it is 
+      possible she only knew of it, but did not actively encourage it. &amp;nbsp;But 
+      she did enthusiastically support the treason of another English Catholic, 
+      a young man named Sir Anthony Babington.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Another well-born Englishman, Babington had served as a page in 
+      Shrewsbury's household during the early years of Mary's imprisonment. 
+      &amp;nbsp;His romanticized memories of the queen, as well as his passionate 
+      Catholicism, made him susceptible to the plans of Thomas Morgan, one of 
+      Mary's trusted agents. &amp;nbsp;In 1580, the 19 year old Babington was 
+      traveling in France when he met Morgan. &amp;nbsp;After he returned to 
+      England, he became increasingly associated with Mary's admirers, 
+      eventually smuggling letters from the French embassy to the imprisoned 
+      queen. 
+      &amp;nbsp;Babington was only a half-hearted conspirator, but Walsingham was 
+      content to use him to lure Mary into a final trap. &amp;nbsp;When Babington 
+      learned the Catholic priest Ballard planned to murder Elizabeth, he tried 
+      to escape abroad but Walsingham refused him a passport. &amp;nbsp;Babington 
+      was frantic and turned to a friend for advice, confessing everything. 
+      &amp;nbsp;His friend then ran to Walsingham with the information. &amp;nbsp;But 
+      the queen's secretary of state did not act at once. &amp;nbsp;He sensed this 
+      was his best opportunity to catch Mary in the act, so to speak, and with 
+      enough evidence to finally convince Elizabeth of her cousin's complicity. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The queen's refusal to condemn Mary was no longer a benevolent 
+      quirk; for her councilors, it was a matter of life and death.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Walsingham had soon collected a number of letters between Morgan, Mary, 
+      and Babington. &amp;nbsp;And in one of those, Mary explicitly approved the 
+      murder of Elizabeth. &amp;nbsp;It was this letter that Walsingham needed. 
+      &amp;nbsp;When confronted with it, Elizabeth was at first disbelieving and 
+      then angry. &amp;nbsp;She approved of moving Mary to Fotheringhay Castle and 
+      sending a commission of statesmen there to investigate the Babington Plot. 
+      &amp;nbsp;She also sent along a letter to be delivered to her captive cousin. 
+      &amp;nbsp;It read:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my 
+        life and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never 
+        proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected 
+        and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and 
+        all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and 
+        peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore require, 
+        charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well informed 
+        of your arrogance. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, 
+        and you will sooner be able to obtain favour of me. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Mary defended herself at 
+      the resulting trial; her most potent argument was that she was a sovereign 
+      queen and thus not liable to the laws of England. &amp;nbsp;She also denied 
+      ever plotting the death of Elizabeth. &amp;nbsp;But it was too late. &amp;nbsp;She 
+      was condemned to death. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth at first refused to sign the 
+      warrant for execution, much as she had earlier with Norfolk. &amp;nbsp;It was 
+      an agonizing decision. &amp;nbsp;There is a possibility she was tricked into 
+      signing it. &amp;nbsp;Mary was finally beheaded on 8 February 1587. &amp;nbsp;On 
+      the 14th, Elizabeth sent the following letter to Mary's son, King James VI 
+      of Scotland:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the 
+        extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which 
+        (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman 
+        of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you 
+        truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you 
+        that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you 
+        will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am 
+        not so base minded that fear of any living creature or Prince should 
+        make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny the same. I am 
+        not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But, as not to 
+        disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my actions, but 
+        cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring yourself of me, that 
+        as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it I would never lay it 
+        on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify myself that thought it 
+        not. &lt;BR&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And 
+        for your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, 
+        nor a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more 
+        carefully to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise 
+        persuade you, judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in 
+        haste I leave to trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long 
+        reign. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and 
+        cousin, &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth had been 
+      queen for almost thirty years, surviving numerous obstacles and 
+      conspiracies. &amp;nbsp;Her councilors now believed the greatest threat to her 
+      reign was over. &amp;nbsp;But they were wrong, as the momentous events of 1588 
+      would soon prove.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz5.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Mary, 
+      queen of Scots Images site&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen, with 
+      commentary.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+     
+
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082759&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082759&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">30106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz5-mainpic.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">philipos-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-oldercrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=427 alt=&quot;crop from the famous 'Armada Portrait' of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz5-mainpic.jpg&quot; width=325 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is certainly a great Queen and were she only a Catholic 
+  she would be our dearly beloved.&amp;nbsp; Just look how well she governs!&amp;nbsp; 
+  She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island, and yet she makes 
+  herself feared by Spain, by France, by the Empire, by all....&amp;nbsp; Our 
+  children would have ruled the whole world.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+  Pope Sixtus V describes Elizabeth, c1588&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;When news of the execution of Mary, queen of Scots reached Europe, it 
+      gave Philip II of Spain yet another reason to look askance at his former 
+      sister-in-law.&amp;nbsp; English harassment of Spanish shipping and their 
+      support of rebellions against his rule had long angered him.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+      tried diplomacy; it had been successful enough until Elizabeth's 
+      Protestant councilors grew suspicious of his motives and angry over his 
+      treatment of continental Protestants.&amp;nbsp; After diplomacy came a gradual 
+      cooling between the countries; Philip even tried his hand at encouraging 
+      Irish rebellions against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And Philip grew increasingly 
+      pious as the years passed, and thus more inclined to take the 
+      excommunication of 1570 more seriously.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/philipos-crop.jpg&quot; lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/Philip%20II%20of%20Spain&quot; width=&quot;155&quot; height=&quot;282&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Serious consequences were avoided for the first thirty years of 
+    Elizabeth's rule due to her own prevarication and Philip's more pressing 
+    problems.&amp;nbsp; But as the 1580s began, it was clear that something must 
+    give.&amp;nbsp; Philip could no longer afford the blatant piracy of the English, 
+    publicly disavowed but privately approved by Elizabeth (who always received 
+    the largest share of profits.)&amp;nbsp; She had even gone so far as to knight 
+    her greatest pirate, Sir Francis Drake, in 1581.&amp;nbsp; Four years later, the 
+    English openly supported the Netherlands when it revolted against Philip, a 
+    dangerous but popular policy for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Philip had 
+    long claimed the throne of Portugal but had only recently seized it by force 
+    of arms.&amp;nbsp; If he wished to maintain control, he needed to defend the 
+    rich and wide-ranging Portuguese colonies.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip also needed to end the Protestant menace to Europe.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    supported plans to free Mary, queen of Scots and place her on the English 
+    throne.&amp;nbsp; His ambassador Mendoza had been peripherally involved in the 
+    Babington Plot and was expelled from England as a result.&amp;nbsp; Many of 
+    Elizabeth's councilors, most importantly the influential Robert Dudley, had 
+    advocated a tougher approach to Spanish meddling.&amp;nbsp; But always the 
+    queen, mindful of her treasury and always desiring peace, had held back.&amp;nbsp; 
+    She would send a few troops and some money, but little else.&amp;nbsp; Philip, 
+    however, had less love of peace and a more pressing piety.&amp;nbsp; England 
+    would be brought back into the Catholic fold, as the pope had commanded in 
+    1570.&amp;nbsp; The execution of Mary, queen of Scots in early 1587 gave him 
+    added impetus to act.&amp;nbsp; The English had sought to publicize Mary's 
+    various crimes, but most Europeans, even the Scots who had applauded her 
+    overthrow years ago, preferred the more tragic image of an innocent queen 
+    trapped by Elizabeth's wily councilors.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip spent much of 1587 finally preparing his long-rumored 'Armada' 
+    against England.&amp;nbsp; While Elizabeth's council had long warned her of this 
+    possibility, Philip's own advisors believed he could ill afford this new 
+    battle.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish fleet and army had fought too long and hard over 
+    the years.&amp;nbsp; They comprised the largest and best-prepared army and navy 
+    in the world; they had been successful against the Turks, had watched their 
+    traditional enemy, France, succumb to internal religious turmoil, had seized 
+    Portugal, and fought throughout the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp; But victories could 
+    be as tiresome and expensive as defeats.&amp;nbsp; Morale was low and leadership 
+    was lacking.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip's advisors consistently stressed the expense of the proposed 
+    battle.&amp;nbsp; But for the king, expenses were driving him to fight.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    needed to stop the English from seizing Spanish ships filled with precious 
+    coin and goods.&amp;nbsp; Each loss was a further blow to a nearly empty 
+    treasury.&amp;nbsp; There was no better time to fight than now, he declared, for 
+    the murder of Mary Stuart had at last united European opinion against 
+    Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; In July 1587, he received official approval from the pope 
+    for the invasion, provided England returned to Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; The pope 
+    even agreed to allow Philip to choose the next English ruler.&amp;nbsp; It would 
+    in all likelihood be the Spanish king himself for he claimed descent from 
+    the famous Edward III.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;As further impetus to Philip, even as he negotiated approval of the 
+    invasion with the pope, Drake led an expedition into Spain itself, seizing 
+    and destroying many vessels.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth protested that Drake had acted 
+    without her knowledge; this may have been true.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the queen 
+    had no desire for war.&amp;nbsp; But her protestations did not matter.&amp;nbsp; It 
+    was an audacious act which could not go unpunished.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, of course, knew of the Spanish army lodged in the Low 
+    Countries, so close to English shores and able to intercept English 
+    shipping.&amp;nbsp; When word came that these forces were being steadily 
+    increased and an armada of Spanish ships was being prepared for battle, she 
+    could no longer debate and hesitate.&amp;nbsp; The impending threat was too 
+    obvious to ignore.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Yet what could England do against the great Spanish fleet?&amp;nbsp; All of 
+    Europe, and many Englishmen, believed England could not withstand the 
+    overwhelming Spanish force.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved 
+    myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in 
+  the loyal hearts and good-will of my subjects... I know I have the body but of 
+  a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a 
+  king of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince 
+  of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm...'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt; &lt;i&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;from Elizabeth I's speech to the troops at Tilbury, 1588&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The Armada which sailed against England is sometimes called 'The 
+    Invincible Armada', but its correct name is La Armada Grande.&amp;nbsp; Its 
+    supreme commander was the duke of Medina Sidonia, a nobleman who had done 
+    all he could to avoid this appointment.&amp;nbsp; He spent hours urging Philip, 
+    in the most polite and obsequious way possible, 
+    to find someone else, pointing out his own lack of experience in naval 
+    matters.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not listen.&amp;nbsp; Spain's greatest naval 
+    commander Don Alvaro de Bazan the elder, the marquess of Santa Cruz, had 
+    died and there had been a long, fruitless search for a suitable replacement.&amp;nbsp; 
+    The conscientious Medina Sidonia was Philip's choice, much to the duke's 
+    everlasting regret.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The Armada sailed from Lisbon on 20 May 1588, a grand procession of 130 
+    ships and over 30,000 men.&amp;nbsp; However, half of the vessels were transport 
+    ships and the majority of men were soldiers, not sailors.&amp;nbsp; Medina 
+    Sidonia was to sail to Flanders, where he would join the prince of Parma who 
+    waited with more soldiers and transports.&amp;nbsp; But the Armada stopped first 
+    in Corunna for some repair work and Medina Sidonia wrote to Philip, asking 
+    for the invasion to be postponed indefinitely.&amp;nbsp; The king was adamant, 
+    however, and the fleet sailed to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Their arrival was expected and observed by the English.&amp;nbsp; Under the 
+    command of Lord Howard, they set out from Plymouth, under cover of night.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They managed to destroy some of the chief Spanish ships so that, with 
+    reinforcements, their numbers roughly equaled the Spanish.&amp;nbsp; More 
+    importantly, in terms of command and gunnery, the English had a far superior 
+    advantage.&amp;nbsp; By the time of the great battle off Gravelines, each fleet 
+    had roughly sixty warships.&amp;nbsp; The Spaniards fought heroically, but 
+    Howard was relentless.&amp;nbsp; The English ships were more agile and their 
+    commanders more inventive.&amp;nbsp; They did not allow the Spanish time to regroup 
+    and refit.&amp;nbsp; Only one Spanish ship was captured but several sank or ran 
+    ashore.&amp;nbsp; Medina Sidonia decided to lead the remaining fleet home, 
+    sailing along the north of Scotland and Ireland.&amp;nbsp; They met constant 
+    storms and rough seas, and not one pilot remained in the whole fleet.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Each passing storm destroyed more ships until, when the Armada finally 
+    limped home in the mid-September, half the fleet and most of its men were 
+    gone.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The defeat of the Armada was justly celebrated in Elizabeth's time.&amp;nbsp; 
+    It continues to be one of the most famous naval victories in history.&amp;nbsp; 
+    There is an engaging aspect to the whole story - the English fleet taking on 
+    the greatest naval power in the world and, against all odds, winning a 
+    stunning victory.&amp;nbsp; The psychological effect upon both nations was 
+    enormous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Yet, upon closer inspection, the victory was neither as unexpected or 
+    immediately successful as is often believed.&amp;nbsp; The English navy had 
+    always been superior in tactics and gunnery than the Spanish, but had 
+    suffered from Elizabeth's penny-pinching support.&amp;nbsp; They simply never 
+    had enough money to build the ships and pay the sailors needed to become a 
+    world-class naval power.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish took so long to rebuild their 
+    navy that England finally had their opportunity, and they seized it with 
+    enthusiasm.&amp;nbsp; England would become the undisputed master of the seas.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Spain was not nearly finished as a world power.&amp;nbsp; Barely two 
+    years after the Armada, they were virtually omnipotent in European affairs.&amp;nbsp; 
+    The religious turmoil in France had weakened their traditional enemy to such 
+    an extent that Spain stood unchallenged until 1598, when Henri of Navarre 
+    converted to Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; The balance of power in Europe was thus 
+    restored.&amp;nbsp; But Spain's army continued to grow until their dominance of 
+    land warfare equaled England's naval power.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;For Elizabeth, of course, the most important development was the most 
+    immediate - a brilliant victory over her greatest enemy, whose threats to 
+    invade had haunted most years of her reign.&amp;nbsp; She could breathe a 
+    much-deserved sigh of relief.&amp;nbsp; And she deserved no small credit for the 
+    success.&amp;nbsp; Her speech to the troops at Tilbury, rallying them to fight, 
+    remains justly famous; it is among her most stirring:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My loving people,
+    We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed 
+    how we commit our selves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I 
+    assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving 
+    people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I 
+    have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and 
+    good-will of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, 
+    at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the 
+    midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down 
+    for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even 
+    in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I 
+    have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and 
+    think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare 
+    to invade the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall 
+    grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, 
+    judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know 
+    already, for your forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We 
+    do assure you in the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the 
+    mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never 
+    prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your 
+    obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the 
+    field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, 
+    of my kingdom, and of my people. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She enjoyed a renaissance of sorts among her people after the Armada.&amp;nbsp; 
+    She had already ruled for thirty years.&amp;nbsp; Those years of peace and 
+    general prosperity had led to an inevitable resentment amongst her subjects, 
+    particularly the young noblemen who now dominated her court.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    wanted adventure, glory, grand military exploits; they were fervent 
+    nationalists who wanted England to finally challenge the great powers of 
+    Europe; they believed themselves capable of anything.&amp;nbsp; And Elizabeth, 
+    nearing sixty, would regard them with either amusement or anger.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    did not know the price of war, she would complain; they did not understand 
+    how difficult it had been to bring peace and security to England.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    had not lived through the tumultuous reigns of her father and siblings.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They did not remember the bitter religious divide, which even now she only 
+    bridged with her inestimable charm and intellect.&amp;nbsp; England was at peace 
+    and her young courtiers chafed at peace.&amp;nbsp; But for the queen, peace was 
+    her greatest gift to her 'loving people.'&amp;nbsp; She knew its importance, the 
+    dear price it had cost her.&amp;nbsp; 'To be a King and wear a crown is a thing 
+    more pleasant to them that see it, than it is pleasant to them that bear 
+    it,' she remarked in her Golden Speech of 1601.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But she also knew those young courtiers disagreed, however much they 
+    fawned over her, pretending she was still the young queen of thirty.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Elizabeth was content to play the game for her vanity would not allow 
+    otherwise.&amp;nbsp; To grow old was a curse to her, she remarked; 'I am not 
+    sick, I feel no pain, yet I pine away.'&amp;nbsp; To have a young mind in an old 
+    body was another common lament.&amp;nbsp; She felt the loss of her youth keenly 
+    and did what she could to create a timeless role for herself.&amp;nbsp; She wore 
+    wigs and heavy make-up and still dressed in the opulent gowns of a maid, a 
+    fetching style when she was younger but now merely a reminder of her lack of 
+    marriage and family.&amp;nbsp; Her older subjects understood her melancholy; of 
+    the younger ones, Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Bacon were clever 
+    enough to guess its cause.&amp;nbsp; But most did not.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And the queen no longer had the comfort of loyal Cecil and her beloved 
+    Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Though Dudley had commanded the troops at Tilbury, he had died 
+    barely a month afterwards.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was now very old and had ceded much 
+    of his influence to his ambitious son Robert and Sir Francis Walsingham, who 
+    died in 1590.&amp;nbsp; The queen thus turned to another favorite, a young man 
+    who was a last link to Dudley.&amp;nbsp; His name was Robert Devereux, earl of 
+    Essex; he was Dudley's stepson and his mother was Elizabeth's cousin, 
+    Lettice Knollys.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex remains one of the more interesting courtiers of Elizabeth's later 
+    years.&amp;nbsp; He was the mortal enemy of Raleigh (who found him arrogant and 
+    overbearing) and close friends with Bacon.&amp;nbsp; He became the great 
+    favorite of Elizabeth's later years because, for a while, he was the ablest 
+    flirt and wit at court.&amp;nbsp; But his ambitions went far beyond being the 
+    queen's 'wild-horse'.&amp;nbsp; In this, he was encouraged by his flighty mother 
+    and sycophantic admirers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex believed in the primacy of the nobility at Elizabeth's court and 
+    disliked the influence of Cecil and his son, Robert, and other 'upstarts' 
+    such as Raleigh.&amp;nbsp; He was too proud, which the queen - depending upon 
+    her mood - found endearing or infuriating.&amp;nbsp; And he dreamed of military 
+    glory, badgering the queen to send him to Ireland to quell rebellions or 
+    with the navy to harass Spanish ships.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often refused; she 
+    genuinely enjoyed his company and would not risk his life.&amp;nbsp; And when 
+    she did succumb, Essex performed disastrously.&amp;nbsp; Though a daring and 
+    brave soldier, he was a terrible commander and his exploits cost the frugal 
+    queen dearly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;His worst offense, however, was a slip of the tongue.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+    would respond to Essex's tantrums by banishing him to the country until he 
+    begged forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Once, he decided to pretend illness instead.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When news of his condition reached Elizabeth, she sent a letter asking after 
+    his health - but nothing more.&amp;nbsp; Someone mentioned the queen's 
+    conditions for letting him return.&amp;nbsp; Infuriated, Essex cried out, 'Her 
+    conditions!&amp;nbsp; Her conditions are as crooked as her carcase.'&amp;nbsp; Those 
+    words reached the queen and she never forgot them.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex did return to court.&amp;nbsp; But his subsequent behavior was 
+    outlandish and insulting; he even dared to turn his back on Elizabeth during 
+    a council meeting.&amp;nbsp; The final blow came when he led a rebellion against 
+    the queen.&amp;nbsp; With his friend, the earl of Southampton, he planned to 
+    gather a small army and seize the queen and throne.&amp;nbsp; When captured, as 
+    inevitably he was, for his supporters were few and even those deserted him, 
+    Essex declared he only meant to save the queen from evil counsel.&amp;nbsp; But 
+    Elizabeth, who had so often vacillated over executions, only hesitated once 
+    with Essex.&amp;nbsp; He was executed on 25 February 1601.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Despite scurrilous gossip, Elizabeth's affection for Essex was more 
+    maternal than romantic.&amp;nbsp; She had no choice but to sign his 
+    death-warrant but it broke her heart.&amp;nbsp; When her godson, Sir John 
+    Harington, visited in the winter of 1602, he found her taste for old 
+    pleasures gone.&amp;nbsp; Harington read some of his rhymes and Elizabeth, with 
+    a little smile, remarked, 'When thou dost feel creeping time at thy gate, 
+    these fooleries will please thee less; I am past my relish for such 
+    matters.'&amp;nbsp; To the earl of Nottingham, mourning the loss of his wife, 
+    she said, ' I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.&amp;nbsp; I am tied, 
+    I am tied, and the case is altered with me.'&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She mentioned Essex at times, but this was merely a symptom of her 
+    awareness that all of the work and struggle of her reign had ended in 
+    solitude.&amp;nbsp; She had often remarked on the essential loneliness of the 
+    crown but she felt it most deeply now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her council, led by Robert Cecil, whose father had died in 1601, watched 
+    her slow decline while preparing&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-oldercrop.jpg&quot; lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/portrait%20of%20Elizabeth%20I%20in%20old%20age&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I in old age&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;171&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; for the future.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth still had 
+    not named a successor.&amp;nbsp; She had always understood its dangerous 
+    implications.&amp;nbsp; Yet there was no real doubt that she meant for James VI 
+    of Scotland, son of Mary queen of Scots, to succeed her.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+    married a Protestant princess and was already a father.&amp;nbsp; And he had 
+    long since made his peace with Elizabeth, exchanging frequent letters and 
+    accepting her political advice.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth retired to Richmond Palace, her 'warm, snug box' in March 1603.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Her death was preceded by physical weakness and mental depression, but there 
+    were no overt causes.&amp;nbsp; She was almost seventy years old, ancient for 
+    her time.&amp;nbsp; She rested in a low chair by the fire, refusing to let 
+    doctors examine her.&amp;nbsp; As the days passed, her condition slowly 
+    worsened.&amp;nbsp; She stood for hours on end until, finally, she was persuaded 
+    to lay upon cushions on the floor.&amp;nbsp; She rested there for two days, not 
+    speaking.&amp;nbsp; A doctor ventured close and asked how she could bear the 
+    endless silence.&amp;nbsp; She replied simply, 'I meditate.'&amp;nbsp; For the third 
+    and fourth day, she continued to rest in silence, with a finger often in her 
+    mouth.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants were terrified; they must move her but she 
+    refused.&amp;nbsp; The younger Cecil visited and said, 'Your Majesty, to content 
+    the people, you must go to bed.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied, with some of her 
+    old spirit, 'Little man, little man, the word &lt;i&gt;must&lt;/i&gt; is not used to 
+    princes.'&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, she grew so weak that they could carry her to bed.&amp;nbsp; She 
+    asked for music and, for a time, it brought some comfort.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+    councilors assembled; did she have any instructions regarding the 
+    succession?&amp;nbsp; She made a sign when Cecil mentioned the king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; 
+    It was enough.&amp;nbsp; He returned to his office to begin the paperwork for a 
+    new ruler.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Archbishop Whitgift, whom she once called her 'little black 
+    husband', arrived to pray.&amp;nbsp; He was old and his knees ached terribly, 
+    but he knelt at the royal bedside until she finally slept.&amp;nbsp; She slept on into 
+    the early hours of 24 March until, at last, as the courtiers watched and 
+    waited, the steady breathing stopped.&amp;nbsp; 'Her Majesty departed this life, 
+    mildly like a lamb, easily like a ripe apple from the tree,' John Manningham 
+    was told.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;That same morning, the chief councilors rode to Whitehall where Cecil 
+    drafted the proclamation of the queen's death and James's succession.&amp;nbsp; 
+    He read it aloud first at Whitehall and then at St Paul's and finally 
+    Cheapside cross.&amp;nbsp; The councilors then formally demanded entrance to the 
+    Tower of London in the name of King James I of England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's 
+    maids and ladies were still waiting in the Coffer Room at Richmond Palace.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When news of the peaceful transition of power came, they began to prepare 
+    for Elizabeth's funeral.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new king received the news of his accession on 27 March, for the 
+    ambitious Robert Carey had ridden at top speed to Edinburgh; his journey was 
+    so quick that its speed would not be matched until 1832.&amp;nbsp; But while 
+    James was initially welcomed peacefully and happily, his reign would quickly 
+    turn sour.&amp;nbsp; It was not long before even Robert Cecil, who became the 
+    most powerful statesman of James's reign, wrote to Harington:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;You know all my former steps: good knight, rest content, and give heed to 
+    one that hath sorrowed in the bright lustre of a court, and gone heavily 
+    even on the best-seeming fair ground.&amp;nbsp; Tis a great task to prove one's 
+    honesty, and yet not spoil one's fortune.&amp;nbsp; You have tasted a little 
+    hereof in our blessed Queen's time, who was more than a man and, in troth, 
+    sometimes less than a woman.&amp;nbsp; I wish I waited now in her Presence 
+    Chamber, with ease at my foot, and rest in my bed.&amp;nbsp; I am pushed from 
+    the shore of comfort, and know not where the winds and waves of a court may 
+    bear me.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And the common people realized their loss as well, as Godfrey Goodman, 
+    bishop of Gloucester wrote:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;After a few years, when we had experience of a Scottish government, the 
+    Queen did seem to revive; then was her memory much magnified: such ringing 
+    of bells, such public joy and sermons in commemoration of her, the picture 
+    of her tomb painted in many churches, and in effect more solemnity and joy 
+    in memory of her coronation than was for the coming-in of King James.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's funeral procession, composed of more than a thousand 
+    mourners, began on 28 April.&amp;nbsp; It was a stirring tribute to the queen, 
+    never forgotten by those who witnessed its passing.&amp;nbsp; But her tomb, paid 
+    for by the new king, was less impressive than that provided to his disgraced 
+    mother, and cost far less.&amp;nbsp; It can still be visited in Westminster 
+    Abbey, where Elizabeth rests alongside her half-sister Queen Mary I.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My good mistress is gone, I shall not 
+    hastily put forth for a new master.'&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir John Harington, Nugae Antiquae&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;blockquote&gt;
+            &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;back to 
+      Queen Elizabeth I, part four&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; The complicated story of Robert 
+      Devereux, earl of Essex, is most beautifully told in Lytton Strachey's 
+      'Elizabeth and Essex: A Tragic History'.&amp;nbsp; Strachey often wanders far 
+      off course, and his psychological portrait of Elizabeth is flawed, but he 
+      writes like a dream.&amp;nbsp; As for conventional biographies of Elizabeth I, 
+      my favorite is by Lacey Baldwin Smith.&lt;br&gt;Thanks for 
+      exploring / reading my Queen Elizabeth I website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+          &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;last 
+      revised 8 March 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+          
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082767&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082767&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0173.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1cardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsister.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryage28.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be 
+      confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian 
+      government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary 
+        wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the 
+        Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+        description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from 
+        Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit 
+      the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+      Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen 
+      Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+        A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy 
+        biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of 
+        music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics 
+      and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland, 
+      the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female 
+        ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister 
+        and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her 
+        half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of 
+        English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to 
+        warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her 
+        hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere - 
+        physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable 
+        impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven 
+        years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and, 
+        later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his 
+        council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real 
+        power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she 
+        was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in 
+        her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in 
+        1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; 
+        noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole 
+        legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel 
+        tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear 
+        him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the 
+        standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the 
+        necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father 
+        had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's 
+        birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of 
+        Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be 
+        understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown 
+        would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth, 
+        was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a 
+        woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as 
+        regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda, 
+        Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by 
+        the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still 
+        valid.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's 
+        treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least 
+        understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he 
+        forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the 
+        Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's 
+        birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European 
+        princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a 
+        pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a 
+        fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+        mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was 
+        a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the 
+        numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally 
+        love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her 
+        especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed 
+        the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because 
+        divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the 
+        youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon 
+        and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain 
+        geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could 
+        trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English 
+        history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry, 
+        her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she 
+        was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as 
+        well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became 
+        queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal 
+        governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman 
+        Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the 
+        unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a 
+        huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted 
+        Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and 
+        she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant 
+        to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate 
+        Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the 
+        investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled 
+        his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various 
+        other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for 
+        criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles 
+        and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal 
+        to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was 
+        not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule 
+        England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would 
+        be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a 
+        legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish 
+        - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable 
+        husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans 
+        were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a 
+        former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with 
+        the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked 
+        at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic, 
+        with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of 
+        their long 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry 
+        could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had 
+        annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a 
+        mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her 
+        cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the 
+        end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his 
+        wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument 
+        upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been 
+        briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was 
+        incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already 
+        resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a 
+        dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII 
+        and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had 
+        never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when 
+        she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could 
+        not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some 
+        twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne 
+        Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue 
+        that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry 
+        had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had 
+        'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of 
+        feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we 
+        can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries, 
+        they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed 
+        greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been 
+        educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced 
+        beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very 
+        intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne 
+        Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact, 
+        she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland, 
+        until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A 
+        knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the 
+        realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending 
+        the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne 
+        and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the 
+        other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For 
+        Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had 
+        the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp; 
+        Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her 
+        personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the 
+        king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of 
+        Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother, 
+        equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former 
+        lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a 
+        bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and 
+        illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a 
+        lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter, 
+        Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions, 
+        though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she 
+        persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a 
+        reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an 
+        unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize 
+        Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power 
+        struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's 
+        nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and 
+        political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political 
+        pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were 
+        disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter 
+        himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking 
+        with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme 
+        Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were 
+        officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued 
+        her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy, 
+        Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches 
+        were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a 
+        spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her 
+        youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive 
+        years.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree, 
+        Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as 
+        Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival 
+        Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was 
+        commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to 
+        surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to 
+        one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted 
+        servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and 
+        companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused 
+        the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her 
+        marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that 
+        she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above 
+        all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A 
+        devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition 
+        to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also 
+        refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as 
+        Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry 
+        VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the 
+        Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics' 
+        like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate 
+        the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked 
+        and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would 
+        become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his 
+        eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out 
+        Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp; 
+        However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine, 
+        as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by 
+        Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made 
+        lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike 
+        Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the 
+        seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was 
+        devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses, 
+        undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death, 
+        causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and 
+        infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes 
+        rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only 
+        if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to 
+        encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she 
+        did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to 
+        pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him 
+        as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous 
+        illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she 
+        refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her 
+        otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to 
+        Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving - 
+        and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt; 
+        to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had 
+        not seen one another for years though they had written one another, 
+        against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last 
+        thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon 
+        reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour 
+        and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a 
+        household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court 
+        festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her 
+        future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both 
+        of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new 
+        queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince 
+        Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's 
+        birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so 
+        unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost 
+        her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any 
+        kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing 
+        Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of 
+        incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing 
+        to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament 
+        which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother 
+        to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were 
+        not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of 
+        succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward 
+        died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to 
+        Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession, 
+        resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage, 
+        to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too 
+        unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and 
+        given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to 
+        returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270 
+      align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon 
+        enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed 
+        Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a 
+        pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather, 
+        plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's 
+        opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that 
+        even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized 
+        her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his 
+        spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case, 
+        there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on 
+        charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of 
+        conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she 
+        was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she 
+        refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a 
+        pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it, 
+        their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but 
+        still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however, 
+        and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the 
+        Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent 
+        character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr 
+        was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that 
+        end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and 
+        Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult 
+        task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, 
+        did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of 
+        the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic 
+        supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their 
+        lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose 
+        end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a 
+        Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends 
+        allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign, 
+        there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic 
+        supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both 
+        spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force 
+        he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about 
+        theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a 
+        timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in 
+        control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors 
+        and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his 
+        journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his 
+        uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr, 
+        however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left 
+        behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and 
+        vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on 
+        Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors 
+        and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was 
+        disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors, 
+        made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to 
+        celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years 
+        of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and 
+        treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she 
+        refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he 
+        was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke 
+        of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though 
+        Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide 
+        his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow 
+        councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion, 
+        titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep 
+        affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and 
+        hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious 
+        sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined 
+        pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from 
+        court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was 
+        misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent 
+        enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration 
+        of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had 
+        overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely 
+        engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of 
+        Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's 
+        control.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven 
+        years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and 
+        suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested,  &lt;/FONT&gt;
+        &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption 
+        being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike 
+        his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong 
+        his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other 
+        poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased 
+        suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was 
+        inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from 
+        ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with 
+        a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+        Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward, 
+        Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of 
+        Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to 
+        the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley 
+        disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and 
+        Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne 
+        to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared 
+        Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the 
+        throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were 
+        not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the 
+        rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a 
+        gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor 
+        victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp; 
+        It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the 
+        English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her 
+        parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should 
+        follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic 
+        claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary 
+        was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English 
+        subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary 
+        fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it, 
+        she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the 
+        throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+        arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her 
+        typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's 
+        fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him 
+        executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however, 
+        remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+        &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY 
+        SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of 
+        Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which 
+        she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution 
+        of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a 
+        letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of 
+        Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with 
+        Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech 
+        at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's 
+        uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane 
+        explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine 
+        days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford 
+        Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas 
+        Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        
+        &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+        England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082562&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082562&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">The Six Wives of Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Kathryn Howard Catherine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">The Six Wives of Henry VIII Katharine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Katharine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0175.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wivesmain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-aragon.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-boleyn.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-seymour.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-cleves.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-howard.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-parr.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
+ height=&quot;329&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
+ height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;56&quot;
+ alt=&quot;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives.gif&quot; width=&quot;588&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;45%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;23%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wivesmain.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ width=&quot;225&quot; height=&quot;225&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;45%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;35&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Katharine of Aragon page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-aragon.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;281&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;34&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Anne Boleyn page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-boleyn.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;169&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;33&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Jane Seymour page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-seymour.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;186&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;34&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Anne of Cleves page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-cleves.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;204&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;35&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Catherine Howard page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-howard.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;248&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;36&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Katharine Parr page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-parr.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;211&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Simply click on the above 
+      names.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you would like to meet 
+      fellow Six Wives enthusiasts, please visit
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A fanlisting for 
+      the six wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;center&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The above portrait is of Katharine
+Parr by Lucas Horenbout.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Portraits of the
+Six Wives can be viewed at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Read 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by the Six Wives&lt;/a&gt; and other 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;primary sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082529&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082529&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">exmary.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/exmary.gif&quot; width=&quot;321&quot; height=&quot;110&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Mary Stuart 
+      was executed on 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, after a trial 
+      whose outcome forever troubled Queen Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;This famous account of the execution was written by Robert 
+      Wynkfielde.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Accounts such as these, and woodcuts of the scene, were 
+      very popular throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; The great scandals of Mary's life 
+      were forgotten and she was mourned as a Catholic martyr.&amp;nbsp; The truth 
+      of her demise was not so simple.&amp;nbsp; Mary &lt;i&gt;did&lt;/i&gt; plot against 
+      Elizabeth's life; and Elizabeth did consistently reject petitions to 
+      execute Mary over the 19-year course of her imprisonment.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Eventually, however, the Catholic threat was deemed too great and 
+      Elizabeth reluctantly signed the warrant for execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+Her [Mary queen of Scots] prayers being ended, the executioners, kneeling,
+desired her Grace to forgive them her death: who answered, 'I forgive you
+with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles.'&amp;nbsp;
+Then they, with her two women, helping her up, began to disrobe her of
+her apparel: then she, laying her crucifix upon the stool, one of the executioners
+took from her neck the &lt;i&gt;Agnus Dei&lt;/i&gt;, which she, laying hands off it,
+gave to one of her women, and told the executioner he should be answered
+money for it.&amp;nbsp; Then she suffered them, with her two women, to disrobe
+her of her chain of pomander beads and all other her apparel most willingly,
+and with joy rather than sorrow, helped to make unready herself, putting
+on a pair of sleeves with her own hands which they had pulled off, and
+that with some haste, as if she had longed to be gone.
+&lt;br&gt;All this time they were pulling off her apparel, she never changed
+her countenance, but with smiling cheer she uttered these words, 'that
+she never had such grooms to make her unready, and that she never put off
+her clothes before such a company.'
+&lt;br&gt;Then she, being stripped of all her apparel saving her petticoat and
+kirtle, her two women beholding her made great lamentation, and crying
+and crossing themselves prayed in Latin.&amp;nbsp; She, turning herself to
+them, embracing them, said these words in French, 'Ne crie vous, j'ay prome
+pour vous', and so crossing and kissing them, bade them pray for her and
+rejoice and not weep, for that now they should see an end of all their
+mistress's troubles.
+&lt;br&gt;Then she, with a smiling countenance, turning to her men servants,
+as Melvin and the rest, standing upon a bench nigh the scaffold, who sometime
+weeping, sometime crying out aloud, and continually crossing themselves,
+prayed in Latin, crossing them with her hand bade them farewell, and wishing
+them to pray for her even until the last hour.
+&lt;br&gt;This done, one of the women having a &lt;i&gt;Corpus Christi &lt;/i&gt;cloth lapped
+up three-corner-ways, kissing it, put it over the Queen of Scots' face,
+and pinned it fast to the caule of her head.&amp;nbsp; Then the two women departed
+from her, and she kneeling down upon the cushion most resolutely, and without
+any token or fear of death, she spake aloud this Psalm in Latin, &lt;i&gt;In
+Te Domine confido, non confundar in eternam&lt;/i&gt;, etc.&amp;nbsp; Then, groping
+for the block, she laid down her head, putting her chin over the block
+with both her hands, which, holding there still, had been cut off had they
+not been espied.&amp;nbsp; Then lying upon the block most quietly, and stretching
+out her arms cried, &lt;i&gt;In manus tuas, Domine&lt;/i&gt;, etc., three or four times.&amp;nbsp;
+Then she, lying very still upon the block, one of the executioners holding
+her slightly with one of his hands, she endured two strokes of the other
+executioner with an axe, she making very small noise or none at all, and
+not stirring any part of her from the place where she lay: and so the executioner
+cut off her head, saving one little gristle, which being cut asunder, he
+lift up her head to the view of all the assembly and bade &lt;i&gt;God save the
+Queen&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Then, her dress of lawn falling from off her head, it
+appeared as grey as one of threescore and ten years old, polled very short,
+her face in a moment being so much altered from the form she had when she
+was alive, as few could remember her by her dead face.&amp;nbsp; Her lips stirred
+up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.
+&lt;br&gt;Then Mr Dean [Dr Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough] said with a loud voice,
+'So perish all the Queen's enemies,' and afterwards the Earl of Kent came
+to the dead body, and standing over it, with a loud voice said, 'Such end
+of all the Queen's and the Gospel's enemies.'
+&lt;br&gt;Then one of the executioners, pulling off her garters, espied her little
+dog which was crept under her clothes, which could not be gotten forth
+but by force, yet afterward would not depart from the dead corpse, but
+came and lay between her head and her shoulders, which being imbrued with
+her blood was carried away and washed, as all things else were that had
+any blood was either burned or washed clean, and the executioners sent
+away with money for their fees, not having any one thing that belonged
+unto her.&amp;nbsp; And so, every man being commanded out of the hall, except
+the sheriff and his men, she was carried by them up into a great chamber
+lying ready for the surgeons to embalm her.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082608&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082608&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5093</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Citizens: Charles Brandon, The Boleyn Family, Mary Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, St Thomas More</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Citizens: Charles Brandon, The Boleyn Family, Mary Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, St Thomas More</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">citizens-morpheus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cranmercitizens.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=53 alt=&quot;Tudor Citizens&quot; 
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/citizens-morpheus.gif&quot; width=284&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor citizens profiled here 
+      lived through a century of incredible change; their lives reflect the 
+      tumultuous spirit of Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; They also provide insight into 
+      the personalities and politics of the Tudor monarchs.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about these fascinating men 
+      and women.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the 
+      courtiers.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cranmercitizens.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Thomas Cranmer&quot; width=&quot;235&quot; height=&quot;313&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;the above portrait is of Thomas Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;
+                Charles Brandon&lt;br&gt; &lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;duke of Suffolk &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;The 
+                Boleyn Family&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Thomas 
+                Wolsey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Cardinal and Lord 
+                Chancellor&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;
+                Thomas Cromwell&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lord 
+                Chancellor and earl of Essex &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcranmer.html&quot;&gt;Thomas 
+                Cranmer&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;archbishop of Canterbury 
+                and martyr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+                &lt;/font&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;St 
+                Thomas More&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lord 
+                Chancellor, author, and martyr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082530&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082530&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,1042 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">76440</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter IV</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER IV&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;ELIZABETH AND MARY STUART: 1559-1568&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;WHEN Elizabeth mounted the throne, it was 
+    taken for granted that she was to marry, and marry with the least possible 
+    delay. This was expected of her, not merely because in the event of her 
+    dying without issue there would be a dispute whether the claim of Mary 
+    Stuart or that of Catherine Grey was to prevail, but for a more general 
+    reason. The rule of an unmarried woman, except provisionally during such 
+    short interval as might be necessary to provide her with a husband, was 
+    regarded as quite out of the question. It was the custom for the husbands of 
+    heiresses to step into the property of their wives and stand in the shoes, 
+    so to speak, of the last male proprietor, in order to perform those duties 
+    which could not be efficiently performed by a woman. Elizabeth's sister, 
+    while a subject, had no thought of marrying. But her accession was 
+    considered by herself and every one else to involve marriage. If the nobles 
+    of England could have foreseen that Elizabeth would elude this obligation, 
+    she would probably never have been allowed to mount the throne. Her marriage 
+    was thought to be as much a matter of course, and as necessary, as her 
+    coronation. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Accordingly the House of Commons, which met a 
+    month after her accession, immediately requested her to select a husband 
+    without delay. Her declaration that she had no desire to change her state 
+    was supposed to indicate only the real or affected coyness to be expected 
+    from a young lady. There was no lack of suitors, foreign or English. The 
+    Archduke Charles, son of the Emperor and cousin of Philip, would have been 
+    welcomed by all Catholics and acquiesced in by political Protestants like 
+    Cecil. The ardent Protestants were eager for Arran, and Cecil, till he saw 
+    it was useless, worked his best for him, regardless of the personal 
+    sacrifice his mistress must make in wedding a man who was not always quite 
+    sane and eventually became a confirmed lunatic. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not many months of the new reign had passed 
+    before it began to be suspected that Elizabeth's partiality for Lord Robert 
+    Dudley had something to do with her evident distaste for all her suitors. To 
+    her Ministers and the public this partiality for a married man became a 
+    cause of great disquietude. They not unnaturally feared that with a young 
+    woman who had no relations to advise and keep watch over her, it might lead 
+    to some disastrous scandal incompatible with her continuance on the throne. 
+    Marriage with Dudley at this time was out of the question. But within four 
+    months of her accession, the Spanish ambassador mentions a report that 
+    Dudley's wife had a cancer, and that the Queen was only waiting for her 
+    death to marry him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;About the humble extraction of Elizabeth's 
+    favourite much nonsense was talked in his lifetime by his ill-wishers, and 
+    has been duly repeated since. He was as well born as most of the peerage of 
+    that time; very few of whom could show nobility of any antiquity in the male 
+    line. The Duke of Norfolk being the only Duke at Elizabeth's accession, and 
+    in possession of an ancient title, was looked on as the head of his order. 
+    Yet it was only seventy-five years since a Howard had first reached the 
+    peerage in consequence of having had the good fortune to marry the heiress 
+    of the Mowbrays. Edmund Dudley, Minister of Henry VII. and father of 
+    Northumberland, was grandson of John, fourth Lord Dudley; and 
+    Northumberland, by his mother's side, was sole heir and representative of 
+    the ancient barony of De L'Isle, which title he bore before he received his 
+    earldom and dukedom. In point of wealth and influence, indeed, the favourite 
+    might be called an upstart. The younger son of an attainted father, he had 
+    not an acre of land or a farthing of money which he did not owe either to 
+    his wife or to the generosity of Elizabeth. This it was that moved the 
+    sneers and ill-will of a people with whom nobility has always been a 
+    composite idea implying, not only birth and title, but territorial wealth. 
+    Moreover his grandfather, though of good extraction, was a simple esquire, 
+    and had risen by helping Henry VII. to trample on the old nobility. After 
+    his fall his son had climbed to power under Henry VIII. and Edward VI. in 
+    the same way. Lord Robert Dudley, again, had to begin at the bottom of the 
+    ladder. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;No one will claim for Elizabeth's favourite 
+    that he was a man of distinguished ability or high character. He had a fine 
+    figure and a handsome face. He bore himself well in manly exercises. His 
+    manners were attractive when he wished to please. To these qualities he 
+    first owed his favour with Elizabeth, who was never at any pains to conceal 
+    her liking for good-looking men and her dislike of ugly ones. Finding 
+    himself in favour, and inheriting to the full the pushing audacity of his 
+    father and grandfather, he professed for the Queen a love which he certainly 
+    did not feel, in order to serve his soaring ambition. Elizabeth, it is my 
+    firm conviction, never loved Dudley or any other man, in any sense of the 
+    word, high or low. She had neither a tender heart nor a sensual temperament. 
+    But she had a more than feminine appetite for admiration; and the more she 
+    was, unhappily for herself, a stranger to the emotion of love, the more 
+    restlessly did she desire to be thought capable of inspiring it. She was 
+    therefore easily taken in by Dudley's professions, and, though she did not 
+    care for him enough to marry him, she liked to have him as well as several 
+    other handsome men, dangling about her, &amp;quot;like her lap-dog,&amp;quot; to use her own 
+    expression. Further she believed--and here came in the mischief --that his 
+    devotion to her person would make him a specially faithful servant. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We know, though Elizabeth did not, that in 
+    1561, Dudley was promising the Spanish ambassador to be Philip's humble 
+    vassal, and to do his best for Catholicism, if Philip would promote his 
+    marriage with the Queen; that, in the same year, he was offering his 
+    services to the French Huguenots for the same consideration; that at one 
+    time he posed as the protector of the Puritans, while at another he was 
+    intriguing with the captive Queen of Scots; whom, again, later on, he had a 
+    chief share in bringing to the block. But we must remember that very few 
+    statesmen, English or foreign, in the sixteenth century could have shown a 
+    record free from similar blots. Those who, like Elizabeth and Cecil, were 
+    undeniably actuated on the whole by public spirit, or by any principle more 
+    respectable than pure selfishness, never hesitated to lie or play a double 
+    game when it seemed to serve their turn. William of Orange is the only 
+    eminent statesman, as far as I know, against whom this charge cannot be 
+    made. When this was the standard of honour for consistent politicians and 
+    real patriots, what was to be expected of lower natures? Dudley's conduct on 
+    several occasions was bad and contemptible; and he must be judged with the 
+    more severity, because he sinned not only against the code of duty binding 
+    on the ordinary man and citizen, but against his professions of a tender 
+    sentiment by means of which he had acquired his special influence. I have 
+    said that he was not a man of great ability. But neither was he the 
+    empty-headed incapable trifler that some writers have depicted him. He was 
+    not so judged by his contemporaries. That Elizabeth, because she liked him, 
+    would have selected a man of notorious incapacity to command her armies, 
+    both in the Netherlands and when the Armada was expected, is one of those 
+    hypotheses that do not become more credible by being often repeated. Cecil 
+    himself, when it was not a question of the marriage--of which he was a 
+    determined opponent--regarded him as a useful servant of the Queen. I do not 
+    doubt that Elizabeth estimated his capacity at about its right value. What 
+    she over-estimated was his affection for on, he had a chief share in 
+    bringing to the block. But we must remember that very few statesmen, English 
+    or foreign, in the sixteenth century could have shown a record free from 
+    similar blots. Those who, like Elizabeth and Cecil, were undeniably actuated 
+    on the whole by public spirit, or by any principle more respectable than 
+    pure selfishness, never hesitated to lie or play a double game when it 
+    seemed to serve their turn. William of Orange is the only eminent statesman, 
+    as far as I know, against whom this charge cannot be made. When this was the 
+    standard of honour for consistent politicians and real patriots, what was to 
+    be expected of lower natures? Dudley's conduct on several occasions was bad 
+    and contemptible; and he must be judged with the more severity, because he 
+    sinned not only against the code of duty binding on the ordinary man and 
+    citizen, but against his professions of a tender sentiment by means of which 
+    he had acquired his special influence. I have said that he was not a man of 
+    great ability. But neither was he the empty-headed incapable trifler that 
+    some writers have depicted him. He was not so judged by his contemporaries. 
+    That Elizabeth, because she liked him, would have selected a man of 
+    notorious incapacity to command her armies, both in the Netherlands and when 
+    the Armada was expected, is one of those hypotheses that do not become more 
+    credible by being often repeated. Cecil himself, when it was not a question 
+    of the marriage--of which he was a determined opponent--regarded him as a 
+    useful servant of the Queen. I do not doubt that Elizabeth estimated his 
+    capacity at about its right value. What she over-estimated was his affection 
+    for herself, and consequently his trustworthiness. Sovereigns--and 
+    others--often place a near relative in an important post, not as being the 
+    most capable person they know, but as most likely to be true to them. 
+    Elizabeth had no near relatives. If we grant--as we must grant--that she 
+    believed in Dudley's love, we cannot wonder that she employed him in 
+    positions of trust. A female ruler will always be liable to make these 
+    mistakes, unless her Ministers and captains are to be of her own sex. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On the 3rd of September 1560, two months 
+    after the Treaty of Leith, Elizabeth told De Quadra that she had made up her 
+    mind to marry the Archduke Charles. On the 8th, Lady Robert Dudley died at 
+    Cumnor Hall. On the 11th, Elizabeth told De Quadra that she had changed her 
+    mind. Dudley neglected his wife, and never brought her to court. We cannot 
+    doubt that he fretted under a tie which stood in the way of his ambition. 
+    Her death had been predicted. It is not strange, therefore, that he should 
+    have been suspected of having caused it. Nevertheless, not a particle of 
+    evidence pointing in that direction has ever been produced, and it seems 
+    most probable that the poor deserted creature committed suicide. A coroner's 
+    jury investigated the case diligently, and, it would seem, with some animus 
+    against Foster, the owner of Cumnor Hall, but returned a verdict of 
+    accidental death. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Anyhow, Dudley was now free. The Scotch 
+    Estates were eagerly pressing Arran's suit, and the English Protestants were 
+    as eagerly backing them. The opportunity was certainly unique. Though 
+    nothing was said about deposing Mary, yet nothing could be more certain than 
+    that, if this marriage took place, the Queen of France would never reign in 
+    Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;At her wits' end how to escape a match so 
+    desirable for the Queen, so repulsive to the woman, Elizabeth had announced 
+    her willingness to espouse the Archduke in order to gain a short 
+    breathing-time. Vienna was at least further than Edinburgh, and difficulties 
+    were sure to arise when details began to be discussed. At this moment, by 
+    the sudden death of his wife, Dudley became marriageable. If Elizabeth had 
+    been free to marry or not, as she pleased, it seems to me in the highest 
+    degree improbable that she would ever have thought of taking Dudley. But 
+    believing that a husband was inevitable, and expecting that she would be 
+    forced to take some one who was either unknown to her or positively 
+    distasteful, it was most natural that she should ask herself whether it was 
+    not the least of evils to put this cruel persecution to an end by choosing a 
+    man whom at least she admired and liked, who loved her, as she thought, for 
+    her own sake, and would be as obedient &amp;quot;as her lap-dog.&amp;quot; When nations are 
+    ruled by women, and marriageable women, feelings and motives which belong to 
+    the sphere of private life, and should be confined to it, are apt to invade 
+    the domain of politics. If Elizabeth's subjects expected their sovereign to 
+    suppress all personal feelings in choosing a consort, they ought to have 
+    established the Salic law. No woman, queen or not queen, can be expected 
+    voluntarily to make such a sacrifice. Her happiness is too deeply involved.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the autumn, then, of 1560, when Elizabeth 
+    had been not quite two years on the throne, she seriously thought of 
+    marrying Dudley. It is difficult to say how long she continued to think of 
+    it seriously. With him, as with other suitors, she went on coquetting when 
+    she had perfectly made up her mind that nothing was to come of it. Perhaps 
+    we shall be right in saying that, as long as there was any question of the 
+    Archduke Charles, she looked to Dudley as a possible refuge. This would be 
+    till about the beginning of 1568. It seems to be always assumed, as a matter 
+    of course, that Cecil played the part of Elizabeth's good genius in 
+    persistently dissuading her from marrying Dudley. I am not so sure of this. 
+    If she had been a wife and a mother many of her difficulties would have at 
+    once disappeared, and the weakest points in her character would have no 
+    longer been brought out. It ended in her not marrying at all. I am inclined 
+    to think that another enemy of Dudley, the Earl of Sussex, showed more good 
+    sense and truer patriotism when he wrote in October 1560:-- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;I wish not her Majesty to linger this 
+      matter of so great importance, but to choose speedily; and therein to 
+      follow so much her own affection as [that], by the looking upon him whom 
+      she should choose, omnes ejus sensus titillarentur; which shall be the 
+      readiest way, with the help of God, to bring us a blessed prince which 
+      shall redeem us out of thraldom. If I knew that England had other rightful 
+      inheritors I would then advise otherwise, and seek to serve the time by a 
+      husband's choice [seek for an advantageous political alliance]. But seeing 
+      that she is ultimum refugium, and that no riches, friendship, foreign 
+      alliance, or any other present commodity that might come by a husband, can 
+      serve our turn, without issue of her body, if the Queen will love anybody, 
+      let her love where and whom she lists, so much thirst I to see her love. 
+      And whomsoever she shall love and choose, him will I love, honour, and 
+      serve to the uttermost.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Perhaps I may be excused for expressing the 
+    opinion that the ideal husband for Elizabeth, if it had been possible, would 
+    have been Lord James Stuart, afterwards Earl of Moray. Of sufficient 
+    capacity, kindly heart, undaunted resolution, and unswerving rectitude of 
+    purpose, he would have supplied just those elements that were wanting to 
+    correct her defects. King of Scotland he perhaps could not be. Regent of 
+    Scotland he did become. If he could, at the same time, have been Elizabeth's 
+    husband, the two crowns might have, in the next generation, been worn by a 
+    Stuart of a nobler stock than the son of Mary and Darnley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary Stuart, on the death of her husband 
+    Francis II., returned to her own kingdom (August 1561), she found the 
+    Scotch nobles sore at the rejection of Arran's suit. Bent on giving a 
+    sovereign to England, in one way or another, they were now ready, 
+    Protestants as well as Catholics, to back Mary's demand that she should be 
+    recognised as Elizabeth's heir-presumptive. To this the English. Queen could 
+    not consent, for the very sufficient reason, that not only would the 
+    Catholic party be encouraged to hold together and give trouble, but the more 
+    bigoted and desperate members of it would certainly attempt her life, lest 
+    she should disappoint Mary's hopes by marrying. &amp;quot;She was not so foolish,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;as to hang a winding-sheet before her eyes or make a funeral 
+    feast whilst she was alive,&amp;quot; but she promised that she would neither do 
+    anything nor allow anything to be done by Parliament to prejudice Mary's 
+    title. To this undertaking she adhered long after Mary's hostile conduct had 
+    given ample justification for treating her as an enemy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Openly Mary was claiming nothing but the 
+    succession. In reality she cared little for a prospect so remote and 
+    uncertain. What she was scheming for was to hurl Elizabeth from her throne. 
+    This was an object for which she never ceased to work till her head was off 
+    her shoulders. Her aims were more sharply defined than those of Elizabeth, 
+    and she was remarkably free from that indecision which too often marred the 
+    action of the English Queen. In ability and information she was not at all 
+    inferior to Elizabeth; in promptitude and energy she was her superior. These 
+    masculine qualities might have given her the victory in the bitter duel, but 
+    that, in the all-important domain of feeling, her sex indomitably asserted 
+    itself, and weighted her too heavily to match the superb self-control of 
+    Elizabeth. She could love and she could hate; Elizabeth had only likes and 
+    dislikes, and therefore played the cooler game. When Mary really loved, 
+    which was only once, all selfish calculations were flung to the winds; she 
+    was ready to sacrifice everything, and not count the cost--body and soul, 
+    crown and life, interest and honour. When she hated, which was often, 
+    rancour was apt to get the better of prudence. And so at the fatal 
+    turning-point of her career, when mad hate and madder love possessed her 
+    soul, she went down before her great rival never to rise again. Here was a 
+    woman indeed. And if, for that reason, she lost the battle in life, for that 
+    reason too she still disputes it from the tomb. She has always had, and 
+    always will have, the ardent sympathy of a host of champions, to whom the 
+    &amp;quot;fair vestal throned by the west&amp;quot; is a mere politician, sexless, coldblooded, 
+    and repulsive. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In 1564 Mary, as yet fancy-free, was seeking 
+    to match herself on purely political grounds. She was not so fastidious as 
+    Elizabeth, for she does not seem to have troubled herself at all about 
+    personal qualities, if a match seemed otherwise eligible. The Hamiltons 
+    pressed Arran upon her. But he was a Protestant. He was not heir to any 
+    throne but that of Scotland; and, though a powerful family in Scotland, the 
+    Hamiltons could give her no help elsewhere. Philip, who, now that the Guises 
+    had become his protÃ©gÃ©s, was less jealous of her designs, wished her to 
+    marry his cousin, the Archduke Charles of Austria. But this prince, whom 
+    Elizabeth professed to find too much of a Catholic, was, in the eyes of 
+    'Mary and her more bigoted co-religionists, too nearly a Lutheran; and she 
+    doubted whether Philip cared enough for him to risk a war for establishing 
+    him and herself upon the English throne. For this reason the husband on whom 
+    she had set her heart was Don Carlos, Philip's own son, a sort of wild 
+    beast. But Philip received her overtures doubtfully; the fact being that he 
+    could not trust Don Carlos, whom he eventually put to death. Catherine de' 
+    Medici loved Mary as little as she did the other Guises, but the prospect of 
+    the Spanish match filled her with such terror that she proposed to make the 
+    Scottish Queen her daughter-in-law a second time by a marriage with Charles 
+    IX., a lad under thirteen, if she would wait two years for him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On the other hand, Elizabeth impressed upon 
+    Mary that, unless she married a member of some Reformed Church, the English 
+    Parliament would certainly demand that her title to the succession, whatever 
+    it was, should be declared invalid. The House of Commons was strongly 
+    Protestant, and had with difficulty been prevented from addressing the Queen 
+    in favour of the succession of Lady Catherine Grey. Apart from religion 
+    there was deep irritation against the whole Scotch nation. Sir Ralph Sadler, 
+    who had been much employed in Scotland, denounced them as &amp;quot;false, beggarly, 
+    and perjured, whom the very stones in the English streets would rise 
+    against.&amp;quot; When Elizabeth was dangerously ill in October 1562, the Council 
+    discussed whom they should proclaim in the event of her death. Some were for 
+    the will of Henry VIII. and Catherine Grey. Others, sick of female rulers, 
+    were for taking the Earl of Huntingdon, a descendant of the Duke of 
+    Clarence. None were for Mary or Darnley. Mary's chief friends--Montagu, 
+    Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Derby--were not on the Council. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Parliament and the Council being against her, 
+    Mary could not afford to quarrel with the Queen. Elizabeth told her that she 
+    would regard a marriage with any Spanish, Austrian, or French prince as a 
+    declaration of war. Help from those quarters was far away, and at the mercy 
+    of winds and waves: the Border fortresses were near, and their garrisons 
+    always ready to march. Besides, whichever of the two she might 
+    obtain--Charles IX. or the Archduke--she drove the other into the arms of 
+    Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But there was another possible husband who 
+    had crossed her mind from time to time; not a prince indeed, yet of royal 
+    extraction in the female line, and, what was more, not without pretensions 
+    to that very succession which she coveted. Henry Lord Darnley, son of 
+    Matthew Stuart, Earl of Lennox, was, by his father's side, of the royal 
+    family of Scotland, while his mother was the daughter of Margaret Tudor, 
+    sister of Henry VIII., by her second husband, the Earl of Angus. Born and 
+    brought up in England, where his father had been long an exile, he was 
+    reckoned as an Englishman, which, in the opinion of many lawyers, was 
+    essential as a qualification for the crown. He was also a Catholic, and if 
+    Elizabeth had died at this time, it was perhaps Darnley, rather than Mary, 
+    whom the Catholics would have tried to place on the throne. Elizabeth had 
+    promised that, if Mary would marry an English nobleman, she would do her 
+    best to get Mary's title recognised by Parliament. To Elizabeth, therefore, 
+    Mary now turned, with the request that she would point out such a nobleman, 
+    not without a hope that she would name Darnley (March 1564). But, to Mary's 
+    mortification, she formally recommended Lord Robert Dudley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This recommendation has often been treated as 
+    if it was a sorry joke perpetrated by Elizabeth, who had never any intention 
+    of furthering, or even permitting, such a match. But nothing is more certain 
+    than that Elizabeth was most anxious to bring it about; and it affords a 
+    decisive proof that her feeling for Dudley, whatever name she herself may 
+    have put to it, was not what is usually called love. Cecil and all her most 
+    intimate advisers entertained no doubt that she was sincere. She undertook, 
+    if Mary would accept Dudley, to make him a duke; and, in the meantime, she 
+    created him Earl of Leicester. She regarded him, so she told Mary's envoy 
+    Melville, as her brother and her friend; if he was Mary's husband she would 
+    have no suspicion or fear of any usurpation before her death, being assured 
+    that he was so loving and trusty that he would never permit anything to be 
+    attempted during her time. &amp;quot;But,&amp;quot; she said, pointing to Darnley, who was 
+    present, &amp;quot;you like better yonder long lad.&amp;quot; Her suspicion was correct. 
+    Melville had secret instructions to procure permission for Darnley to go to 
+    Scotland. However, he answered discreetly that &amp;quot;no woman of spirit could 
+    choose such an one who more resembled a woman than a man.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How was Elizabeth to be persuaded to let 
+    Darnley leave England? There was only one way to disarm suspicion: Mary 
+    declared herself ready to marry Leicester (January 1565). Darnley 
+    immediately obtained leave of absence for three months ostensibly to recover 
+    the forfeited Lennox property. In Scotland the purpose of his coming was not 
+    mistaken, and it roused the Protestants to fury. The Queen's chapel, the 
+    only place in the Lowlands where mass was said, was beset. Her priests were 
+    mobbed and maltreated. Moray, who till lately had supported his sister with 
+    such loyalty and energy that Knox had quarrelled with him, prepared, with 
+    the other Lords of the Congregation, for resistance. Elizabeth, and Cecil 
+    also, had been completely overreached. A prudent player sometimes gets into 
+    difficulties by attributing equal prudence to a daring and reckless 
+    antagonist. Elizabeth, as a patriotic ruler, desired nothing but peace and 
+    security for her own kingdom. If she could have that, she had no wish to 
+    meddle with Scotland. Mary, caring nothing for the interests of her 
+    subjects, was facing civil war with a light heart; and, for the chance of 
+    obtaining the more brilliant throne, was ready to risk her own. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Undeterred by Elizabeth's threats, Mary 
+    married Darnley (29 July 1565). Moray and Argyll, having obtained a 
+    promise of assistance from England, took arms; but most of the Lords of the 
+    Congregation showed themselves even more powerless or perfidious than they 
+    had been five years before. Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay, stoutest of 
+    Protestants, were related to Darnley, and were gratified by the elevation of 
+    their kinsman. Moray failed to elicit a spark of spirit out of the 
+    priest-baiting citizens of Edinburgh, and the Queen, riding steel cap on 
+    head and pistols at saddle-bow, chased him into England. Lord Bedford, who 
+    was in command at Berwick, could have stepped across the Border and 
+    scattered her undisciplined array without difficulty. He implored Elizabeth 
+    to let him do it; offered to do it on his own responsibility, and be 
+    disavowed. But he found, to his mortification, that she had been playing a 
+    game of brag. She had hoped that a threatening attitude would stop the 
+    marriage. But as it was an accomplished fact she was not going to draw the 
+    sword. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was shabby treatment of Moray and his 
+    friends, and to some of her councillors it seemed not only shameful but 
+    dangerous to show the white feather. But judging from the course of events, 
+    Elizabeth's policy was the safe one. The English Catholics--some of them at 
+    all events, as will be explained presently--were becoming more discontented 
+    and dangerous. The northern earls were known to be disaffected. Mary 
+    believed that in every country in England the Catholics had their 
+    organisation and their leaders, and that, if she chose, she could march to 
+    London. No doubt she was much deceived. In reluctance to resort to violence 
+    and respect for constituted authority, England, even north of the Humber, 
+    was at least two centuries ahead of Scotland, and, if she had come attended 
+    by a horde of savage Highlanders and Border ruffians, &amp;quot;the very stones in 
+    the streets would have risen against them.&amp;quot; It was Elizabeth's rule--and a 
+    very good rule too--never to engage in a war if she could avoid it. From 
+    this rule she could not be drawn to swerve either by passion or ambition, or 
+    that most fertile source of fighting, a regard for honour. All the old 
+    objections to an invasion of Scotland still subsisted in full strength, and 
+    were reinforced by others. It was better to wait for an attack which might 
+    never come than go half-way to meet it. An invasion of Scotland might drive 
+    the northern earls to declare for Mary, which, unless compelled to choose 
+    sides, they might never do. Some people are more perturbed by the 
+    expectation and uncertainty of danger than by its declared presence. Not so 
+    Elizabeth. Smouldering treason she could take coolly as long as it only 
+    smouldered. As for the betrayal of the Scotch refugees, Elizabeth never 
+    allowed the private interests of her own subjects, much less those of 
+    foreigners, to weigh against the interests of England. Moray, one of the 
+    most magnanimous and self-sacrificing of statesmen, evidently felt that 
+    Elizabeth's course was wise, if not exactly chivalrous. He submitted to her 
+    public rebuke without publicly contradicting her, and waited patiently in 
+    exile till it should be convenient for her to help him and his cause. Mary, 
+    too, though elated by her success, and never abandoning her intention to 
+    push it further, found it best to halt for a while. Philip wrote to her that 
+    he would help her secretly with money if Elizabeth attacked her, but not 
+    otherwise, and warned her against any premature clutch at the English crown. 
+    Elizabeth's seeming tameness could hardly have received a more complete 
+    justification. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary had determined to espouse Darnley, 
+    before she had set eyes on him, for purely political reasons. There is no 
+    reason to suppose she ever cared for him. It is more likely, as Mr. Froude 
+    suggests, that for a great political purpose she was doing an act which in 
+    itself she loathed. A woman of twenty-two, already a widow, mature beyond 
+    her years, exceptionally able, absorbed in the great game of politics, and 
+    accustomed to admiration, was not likely to care for a raw lad of nineteen, 
+    foolish, ignorant, ill-conditioned, vicious, and without a single manly 
+    quality. One man we know she did love later on--loved passionately and 
+    devotedly, no slim girl-faced youngster, but the fierce, stout-limbed, 
+    dare-devil Bothwell; and Bothwell gradually made his way to her heart by his 
+    readiness to undertake every desperate service she required of him. What 
+    Mary admired, nay envied, in the other sex was the stout heart and the 
+    strong arm. She loved herself to rough it on the war-path. She surprised 
+    Randolph by her spirit:--&amp;quot;Never thought I that stomach to be in her that I 
+    find. She repented nothing but, when the Lords and others came in the 
+    morning from the watches, that she was not a man, to know what life it was 
+    to lie all night in the fields or to walk upon the causeway with a jack and 
+    a knapscap, a Glasgow buckler and a broadsword.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;She desires much,&amp;quot; says 
+    Knollys, &amp;quot;to hear of hardiness and valiancy, commending by name all approved 
+    hardy men of her country, although they be her enemies; and she concealeth 
+    no cowardice even in her friends.&amp;quot; Valuable to Mary as a man of action, 
+    Bothwell was not worth much as an adviser. For advice she looked to the 
+    Italian Rizzio, in whom she confided because, with the detachment of a 
+    foreigner, he regarded Scotch ambitions, animosities, and intrigues only as 
+    so much material to be utilised for the purpose of the combined onslaught on 
+    Protestantism which the Pope was trying to organise. Bothwell was at this 
+    time thirty, and Rizzio, according to Lesley, fifty. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In spite of all the prurient suggestions of 
+    writers who have fastened on the story of Mary's life as on a savoury 
+    morsel, there is no reason whatever for thinking that she was a woman of a 
+    licentious disposition, and there is strong evidence to the contrary. There 
+    was never anything to her discredit in France. Her behaviour in the affair 
+    of Chastelard was irreproachable. The charge of adultery with Rizzio is 
+    dismissed as unworthy of belief even by Mr. Froude, the severest of her 
+    judges. Bothwell indeed she loved, and, like many another woman who does not 
+    deserve to be called licentious, she sacrificed her reputation to the man 
+    she loved. But the most conclusive proof that she was no slave to appetite 
+    is afforded by her nineteen years' residence in England, which began when 
+    she was only twenty-five. During almost the whole of that time she was 
+    mixing freely in the society of the other sex, with the fullest opportunity 
+    for misconduct had she been so inclined. It is not to be supposed that she 
+    was fettered by any scruples of religion or morality. Yet no charge of 
+    unchastity is made against her. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Darnley found that his wife, though she 
+    conferred on him the title of King, did not procure for him the crown 
+    matrimonial or allow him the smallest authority, he gave free vent to his 
+    anger. No less angry were his kinsmen, Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay. They 
+    had deserted the Congregation in the expectation that when Darnley was King 
+    they would be all-powerful. Instead of this they found themselves neglected; 
+    while the Queen's confidence was given to Catholics and to Bothwell, who, 
+    though nominally a Protestant, always acted with the Catholics. The 
+    Protestant seceders had in fact fallen between two stools. It was against 
+    Rizzio that their rage burnt fiercest. Bothwell was only a bull-headed, 
+    blundering swordsman. Rizzio was doubly detestable to them as the brain of 
+    the Queen's clique and as a low-born foreigner. Rizzio, therefore, they 
+    determined to remove in the time-honoured Scottish fashion. Notice of the 
+    day fixed for the murder was sent to the banished noblemen in England, so 
+    that they might appear in Edinburgh immediately it was accomplished. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Randolph, the English ambassador, and 
+    Bedford, who commanded on the Border, were also taken into the secret, and 
+    they communicated it to Cecil and Leicester. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It is unnecessary here to repeat the 
+    well-known story of the murder of Rizzio. It was part of a large scheme for 
+    bringing back the exiled Protestant lords, closing the split in the 
+    Protestant party, and securing the ascendancy of the Protestant religion. At 
+    first it appeared to have succeeded. Bedford wrote to Cecil that &amp;quot;everything 
+    would now go well.&amp;quot; But Mary, by simulating a return of wifely fondness, 
+    managed to detach her weak husband from his confederates. By his aid she 
+    escaped from their hands. Bothwell and her Catholic friends gathered round 
+    her in arms. In a few days she re-entered Edinburgh in triumph, and Rizzio's 
+    murderers had to take refuge in England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But if the Protestant stroke had failed, Mary 
+    was obliged to recognise that her plan for re-establishing the Catholic 
+    ascendancy in Scotland could not be rushed in the high-handed way she had 
+    proposed as a mere preliminary to the more important subjugation of England. 
+    At the very moment when she seemed to stand victorious over all opposition, 
+    the ground had yawned under her feet, and, while she was dreaming of 
+    dethroning Elizabeth, she had found herself a helpless captive in the hands 
+    of her own subjects. The lesson was a valuable one, and if she could profit 
+    by it her prospects had never been so good. The barbarous outrage of which, 
+    in the sixth month of pregnancy, she had been the object could not but 
+    arouse widespread sympathy for her. She had extricated herself from her 
+    difficulties with splendid courage and clever-ness. The loss of such an 
+    adviser as Rizzio was really a stroke of luck for her. All she had to do was 
+    to abandon, or at all events postpone, her design of reestablishing the 
+    Catholic religion in Scotland, and to discontinue her intrigues against 
+    Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Her prospects in England were still further 
+    improved when she gave birth to a son (19 June 1566). Once more there was 
+    an heir-male to the old royal line, and, as Elizabeth continued to evade 
+    marriage, most people who were not fierce Protestants began to think it 
+    would be more reasonable and safe to abide by the rule of primogeniture than 
+    by the will of Henry VIII., sanctioned though it was by Act of Parliament. 
+    There can be no doubt that this was the opinion and intention of Elizabeth, 
+    though she strongly objected to having anything settled during her own 
+    lifetime. But she had herself gone a long way towards settling it by her 
+    treatment of Mary's only serious competitor. Catherine Grey had contracted a 
+    secret marriage with the Earl of Hertford, son of the Protector Somerset. 
+    Her pregnancy necessitated an avowal. The clergyman who had married them was 
+    not forthcoming, and Hertford's sister, the only witness, was dead. 
+    Elizabeth chose to disbelieve their story, though she would not have been 
+    able to prove when, where, or by whom her own father and mother had been 
+    married. She had a right to be angry; but when she sent the unhappy couple 
+    to the Tower, and caused her tool, Archbishop Parker, to pronounce the union 
+    invalid and its offspring illegitimate, she was playing Mary's game. The 
+    House of Commons elected in 1563 was still undissolved. It was strongly 
+    Protestant, and it favoured Catherine's title even after her disgrace. In 
+    its second session, in the autumn of 1566, it made a determined effort to 
+    compel Elizabeth to marry, and in the meanwhile to recognise Catherine as 
+    the heirpresumptive. The zealous Protestants knew well that the Peers were 
+    in favour of the Stuart title, and they feared that a new House of Commons 
+    might agree with the Peers. To get rid of their pertinacity Elizabeth 
+    dissolved Parliament, not without strong expressions of displeasure (2 January 1567). Cecil himself earned the thanks of Mary for his attitude on this 
+    occasion. It cannot be doubted that he dreaded her succession; but he saw 
+    which way the tide was running, and he thought it prudent to swim with it.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was at this moment that Mary flung away 
+    all her advantage, and entered oh the fatal course which led to her ruin. 
+    Her loathing for Darnley, her fierce desire to avenge on him the insults and 
+    outrage she had suffered, left no room in heart or mind for considerations 
+    of policy. She would have been glad to obtain a divorce. But the Catholic 
+    Church does not grant divorce for misconduct after marriage. Some pretext 
+    must be found for alleging that the marriage was null from the beginning. 
+    This did not suit Mary. It would have made her son illegitimate, and would 
+    have placed her in exactly the position of Catherine Grey. A mere separation 
+    a toro would not have suited her any better, for it would not have enabled 
+    her to contract another marriage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary's reliance on Bothwell grew into 
+    attachment, when her attachment warmed into love, it is impossible to fix 
+    with any exactness. Her infatuation presented itself to him as a grand 
+    opening for his daring ambition. A notorious profligate, he loved her--if 
+    the word is to be so degraded--as much or as little as he had loved twenty 
+    other women. What, however, he desired in her case, was marriage. A more 
+    sensible man would have foreseen that marriage would mean certain ruin for 
+    himself and the Queen. But he was accustomed to despise all difficulties in 
+    his path, being intellectually incapable of measuring them, and believing in 
+    nothing but audacity and brute force. Husband of the Queen, why should he 
+    not be master of the kingdom? Why not King? When such an idea had once 
+    occurred to Bothwell, Darnley's expectancy of life would be much the same as 
+    that of a calf in the presence of the butcher. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The wretched victim had alienated all his 
+    friends among the nobility. Some owed him a deadly grudge for his treachery. 
+    Others had been offended by his insolence. To all he was an encumbrance and 
+    a nuisance. Several, therefore, of the leading personages were more or less 
+    engaged in the compact for putting him out of the way. Moray, Argyll, and 
+    Maitland offered to assist in ridding Mary of her husband by way of a 
+    Protestant sentence of divorce, on condition that Morton and his friends in 
+    exile should be pardoned and recalled. The bargain was struck, and Mary 
+    assented to it. Nothing was said about murder. No one had any interest in 
+    murder except Mary and Bothwell, whose project of marriage was as yet 
+    unsuspected. At the same time, if Bothwell liked to kill Darnley on his own 
+    responsibility, as no doubt he made it pretty plain that he would--why, so 
+    much the better. It relieved the other lords of all trouble. It was a 
+    simple, thorough, old-fashioned expedient, which had never been attended 
+    with any discredit in Scotland, and had only one inconvenience --that it 
+    usually saddled the murderer with a blood feud. In the present case Lennox 
+    was the only peer who would feel the least aggrieved; and he was in no 
+    condition to wage blood-feuds. Anyhow, that was Bothwell's look-out. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;So obvious was all this that it was hardly 
+    worth while to observe secrecy except as to the exact occasion and mode of 
+    execution. Many persons were more or less aware of what was going to be 
+    done; but none cared to interfere. Moray was an honourable and conscientious 
+    man, if judged by the standard of his environment--the only fair way of 
+    estimating character. But Moray chose to leave Edinburgh the morning before 
+    the deed; and thought it sufficient to be able to say afterwards that &amp;quot;if 
+    any man said he was present when purposes [talk] were held in his audience 
+    tending to any unlawful or dishonourable end, he spoke wickedly and 
+    untruly.&amp;quot; The inner circle of the plot consisted of Bothwell, Argyll, Huntly, 
+    Maitland, and Sir James Balfour. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;That Darnley was murdered by Bothwell is not 
+    disputed. That Mary was cognisant of the plot, and lured him to the 
+    shambles, has been doubted by few investigators at once competent and 
+    unbiassed. She lent herself to this part not without compunction. Bothwell 
+    had the advantage over her that the loved has over the lover; and he used it 
+    mercilessly for his headlong ambition, hardly taking the trouble to pretend 
+    that he cared for the unhappy woman who was sacrificing everything for him. 
+    He in fact cared more for his lawful wife, whom he was preparing to divorce, 
+    and to whom he had been married only six months. Mary was tormented by 
+    jealousy of her after the divorce as well as before. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The murder of Darnley (10 February 1567) was 
+    universally ascribed to Mary at the time by Catholics as well as Protestants 
+    at home and abroad, and it fatally damaged her cause in England and the rest 
+    of Europe. In Scotland itself--such was the backward and barbarous state of 
+    the country--it would probably not have shaken her throne if she had 
+    followed it up with firm and prudent government. She might even have 
+    indulged her illicit passion for Bothwell, with little pretence of 
+    concealment, if she had not advanced him in place and power above his 
+    equals. There was probably not a noble in Scotland, from Moray downwards, 
+    who would have scrupled to be her Minister. The Protestant commonalty 
+    indeed, who with all the national laxity as to the observance of the sixth 
+    commandment, were shocked by any trifling with the seventh, would no doubt 
+    have made their bark heard. But their bite had not yet become formidable; 
+    and in any case they were not to be propitiated. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;What brought sudden and irretrievable ruin on 
+    Mary was not the murder of Darnley, but the infatuation which made her the 
+    passive instrument of Bothwell's presumptuous ambition. The lords, Catholic 
+    and Protestant alike, allowed the murder to pass uncondemned and unpunished; 
+    but they were furious when they found that Darnley had only been removed to 
+    make room for Bothwell, and that they were to have for their master a noble 
+    of by no means the highest lineage, bankrupt in fortune, and generally 
+    disliked for his arrogant and bullying demeanour. The project of marriage 
+    was not disclosed till ten weeks after the murder (19 April 1567). Five 
+    days later, Bothwell, fearing lest he should be frustrated by public 
+    indignation or interference from England, carried off the Queen, as had been 
+    previously arranged between them. His idea was that, when Mary had been thus 
+    publicly outraged, it would be recognised as impossible that she should 
+    marry any one but the ravisher. In this coarse expedient, as in the clumsy 
+    means employed for disposing of Darnley, we see the blundering foolhardiness 
+    of the man. The marriage ceremony was performed as soon as Bothwell's 
+    divorce could be managed (15 May). Just a month later Mary surrendered to 
+    the insurgent lords at Carberry Hill, and Bothwell, flying for his life, 
+    disappears from history. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The feelings with which Elizabeth had 
+    contemplated the course of events in Scotland during the last six months 
+    were no doubt of a mixed nature. At the beginning of 1567, her seven-years' 
+    duel with Mary appeared to be ending in defeat. The last bold thrust, aimed 
+    in her interest if not by her hand --the murder of Rizzio--had not improved 
+    her position. It seemed that she would soon be obliged to make her choice 
+    between two equally dreaded alternatives: she must either recognise Mary as 
+    her heir or take a husband. From this unpleasant dilemma she was released by 
+    the headlong descent of her rival in the first six months of 1567. But all 
+    other feelings were soon swallowed up in alarm and indignation at the 
+    spectacle of subjects in revolt against their sovereign. As tidings came in 
+    rapid succession of Mary's surrender at Carberry Hill, of her return to 
+    Edinburgh amidst the insults and threats of the Calvinist mob, of her 
+    imprisonment at Loch Leven, of the proposal to try and execute her, 
+    Elizabeth's anger waxed hotter, and she told the Scotch lords in her most 
+    imperious tones that she could not, and would not, permit them to use force 
+    with their sovereign. If they deposed or punished her, she would revenge it 
+    upon them. If they could not prevail on her to do what was right, they must 
+    &amp;quot;remit themselves to Almighty God, in whose hands only princes' hearts 
+    remain.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This language, addressed as it was to the 
+    only men in Scotland who were disposed to support the English interest, was 
+    imprudent. In her fellow-feeling for a sister sovereign, and her keen 
+    perception of the revolutionary tendencies of the time, Elizabeth spoilt an 
+    unique opportunity of placing her relations with Scotland on a footing of 
+    permanent security, of providing for the English succession in a way at once 
+    advantageous to the nation and free from risk to her own life, and lastly, 
+    of escaping from the constant worry about her own marriage. She had seen 
+    clearly enough what might be made of the situation. Throgmorton had been 
+    despatched to Scotland with instructions to do his best to get the infant 
+    Prince confided to her care. Once in England, she would virtually have 
+    adopted him. She would have possessed a son and heir without the 
+    inconvenience of marriage. To a Parliamentary recognition, indeed, of his 
+    title she would assuredly not have consented. It would have made him 
+    independent and dangerous. But if he behaved well to her, his succession 
+    would be more certain than any Act of Parliament could make it. Mary, if 
+    released and restored to power, would no longer be formidable. If she were 
+    deposed or put to death, Elizabeth would indirectly govern Scotland, at all 
+    events, till James should be of age. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This splendid opportunity Elizabeth lost by 
+    her peremptory and domineering language. The old Scotch pride took fire. The 
+    Anglophile lords, who would have been glad enough to send the young Prince 
+    to England, could not afford to appear less patriotic than the Francophiles. 
+    Throgmorton's attempt to get hold of James was as unsuccessful as that of 
+    the Protector Somerset to get hold of James's mother had been twenty years 
+    before. He was told that, before the Prince could be sent to England, his 
+    title to the English succession must be recognised; a condition which 
+    Elizabeth could not grant. Her claim that Mary should be restored without 
+    conditions was equally unacceptable to the Anglophile lords. They might have 
+    been induced to release her if she would have consented to give up Bothwell, 
+    or if they could have caught and hanged him. But such was her devotion to 
+    him, that no threats or promises availed to shake it. It was in vain that 
+    they offered to produce letters of his to the divorced Lady Bothwell, in 
+    which he assured her that he regarded her still as his lawful wife, and Mary 
+    only as his concubine. The unhappy Queen had been aware even before her 
+    marriage--as a pathetic letter to Bothwell shows--that her passionate love 
+    was not returned. Two days after the marriage, his unkindness had driven her 
+    to think of suicide. But nothing they could say could shake her constancy. 
+    &amp;quot;She would not consent by any persuasion to abandon the Lord Bothwell for 
+    her husband. She would live and die with him. If it were put to her choice 
+    to relinquish her crown and kingdom or the Lord Bothwell, she would leave 
+    her kingdom and dignity to go as a simple damsel with him; and she will 
+    never consent that he shall fare worse or have more harm than herself. Let 
+    them put Bothwell and herself on board ship to go wherever fortune might 
+    carry them.&amp;quot; This temper made it difficult for the Anglophile lords to know 
+    what to do with the prisoner of Loch Leven. They were disappointed and angry 
+    that Elizabeth, instead of approving their enterprise, and sending the money 
+    for which, as usual, they were begging, should treat them as rebels, and 
+    even secretly urge the Hamiltons to rescue Mary by force. The Hamiltons were 
+    in arms at Dumbarton. They wanted either that the Prince should be 
+    proclaimed King, with the Duke of Chatelherault for Regent, or that Mary 
+    should be divorced from Bothwell and married to Lord John Hamilton, the 
+    Duke's second son, and, in default of the crazy Arran, his destined 
+    successor. With Argyll, too, disgust at Mary's crime was tempered by a 
+    desire to marry her to his brother. Lady Douglas of Loch Leven herself, for 
+    whom Sir Walter Scott has invented such magnificent tirades, desired nothing 
+    better than to be her mother-in-law. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The prompt action of the confederate lords 
+    foiled these schemes. By the threat of a public trial on the charge of 
+    complicity in her husband's murder, or, as her advocates believe, by the 
+    fear of instant death, Mary was compelled to abdicate in favour of her son, 
+    and to nominate Moray Regent (29 July 1567). Elizabeth would not recognise 
+    him; partly from a natural fear lest she should be suspected of having been 
+    in collusion with him all along, partly from genuine abhorrence of such 
+    revolutionary proceedings. The French Government, on the other hand, casting 
+    principle and sentiment alike to the winds, courted his alliance. He might 
+    keep his sister in prison, or put her to death, or send her to be immured in 
+    a French convent: only let him embrace the French interests, and an army 
+    should be sent to support him --a Huguenot army if he did not like 
+    Catholics. But Moray turned a deaf ear to these solicitations, and waited 
+    patiently till Elizabeth's ill-humour should give way to more statesmanlike 
+    considerations. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The escape of Mary from Loch Leven (2 May 
+    1568), and the rising of the Hamiltons in her favour, were largely due to 
+    the unfriendly attitude assumed by Elizabeth to the Regent's government. 
+    After the defeat of Langside (13 May) it would perhaps have been difficult 
+    for the fugitive Queen to make her way to France or Spain. But it was not 
+    the difficulty which deterred her from making the attempt. Both Catherine 
+    and Philip, later on, were disposed to befriend her, or, rather, to make use 
+    of her; but at the time of her escape from Scotland, she had nothing to 
+    expect from them but severity. Elizabeth was the only sovereign who had 
+    tried to help her. Moreover, Mary had always laboured under the delusion 
+    that because most Englishmen regarded her as the next heir to the crown, and 
+    a great many preferred the old religion to the new, she had as good a party 
+    in England as Elizabeth herself, if not a better. During her prosperity, she 
+    had made repeated applications to be allowed to visit the southern kingdom. 
+    She was convinced that, if she once appeared on English ground, Elizabeth's 
+    throne would be shaken; and Elizabeth's unwillingness to receive the visit 
+    had confirmed her in her belief. If she now crossed the Solway without 
+    waiting for the permission which she had requested by letter, it was not 
+    because she was hard pressed. The Regent had gone to Edinburgh after the 
+    battle. At Dundrennan, among the Catholic Maxwells, Lord Herries guaranteed 
+    her safety for forty days; and, at an hour's notice, a boat would place, her 
+    beyond pursuit. Her haste was rather prompted by the expectation that 
+    Elizabeth, alarmed by her application, would refuse to receive her. To 
+    Elizabeth the arrival of the Scottish Queen was, indeed, as unwelcome as it 
+    was unexpected. For ten years she had governed successfully, because she had 
+    managed to hold an even course between conflicting principles and parties, 
+    and to avoid taking up a decisive attitude on the most burning questions. 
+    The very indecision, which was the weak spot in her character, and which so 
+    fretted her Ministers, had, it must be confessed, contributed something to 
+    the result. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Cecil might groan over a policy of letting 
+    things drift. But it may be doubted whether they had not often drifted 
+    better than Cecil would have steered them if he might have had his way. To 
+    do nothing is not, indeed, the golden rule of statesmanship. But at that 
+    time, England's peculiar position between France and Spain, and between 
+    Calvinism and Catholicism, enabled her ruler to play a waiting game. This 
+    was the general rule applicable to the situation. Elizabeth apprehended it 
+    more clearly than her Ministers did, and she fell back on it again and 
+    again, when they flattered themselves that they had committed her to a 
+    forward policy. It was safe. It was cheap. It required coolness and 
+    intrepidity--qualities with which Elizabeth was well furnished by nature. 
+    But it was not spirited: it was not showy. Hence it has not found favour 
+    with historians, who insist that it ought to have ended in disaster. As a 
+    matter of fact, England was carried safely through unparalleled 
+    difficulties; and, when all is said, Elizabeth is entitled to be judged by 
+    the general result of her long reign. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary's arrival was unwelcome to Elizabeth, 
+    because it seemed likely to force her hand. To do nothing would be no longer 
+    possible. The Catholic nobles and gentry of the north flocked to Carlisle to 
+    pay court to the heiress of the English crown. It was not that they believed 
+    her innocent of her husband's murder. The suspicion of her complicity was at 
+    that time universal. But they supposed that it would never amount to more 
+    than a suspicion. They did not expect that the charge would ever be formally 
+    made. They were not aware that it could be supported by overwhelming 
+    evidence. Later on, when the proofs were produced, they had already 
+    committed themselves to her cause, and were bound not to be convinced.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the attitude of these Catholics be thought 
+    to indicate some moral callousness, it may be fairly argued that it was less 
+    cynical than that of Elizabeth herself, who, while not unwilling that Mary 
+    should be suspected, would not allow her to be convicted. Steady to her main 
+    purpose, though hesitating, and even vacillating, in the means she adopted, 
+    she still adhered, notwithstanding all that had lately taken place, to her 
+    intention that Mary, if her survivor, should be her successor. Like all the 
+    greatest statesmen of her time, she placed secular interests before 
+    religious opinions. She was persuaded that the maintenance of the principle 
+    of authority was all-important. Nothing else could hold society together or 
+    prevent the rival fanaticisms from tearing each other to pieces. For 
+    authority there was no other basis left than the principle of hereditary 
+    succession by primogeniture. This principle must, therefore, be treated as 
+    something sacred--not to be set aside or tampered with in a short-sighted 
+    grasping at any seeming immediate utility. To allow it to be called in 
+    question was to shake her own title. Already, in France, the Jesuits were 
+    preaching that orthodoxy and the will of the people were the only legitimate 
+    foundation of sovereignty. Few English Catholics had learned that doctrine; 
+    but they would not be slow to learn it if the hereditary claim of Mary was 
+    to be set aside. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If Mary had been content to claim what 
+    primogeniture gave her--the right to the succession--there would have been 
+    no quarrel between her and Elizabeth. But it was notorious that she had all 
+    along been plotting to substitute herself for Elizabeth. Never had she 
+    cherished that dream with more confidence than when the Percys and Nevilles 
+    crowded round her at Carlisle. In her sanguine imagination, she already saw 
+    herself mistress of a finer kingdom than that which had just expelled her, 
+    and marching, at the head of her new subjects, to wreak vengeance on her old 
+    ones. She seemed likely to be no less dangerous as an exile in England than 
+    as a Queen in Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had now reason to regret the 
+    unnecessary warmth with which she had espoused Mary's cause. To suppose that 
+    she had any sentimental feelings for one whom she knew to be her deadly 
+    enemy is, in my judgment, ridiculous. Elizabeth was not a generous 
+    woman--especially towards other women; and in this case generosity would 
+    have been folly, and culpable folly. She did not hate Mary--she was too cool 
+    and self-reliant to hate an enemy--but she disliked her. She was jealous, 
+    with a small feminine jealousy, of her beauty and fascinations. The 
+    consciousness of this unworthy feeling made her all the more anxious not to 
+    betray it. And so, at a time when she did not expect to have Mary on her 
+    hands, she had been tempted to use language implying a pity, sympathy, and 
+    affection which assuredly she did not feel, and which it would not have been 
+    creditable to her to feel. Petty insincerities of this kind have usually to 
+    be paid for sooner or later. She had now to exchange the language of 
+    sympathy for the language of business with what grace she could; and she has 
+    not escaped the charge, certainly undeserved, of deliberate treachery. It 
+    was awkward, after such exaggerated professions of sympathy, to be obliged 
+    to hold the fugitive at arm's-length, and even to put restraint on her 
+    movements. But no other course was possible. No sovereign, at any time in 
+    history, has allowed a pretender to the crown to move about freely in his 
+    dominions and make a party among his subjects. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Wince as she might, and did, under the 
+    reproach of treachery, Elizabeth was not going to allow her unwise words to 
+    tie her to unwise action. Only one arrangement appeared to her to be at once 
+    admissible in principle and prudent in practice. Mary must be restored to 
+    the Scottish throne; but in such a way that she should thenceforth be 
+    powerless for mischief. She must be content with the title of Queen. The 
+    real government must be in the hands of Moray. Thus the principle of 
+    legitimacy and the sacredness of royalty would be saved, and the English 
+    Catholics would be content to bide their time. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Cecil, for his part, was also anxious to see 
+    Mary back in Scotland; but not as Queen. Though regarded in Catholic circles 
+    as a desperate heretic, he was really a &lt;i&gt;politique&lt;/i&gt;, a worldly-minded 
+    man--I mean the epithet to be laudatory--and he would probably have admitted 
+    in the abstract the wisdom of Elizabeth's opinion--that it was of more 
+    importance to England to have a legitimate sovereign than a gospel religion. 
+    But he was not prepared to submit frankly to the application of this 
+    principle. His personal prospects were too deeply concerned. It was all very 
+    well for Elizabeth to lay down a principle in which she might be said to 
+    have a life-interest. She was thirteen years his junior; but she might 
+    easily predecease him; and, with Mary on the throne, his power would 
+    certainly go, and, not improbably, his head with it. It was not in human 
+    nature, therefore, that he should cherish the principle of primogeniture as 
+    his mistress did; and, as far as his dread of her displeasure would allow 
+    him, he was always casting about for some means of defeating Mary's 
+    reversion. Her sudden plunge into crime was to him a turn of good fortune 
+    beyond his dreams. If he could have had his will she would have been 
+    promptly handed over to the Regent on the understanding that she was to be 
+    consigned to perpetual imprisonment, or, still better, to the scaffold.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In order to carry out her plan, Elizabeth 
+    called on Mary and the Regent to submit their respective cases to a 
+    Commission, consisting of the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex, and Sir 
+    Ralph Sadler. Mary was extremely reluctant, as she well might be, to face 
+    any investigation; but she was told that, until her character was formally 
+    cleared, she could not be admitted to Elizabeth's presence; and she was at 
+    the same time privately assured that her restoration should, in any case, be 
+    managed without any damage to her honour. Moray received an equally positive 
+    assurance that if his sister was proved guilty, she should not be restored. 
+    The two statements were not absolutely irreconcilable, because Elizabeth 
+    intended to prevent the worst charges from being openly proved. Her sole 
+    object--and we can hardly blame her--was to obtain security for herself and 
+    her own kingdom. She did not wish the Queen of Scots to be proved a 
+    murderess in open court; but she did desire that the charge should be made, 
+    and also that the Commissioners should see the originals of the casket 
+    letters. Any public disclosure of the evidence might be prevented, and some 
+    sort of ambiguous acquittal pronounced, on grounds which all the world would 
+    see to be nugatory: such, for instance, as the culprit's own solemn denial 
+    of the charge; which was, in fact, the only answer Mary intended to make. 
+    What was known to the Commissioners would come to be more or less known to 
+    all persons of influence in England, and would surely discredit Mary to such 
+    a degree that even her warmest partisans would cease to conspire in her 
+    favour. Mary herself (so Elizabeth hoped), when made aware that this 
+    terrible weapon was in reserve, and could at any moment be used against her, 
+    would be permanently humbled and crippled, and would be glad to accept such 
+    terms as Elizabeth would impose. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Commissioners opened their court at York 
+    (October 1568). But they had not been sitting long before Elizabeth 
+    discovered that Norfolk was scheming to marry Mary, and that the project was 
+    approved by many of the English nobility. Their purpose was not, as yet, 
+    disloyal. They thought that, married to the head of the English peerage, and 
+    residing in England, Mary would have to give up her plots with France, while 
+    her presence would strengthen the Conservative party, which desired to keep 
+    up the old alliance with Spain, and looked for the re-establishment sooner 
+    or later of the old religion. This scheme, though not disloyal, was 
+    extremely alarming to Elizabeth. Norfolk was nominally a Protestant. But she 
+    had placed him on the Commission as a representative of the Conservative 
+    party, believing that, while he would lend himself to hushing up Mary's 
+    guilt, his eyes would be opened to her real character. Yet here he was, like 
+    the Hamiltons, Campbells, and Douglases, ready to take her with her smirched 
+    reputation, simply for the chance of her two crowns. It was not a case of 
+    love, for he had never seen her. He seems to have been staggered for a 
+    moment by the sight of the casket letters, and to have doubted whether it 
+    was for his honour or even his safety to marry such a woman. But in the end, 
+    as we shall see, he swallowed his scruples. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On discovering Norfolk's intrigue, Elizabeth 
+    hastily revoked the Commission, and ordered another investigation to be held 
+    by the most important peers and statesmen of England. The casket letters and 
+    the depositions were submitted to them. Mary's able and zealous advocate, 
+    the Bishop of Ross, could say nothing except that his mistress had sent him 
+    on the supposition that Moray was to be the defendant: let her appear in 
+    person before the Queen, and she would give reasons why Moray ought not to 
+    be allowed to advance any charges against her. To make no better answer than 
+    this was virtually to admit that the charges against her were unanswerable.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was thought that she was now sufficiently 
+    frightened to be ready to accept Elizabeth's terms, and they were 
+    unofficially communicated to her. Her return to Scotland was no longer 
+    contemplated, for Moray had absolutely declined to charge her openly with 
+    the murder or produce the letters unless she were detained in England. But 
+    in order to get rid of the revolutionary proceedings at Loch Leven she 
+    herself, as it were of her own free will, and on the ground that she was 
+    weary of government, was to confer the crown on her son and the regency on 
+    Moray. James was to be educated in England. She herself was to reside in 
+    England as long as Elizabeth should find it convenient. It was not mentioned 
+    in the communication, but it was probably intended, that she should marry 
+    some Englishman of no political importance, in order to produce more 
+    children who would succeed James if, as was likely enough, he should die in 
+    his infancy. If she would accept these conditions the charges against her 
+    should be &amp;quot;committed to perpetual silence;&amp;quot; if not, the trial must go on, 
+    and the verdict could not be doubtful (December 1568). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A woman less daring and less keen-sighted 
+    than Mary would assuredly, at this point, have given up the game, and 
+    thankfully accepted the conditions offered. They would not have prevented 
+    her from ascending the English throne if she had outlived Elizabeth. But 
+    that was a delay which she had always scouted as intolerable, and she was 
+    one to whom life was worth nothing if it meant defeat, retirement, even for 
+    a time, from the public scene, and the abandonment of long-cherished 
+    ambitions. Moreover her quick wit had divined that Elizabeth was using a 
+    threat which she did not mean to put into execution. There would be no 
+    verdict--not even any publication to the world of the evidence. Guilty 
+    therefore as she was, and aware that her guilt could be proved, she coolly 
+    faced &amp;quot;the great extremities&amp;quot; at which Elizabeth had hinted, and rejected 
+    the conditions. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Perhaps even Mary's daring would have 
+    flinched from this bold game but for a quarrel between Elizabeth and Philip, 
+    to be mentioned presently. Hitherto Philip, much to his credit, had declined 
+    to interfere in Mary's behalf. To him, as to every one else, Catholic as 
+    well as Protestant, her guilt seemed evident. She had been only a scandal 
+    and embarrassment to the Catholic cause. But if there was to be war with 
+    England, every enemy of Elizabeth was a weapon to be used. Accordingly he 
+    now began, though reluctantly, to think of helping the Queen of Scots, and 
+    even of marrying her to his brother Don John of Austria. With the prospect 
+    of such backing it was not wonderful that she declined to own herself 
+    beaten. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's calculations, though reasonable, 
+    were thus disappointed. The inquiry was dropped without any decision. The 
+    Regent was sent home with a small sum of money, and Mary remained in England 
+    (January 1569). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfive.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    V: Aristocratic Plots: 1568-1572&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082623&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082623&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon, 1509</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0192.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8crown.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8crown.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1509: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon&quot; width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was born on 28 June 1491, the second son of King 
+      Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; He was originally destined to be 
+      archbishop of Canterbury, but his older brother, Prince Arthur, died in 
+      1502, shortly after marrying the Spanish princess Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And so Henry became king of England at the age of 18.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry married his brother's widow mere weeks after his 
+      father died.&amp;nbsp; He claimed it had been Henry VII's dying wish, but this 
+      is doubtful.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's plight appealed to Henry's chivalric 
+      streak; he respected and admired her.&amp;nbsp; They were married for over 
+      twenty years and, for a long while, were happy together.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+      lack of a male heir and increasingly different lifestyles led to an 
+      emotional separation; not surprisingly, Henry became infatuated with 
+      another, much younger woman.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry and Katharine were married on 11 June 1509 and 
+      crowned together at Westminster Abbey on the 24th.&amp;nbsp; Over the next 
+      nine years, Katharine bore six children, only one of whom survived.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Her marriage to Henry was annulled against her will in 1533 and she died 
+      three years later.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The following day being a Sunday, and also Midsummer's Day, the noble 
+    prince with his queen left the palace for Westminster Abbey at the appointed 
+    hour.&amp;nbsp; The barons of the Cinq Ports held canopies over the royal couple 
+    who trod on striped cloth of ray, which was immediately cut up by the crowd 
+    when they had entered the abbey.&amp;nbsp; Inside, according to sacred tradition 
+    and ancient custom, his grace and the queen were anointed and crowned by the 
+    archbishop of Canterbury in the presence of other prelates of the realm and 
+    the nobility and a large number of civic dignitaries.&amp;nbsp; The people were 
+    asked if they would take this most noble prince as their king and obey him.&amp;nbsp; 
+    With great reverence, love and willingness they responded with the cry 'Yea, 
+    Yea'. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;When the ceremony was finished, the lords spiritual and temporal paid homage 
+to the king and, with the queen's permission, returned to Westminster Hall - 
+each one beneath his canopy - where the lord marshal bearing his staff of office 
+ushered all to their seats.&amp;nbsp; Each noble and lord proceeded to his allotted 
+place arranged earlier according to seniority.&amp;nbsp; The nine-piece table being 
+set with the king's estate seated on the right and the queen's estate on the 
+left, the first course of the banquet was announced with a fanfare.&amp;nbsp; At the 
+sound the duke of Buckingham entered riding a huge charger covered with richly 
+embroidered trappings, together with the lord steward mounted on a horse decked 
+with cloth of gold.&amp;nbsp; The two of them led in the banquet which was truly 
+sumptuous, and as well as a great number of delicacies also included unusual 
+heraldic devices and mottoes.
+&lt;p&gt;How can I describe the abundance of fine and delicate fare prepared for this 
+magnificent and lordly feast, produced both abroad and in the many and various 
+parts of this realm to which God has granted his bounty.&amp;nbsp; Or indeed the 
+exemplary execution of the service of the meal itself, the clean handling and 
+distribution of the food and the efficient ordering of the courses, such that no 
+person of any estate lacked for anything.
+&lt;p&gt;.....
+&lt;p&gt;The following day the aforementioned defending team, lady Pallas's scholars, 
+presented themselves before the king ready for the tourney.&amp;nbsp; All on 
+horseback and armed from head to foot they each had one side of their 
+armor-skirts and horse-trappings made of white velvet embroidered with gold 
+roses and other devices, and the other made of green velvet embroidered with 
+gold pomegranates.&amp;nbsp; On their headpieces each wore a plume of gold damask.
+&lt;p&gt;At the same time the other side rode in, the aforementioned eight knights 
+fully armed and dressed, like their mounts, in green satin embroidered with fine 
+golden bramble branches.&amp;nbsp; Following them, blowing horns, came a number of 
+men dressed as foresters or gamekeepers in green cloth, with caps and hose to 
+match, who arranged a set like a park with white and green fencing around it.&amp;nbsp; 
+Inside this paddock were fallow deer and artificial trees, bushes, ferns, and so 
+forth.&amp;nbsp; Once set up before the queen the paddock gates were unlocked and 
+the deer ran out into the palace grounds.&amp;nbsp; Greyhounds were then let loose 
+which killed the deer, the bodies of which were then presented to the queen and 
+the assembled ladies by the above-mentioned knights.
+&lt;p&gt;Crocheman, who had brought in the golden lance the previous day, then 
+declared that his knights were the servants of the goddess Diana and whilst they 
+had been indulging in their pastime of hunting had received news that lady 
+Pallas's knights had come into these parts to perform feats of arms.&amp;nbsp; 
+Thereupon they had left off the chase and come hither to encounter these nights 
+and to fight with them for the love of the ladies.
+&lt;p&gt;He added that if lady Pallas's knights vanquished them or forced them to 
+leave the field of battle then they would receive the deer that had been killed 
+and the greyhounds that slew them.&amp;nbsp; But if Diana's knights overpowers their 
+opponents they were to be given the swords of those knights and nothing more.
+&lt;p&gt;Hearing this, the queen and her ladies asked the king for his advice on the 
+matter.&amp;nbsp; The king, thinking that perhaps there was some grudge between the 
+two parties and believing that to grant the request might lead to some 
+unpleasantness, decided not to consent to these terms.&amp;nbsp; Instead, to defuse 
+the situation, it was decided that both parties should fight the tourney but 
+that only a limited number of strokes would be permitted.
+&lt;p&gt;This was done and the two sides then left the field.&amp;nbsp; The jousts then 
+came to an end and the prizes were awarded to each man according to his deserts.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082593&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082593&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9769</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... Are you trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1495&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  1503&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Louis XII of France&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  the Mirror of Naples&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Holyrood House&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  in battle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Thomas Wolsey &amp; Catherine Courtenay&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  he was her grandson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  she was her granddaughter&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. she married without the king's consent&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=6&gt;Tudor Quizzes:  &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;The Sisters of Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Princesses Margaret &amp;amp; Mary Tudor&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=606 border=0 height=&quot;671&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+
+      
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. What year was Princess Mary born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1494&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1495&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1496&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1497&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. In what year did Princess Margaret marry 
+
+      the King of Scots?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1503&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1505&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1507&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1510&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Who was Mary's first 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Francis I of 
+
+        France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles of Castile&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Louis X of 
+
+        France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Louis XII of France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; What famous jewel did Mary's husband 
+
+      send her as a gift?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the Mirror of 
+
+        Naples&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Queen's Sapphire&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Jewel of 
+
+        the Seine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Eleanor of Aquitaine's wedding 
+
+      ring&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Where did Margaret wed her first 
+
+      husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Holyrood 
+
+        House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Berwick Abbey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. How did Margaret's first husband 
+
+    die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;of a 
+
+        seizure&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;of syphilis&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he killed 
+
+        himself&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;in battle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;92&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who were the godparents of Mary's first 
+
+      son, Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;92&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; Catherine 
+
+        of Aragon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wolsey &amp;amp; Catherine 
+
+        Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; Anne 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wolsey &amp;amp; Margaret de la 
+
+      Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Mary queen of Scots was Margaret 
+
+      Tudor's granddaughter.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry Stuart, earl of Darnley, as 
+
+      her second husband.&amp;nbsp; How was he related to Margaret Tudor?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he was her 
+
+        great-nephew&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was her 
+
+        great-grandson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was her grandson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he 
+
+        was not a blood relation&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. How was Lady Jane Grey related to Princess 
+
+      Mary Tudor?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she was her 
+
+        granddaughter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was her 
+
+        great-granddaughter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was not related to 
+
+        Mary&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was her great-niece&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Margaret's granddaughter Arabella Stuart 
+
+      was imprisoned and died in the Tower of London for what crime?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she poisoned her 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she had a child out of 
+
+        wedlock&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she insulted Queen Anne&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she 
+
+        married without the king's consent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082614&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082614&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz - Catherine Howard</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1072.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... You can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#101040' text='#FFFFFF'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Ford Madox Ford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  silver&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Anne Boleyn&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  twenty-three&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lady Margaret Douglas&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  rape and murder&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  dismissed it as a forgery&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Oatlands Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Hampton Court Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. No Other Will Than His&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#800000 aLink=#000000 link=#800000 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+2&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt; 
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=849 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=625 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=70&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Who wrote 
+
+      'The Fifth Queen', a fictionalized account of Catherine's 
+
+    life?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=70&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Victoria Holt&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ford Madox 
+
+        Ford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jean Plaidy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ruth 
+
+      Rendell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=65&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. What 
+
+      color gown did Queen Catherine prefer to dance in?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=65&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dark 
+
+        green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Lady Rochford was executed along with Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She had been the 
+
+      sister-in-law of which of Henry's former wives?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=74&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Catherine's paternal grandfather sired how many children?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=74&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;seven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twelve&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;nineteen&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twenty-three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=65&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Which of 
+
+      Henry VIII's nieces had&amp;nbsp; affairs with two Howard 
+
+    cousins?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=65&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady 
+
+        Margaret Douglas&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Eleanor 
+
+        Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Frances Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady 
+
+        Arabella Stuart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=84&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Two years 
+
+      before he was executed for adultery with the queen, Thomas Culpeper was 
+
+      accused of what crimes?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=84&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;treason&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;counterfeiting 
+
+        money&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;rape and murder&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;theft and 
+
+        assault&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=112&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. On 1 
+
+      November 1541, Henry VIII was given a letter detailing Catherine's 
+
+      adultery.&amp;nbsp; What was his immediate reaction?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=112&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he 
+
+        ordered her arrest&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he dismissed the letter as a 
+
+        forgery&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he confronted Catherine 
+
+        personally&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he dismissed her 
+
+    household&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=360 height=59&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Where were Catherine &amp;amp; Henry VIII 
+
+      married on 28 July 1540?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=237 height=59&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Greenwich Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=67&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Catherine 
+
+      spent her only New Year's holiday as queen at what palace?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=67&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Hampton Court Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=51&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. What was 
+
+      Catherine's motto?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=51&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;The 
+
+        Most Happy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Bound to Obey and Serve&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;The 
+
+        Rose Without a Thorn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;No Other Will Than 
+
+      His&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;questions &amp;amp; answers taken from the following sources 
+
+-&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;LB Smith, A Tuudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of 
+
+Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;&amp;amp; Antonia Fraser, The Wives of 
+
+Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082615&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082615&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9284</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Thomas Cranmer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1073.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Jesus&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  he married&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  eight years&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  1533&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Josiah&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  1549&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  13 Nov 1553&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Reginald Pole &lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Juan de Villagarcia&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. burned at the stake&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #0000ff}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 
+
+size=+2&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=554 border=0 height=&quot;792&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At which Cambridge 
+
+      college did Cranmer study&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;St&amp;nbsp; 
+
+        John's&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Trinity&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jesus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Magdalene&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Which event forced 
+
+      Cranmer to forfeit his college fellowship?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he 
+
+        married&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;his father died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he failed 
+
+        exams&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he suffered a breakdown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. How long did it take for Cranmer 
+
+      to receive his BA?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;two 
+
+        years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;five years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;eight 
+
+        years&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;ten years&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;When was Cranmer 
+
+      appointed archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1531&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1535&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1537&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. At Edward VI's coronation, 
+
+      Cranmer compared him to which Biblical figure?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;David&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Solomon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Moses&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Josiah&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;71&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;In what year did use of 
+
+      Cranmer's new &lt;I&gt;Book of Common Prayer&lt;/I&gt;&amp;nbsp; become 
+
+      compulsory?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;71&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1547&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1549&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1551&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. On what date was Cranmer formally 
+
+      charged with treason at Guildhall?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;13 Nov 
+
+        1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 Nov 1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;14 Dec 
+
+        1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 Feb 1554&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. Who replaced Cranmer 
+
+      as archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John, Lord Lumley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald 
+
+        Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. Which Spanish friar accompanied 
+
+      Cranmer to his execution on 21 March 1556?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Juan de 
+
+        Villagarcia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pedro de Villanova&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Eustace 
+
+        Chapuys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pietro Carmeliano&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;10.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How was Cranmer 
+
+      executed?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;beheaded&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;hanged&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;poisoned&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;burned 
+
+        at the stake&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082615&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082615&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9501</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1075.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Greenwich&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  New Year's Day 1511&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1520&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Leo X&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  None&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Stephen Gardiner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Whitehall&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  constable of Dover Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Jane Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; 
+
+color=#000000 size=+2&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=721 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=556 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=58&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At 
+
+      which Palace was Henry born on 28 June 1491?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=58&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Hampton 
+
+        Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=39&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;When was Henry's first son born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=39&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;New 
+
+        Year's Day 1511&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christmas 1511&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;New 
+
+        Year's Day 1514&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christmas 1510&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. The Field of 
+
+      the Cloth of Gold, the famous meeting between Henry and Francis I of 
+
+      France, was held in what year?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=82&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1518&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1520&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=58&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;Henry was given the title Fidei Defensor by which pope?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=58&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Julius 
+
+        II&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leo X&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Paul 
+
+        XII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Clement VII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=47&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. How many 
+
+      wives did Henry divorce?&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;*&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=47&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;None&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Two&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Four&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=60&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who 
+
+      broke the news of Catherine Howard's adultery to Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=60&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the duke 
+
+        of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=77&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. Who wed Henry 
+
+      to his last wife, Katharine Parr?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=77&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John Fisher&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Warham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=355 height=69&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. 
+
+      After Wolsey's fall from grace, Henry took over the Cardinal's home of 
+
+      York Place.&amp;nbsp; What did Henry rename the palace?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=184 height=69&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Hampton Court 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=62&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. On 5 April 
+
+      1493, the toddler Henry received his first official office.&amp;nbsp; What was 
+
+      it?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=62&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;constable of Dover Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord of the 
+
+        North&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;constable of Calais&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;sheriff of 
+
+        Leicester&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=49&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Which wife 
+
+      is buried beside Henry VIII?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=49&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine 
+
+        Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;P&gt;*&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fquizstuff.html&quot;&gt;click here for a 
+
+brief discussion of&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fquizstuff.html&quot;&gt;the answer to question 
+
+five&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082616&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082616&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10259</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: General History</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1077.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1513&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  23 April&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Countess of Oxford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  duc d'Longueville&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  fornication&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  royalty, dukes &amp; marquesses&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Lord Willoughby d'Eresby&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  none&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  France and the Papacy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Jericho House at Blackmore&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;General 
+
+History&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=977 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=587 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;What 
+
+      year did Bessie Blount (mother of Henry VIII's illegitimate son, Henry 
+
+      Fitzroy) come to court?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=82&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1513&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1515&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=66&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;On what day was Henry VIII's 'official' birthday 
+
+    celebrated?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=66&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;28 
+
+        June&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;19 February&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 
+
+        April&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=123&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. Before her 
+
+      marriage to the King of France, Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor was 
+
+      betrothed to the Archduke Charles of Austria, Prince of Castile. Who was 
+
+      appointed her chief lady-in-waiting?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=123&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Duchess 
+
+        of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Countess of Norwich&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Countess 
+
+        of Oxford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Buckingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=94&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;On 13 August 1514, Mary Tudor was married by proxy to Louis XII of 
+
+      France. Who stood in for the king at the ceremony? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=94&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;dauphin 
+
+        Francis&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc d'Anjou&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc 
+
+        d'Angouleme&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc d'Longueville&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=108&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. In 1515, 
+
+      Fray Diego Fernandez, Katharine of Aragon's Spanish confessor, was sent 
+
+      from court. Of what charge had an ecclesiastical court convicted 
+
+      him?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=108&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;heresy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;fornication&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;murder&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;sedition&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=64&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At 
+
+      Henry VIII's court, who was allowed to wear cloth of gold?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=64&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;royalty, 
+
+        dukes and marquesses&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;royalty and 
+
+        dukes&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;royalty&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;anyone who could afford 
+
+        it&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=97&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. Maria de 
+
+      Salinas was Katharine of Aragon's favorite lady-in-waiting. In June 1516, 
+
+      she married which English gentleman?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=97&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lord 
+
+        Howard of Parham Park&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord Penham d'Este&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord 
+
+        Willoughby d'Eresby&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=342 height=59&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. 
+
+      After 1517, how many more times did Henry VIII see his older sister 
+
+      Margaret?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=217 height=59&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;none&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;once&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twice&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;all 
+
+        the time&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=81&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. In 1518, 
+
+      England signed the 'Treaty of Universal and Perpetual Peace' with which 
+
+      countries?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=81&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Spain 
+
+        and the Low Countries&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and 
+
+        Spain&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and the Papacy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and 
+
+        Scotland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=83&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Where was 
+
+      Henry VIII's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, born?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=83&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Eltham 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jericho House at 
+
+        Blackmore&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Penshurst Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Riding Manor 
+
+        in Durham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;FONT size=2&gt;Some of these questions are extra 
+
+hard, simply to give Tudor enthusiasts a challenge.&amp;nbsp; All answers can be 
+
+verified in Weir's 'Henry VIII: The King and His 
+
+Court.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082616&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082616&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: General History</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1079.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  12 April 1533&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Lady Mary Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  blue and purple&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lord Mountjoy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  26 August&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  never&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Princess Mary Tudor&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  8 August 1540&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Stephen Gardiner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;General 
+
+History&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+color=#000000&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=642 border=0 height=&quot;844&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;On 4 September 1532, Anne 
+
+      Boleyn was titled Marquess of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; What color gown did she wear 
+
+      to the ceremony at Windsor Castle?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;cloth of 
+
+        gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;On what day did Anne 
+
+      Boleyn appear in public as Queen of England for the first time? &lt;FONT 
+
+      size=2&gt;(Please note - I'm not asking for the coronation 
+
+      date!)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;2 April 
+
+        1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;10 April 1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 April 
+
+        1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;22 April 1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. Which lady of the court carried 
+
+      the train of her gown during that appearance?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Anne 
+
+        Bassett&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Buckingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;What color livery 
+
+      did Anne's servants wear? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;green and 
+
+        yellow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;yellow and 
+
+        red&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;blue and purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. On 3 July 1533, who was sent to 
+
+      Ampthill to tell Katharine of Aragon that Henry VIII had married Anne 
+
+      Boleyn and that she must relinquish her title of Queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lord 
+
+        Mountjoy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord Taillyboys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;On what day in 1533 did 
+
+      Anne enter confinement, awaiting the birth of her first 
+
+    child?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;15 August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;26 
+
+        August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1 September&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5 
+
+      September&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. On 2 June 1536, Henry VIII dined 
+
+      in public with Jane Seymour for the first time; they had married on 30 
+
+      May.&amp;nbsp; But when was Jane's formal coronation as queen of 
+
+      England?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she was never 
+
+        crowned&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5 June 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 August 
+
+        1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 December 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. Who was chief mourner 
+
+      at Jane Seymour's funeral obsequies?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Margaret 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Stanhope&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. On what day was Henry's marriage 
+
+      to Catherine Howard made public?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 August 
+
+        1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 August 1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 December 
+
+        1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was never officially 
+
+  announced&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Who preached the sermon at Henry 
+
+      VIII's funeral?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald 
+
+        Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas 
+
+More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;FONT size=2&gt;Some of these questions are extra 
+
+hard, simply to give Tudor enthusiasts a challenge.&amp;nbsp; All answers can be 
+
+verified in Weir's 'Henry VIII: The King and His 
+
+Court.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082617&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082617&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  green and white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Guilford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  her father&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Katharine Parr&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Durham House&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Dr John Feckenham&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Mary, Elizabeth, Jane&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  2000 pounds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  marquess of Dorset&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. three weeks&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;&lt;B&gt;Lady Jane Grey&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=692 border=0 height=&quot;887&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At Jane Grey's 
+
+      coronation, her husband Guilford wore white, gold and silver.&amp;nbsp; What 
+
+      colors were Jane's bodice and kirtle?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;purple and cloth 
+
+        of gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson and 
+
+        cloth of silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;During the 
+
+      first three days of her reign, Jane did not attend any council 
+
+      meetings.&amp;nbsp; Who sat in her place at the head of the council 
+
+      table?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;John Dudley, duke 
+
+        of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry Grey, duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of 
+
+        Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Guilford Dudley, her 
+
+    husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. On 19 July 1553, who 
+
+      came to to the Tower and told Jane she was no longer queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her mother&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her 
+
+        mother-in-law&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her father&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;In 1548, 
+
+      Jane acted as chief mourner at whose funeral? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her sister 
+
+        Mary&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her sister Catherine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her guardian 
+
+        Katharine Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. Where did Jane wed 
+
+      Guilford Dudley on 25 May 1553?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Durham 
+
+        House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Syon House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sheen 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tower of London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who did Queen 
+
+      Mary send to the Tower in an attempt to convert Jane before her 
+
+      execution?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Sir John 
+
+        Brydges&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Dr John Feckenham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Roger Ascham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. According to Henry 
+
+      VIII's will, if Edward VI died without issue, how would the line of 
+
+      succession proceed?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Mary Tudor, 
+
+        Elizabeth Tudor, Jane Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, 
+
+        Mary Stuart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane Grey, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, Edward 
+
+        Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=384 height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. How much 
+
+      money did Thomas Seymour pay to Jane's parents for her wardship and 
+
+      marriage?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=280 height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;500 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1000 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;2000 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5000 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. Before he received the 
+
+      title duke of Suffolk, what title did Jane's father hold?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;earl of 
+
+        Oxford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marquess of Pembroke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord High 
+
+        Admiral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marquess of Dorset&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. How long did Jane's 
+
+      mother wait after her husband's execution before marrying again (to Adrian 
+
+      Stokes)?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;three 
+
+        weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;five weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;six 
+
+        weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;two 
+
+months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to the Lady Jane 
+
+Grey site&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082617&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082617&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10446</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Elizabeth I and Mary, queen of Scots</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  nine&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  five&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  ear infection&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  duke of Orkney&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  he was strangled&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  free Mary from captivity&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  debate&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  the Casket Letters&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Essay on Adversity&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+
+   &lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/head&gt;
+
+&lt;body text=&quot;#000000&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; link=&quot;#990000&quot; vlink=&quot;#990000&quot; alink=&quot;#000000&quot; background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Tudor
+
+Quizzes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Elizabeth I and Mary, queen of
+
+Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&lt;form name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Mary, queen of Scots in 1565&quot; BORDER=2 width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=&quot;668&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;1395&quot; &gt;
+
+&lt;caption&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/caption&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;1.
+
+How old was Elizabeth when Mary Stewart was born?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;five&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;eight&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;nine&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;eleven&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;89&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;2.
+
+How old was Mary Stewart when she left Scotland and sailed to France as
+
+the betrothed of the dauphin?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;89&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;four&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;five&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;ten&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;twelve&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;106&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;3.
+
+In 1560, Mary's first husband Francois died.&amp;nbsp; What was the cause of
+
+death?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;106&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;syphilis&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;broken
+
+neck&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;sweating sickness&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;ear infection&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;4.What
+
+title did Mary give Bothwell a few days before their wedding in 1567?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;duke
+
+of Edinburgh&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke of Orkney&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke of Leith&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke
+
+of Glasgow&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;5.
+
+In February 1567, the home of Mary's second husband Darnley was blown up.&amp;nbsp;
+
+However, Darnley's body was found in the garden; he had escaped from the
+
+house.&amp;nbsp; What was the real cause of his death?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;he
+
+was strangled&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he was poisoned&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he was stabbed&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he
+
+was shot&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;6.
+
+In 1571, Mary planned to marry which cousin of Elizabeth's in connection
+
+with the 'Ridolfi Plot'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Francis
+
+Knollys&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;William Carey&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Thomas Howard&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Thomas
+
+Parry&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;7.
+
+In 1567, Mary was imprisoned by her Scottish enemies.&amp;nbsp; When she heard
+
+the news, Elizabeth wrote to the captors.&amp;nbsp; What did she tell them?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;they
+
+must free Mary from captivity&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they must keep Mary imprisoned
+
+indefinitely&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they must exile Mary to France&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they
+
+must exile Mary to England&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;8.
+
+In a letter written in 1569, Elizabeth referred to Mary as 'the daughter
+
+of' what?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;strife&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;wrath&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;discord&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;debate&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;209&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;9.
+
+In 1569, a collection of letters supposedly written by Mary and her third
+
+husband Bothwell were presented at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; They offered conclusive
+
+proof that Mary and Bothwell had plotted Darnley's murder.&amp;nbsp; These
+
+letters had a nickname; what was it?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;209&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;the
+
+Edinburgh Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the Casket Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the
+
+Coffer Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the Caisson Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;10.
+
+In 1580, Mary wrote an essay which included this observation on monarchs
+
+- 'Tribulation has been to them as a furnace to fine gold - a means of
+
+proving their virtue.'&amp;nbsp; What was this essay called?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Essay
+
+on Imprisonment&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay on the Cares of Kingdoms&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay
+
+on Adversity&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay on the Virtue of Monarchy&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;input onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;input onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/form&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10618</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz - Queen Mary I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... You can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#101040' text='#FFFFFF'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Reginald&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Naples&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  blue and green&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  countess of Arundel&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Prudent&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Philip left for Flanders&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  countess of Lennox&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  he was put under house arrest&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. her unborn child&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#800000 aLink=#000000 link=#800000 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+2&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt; 
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=1214 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=625 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=139&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. The 
+
+    countess of Salisbury was Mary's governess; she was  executed by King 
+
+    Henry VIII in 1541.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen, Mary summoned the countess' 
+
+    eldest son 
+
+    home to England.&amp;nbsp; What was his name?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=139&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Reginald&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ambrose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Robert&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=116&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. When Philip 
+
+    of Spain arrived in England to marry Mary I, he was a mere prince.&amp;nbsp; But 
+
+    the night before the wedding, his father titled him king of....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=116&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Ghent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Netherlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Naples&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sicily&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; What 
+
+    were the colors of Mary's livery?&amp;nbsp; (In other words, what colors did her 
+
+    servants/attendants wear?)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;crimson and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;white and silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;blue and green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=146&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Three women rode at Mary's side on the way to the Tower to prepare for her 
+
+    coronation.&amp;nbsp; Two were the marchioness of Exeter and the 
+
+    marchioness of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; Who was the third?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=146&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;countess of Arundel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Princess Elizabeth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=99&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. In the 
+
+    above procession, Princess Elizabeth and Anne of Cleves wore cloth of 
+
+    silver.&amp;nbsp; What color did all other noblewomen and the members of Mary's 
+
+    household wear?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=99&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;black&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=83&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Mary's 
+
+    future husband was known as Philip the....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=83&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Good&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Silent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Proud&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Prudent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=138&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Mary 
+
+    believed she was pregnant until late July 1555.&amp;nbsp; Finally recognizing 
+
+    she was not, she left Hampton Court Palace for Oatlands.&amp;nbsp; A month 
+
+    later, another event saddened the queen.&amp;nbsp; What was it?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=138&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her close friend Susan Clarencieux died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip left for Flanders&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine of Aragon's tomb was defaced&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;a London mob burned Mary's portrait&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=360 height=42&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was the chief mourner at Mary's 
+
+    funeral?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=237 height=42&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;the marchioness of Exeter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the countess of Lennox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duchess of Feria&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=141&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. The bishop of Winchester preached Mary's funeral sermon 
+
+    on 12 December 1558.&amp;nbsp; What happened to him the next day?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=141&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;he died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was put under house arrest&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was sent to the Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was appointed archbishop of Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=108&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. In 1558, 
+
+    Mary wrote her will.&amp;nbsp; To whom did she leave the throne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=108&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her half-sister, Princess Elizabeth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her husband, Philip of Spain&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her cousin, Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her unborn child&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;questions &amp;amp; answers taken from the following source 
+
+-&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Carolly Ericksoon, Bloody Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10261</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Tudor Films</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1080.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Congratulations! You're a Tudor Genius!- 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Judi Dench&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Vanessa Redgrave&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  'Lady Jane'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Glenda Jackson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Joseph Fiennes&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  'Mary, Queen of Scots'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  'Young Bess'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Fanny Ardant&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Bette Davis&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. at Katharine's bedside&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #0000ff}
+
+   &lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/head&gt;
+
+&lt;body text=&quot;#000000&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; link=&quot;#0000FF&quot; vlink=&quot;#0000FF&quot; alink=&quot;#000000&quot; background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Tudor
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Tudor
+
+Films&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films3.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;a scene from 'Elizabeth', 1998&quot; BORDER=2 width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;231&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;form name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=&quot;554&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;1230&quot; &gt;
+
+&lt;caption&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/caption&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;1.
+
+Which actress played Queen Elizabeth I in the film 'Shakespeare in Love'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Gwyneth
+
+Paltrow&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Cate Blanchett&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Glenda Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Judi
+
+Dench&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;2.Which
+
+actress had an unbilled cameo role as Anne Boleyn in 'A Man for All Seasons'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Genevieve
+
+Bujold&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vanessa Redgrave&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Glenda Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Susannah
+
+York&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;3.
+
+Which of the following Tudor films was NOT nominated for the Academy Award
+
+for Best Picture?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Shakespeare
+
+in Love&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;A Man for All Seasons&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Anne of the
+
+Thousand Days&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Lady Jane&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;4.Which
+
+actress played Queen Elizabeth I in the BBC miniseries 'Elizabeth R'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Glenda
+
+Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Imelda Staunton&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Rosalie Crutchley&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Nicola
+
+Bryant&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;5.
+
+Which actor played Robert Dudley in 'Elizabeth' and William Shakespeare
+
+in 'Shakespeare in Love'? &lt;font size=-1&gt;(see picture above)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Geoffrey
+
+Rush&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Rupert Everett&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Joseph Fiennes&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Ralph
+
+Fiennes&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;6.
+
+All of the following Tudor films were nominated for Best Costume Design
+
+at the Academy Awards.&amp;nbsp; Which film did NOT win the award?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Anne
+
+of the Thousand Days&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;A Man for All Seasons&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Mary,
+
+Queen of Scots&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Shakespeare in Love&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;7.
+
+In which Tudor film is Elizabeth Tudor asked, &quot;If you were queen of England,
+
+what would you do, eh?&amp;nbsp; Would you give your admiral the opportunity
+
+to do great deeds?&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Fire
+
+Over England&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Young Bess&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;The Virgin Queen&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Elizabeth
+
+R&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;8.
+
+Which of the following actresses has NOT portrayed Anne Boleyn?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Dorothy
+
+Tutin&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Genevieve Bujold&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Merle Oberon&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Fanny
+
+Ardant&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;9.
+
+Which of the following actresses has NOT portrayed Mary, queen of Scots?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Katharine
+
+Hepburn&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vanessa Redgrave&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Bette Davis&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vivian
+
+Pickles&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;147&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;10.
+
+Some historical liberties are taken in the film 'Anne of the Thousand Days'.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In reality, Princess Mary Tudor was at Hatfield when her mother Katharine
+
+of Aragon died.&amp;nbsp; But in the film, where is Mary when her mother dies?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;147&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;at
+
+Katharine's bedside&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;imprisoned in the Tower of London&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;serving
+
+Anne Boleyn at court&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;imprisoned at a country estate&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;input onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;input onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/form&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1 color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1 color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9383</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quizzes: The Six Thomases</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1230.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1523&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  earl of Southampton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  More&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Christ Church&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Anne of Cleves&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Reginald Pole&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Wolsey&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  More&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#0000FF link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/goldback.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;The Six Thomases&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Wolsey, More, Cromwell,&lt;br&gt;Howard, Wriothesley, Cranmer&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=539 border=0 height=&quot;562&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; In what year was  Cromwell&amp;nbsp; nominated for a seat in the House of Commons?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1521&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1523&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1525&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;  Wriothesley's title was....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;earl of Southampton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Somerset&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;
+    earl of Chester&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Which of the six 
+    Thomases wrote &lt;i&gt;The History of Richard III&lt;/i&gt;?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey endowed 
+    Cardinal's College at Oxford University; it is now called....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Corpus Christi&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christ Church&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;All Souls&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jesus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; Which of King Henry 
+    VIII's marriages did Cromwell arrange?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Jane Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; Which Thomas had a 
+    son who was executed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Who succeeded Cranmer as archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;John Whitgift&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Warham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8.&amp;nbsp; Which 
+    Thomas inspired John Skelton to write the following verse:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+    'Ye are so puffed with pride / That no man may abide / Your high and lordly 
+    looks'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Which Thomas said of King 
+    Henry VIII, 'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold 
+    him.'&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Which of the six Thomases was the only one to die of natural causes in his own home?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082619&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082619&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9912</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1232.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You are a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Guise&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  It was traditionally worn during mourning.&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  marigold&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  dysentery&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  she thought she was pregnant&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Calais&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  she was never crowned&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Darnley asked for her hand in marriage&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Lady Fleming&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#0000FF link=#0000FF bgColor=#FFE1F0&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mary, queen of Scots: Life in France&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=725 border=0 height=&quot;542&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Mary's relatives in 
+    France belonged to which powerful family?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Valois&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Huguenot&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;
+    Guise&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Montmorency&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; What scandalous 
+    color did Mary choose for her wedding gown?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;*This 
+    question refers, of course, to her French marriage to the dauphin Francis.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;scarlet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. Why was this color 
+    considered so scandalous?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;it was traditionally worn by prostitutes&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn by male monarchs&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+        &lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn by the Queen Regent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn during mourning&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4. Mary chose which flower 
+    as her emblem?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;lily&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marigold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;hyacinth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;violet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Which of the following illnesses did Mary NOT suffer from 
+    while living in France?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;'the sweat'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dysentery&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;smallpox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;toothache&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In late summer 1560, Mary ordered the French royal court 
+    to leave Fontainebleau for St-Germain.&amp;nbsp; Why did she give the order?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her husband was seriously ill&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;she had a bitter argument with Catherine d'Medici&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was ill with smallpox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she thought she was pregnant&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. While Mary lived in 
+    France, one of her uncles recaptured which English outpost on the continent?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Boulogne&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nancy&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Calais&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Aquitaine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Where was Mary 
+    crowned Queen of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was never crowned&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Rheims Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Notre-Dame Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;at the Louvre Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Mary's second  husband's name was mentioned to her while 
+    she lived in France.&amp;nbsp; In what context did Lord Darnley's name appear?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Darnley asked for restoration of family lands&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley asked for her hand in marriage&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley joined the Scottish rebels&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley offered to escort her home to Scotland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Which governess of 
+    Mary's had an affair (and an illegitimate son) with Mary's father-in-law, 
+    King Henry II of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Seton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Morton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Campbell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Fleming&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to Mary, queen 
+of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082620&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082620&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10656</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+    Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon &lt;br&gt;2 December 1505&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The following letter was written in Spanish by 
+  Katharine while she was Princess Dowager of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Katharine only wrote 
+  in English after her marriage to King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, the famous 
+  Queen Isabella of Castile, had died in the previous year; her father was beset 
+  by diplomatic troubles, particularly with the English (he was unable to force 
+  Castilian acceptance of a trade agreement with England, which resulted in loss 
+  of money for the parsimonious King Henry VII.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In 
+  1502, Katharine's husband and Henry VII's heir, Prince Arthur, had died.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine was put in an untenable position, and spent seven years of miserable 
+  widowhood in England before Arthur's brother married her.&amp;nbsp; Her father was 
+  never able to pay the full amount of her dowry to Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; This 
+  issue became even more pressing when she was then betrothed to Prince 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand and Henry VII were equally wily monarchs, each 
+  unwilling to compromise in order to make Katharine's life in England 
+  bearable.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The marriage to Prince Henry, though 
+  formally recognized in 1504, was not to be celebrated until two years later 
+  when the prince came of age.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador Dr De Puebla had 
+  negotiated the contract, and assumed Henry VII would gladly support Katharine 
+  for those two years.&amp;nbsp; But Henry gave her barely enough money for food; 
+  she had no money to pay servants' wages or buy clothing, among other 
+  things.&amp;nbsp; She lived in extreme poverty and with a frightening lack of 
+  attention or respect.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII made it clear that if her dowry was not 
+  paid, he would renege on the marriage to Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; And Ferdinand 
+  made it clear that he lacked the funds to pay the dowry; indeed, it was not 
+  even a priority in his tumultuous life.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In this 
+  letter, Katharine mentions an 'Infanta Isabel'; this was her older sister 
+  Isabella.&amp;nbsp; She also unfairly maligns the amiable Dr De Puebla.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine's duenna Dona Elvira despised De Puebla for political reasons and 
+  poisoned the young woman's mind against him.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This letter, a litany of complaints - all politely phrased - 
+  is fascinating, and offers invaluable insight into Katharine's life as 
+  Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She was poor, hungry, and desperately ill; 'I shall 
+  soon die,' she wrote to her father in despair.&amp;nbsp; She survived, of course, 
+  but these conditions explain why she considered her marriage to King Henry 
+  VIII to be so miraculous.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This letter also offers a 
+  funny glimpse into Henry VII's miserly nature.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Most high and most puissant lord, &lt;BR&gt;Hitherto I have not wished 
+    to let your highness know the affairs here, that I might not give you 
+    annoyance, and also thinking that they would improve; but it appears that 
+    the contrary is the case, and that each day my troubles increase; and all 
+    this on account of the doctor de Puebla, to whom it has not sufficed that 
+    from the beginning he transacted a thousand falsities against the service of 
+    your highness, but now he has given me new trouble; and because I believe 
+    your highness will think I complain without reason, I desire to tell you all 
+    that has passed. &lt;BR&gt;Your highness shall know, as I have often written to 
+    you, that since I came into England, I have not had a single maravedi, 
+    except a certain sum which was given me for food, and this such a sum that 
+    it did not suffice without my having many debts in London; and that which 
+    troubles me more is to see my servants and maidens so at a loss, and that 
+    they have not the wherewith to get clothes; and this I believe is all done 
+    by hand of the doctor, who, notwithstanding your highness has written, 
+    sending him word that he should have money from the king of England, my lord 
+    that their costs should be given them, yet, in order not to trouble him, 
+    will rather entrench upon and neglect the service of your highness.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Now, my lord, a few days ago, donna Elvira de Manuel asked my leave to go to 
+    Flanders to be cured of a complaint which has come into her eyes, so that 
+    she lost the sight of one of them; and there is a physician in Flanders who 
+    cured the infanta donna Isabel of the same disease which which she is 
+    affected.&amp;nbsp; She labored to bring him here so as not to leave me, but 
+    could never succeed with him; and I, since if she were blind she could not 
+    serve me, durst not hinder her journey.&amp;nbsp; I begged the king of England, 
+    my lord, that until our donna Elvira should return his highness would 
+    command that I should have, as a companion, an old English lady, or that he 
+    would take me to his court; and I imparted all this to the doctor, thinking 
+    to make of the rogue a true man; but it did not suffice me - because he not 
+    only drew me to court, in which I have some pleasure, because I had 
+    supplicated the king for an asylum, but he negotiated that the king should 
+    dismiss all my household, and take away my chamber-equipage, and send to 
+    place it in a house of his own, so that I should not in any way be mistress 
+    of it. &lt;BR&gt;And all this does not weigh upon me, except that it concerns the 
+    service of your highness, doing the contrary of that which ought to be 
+    done.&amp;nbsp; I entreat your highness that you will consider that I am your 
+    daughter, and that consent not that on account of the doctor I should have 
+    such trouble, but that you will command some ambassador to come here, who 
+    may be a true servant of your highness, and for no interest will cease to do 
+    that which pertains to your service.&amp;nbsp; And if in this your highness 
+    trusts me not, do you command some person to come here, who may inform you 
+    of the truth, and then you will have one who will better serve you.&amp;nbsp; As 
+    for me, I have had so much pain and annoyance that I have lost my health in 
+    a great measure; so that for two months I have had severe tertian fevers, 
+    and this will be the cause that I shall soon die.&amp;nbsp; I supplicate your 
+    highness to pardon me that I presume to entreat you to do me so great favor 
+    as to command that this doctor may not remain; because he certainly does not 
+    fulfill the service of your highness, which he postpones to the service of 
+    the worst interest which can be.&amp;nbsp; Our Lord guard the life and most 
+    royal estate of your highness, and ever increase it as I desire.&amp;nbsp; From 
+    Richmond, the second of December. &lt;BR&gt;My lord, I had forgotten to remind 
+    your highness how you know that it was agreed that you were to give, as a 
+    certain part of my dowry, the plate and jewels that I brought; and yet I am 
+    certain that the king of England, my lord, will not receive anything of 
+    plate nor of jewels which I have used; because he told me himself that he 
+    was indignant that they should say in his kingdom that he took away from me 
+    my ornaments.&amp;nbsp; And as little may your highness expect that he will take 
+    them in account and will return them to me; because I am certain he will not 
+    do so, nor is any such thing customary here.&amp;nbsp; In like wise the jewels 
+    which I brought from thence [Spain] valued at a&amp;nbsp; great sum.&amp;nbsp; The 
+    king would not take them in the half of the value, because here all these 
+    things are esteemed much cheaper, and the king has so many jewels that he 
+    rather desires money than them.&amp;nbsp; I write thus to your highness because 
+    I know that there will be great embarrassment if he will not receive them, 
+    except at less price.&amp;nbsp; It appears to me that it would be better if your 
+    highness should take them for yourself, and should give to the king of 
+    England, my lord, his money.&amp;nbsp; Your highness will see what would serve 
+    you best, and with this I shall be most content. &lt;BR&gt;The humble servant of 
+    your highness, who kisses your hands.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082699&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082699&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8817</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King Henry VIII, 6 May 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King Henry VIII, 6 May 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;6 May 1536&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Queen Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne1.jpg&quot; width=150 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;First of 
+  all, this letter may be a fake.&amp;nbsp; Then again, it may not.&amp;nbsp; The debate 
+  over its authenticity continues and no definitive answer is possible.&amp;nbsp; 
+  The original no longer exists; a copy was said to be found amongst Thomas 
+  Cromwell's papers after his execution.&amp;nbsp; Most of Anne's modern biographers 
+  believe it to be a forgery.&amp;nbsp; Their reason?&amp;nbsp; They don't believe any 
+  16th century prisoner would have been allowed to write to their monarch in 
+  such a familiar manner.&amp;nbsp; Yet Anne was not just any political prisoner - 
+  she was Henry VIII's wife and had been his grand passion for several 
+  years.&amp;nbsp; Locked away in the Tower, aware of the concurrent arrests of her 
+  brother and friends and worried about her young daughter, she may very well 
+  have written to the king.&amp;nbsp; She was in a desperate situation, of course, 
+  but she also believed (as witnesses attest) that Henry would be merciful and 
+  simply divorce her and send her to a convent.&amp;nbsp; She was proven wrong and 
+  executed thirteen days after this letter was supposedly written.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In debating the authenticity, another point to consider is 
+  Anne's personality.&amp;nbsp; Her combative temperament was well-documented by her 
+  contemporaries; they observed with awe that she dared to chastise and insult 
+  the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII himself commented upon her boldness.&amp;nbsp; It had probably helped to attract his attention.&amp;nbsp;  But the appeal of such a passionate 
+  and emotional woman did not hold him forever.&amp;nbsp; By the end of their 
+  relationship, Henry was comparing her to a shrew and warned her to hold her 
+  tongue in his presence.&amp;nbsp; His next wife was the very quiet and meek Jane 
+  Seymour, and a more glaring contrast to Anne Boleyn cannot be imagined.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;If Anne had written a letter to Henry from her prison, it 
+  would undoubtedly read exactly like this one.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;As to 
+  its authenticity..... I have included this letter because it is an interesting 
+  historical curiosity, whether authentic or forged.&amp;nbsp; It is up to the 
+  individual reader to reject or accept it.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Your grace's displeasure and 
+    my imprisonment are things so strange to me, that what to write, or what to 
+    excuse, I am altogether ignorant.&amp;nbsp; Whereas you send to me (willing me 
+    to confess a truth and so obtain your favor), by such a one, whom you know 
+    to be mine ancient professed enemy, I no sooner received this message by 
+    him, than I rightly conceived your meaning; and if, as you say, confessing a 
+    truth indeed may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty, 
+    perform your duty.&amp;nbsp; But let not your grace ever imagine that your poor 
+    wife will be brought to acknowledge a fault, where not so much as a thought 
+    ever proceeded.&amp;nbsp; And to speak a truth, never a prince had wife more 
+    loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in 
+    Anne Bulen - with which name and place I could willingly have contented 
+    myself, if God and your grace's pleasure had been so pleased.&amp;nbsp; Neither 
+    did I at any time so far forget myself in my exaltation or received 
+    queenship, but that I always looked for such alteration as I now find; for 
+    the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your grace's 
+    fancy, the least alteration was fit and sufficient (I knew) to draw that 
+    fancy to some other subject.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;You have chosen me from low estate to be your 
+    queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you found me 
+    worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy or bad 
+    counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me; neither let that 
+    stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart towards your good grace 
+    ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the infant princess your 
+    daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Try me, good king, 
+    but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my 
+    accusers and as my judges; yea, let me receive an open trial, for my truth 
+    shall fear no open shame.&amp;nbsp; Then you shall see either my innocency 
+    cleared, your suspicions and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander 
+    of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared.&amp;nbsp; So that, whatever 
+    God and you may determine of, your grace may be freed from an open censure; 
+    and my offense being so lawfully proved, your grace may be at liberty, both 
+    before God and man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an 
+    unfaithful wife but to follow your affection already settled on that party 
+    for whose sake I am now as I am, whose name I could some while since have 
+    pointed unto - your grace being not ignorant of my suspicions therein.&amp;nbsp; 
+    But if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but an 
+    infamous slander must bring your the joying of your desired happiness, then 
+    I desire of God that he will pardon your great sin herein, and likewise my 
+    enemies, the instruments thereof; and that he will not call you to a strait 
+    account for your unprincely and cruel usage of me at his general 
+    judgment-seat, where both you and myself must shortly appear; and in whose 
+    just judgment, I doubt not (whatsoever the world may think of me), mine 
+    innocency shall be openly known and sufficiently cleared.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;My last and only request shall be, that myself 
+    only bear the burden of your grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch 
+    the innocent souls of those poor gentlemen, whom, as I understand, are 
+    likewise in strait imprisonment for my sake.&amp;nbsp; If ever I have found 
+    favor in your sight - if ever the name of Anne Bulen have been pleasing in 
+    your ears - then let me obtain this request; and so I will leave to trouble 
+    your grace any further, with mine earnest prayer to the Trinity to have your 
+    grace in his good keeping, and to direct you in all your actions.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;From my doleful prison in the Tower, 
+    the 6th May.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082688&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082688&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council of England, 12 October 1537</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council of England, 12 October 1537</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council 
+of England&lt;br&gt; 12 October 1537&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Jane was the mother of Henry VIII's longed-for heir, 
+  Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 12 October 1537, and this letter was 
+  immediately sent to the Privy Council by the queen.&amp;nbsp; Jane may not have 
+  personally composed the letter; however, it was sent in her name and sealed 
+  with her signet.&amp;nbsp; Though she died of puerperal fever twelve days after 
+  the birth, she was not immediately ill.&amp;nbsp; In fact, the letter muses upon 
+  the precariousness of the infant prince's health.&amp;nbsp; This sentiment was 
+  understandable enough in an age of high infant mortality.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well, and for as 
+    much as by the inestimable goodness and grace of Almighty God, we be 
+    delivered and brought in childbed of a prince, conceived in most lawful 
+    matrimony between my lord the king's majesty and us, doubting not but that 
+    for the love and affection which you bear unto us and to the commonwealth of 
+    this realm, the knowledge thereof should be joyous and glad tidings unto 
+    you, we have thought good to certify you of the same.&amp;nbsp; To the intent 
+    you might not only render unto God condign thanks and prayers for so great a 
+    benefit but also continually pray for the long continuance and preservation 
+    of the same here in this life to the honor of God, joy and pleasure of my 
+    lord the king and us, and the universal weal, quiet and tranquility of this 
+    whole realm.&amp;nbsp; Given under our signet at my lord's manor of Hampton 
+    Court the 12th day of October. &lt;BR&gt;Jane the Quene.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;to Jane 
+    Seymour website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King Henry VIII, 11 July 1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King Henry VIII, 11 July 1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;11 July 1540&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The following letter was Anne of Cleves's very 
+  diplomatic response to Henry VIII's request for an annulment of their brief 
+  marriage.&amp;nbsp; Though her brother pressed her to return home to the duchy of 
+  Cleves, Anne was content to remain in England.&amp;nbsp; There were two reasons 
+  for this - first, Henry was so grateful for her easy submission and gracious 
+  manners, he rewarded her with a very comfortable lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She was able 
+  to live as a wealthy dowager and enjoyed a close relationship with the king 
+  (now termed her 'brother') and his three children.&amp;nbsp; Secondly, she did not 
+  want to face an ignominious return to Cleves.&amp;nbsp; After Henry's public 
+  rejection of their union, she would not have found another husband and would 
+  have been forced to rely on her brother's generosity.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  size=-1&gt;Henry was very impressed by this letter.&amp;nbsp; Its tone of respectful 
+  subservience to his wishes inspired his gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Despite his 
+  reputation for tyranny, the great king could be kind and generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+  had little cause to think ill of him.&amp;nbsp; After all, most historians focus 
+  on Henry's feelings in this matter - but perhaps the lady from Cleves was less 
+  than enamored with her husband and was equally desperate to escape the 
+  marriage.&amp;nbsp; According to all reports, she learned to love English beer and 
+  grew plump and&amp;nbsp; happy in her adopted country.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Pleaseth your most excellent majesty to understand that, 
+    whereas, at sundry times heretofore, I have been informed and perceived by 
+    certain lords and others your grace's council, of the doubts and questions 
+    which have been moved and found in our marriage; and how hath petition 
+    thereupon been made to your highness by your nobles and commons, that the 
+    same might be examined and determined by the holy clergy of this realm; to 
+    testify to your highness by my writing, that which I have before promised by 
+    my word and will, that is to say, that the matter should be examined and 
+    determined by the said clergy; it may please your majesty to know that, 
+    though this case must needs be most hard and sorrowful unto me, for the 
+    great love which I bear to your most noble person, yet, having more regard 
+    to God and his truth than to any worldly affection, as it beseemed me, at 
+    the beginning, to submit me to such examination and determination of the 
+    said clergy, whom I have and do accept for judges competent in that 
+    behalf.&amp;nbsp; So now being ascertained how the same clergy hath therein 
+    given their judgment and sentence, I acknowledge myself hereby to accept and 
+    approve the same, wholly and entirely putting myself, for my state and 
+    condition, to your highness' goodness and pleasure; most humbly beseeching 
+    your majesty that, though it be determined that the pretended matrimony 
+    between us is void and of none effect, whereby I neither can nor will repute 
+    myself for your grace's wife, considering this sentence (whereunto I stand) 
+    and your majesty's clean and pure living with me, yet it will please you to 
+    take me for one of your humble servants, and so determine of me, as I may 
+    sometimes have the fruition of your most noble presence; which as I shall 
+    esteem for a great benefit, so, my lords and others of your majesty's 
+    council, now being with me, have put me in comfort thereof; and that your 
+    highness will take me for your sister; for the which I most humbly thank you 
+    accordingly. &lt;BR&gt;Thus, most gracious prince, I beseech our Lord God to send 
+    your majesty long life and good health, to God's glory, your own honor, and 
+    the wealth of this noble realm. &lt;BR&gt;From Richmond, the 11th day of July, the 
+    32nd year of your majesty's most noble reign. &lt;BR&gt;Your majesty's most humble 
+    sister and servant, Anne the daughter of Cleves. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;to Anne of 
+    Cleves website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082694&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082694&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas Culpeper, spring 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas Culpeper, spring 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howard1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas 
+Culpeper&lt;br&gt;spring 1541&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=202 alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Queen Catherine Howard&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howard1.jpg&quot; width=200 align=left&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;This is 
+  the only surviving letter written by Henry VIII's fifth wife.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+  written in the spring of 1541, roughly eight months after she married the 
+  king.&amp;nbsp; After Catherine's fall from grace, Culpeper was among the men 
+  charged with committing adultery with the queen.&amp;nbsp; It was a treasonable 
+  offense, and he was executed for it (along with Francis Dereham.)&amp;nbsp; 
+  Culpeper tried to save himself by arguing that he had met with Catherine only 
+  because the young queen was 'dying of love for him', and would not let him end 
+  the relationship.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Catherine, for her part, argued otherwise; she told 
+  her interrogators that Culpeper ceaselessly begged for a meeting and she was 
+  too fearful to refuse.&amp;nbsp; However, the letter clearly supports Culpeper's 
+  version of events.&amp;nbsp; After all, the queen did write 'it makes my heart die 
+  to think what fortune I have that I cannot be always in your company.'&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The affection she felt for Culpeper led to a legend 
+  surrounding Catherine's last words - 'I die a Queen, but would rather die the 
+  wife of Culpeper.'&amp;nbsp; This final declaration of love did not occur; its 
+  invention was an attempt to give Catherine's pathetic and tragic story some 
+  mark of distinction.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Catherine was not as well educated as Henry's other wives, 
+  though her mere ability to read and write was impressive enough for the 
+  time.&amp;nbsp; This letter taxed her greatly, as she points out in the closing 
+  lines.&amp;nbsp; It is transcribed here as originally written, and the grammatical 
+  mistakes are Catherine's own.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Master Culpeper, &lt;BR&gt;I heartily recommend me unto you, praying 
+    you to send me word how that you do.&amp;nbsp; It was showed me that you was 
+    sick, the which thing troubled me very much till such time that I hear from 
+    you praying you to send me word how that you do, for I never longed so much 
+    for a thing as I do to see you and to speak with you, the which I trust 
+    shall be shortly now.&amp;nbsp; That which doth comfortly me very much when I 
+    think of it, and when I think again that you shall depart from me again it 
+    makes my heart die to think what fortune I have that I cannot be always in 
+    your company.&amp;nbsp; It my trust is always in you that you will be as you 
+    have promised me, and in that hope I trust upon still, praying you that you 
+    will come when my Lady Rochford is here for then I shall be best at leisure 
+    to be at your commandment, thanking you for that you have promised me to be 
+    so good unto that poor fellow my man which is one of the griefs that I do 
+    feel to depart from him for then I do know no one that I dare trust to send 
+    to you, and therefore I pray you take him to be with you that I may sometime 
+    hear from you one thing.&amp;nbsp; I pray you to give me a horse for my man for 
+    I had much ado to get one and therefore I pray send me one by him and in so 
+    doing I am as I said afor, and thus I take my leave of you, trusting to see 
+    you shortly again and I would you was with me now that you might see what 
+    pain I take in writing to you. &lt;BR&gt;Yours as long as life endures, 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Katheryn. &lt;BR&gt;One thing I had forgotten and that is to instruct my man 
+    to tarry here with me still for he says whatsomever you bid him he will do 
+    it.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to Catherine 
+    Howard website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082587&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082587&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King Henry VIII, July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King Henry VIII, July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;July 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Katharine Parr wed King Henry VIII on 12 July 1543 
+  at Hampton Court Palace.&amp;nbsp; Henry was her third husband and not her 
+  personal choice.&amp;nbsp; She was in love with Thomas Seymour, the brother of 
+  Henry's third wife, Jane; he eventually became her fourth husband just a few 
+  months after Henry's death in 1547.&amp;nbsp; Once the marriage to Henry was 
+  settled upon, Katharine worked to make it successful.&amp;nbsp; She was, in all 
+  respects, admirably suited to the task.&amp;nbsp; She had experience managing 
+  temperamental elderly men and nursing their various ailments.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+  very intelligent and committed to scholarship, but she also participated fully 
+  in the life of Henry's court.&amp;nbsp; She grew as fond of finery as any of his 
+  wives and dressed magnificently.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;She and Henry grew 
+  close.&amp;nbsp; He refused to allow anyone else to wrap his badly ulcered leg; he 
+  also made her Queen-Regent while he attended the siege of Boulogne in 
+  1544.&amp;nbsp; This letter was written during that six-week absence and its tone 
+  is loving and respectful.&amp;nbsp; In it, Katharine mentions the King of 
+  Scotland's widow, Marie de Guise, as well as Henry's three children.&amp;nbsp; In 
+  addition to her success as a sixth wife, Katharine was an admirable stepmother 
+  who genuinely loved the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth and Prince 
+  Edward.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Although the distance of time and account of days neither is 
+    long nor many of your majesty's absence, yet the want of your presence, so 
+    much desired and beloved by me, maketh me that I cannot quietly pleasure in 
+    anything until I hear from your majesty.&amp;nbsp; The time, therefore, seemeth 
+    to me very long, with a great desire to know how your highness hath done 
+    since your departing hence, whose prosperity and health I prefer and desire 
+    more than mine own.&amp;nbsp; And whereas I know your majesty's absence is never 
+    without great need, yet love and affection compel me to desire your 
+    presence. &lt;BR&gt;Again, the same zeal and affection force me to be best content 
+    with that which is your will and pleasure.&amp;nbsp; Thus love maketh me in all 
+    things to set apart mine own convenience and pleasure, and to embrace most 
+    joyfully his will and pleasure whom I love.&amp;nbsp; God, the knower of 
+    secrets, can judge these words not to be written only with ink, but most 
+    truly impressed on the heart.&amp;nbsp; Much more I omit, lest it be thought I 
+    go about to praise myself, or crave a thank; which thing to do I mind 
+    nothing less, but a plain, simple relation of the love and zeal I bear your 
+    majesty, proceeding from the abundance of the heart.&amp;nbsp; Wherein I must 
+    confess I desire no commendation, having such just occasion to do the same. 
+    &lt;BR&gt;I make like account with your majesty as I do with God for his benefits 
+    and gifts heaped upon me daily, acknowledging myself a great debtor to him, 
+    not being able to recompense the least of his benefits; in which state I am 
+    certain and sure to die, yet I hope in His gracious acceptation of my 
+    goodwill.&amp;nbsp; Even such confidence have I in your majesty's gentleness, 
+    knowing myself never to have done my duty as were requisite and meet for 
+    such a noble prince, at whose hands I have found and received so much love 
+    and goodness, that with words I cannot express it.&amp;nbsp; Lest I should be 
+    too tedious to your majesty, I finish this my scribbled letter, committing 
+    you to the governance of the Lord with long and prosperous life here, and 
+    after this life to enjoy the kingdom of his elect. &lt;BR&gt;From Greenwich, by 
+    your majesty's humble and obedient servant, &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the 
+  Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3508</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the Privy Council, 25 July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the Privy Council, 25 July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the 
+    Privy Council&lt;br&gt;25 July 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This letter refers to the successful English siege 
+  of Boulogne in July 1544.&amp;nbsp; I have included it because it is an example - 
+  along with a similar letter by Queen Anne Boleyn - of the typical letter of an 
+  English queen consort.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine the Queen. &lt;BR&gt;Right trusty and well-beloved cousins, 
+    we greet you well.&amp;nbsp; Letting you wit that having received your letters 
+    of the 23rd of this present, we have by the same had singular comfort, as 
+    well to perceive thereby the state of health my lord the king's majesty was 
+    in at that present, as also the good beginning of success of his grace's 
+    affairs there; for your joyful news whereof we give unto you our right 
+    hearty thanks.&amp;nbsp; And forasmuch as, touching the other contents of your 
+    said letters, we have presently written at length unto my said lord, the 
+    king's majesty, we forbear to repeat the same unto you, not doubting but 
+    that his highness will communicate the same unto you accordingly.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Given under our signet at my said lord the king's majesty's honor of Hampton 
+    Court, the 25th day of July, the 36th year of his majesty's most noble 
+  reign.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082704&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082704&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, Princess Mary, 20 September 1544 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, Princess Mary, 20 September 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, 
+Princess Mary&lt;br&gt;20 September 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Katharine was very close to all of her stepchildren, 
+  though she and Princess Mary differed greatly in matters of religion.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Mary was, in truth, only a few years younger than Katharine and so the queen 
+  did not have a profound impact upon Mary's life - not as she did upon the much 
+  younger Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom came to love Katharine as a 
+  mother.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine and Mary did become close, and the princess 
+  undoubtedly appreciated Katharine's attempts to heal Henry VIII's broken 
+  family.&amp;nbsp; This letter was written in thanks for a purse Mary had 
+  embroidered and sent to the queen.&amp;nbsp; Katharine also inquires about Mary's 
+  progress in translating Erasmus's &lt;I&gt;Paraphrase on the Gospel of John&lt;/I&gt; and 
+  her health.&amp;nbsp; Mary was notoriously prone to illness and it is obvious that 
+  Katharine felt genuine concern for her step-daughter's well-being.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine wished for Mary to publish her translation; her 
+  own writings (such as &lt;I&gt;Lamentations....&lt;/I&gt;) became 16th century 
+  bestsellers, particularly during the Protestant reigns of Edward VI and 
+  Elizabeth I.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Although, most noble and dearest lady, there are many reasons 
+    that easily induce my writing to you at this time, yet nothing so greatly 
+    moves me thereto as my concern for your health; which, as I hope it is very 
+    good, so am I greatly desirous to be assured thereof. &lt;BR&gt;Wherefor, I 
+    despatch to you this messenger, who will be (I judge) most acceptable to 
+    you, not only from his skill in music, in which you, I am well aware, take 
+    as much delight as myself, but also because, having long sojourned with me, 
+    he can give the most certain information of my whole estate and 
+    health.&amp;nbsp; And, in truth, I have had it in mind before this to have made 
+    a journey to you and salute you in person; but all things do not correspond 
+    with my will.&amp;nbsp; Now, however, I hope this winter, and that ere long, 
+    that, being nearer, we shall meet; than which, I assure you, nothing can be 
+    to me more agreeable, and more to my heart's desire. &lt;BR&gt;Now since, as I 
+    have heard, the finishing touch (as far as the translation is concerned) is 
+    given by Mallet to Erasmus's work upon John, and nought now remains but that 
+    proper care and vigilance should be taken in revising, I entreat you to send 
+    over to me this very excellent and useful work, now amended by Mallet, or 
+    some of your people, that it may be committed to the press in due time; and 
+    farther, to signify whether you wish it to go forth to the world (most 
+    auspiciously) under your name, or as the production of an unknown 
+    writer.&amp;nbsp; To which work you will, in my opinion, do a real injury, if 
+    you refuse to let it go down to posterity under the auspices of your own 
+    name, since you have undertaken so much labor in accurately translating it 
+    for the great good of the public, and would have undertaken still greater 
+    (as is well known) if the health of your body had permitted. &lt;BR&gt;And, since 
+    all the world knows that you have toiled and labored much in this business, 
+    I do not see why you should repudiate that praise which all men justly 
+    confer on you.&amp;nbsp; However, I leave this whole matter to your discretion 
+    and, whatever resolution you may adopt, that will meet my fullest 
+    approbation. &lt;BR&gt;For the purse, which you have sent me as a present, I 
+    return you great thanks.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, the greatest and best of beings, 
+    that He deign to bless you uninterruptedly with true and unalloyed 
+    happiness.&amp;nbsp; May you long fare well in him. &lt;BR&gt;From Hanworth, 20th of 
+    September, &lt;BR&gt;Most devotedly and lovingly yours, Katharine the 
+  Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082704&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082704&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4950</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, 
+King Henry VIII&lt;br&gt; 16 September 1513&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This letter concerns the great English victory 
+  against the Scots at Flodden Field.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was busy at war in 
+  France, along with most of his great nobles and councilors.&amp;nbsp; Katharine 
+  was Queen Regent in his absence, but she tactfully credits the victory against 
+  the Scots to Henry himself.&amp;nbsp; Along with letter, she sent a piece of King 
+  James IV of Scotland's coat.&amp;nbsp; Though he was married to Henry's older 
+  sister Margaret, James remained at odds with the English and was killed at 
+  Flodden Field.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Sir, &lt;BR&gt;My Lord Howard hath sent me a letter open to your 
+    Grace, within one of mine, by the which you shall see at length the great 
+    Victory that our Lord hath sent your subjects in your absence; and for this 
+    cause there is no need herein to trouble your Grace with long writing, but, 
+    to my thinking, this battle hath been to your Grace and all your realm the 
+    greatest honor that could be, and more than you should win all the crown of 
+    France; thanked be God of it, and I am sure your Grace forgetteth not to do 
+    this, which shall be cause to send you many more such great victories, as I 
+    trust he shall do.&amp;nbsp; My husband, for hastiness, with Rougecross I could 
+    not send your Grace the piece of the King of Scots coat which John Glynn now 
+    brings.&amp;nbsp; In this your Grace shall see how I keep my promise, sending 
+    you for your banners a king's coat.&amp;nbsp; I thought to send himself unto 
+    you, but our Englishmens' hearts would not suffer it. It should have been 
+    better for him to have been in peace than have this reward.&amp;nbsp; All that 
+    God sends is for the best. &lt;BR&gt;My Lord of Surrey, my Henry, would fain know 
+    your pleasure in the burying of the King of Scots' body, for he has written 
+    to me so.&amp;nbsp; With the next messenger your Grace's pleasure may be herein 
+    known.&amp;nbsp; And with this I make an end, praying God to send you home 
+    shortly, for without this no joy here can be accomplished; and for the same 
+    I pray, and now go to Our Lady of Walsingham that I promised so long ago to 
+    see.&amp;nbsp; At Woburn the 16th of September. &lt;BR&gt;I send your Grace herein a 
+    bill found in a Scotsman's purse of such things as the French King sent to 
+    the said King of Scots to make war against you, beseeching you to send 
+    Mathew hither as soon as this messenger comes to bring me tidings from your 
+    Grace. &lt;BR&gt;Your humble wife and true servant, Katharine.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082700&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082700&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography portraits primary sources chronology</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography portraits primary sources chronology</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosdarkmain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;482&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;map name=&quot;FPMap0&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area coords=&quot;517, 180, 768, 256&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;518, 286, 771, 363&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;412, 431, 631, 499&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;635, 431, 794, 498&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoslinks.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;796, 431, 884, 497&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/map&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosdarkmain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;900&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; usemap=&quot;#FPMap0&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082575&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082575&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8418</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, Princess Mary, April 1534</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, Princess Mary, April 1534</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, 
+Princess Mary&lt;br&gt; April 1534&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This letter was written by Katharine about seven 
+  months after the birth of Henry VIII's daughter with Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+  had demanded that Mary take the oath to the Act of Succession, thus 
+  acknowledging the invalidity of her parents' marriage as well as her own 
+  illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Mary understandably refused, but her resolve was 
+  faltering.&amp;nbsp; Henry would not allow her to visit her mother; he also 
+  dismissed her household and placed her in the care of Lady Anne Shelton, the 
+  aunt of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Mary was miserable and quickly fell ill.&amp;nbsp; She 
+  had never been robust and the constant emotional turmoil of her life affected 
+  her physical health.&amp;nbsp; She understandably looked to her mother for advice 
+  and support.&amp;nbsp; In this letter, Katharine tells Mary to follow her own 
+  strategy - obey Henry in all things except those which would offend 
+  God.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;As the letter indicates, Katharine herself genuinely feared 
+  for Mary's life, as well as her own.&amp;nbsp; But she was determined to remain 
+  true to her conscience, and none of Henry VIII's threats would persuade her 
+  otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Mary would eventually betray her mother's wishes and accede 
+  to the Act of Succession; her letter to Henry VIII is included in the &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt; 
+  section and is a remarkable document.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In this letter, 
+  Katharine mentions Lady Salisbury.&amp;nbsp; This was Margaret de la Pole, 
+  countess of Salisbury; she was also a Plantagenet heir and cousin of Henry 
+  VIII's.&amp;nbsp; She had been Mary's governess for many years and was very close 
+  to both Katharine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; Upon Mary's disobedience, Henry dismissed 
+  her from Mary's service; Margaret was eventually executed on trumped-up 
+  charges of treason in 1541.&amp;nbsp; Her death was perhaps the most blatant act 
+  of judicial murder in Henry's bloody reign.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I find this letter psychologically interesting.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine became increasingly pious as her marriage to Henry dissolved into 
+  ceaseless acrimony and misery.&amp;nbsp; Religious fervor became her only 
+  comfort.&amp;nbsp; In this, she perhaps inadvertently over-stressed its importance 
+  to her daughter.&amp;nbsp; She placed Mary in an untenable and dangerous position, 
+  essentially telling her that it was God's will to disobey her father, even as 
+  she assumed God was on her side in the annulment proceedings.&amp;nbsp; But Henry 
+  was equally convinced of the religious righteousness of his cause.&amp;nbsp; Poor 
+  Mary, torn between two bullying parents, inevitably turned to her 
+  mother.&amp;nbsp; After all, Katharine's situation was far more sympathetic and 
+  she was badly treated (after she refused many generous offers to accept 
+  Henry's wishes.)&amp;nbsp; But the effect on Mary's personality was 
+  devastating.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She remained emotionally insecure for the rest of her 
+  life.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Daughter, I heard such tidings today that I do perceive if it be 
+    true, the time is come that Almighty God will prove you; and I am very glad 
+    of it, for I trust He doth handle you with a good love.&amp;nbsp; I beseech you 
+    agree of His pleasure with a merry heart; and be sure that, without fail, He 
+    will not suffer you to perish if you beware to offend Him.&amp;nbsp; I pray you, 
+    good daughter, to offer yourself to Him.&amp;nbsp; If any pangs come to you, 
+    shrive yourself; first make you clean; take heed of His commandments, and 
+    keep them as near as He will give you grace to do, for then you are sure 
+    armed.&amp;nbsp; And if this lady [Anne Shelton] do come to you as it is spoken, 
+    if she do bring you a letter from the King, I am sure in the self same 
+    letter you shall be commanded what you shall do.&amp;nbsp; Answer with few 
+    words, obeying the King, your father, in everything, save only that you will 
+    not offend God and lose your own soul; and go no further with learning and 
+    disputation in the matter.&amp;nbsp; And wheresoever, and in whatsoever company 
+    you shall come, observe the King's commandments.&amp;nbsp; Speak you few words 
+    and meddle nothing.&amp;nbsp; I will send you two books in Latin; the one shall 
+    be De Vita Christi with a declaration of the Gospels, and the other the 
+    Epistles of St Jerome that he did write to Paul and Eustochium, and in them 
+    I trust you shall see good things.&amp;nbsp; And sometimes for your recreation 
+    use your virginals or lute if you have any. &lt;BR&gt;But one thing I especially 
+    desire you, for the love that you do owe unto God and unto me, to keep your 
+    heart with a chaste mind, and your body from all ill and wanton company, not 
+    thinking or desiring any husband for Christ's passion; neither determine 
+    yourself to any manner of living till this troublesome time be past.&amp;nbsp; 
+    For I dare make sure that you shall see a very good end, and better than you 
+    can desire.&amp;nbsp; I would God, good daughter, that you did know with how 
+    good a heart I do write this letter unto you.&amp;nbsp; I never did one with a 
+    better, for I perceive very well that God loveth you.&amp;nbsp; I beseech Him of 
+    His goodness to continue it; and if it fortune that you shall have nobody 
+    with you of your acquaintance, I think it best you keep your keys yourself, 
+    for howsoever it is, so shall be done as shall please them. &lt;BR&gt;And now you 
+    shall begin, and by likelihood I shall follow.&amp;nbsp; I set not a rush by it; 
+    for when they have done the uttermost they can, than I am sure of the 
+    amendment.&amp;nbsp; I pray you, recommend me unto my good lady of Salisbury, 
+    and pray her to have a good heart, for we never come to the kingdom of 
+    Heaven but by troubles. &lt;BR&gt;Daughter, whatsoever you come, take no pain to 
+    send unto me, for if I may, I will send to you. &lt;BR&gt;Your loving mother, 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    to Queen Mary I website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082700&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082700&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6258</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a0.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial 
+ambassador, Eustace Chapuys &lt;br&gt;1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;In this letter, Katharine writes to Eustace Chapuys, 
+  the Imperial ambassador and her fervent ally against the annulment.&amp;nbsp; Upon 
+  Katharine's request, Chapuys had asked Henry VIII if Katharine and Princess 
+  Mary could meet.&amp;nbsp; The princess was ill and had not seen her mother for 
+  four years.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not give his permission but he didn't explicitly 
+  refuse either - and that gave Chapuys hope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry also warned the 
+  ambassador that he feared both a popular uprising on Katharine's behalf and 
+  the possibility of Princess Mary's escape to the Continent.&amp;nbsp; Chapuys 
+  reassured the king that both mother and daughter were loyal subjects - but he 
+  didn't mention his own attempts to persuade Katharine to lend support to an 
+  uprising.&amp;nbsp; Both Henry and Chapuys were aware of the vast popular support 
+  of both Katharine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; In the end, Katharine refused to countenance 
+  a rebellion.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she disliked the idea of others dying on her 
+  behalf, but she also would not disobey her husband.&amp;nbsp; This was at the core 
+  of her character - a staunch and unwavering belief that she and Henry were 
+  still husband and wife, and it was her duty to obey him in all things 
+  excepting those which offended God.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine's 
+  protests to Henry that she would never support a rebellion meant little to the 
+  king.&amp;nbsp; He refused to allow mother and daughter to meet, much to their 
+  mutual sorrow.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mine especial friend, &lt;BR&gt;You have greatly bound me with the 
+    pains that you have taken in speaking with the king my lord concerning the 
+    coming of my daughter unto me.&amp;nbsp; The reward you shall trust to have of 
+    God; for (as you know) in me there is no power to gratify what you have 
+    done, but only with my goodwill.&amp;nbsp; As touching the answer which has been 
+    made you, that his highness is contented to send her to some place nigh me, 
+    so as I do not see her, I pray you vouchsafe to give unto his highness mine 
+    effectual thanks for the goodness which he shows to his daughter and mine, 
+    and for the comfort that I have thereby received; as as to my seeing of her, 
+    you shall certify that, if she were within one mile of me, I would not see 
+    her.&amp;nbsp; For the time permitteth not that I should go about sights, and be 
+    it that I would I could not, because I lack provision therefore. &lt;BR&gt;Howbeit, 
+    you shall always say unto his highness that the thing which I desired was to 
+    send her where I am; being assured that a little comfort and mirth, which 
+    she should take with me, should undoubtedly be half a health to her.&amp;nbsp; I 
+    have proved the like by experience, being diseased of the same infirmity, 
+    and know how much good it may do that I say.&amp;nbsp; And, since I desired a 
+    thing so just and reasonable, and that so much touched the honor and 
+    conscience of the king my lord, I thought not it should have been denied me. 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Let not, for my love, to do what you may that this may yet be 
+    done.&amp;nbsp; Here have I, among others, heard that he had some suspicion of 
+    the surety of her.&amp;nbsp; I cannot believe that a thing so far from reason 
+    should pass from the royal heart of his highness; neither can I think that 
+    he hath so little confidence in me.&amp;nbsp; If any such matter chance to be 
+    communed of, I pray you say unto his highness that I am determined to die 
+    (without doubt) in this realm; and that I, from henceforth, offer mine own 
+    person for surety, to the intent that, if any such thing should be 
+    attempted, that then he do justice of me, as of the most evil woman that 
+    ever was born. &lt;BR&gt;The residue I remit to your good wisdom and judgment as 
+    unto a trusty friend, to whom I pray God give health. &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the 
+    Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082701&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082701&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4343</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 7 January 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;7 January 1536&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This is the last letter Katharine wrote to 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp; Its magnanimity is proof that the queen's much-vaunted piety was 
+  sincere.&amp;nbsp; However, she was not averse to a few rebukes.&amp;nbsp; Henry had 
+  treated her horribly and she had not seen their daughter for years.&amp;nbsp; But 
+  Katharine's capacity for forgiveness was great, as was her self-delusion; in 
+  this letter, she again attributes his love for Anne Boleyn to mere physical 
+  desire.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Henry openly celebrated her death and she was 
+  buried as Dowager Princess of Wales in Peterborough Cathedral.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In light of this, the last line of her letter becomes especially 
+  tragic.&amp;nbsp; While she may have desired a visit with him above all else, 
+  Henry was only too happy to learn of her death.&amp;nbsp; It is probable, too, 
+  that his harsh treatment of Katharine hastened her decline.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My&amp;nbsp; most dear lord, king and husband, &lt;BR&gt;The hour of my 
+    death now drawing on, the tender love I owe you forceth me, my case being 
+    such, to commend myself to you, and to put you in remembrance with a few 
+    words of the health and safeguard of your soul which you ought to prefer 
+    before all worldly matters, and before the care and pampering of your body, 
+    for the which you have cast me into many calamities and yourself into many 
+    troubles.&amp;nbsp; For my part, I pardon you everything, and I wish to devoutly 
+    pray God that He will pardon you also.&amp;nbsp; For the rest, I commend unto 
+    you our daughter Mary, beseeching you to be a good father unto her, as I 
+    have heretofore desired.&amp;nbsp; I entreat you also, on behalf of my maids, to 
+    give them marriage portions, which is not much, they being but three.&amp;nbsp; 
+    For all my other servants I solicit the wages due them, and a year more, 
+    lest they be unprovided for.&amp;nbsp; Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes 
+    desire you above all things. &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the Quene.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082701&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082701&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII, late summer 1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII, late summer 1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII&lt;br&gt; late 
+summer 1526&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Queen Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; width=139 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Seventeen of 
+  Henry VIII's famous love letters to Anne Boleyn exist; they can be viewed at 
+  the Vatican Library.&amp;nbsp; However, only one of Anne's love letters to the 
+  king has survived.&amp;nbsp; It is undated, but its contents place it in late 
+  summer/early autumn of 1526.&amp;nbsp; How?&amp;nbsp; She thanks the king for 
+  personally appointing her a maid of honor to his queen, Katharine of Aragon, 
+  but also - and more importantly - she acknowledges the king's serious 
+  declaration of love for her.&amp;nbsp; As students of Anne's life know, this 
+  subtle but vital shift in their relationship occurred in summer 1526.&amp;nbsp; We 
+  also know that she returned to court as a maid of honor to Katharine of Aragon 
+  at the same time.&amp;nbsp; Interestingly, this letter reveals that Anne owed her 
+  position at court entirely to the king's favor.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This 
+  is believed to be the first love letter Anne wrote to Henry, and is rarely 
+  included in any biography of the queen.&amp;nbsp; However, its authenticity is not 
+  in serious doubt.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;One should remember that Henry's 
+  brief relationship with Anne's sister, Mary Boleyn, had only ended a year 
+  before (in July 1525.)&amp;nbsp; On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son called 
+  Henry, widely assumed to be the king's son.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings about this 
+  awkward situation were never made clear, but she was not close to her 
+  sister.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Please note that Anne spelt her surname 
+  'Bulen' in this letter.&amp;nbsp; This is the third variation of the name I've found.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Sire, &lt;BR&gt;It belongs only to the august mind of a great king, to 
+    whom Nature has given a heart full of generosity towards the sex, to repay 
+    by favors so extraordinary an artless and short conversation with a 
+    girl.&amp;nbsp; Inexhaustible as is the treasury of your majesty's bounties, I 
+    pray you to consider that it cannot be sufficient to your generosity; for, 
+    if you recompense so slight a conversation by gifts so great, what will you 
+    be able to do for those who are ready to consecrate their entire obedience 
+    to your desires?&amp;nbsp; How great soever may be the bounties I have received, 
+    the joy that I feel in being loved by a king whom I adore, and to whom I 
+    would with pleasure make a sacrifice of my heart, if fortune had rendered it 
+    worthy of being offered to him, will ever be infinitely greater. &lt;BR&gt;The 
+    warrant of maid of honor to the queen induces me to think that your majesty 
+    has some regard for me, since it gives me means of seeing you oftener, and 
+    of assuring you by my own lips (which I shall do on the first opportunity) 
+    that I am, &lt;BR&gt;Your majesty's very obliged and very obedient servant, 
+    without any reserve, &lt;BR&gt;Anne Bulen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082702&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082702&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5720</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, mid-summer 1528</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, mid-summer 1528</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;br&gt; 
+mid-summer 1528&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This letter was written in the summer of 1528, as 
+  indicated by its reference to the sweating sickness.&amp;nbsp; When a servant of 
+  Anne's became infected at court, Henry VIII reluctantly sent her away to Hever 
+  Castle.&amp;nbsp; Most of his famous love letters to Anne were written during this 
+  period of forced separation.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Anne did become ill, but 
+  survived.&amp;nbsp; She wrote this letter to Wolsey in thanks for the gift and 
+  letter he sent her while she was ill.&amp;nbsp; The great Cardinal and Anne have 
+  often been placed at perpetual odds in history books, but in 1528 their 
+  relationship was still amicable enough.&amp;nbsp; Anne and Henry both believed the 
+  Cardinal would be able to secure Henry's annulment from Katharine of Aragon; 
+  when he eventually failed, both were disillusioned - and Henry's 
+  disillusionment led him to arrest his old friend.&amp;nbsp; Only Wolsey's natural 
+  death saved him from certain execution.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Wolsey was 
+  pro-French and wanted to marry Henry VIII to a French princess when his first 
+  marriage was annulled.&amp;nbsp; He was discomfited by the rise of Anne Boleyn, 
+  and her many relatives.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, opposition to the Cardinal's 
+  policies centered around the only other person who so completely dominated 
+  Henry VIII's life - Anne herself.&amp;nbsp; In the beginning, both Anne and Wolsey 
+  realized they could not afford to offend each other.&amp;nbsp; But just a year 
+  after this letter was written, after the disastrous legatine hearing at 
+  Blackfriars, Anne realized Wolsey could not secure the annulment.&amp;nbsp; And 
+  she suspected, quite correctly, that he had never intended for her to marry 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Wolsey had hoped the delays in securing the annulment would 
+  outlast Henry's passion for Anne; he only later realized the annulment itself 
+  would be impossible.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My lord, &lt;BR&gt;In my most humble wise that my poor heart can 
+    think, I do thank your grace for your kind letter, and for your rich and 
+    goodly present, the which I shall never be able to deserve without your 
+    help, of which I have hitherto had so great plenty, that all the days of my 
+    life I am most bound of all creatures, next the king's grace, to love and 
+    serve your grace, of the which I beseech you never to doubt that ever I 
+    shall vary from this thought, as long as any breath is in my body.&amp;nbsp; And 
+    as touching your grace's trouble with the sweat, I thank our Lord that them 
+    I desired and prayed for are escaped; and that is the king's grace and you, 
+    not doubting that God has preserved you both for great causes known alonely 
+    of His high wisdom.&amp;nbsp; And as for the coming of the legate, I desire that 
+    much.&amp;nbsp; And if it be God's pleasure, I pray him to send this matter 
+    shortly to a good end; and then I trust, my lord, to recompense part of your 
+    great pains.&amp;nbsp; In the which I must require you, in the mean time, to 
+    accept my goodwill in the stead of the power; the which must proceed partly 
+    from you, as our Lord knoweth, whom I beseech to send you long life, with 
+    continuance in honor. Written by the hand of her that is most bound to be 
+    your humble and obedient servant, &lt;BR&gt;Anne Boleyn.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Cardinal 
+    Thomas Wolsey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082702&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082702&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a2.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;br&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1529&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The tone of this letter differs remarkably from the 
+  preceding letter.&amp;nbsp; The disastrous and humiliating legatine hearings at 
+  Blackfriars in May 1529 had finally convinced Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn that 
+  Wolsey could not secure the annulment.&amp;nbsp; Anne now believed, and with good 
+  reason, that the Cardinal had never intended for her to be queen of England 
+  and had hoped the endless delays of the annulment would cool Henry's passion 
+  for her.&amp;nbsp; She was angry, and now more receptive to the anti-Wolsey 
+  machinations of her uncle, the duke of Norfolk, and other other noblemen who 
+  resented Wolsey's influence with the king.&amp;nbsp; Anne now became their willing 
+  partner in destruction; they had their way and in October of 1529, 
+  the Cardinal fell spectacularly from grace.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Upon 
+  Wolsey's fall, his position was filled by his far less ostentatious and more 
+  cunning protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; He learned the lessons of Wolsey's 
+  life well, and his initial support of Anne Boleyn was tempered by a realistic 
+  understanding of Henry VIII's temperament.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My lord, &lt;BR&gt;Though you are a man of great understanding, you 
+    cannot avoid being censured by every body for having drawn on yourself the 
+    hatred of a king who had raised you to the highest degree to which the 
+    greatest ambition of a man seeking his fortune can aspire.&amp;nbsp; I cannot 
+    comprehend, and the king still less, how your reverent lordship, after 
+    having allured us by so many fine promises about divorce, can have repented 
+    of your purpose, and how you could have done what you have, in order to 
+    hinder the consummation of it.&amp;nbsp; What, then, is your mode of 
+    proceeding?&amp;nbsp; You quarreled with the queen to favor me at the time when 
+    I was less advanced in the king's good graces; and after having therein 
+    given me the strongest marks of your affection, your lordship abandons my 
+    interests to embrace those of the queen.&amp;nbsp; I acknowledge that I have put 
+    much confidence in your professions and promises, in which I find myself 
+    deceived.&amp;nbsp; But, for the future, I shall rely on nothing by the 
+    protection of Heaven and the love of my dear king, which alone will be able 
+    to set right again those plans which you have broken and spoiled, and to 
+    place me in that happy station which God wills, the king so much wishes, and 
+    which will be entirely to the advantage of the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The wrong you 
+    have done me has caused me much sorrow; but I feel infinitely more in seeing 
+    myself betrayed by a man who pretended to enter into my interests only to 
+    discover the secrets of my heart.&amp;nbsp; I acknowledge that, believing you 
+    sincere, I have been too precipitate in my confidence; it is this which has 
+    induced, and still induces me, to keep more moderation in avenging myself, 
+    not being able to forget that I have been Your servant, &lt;BR&gt;Anne 
+  Boleyn.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Cardinal 
+    Thomas Wolsey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082685&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082685&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell&lt;br&gt; 
+1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;I have included this letter, which refers to the 
+  wardship of a member of the Pointz family, simply because it is the typical 
+  sort of letter Anne would have written as queen of England.&amp;nbsp; Anne had 
+  been granted the lucrative wardship of the Pointz heir by Henry VIII, but one 
+  of Cromwell's associates interfered with it.&amp;nbsp; In this letter, Anne asks 
+  for Cromwell's help in resolving the matter.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Master Secretary, I pray you despatch with speed this matter, 
+    for mine honor lies much on it, and what should the king's attorney do with 
+    Pointz's obligation, since I have the child by the king's grace's gift, but 
+    only to trouble him hereafter, which by no means I will suffer, and thus 
+    fare you as well as I would ye did. &lt;BR&gt;Your loving mistress, &lt;BR&gt;Anne the 
+    Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to 
+    Thomas Cromwell website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4872</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Copyright Information</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Copyright Information&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;This is simply a copy of information posted on 
+  the &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Help for students 
+  conducting research&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; page.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Visit there&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; to 
+  learn more about copyright, the correct Turabian/MLA style citation for 
+  internet sites, and more. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Everything at this site was written by me (Marilee.)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
+  Therefore, I hold the copyright for all my original work. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And I take all the blame if it bores you to tears or 
+  confuses you endlessly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The site was created in 1997 and is updated regularly.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Visit the &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnew.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  page to find out the exact dates.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you need a 
+  last name to credit the site, please use Marilee Hanson.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;I do not hold the sole copyright to anything at the
+  &lt;/font&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  section.&amp;nbsp; Those are original historical documents in the public domain 
+  which I collected and transcribed.&amp;nbsp; Yes, it was loads of work to type 
+  everything up, but they were simply transcribed (not written) by me.&amp;nbsp; 
+  That is why they're called 'Primary Sources'. &lt;BR&gt;I do hold the copyright on 
+  the electronic version of the texts, which I typed.&amp;nbsp; This is where the 
+  internet becomes confusing - essentially, the words are not mine but by virtue 
+  of transcribing them into electronic format, I own this particular version.&amp;nbsp; 
+  So I would ask that no one copies my hard work, at least without asking 
+  permission and/or giving me credit. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;As for graphics used here, copyright law allows the use of images for 
+  educational purposes, provided no profit is made and the image is not 
+  altered.&amp;nbsp; And since I did go to the considerable trouble of scanning the 
+  images, I like to be asked before someone 'borrows' them.&amp;nbsp; This simple 
+  act of courtesy goes a long way in the happy-go-lucky world of the internet.
+  &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If you would like to learn more about the legal use of 
+  images, please click &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If you have a history-related website of your own,
+  &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Link&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;please let me know&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; so I can add 
+  it to my Links page.&amp;nbsp; Thanks.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In the end, your visit to this site makes my work worthwhile. &lt;BR&gt;
+  Thanks for visiting and &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Copyright&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; with any specific questions/comments. &lt;BR&gt;-Marilee&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082552&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082552&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4907</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a9.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">quizzes.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bothwellquizzes.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/quizzes.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Quizzes&quot; width=&quot;347&quot; height=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Please note:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt; 
+          You must close each window within a quiz &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt; a new window 
+          can open.&lt;br&gt;
+          In other words, there are three options - Check Answers, Reset, Give 
+          Up? - and only one can be chosen at a time.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bothwellquizzes.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;anonymous portrait of James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, third husband of Mary, queen of Scots&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;198&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell,&lt;br&gt;third 
+        husband of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz One:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq1.html&quot;&gt;General History I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Two:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq2.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Three:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq3.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Four:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq4.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Five:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq5.html&quot;&gt;General History II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Six:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq6.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part one&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Seven:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq7.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part two&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eight:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq8.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Nine:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq9.html&quot;&gt;The Trial and 
+      Execution of Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Ten:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq10.html&quot;&gt;The Sisters of 
+      Henry VIII: Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eleven:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq11.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twelve:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq12.html&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Thirteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq13.html&quot;&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Fourteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq14.html&quot;&gt;General History&amp;nbsp; 
+      III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Fifteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq15.html&quot;&gt;General History IV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Sixteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq16.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Seventeen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq17.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I 
+      and Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eighteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq18.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Nineteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq19.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Films&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twenty:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq20.html&quot;&gt;The Six Thomases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twenty-one:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq21.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots: Life in France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082545&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082545&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">20144</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII mother of Queen Mary I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ad.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragoncardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonsittow1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;674&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In this world I will confess
+myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
+unreasonably I am afflicted.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragoncardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine of Aragon&quot; width=&quot;443&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonsittow1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502&quot; width=&quot;351&quot; height=&quot;541&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by 
+      Michael Sittow, c1502&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The youngest surviving child of
+the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
+the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
+Arthur.&amp;nbsp; In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
+sailed to England.&amp;nbsp; But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
+six months and was supposedly never consummated.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; When he
+became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
+Katharine and they lived together happily for many years.&amp;nbsp; But
+their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
+and Henry was desperate for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He also fell deeply in
+love with another woman.&amp;nbsp; Cast aside, Katharine fought against
+great odds to deny Henry an annulment.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not be
+denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
+declared himself head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
+still defiant.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+          &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;an account of her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
+Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine.&lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Mary I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Katharine's daughter.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My tribulations are so great, my life so
+disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
+intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
+of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
+it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
+archbishop of Toledo's palace.&amp;nbsp; Her early life promised a future
+of splendor and success, if not personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; Her parents,
+Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
+together they had driven the Moors from Granada.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+mother was deeply pious and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; Her children, even
+the daughters, received excellent educations.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's brother
+Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
+family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
+king of Portugal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was promised to England; the
+betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday.&amp;nbsp; The
+island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
+throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He had married the daughter
+of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
+and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; A match with a Spanish princess would give him
+both.&amp;nbsp; And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
+vast dowry, came to England in 1501.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; She
+wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival.&amp;nbsp; It was a
+grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
+expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife.&amp;nbsp; They
+left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
+within six months Arthur was dead.&amp;nbsp; It was the dreaded sweating
+sickness.&amp;nbsp; The news devastated his parents.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+returned to London but was not sent home.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was already
+writing to her parents about another marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
+a precocious intellect.&amp;nbsp; Before his brother's death, he had been
+destined for the church and educated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; But now he was
+the future king and as such he needed a future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
+papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
+to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
+but she was dying and did not protest.&amp;nbsp; Katharine and her duenna,
+Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; Pope Julius II granted the dispensation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
+avarice.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
+marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
+required that the dowry be returned.&amp;nbsp; Also, her inheritance as
+dowager Princess of Wales was substantial.&amp;nbsp; If she left England,
+so would that steady income.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine herself &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;wrote to her father&lt;/a&gt;
+that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
+decision.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
+character to know she would be shabbily treated.&amp;nbsp; Despite her
+royal position, she lived in poverty.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador was
+forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
+attendants.&amp;nbsp; And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
+break the Spanish betrothal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine spent the next seven years
+in a state of political limbo.&amp;nbsp; And when he turned fourteen, Henry
+VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
+marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent.&amp;nbsp; Yet
+Katharine remained in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.&amp;nbsp;
+Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
+promptly married Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Did he marry her out of a sense of
+obligation?&amp;nbsp; Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
+respect his father's last wish?&amp;nbsp; Were political councilors
+encouraging the Spanish alliance?&amp;nbsp; Or did he love the dignified
+and lovely young princess?&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to know.&amp;nbsp; But
+they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
+typical royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; There were public displays of affection,
+declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
+close political adviser.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
+led her father to humiliate and betray Henry.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
+father and loyalty to her husband.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry, though his
+Lord Chancellor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
+to disregard her political advice.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
+bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons.&amp;nbsp; This was
+especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
+son of his father.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was far from barren and did her
+best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
+six times.&amp;nbsp; She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
+daughter, and two sons died within weeks.&amp;nbsp; The only surviving
+child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
+old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
+ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
+follow.&amp;nbsp; But it was soon clear there would be no sons.&amp;nbsp; The
+age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
+looked older than her years.&amp;nbsp; Henry was a far more prudent king
+than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
+a son.&amp;nbsp; It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
+not.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
+issue facing the king.&amp;nbsp; Two years before, he had titled his
+illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.&amp;nbsp;
+Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
+naming him heir to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This never occurred and Richmond
+would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
+official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
+concerns.&amp;nbsp; Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
+dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; He had
+fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
+position herself.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
+of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp;
+In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
+directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
+wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
+XX, 21)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
+heir he needed.&amp;nbsp; No woman had attempted to rule England since the
+disastrous Matilda centuries&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt; before.&amp;nbsp; Henry now firmly believed
+that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But how could he annul the marriage?&amp;nbsp; He needed to convince
+the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
+was inadequate.&amp;nbsp; It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
+merit.&amp;nbsp; This should have been a simple enough matter.&amp;nbsp; Royal
+marriages had been annulled for far less.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's nephew,
+Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
+allowing his aunt to be cast off.&amp;nbsp; This was not out of personal
+love or loyalty, but a purely political stance.&amp;nbsp; And after the
+1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
+other advisers.&amp;nbsp; For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
+as long as the king could manage it.&amp;nbsp; But she was no fool.&amp;nbsp;
+She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
+knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
+attending official functions with her.&amp;nbsp; He had always respected
+her unassailable dignity and eloquence.&amp;nbsp; He did not wish to fight
+Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
+to be generous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When news of his intentions became official, she was given
+counsel but only that chosen by the king.&amp;nbsp; She turned to the
+Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
+queen.&amp;nbsp; The king soon came under popular scorn for his
+plans.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
+cause as Katharine was of hers.&amp;nbsp; He had read the Bible; he had
+debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
+hearings of the case at European universities.&amp;nbsp; Both king and pope
+knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
+need for it.&amp;nbsp; Clement could have granted it without troubling his
+conscience.&amp;nbsp; And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
+states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's 
+    expense.&amp;nbsp; This was soon made abundantly clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The pope prevaricated; he could do little else.&amp;nbsp; And for
+several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
+fascinated Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
+and repetitious hearings.&amp;nbsp; He was growing older and Anne was
+growing impatient.&amp;nbsp; Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
+told the king.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
+obstinate in protecting her rights as princess.&amp;nbsp; Mary lost her
+father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
+marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England.&amp;nbsp; His archbishop
+of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
+nullity.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
+dowager of Wales'.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
+spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; Katharine was exiled from court and to a
+succession of damp and unpleasant castles.&amp;nbsp; She had but a handful
+of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
+princess.&amp;nbsp; It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
+deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
+also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would never
+allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
+good.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
+marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
+last years of her life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
+her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
+but she was often ill and at prayer.&amp;nbsp; The wrongs she had suffered
+from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she
+was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
+remained.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
+after her fiftieth birthday.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she had been
+poisoned.&amp;nbsp; But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
+attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble.&amp;nbsp; A
+lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
+obvious causes.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
+ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Henry did
+not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt; to
+him.&amp;nbsp; It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
+Queen'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
+were equally convinced of their causes.&amp;nbsp; For the modern reader,
+both arguments are persuasive.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic footnote to her
+life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
+unintentionally brought the Reformation to England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt; to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082566&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082566&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41522</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources Mary Tudor sister of King Henry VIII grandmother of Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ae.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Cloth of Gold and Cloth of Frieze&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; height=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon2.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;494&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The marriage portrait of Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, was Henry VIII's closest 
+
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Brandon's father was Henry VII's standard-bearer at the Battle of 
+
+Bosworth Field and died defending the future king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII repaid his 
+
+loyalty by educating young Charles with his own children, and from the beginning 
+
+Charles and the future Henry VIII were devoted friends.&amp;nbsp; But their 
+
+friendship was sorely tested when Brandon secretly married Henry's favorite 
+
+sister, the beautiful Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; At this page, you can learn 
+
+more about their romantic story and its aftermath.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon had an inauspicious beginning and his rise to wealth and 
+prominence was due largely to two things: his father's death at Bosworth Field 
+and his own personal magnetism.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1545, Brandon was 
+perhaps the only person in England who had successfully retained Henry VIII's 
+affection for over forty turbulent years. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His father was William Brandon, Henry Tudor's standard 
+bearer at Bosworth Field in 1485.&amp;nbsp; He was reportedly killed there by 
+Richard III himself.&amp;nbsp; Around 1480 or so, William had married the daughter 
+and heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn of South Ockendon in Essex.&amp;nbsp; But unlike his 
+respectable, middle-class forebears who had led exemplary and cautious 
+lives, William had a tasste for politics.&amp;nbsp; When the Duke of Gloucester 
+seized the throne in 1483 and declared himself Richard III, William and his 
+younger brother Thomas decided to make a stand.&amp;nbsp; They joined the duke of 
+Buckingham's rebellion; it failed and the brothers fled to Brittany where they 
+joined other Lancastrian exiles who supported Henry Tudor, the earl of Richmond.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When William fled England, his wife was already 
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon was born sometime in late 1483 or early 
+1484.&amp;nbsp; His mother died in childbirth and, upon his grandfather's death in 
+1491, the orphaned boy went to the royal court.&amp;nbsp; This was the custom of the 
+time but since Brandon was not heir to an important title or great wealth, his 
+case was decided more on sentiment.&amp;nbsp; He had a claim on Henry Tudor's affections 
+since his father had died in his service.&amp;nbsp; That demonstration of loyalty at 
+Bosworth meant a great deal to the first Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; Since Charles was 
+just two years older than Henry's first son, Prince Arthur, it is probable that 
+they were playmates. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Arthur married the Spanish princess Katharine of 
+Aragon in 1502, his court moved to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches, the 
+traditional seat of the Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not accompany the 
+royal couple but remained in London as companion to Arthur's younger 
+brother, Henry duke of York. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Though seven years older than Henry, Charles shared his 
+most prominent characteristics - natural athleticism, robust physical health 
+(unlike the delicate Arthur), and a devotion to all sports (wrestling, hunting, 
+tilting and jousting, etc.)&amp;nbsp; During these adolescent years, the two boys 
+laid the foundation for a lifelong friendship.&amp;nbsp; Arthur died just months 
+after his wedding and, in 1509, the duke of York succeeded to the throne.&amp;nbsp; 
+This marked the real beginning of Charles Brandon's rise to prominence and 
+privilege. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But before 1509, young Charles had undergone an 
+embarrassing marital situation which revealed his ambition and 
+callousness.&amp;nbsp; In 1505, he had become engaged to Anne Browne, a young woman 
+of impressive lineage; her father was  Anthony Browne, Governor of Calais, 
+and her mother was Lucy Neville, niece of the 'Kingmaker.'&amp;nbsp; Charles and 
+Anne were betrothed &lt;I&gt;per verba de praesenti&lt;/I&gt;, a binding contract under 
+canon law.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, there was no ceremony or witnesses; as one can 
+imagine, this led to several unpleasant cases of men and (more rarely) women 
+repudiating their betrothed &lt;I&gt;if&lt;/I&gt; they lacked proper respect for church 
+law.&amp;nbsp; Charles apparently did.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne slept together, as 
+evidenced by the birth of a daughter in 1506, but he did not marry her.&amp;nbsp; 
+Instead, he married her aunt, a very wealthy widow named Margaret Neville 
+Mortimer.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was never taken seriously due to its mercenary 
+nature and, more importantly, legal action begun by Anne's angry family.&amp;nbsp; 
+Eventually, the Mortimer marriage was annulled due to the previous contract and 
+Charles married Anne in a well-attended public ceremony.&amp;nbsp; They had another 
+daughter in 1510; Anne Browne died just two years later. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By late 1512, Charles had recovered from his grief enough 
+to contemplate yet another union.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps even more mercenary 
+since his betrothed was an eight-year-old orphan.&amp;nbsp; It was common practice 
+for the Crown to assume guardianship of an orphaned minor child who had 
+inherited property.&amp;nbsp; The Crown then sold the guardianship to the highest 
+bidder, often the child's own relatives who wanted to receive the property 
+revenues until the child came of age and decide whom they would marry.&amp;nbsp; 
+Charles had been given the wardship of Elizabeth Grey, the heiress to Lord Lisle 
+of Sparsholt in Berkshire.&amp;nbsp; This, along with various offices, grants &amp;amp; 
+pensions, was a mark of Henry's continued favor.&amp;nbsp; In early 1513, Charles 
+announced his engagement to the girl and, on 15 May 1513, the king created him 
+Viscount Lisle, in right of his betrothed wife.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon finally 
+had a noble title and even more property. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That same year, the new Lord Lisle accompanied the king to 
+France and also helped entertain the Hapsburg Emperor Maximilian and his 
+twice-widowed, 33-year-old daughter, Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; 
+For Henry, the meeting was also a diplomatic necessity since, in 1508, his 
+father had entered into a formal contract of marriage between his youngest 
+daughter, Mary, and Maximilian's son, Charles of Castile.&amp;nbsp; But over the 
+next few years, little mention had been made of the contract.&amp;nbsp; Henry used 
+the visit to broach the subject; the end result was an agreement that Princess Mary and Charles 
+would wed in 1514, after Charles had reached his 14th birthday. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Lisle made a fool of himself by flirting 
+with Margaret.&amp;nbsp; There is little chance she truly favored him, and certainly 
+none that she planned to marry him, but they flirted, Henry translating for his 
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Charles Brandon was demonstrating his heavy-handed 
+flair for the ladies.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he greatly offended Margaret by 
+encouraging gossip about their meeting.&amp;nbsp; In particular, it stressed her 
+attraction to him and a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; As a Hapsburg princess, she was 
+not amused and Henry VIII was forced to make a public apology.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+not angry with his friend; on 1 February 1514, he created Charles the duke of 
+Suffolk, the title once held by the Yorkist de la Poles.&amp;nbsp; He also received 
+the majority of their confiscated estates.&amp;nbsp; This elevation was remarkable; 
+it meant that Suffolk was one of only three dukes in the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The 
+other two were Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk (reinstated to the title after his 
+victory at Flodden in 1513), and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham and 
+descendant of Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Of course, many were surprised that a yeoman's 
+son was now one of their greatest peers but Brandon's friendship with Henry 
+explained matters.&amp;nbsp; In Europe, it was said that 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; and Brandon truly 
+ruled England through influence upon Henry VIII. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1514 as well, the usual tangle of European diplomacy 
+had made Henry distrustful of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; Also, the deadline for 
+Charles of Castile's marriage to Princess Mary had come and passed with only 
+dismissive explanations from the emperor.&amp;nbsp; So when Louis XII of France 
+offered a peace treaty to England, Henry was eager to accept it.&amp;nbsp; Louis 
+considerably sweetened the offer by offering to wed the Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; For 
+Henry, this was a diplomatic coup.&amp;nbsp; For his sister, of course, it was 
+considerably different. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor, born 18 March 1495, was the baby of the Tudor 
+family and widely considered the most beautiful princess of her time.&amp;nbsp; She 
+shared her brother Henry's exuberance for spectacle and was the star of his 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Like him, she loved dancing, masques, and parties; they were also 
+close emotionally.&amp;nbsp; So when Henry told her that she would marry the widowed 
+King of France, a man in his fifties with gout and a pock-marked face, she 
+poured out her heart.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she would do her duty as a Princess, she 
+told Henry, but when the marriage was over, she wanted to choose her next spouse 
+- and choose him for love alone.&amp;nbsp; Itt was an extraordinary demand for any 
+woman of that time but Henry VIII loved his sister and he agreed.&amp;nbsp; 
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Partly because he loved her but also because he wanted her to leave 
+for France peacefully and willingly; and also, perhaps more troubling, because 
+she had confessed her secret love to him.&amp;nbsp; It was none other than his best friend, Charles 
+Brandon. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had enjoyed unprecedented freedom at Henry VIII's 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Just fourteen when her father died, she had spent the next five 
+years virtually unchaperoned in his hectic court, her brother openly encouraging 
+her participation in every event.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, she was nineteen years old, 
+very beautiful, and very willful.&amp;nbsp; She had developed an attachment to 
+Charles Brandon; she had known him all her life.&amp;nbsp; It may have begun as a 
+child's awe of a robust, attractive man, successful in all sports (so important 
+at the Tudor court) and very charming.&amp;nbsp; But it had changed into something 
+more and, by 1514, most of the king's inner circle knew of her affection.&amp;nbsp; 
+There was no scandal, however.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her brother's promise and 
+married the aged Louis XII at Greenwich Palace on 13 August 1514.&amp;nbsp; The Duc 
+de Longueville acted as the king's proxy in every respect; he even lay down on a 
+bed with Mary and touched her body with his naked leg, thus 'consummating' the 
+marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary enjoyed herself at her wedding festivities and its 
+attendant celebrations.&amp;nbsp; It would have been impossible to feel 
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; She had a splendid trousseau, marvelous jewels sent over from 
+France, and all the honors due to the queen of France.&amp;nbsp; All contemporary 
+accounts remark on her great beauty, particularly her clear complexion and long 
+red-gold hair, the Tudor trademark.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was eager to see her, 
+telling the English ambassador that he had many gifts for his bride and expected 
+a kiss for each one. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary eventually traveled from Dover to Boulogne on 2 
+October, after waiting weeks for stormy weather to end.&amp;nbsp;  She actually left in the 
+midst of more storms since Henry VIII had grown bored waiting for them to 
+end.&amp;nbsp; Upon her departure, she kissed her brother and reminded him of his 
+promise about her future.&amp;nbsp; Henry, eager to leave, committed her to God and 
+her husband and left.&amp;nbsp; There were fourteen ships in Mary's retinue but the 
+weather was so terrible that only four reached port on time; the rest docked at 
+various ports on the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary, suffering from seasickness 
+and constant rain, was carried ashore by one of her gentlemen, Sir Christopher 
+Garnish.&amp;nbsp; She journeyed from Montreuil to Abbeville and contemporary 
+chroniclers recorded her outfit; they were much impressed with her beauty and 
+charm.&amp;nbsp; She wore cloth of gold on crimson with tight sleeves in the English style and a 
+hat of crimson silk which she wore cocked over one eye.&amp;nbsp; Her husband met 
+her at a carefully arranged 'accident' outside Abbeville and, on 9 October, they 
+married in that city. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The marriage lasted for eighty-two days.&amp;nbsp; On 31 
+December 1514, Louis died quite abruptly.&amp;nbsp; Despite his ill health, he had 
+been notably active during his marriage.&amp;nbsp; This may have contributed to 
+his demise; he boasted that on their wedding night, he had 'crossed the river' 
+three times.&amp;nbsp; Before his death, he was visited by the duke of Suffolk on a 
+diplomatic trip and Charles wrote to Henry that his sister was discreet and 
+dignified.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly relieved both men; they had perhaps wondered 
+how Mary would greet her true love.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, was aware of her 
+position as Queen of France and, during her brief marriage, conducted herself 
+with aplomb. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The King of France's death changed her world 
+considerably.&amp;nbsp; Now a queen dowager in a foreign country she had barely 
+begun to settle in, she was suddenly pushed into strict seclusion for 40 
+days.&amp;nbsp; This was French custom; after all, the widowed queen might be 
+pregnant and the child's paternity must be certain.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not pregnant 
+but she was sent to the Hotel de Cluny for her period of mourning, without even 
+the comfort of her English attendants.&amp;nbsp; The new king, Francois, had 
+appointed several Frenchwomen to attend her and dismissed her women.&amp;nbsp; May 
+was undoubtedly terrified.&amp;nbsp; She was closed off from the world, shut behind 
+heavy black drapes, and once more a pawn for her brother.&amp;nbsp; Would Henry 
+arrange another marriage or would he keep his promise?&amp;nbsp; Frantic, Mary wrote 
+to him from Cluny in early January 1515, just two weeks after her husband's 
+death; she begged him to contact Francois and have her sent home to England and 
+reminded him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, I beseech your grace that you will keep all the 
+promises that you promised me when I took my leave of you by the 
+waterside.&amp;nbsp; Sir, your grace knoweth well that I did marry for your pleasure 
+at this time and now I trust you will suffer me to marry as me liketh for to 
+do... wherefore I beseech your grace for to be a good lord and brother unto 
+me.&quot;&amp;nbsp; If Henry did not keep his promise, Mary said she would enter a 
+nunnery and &quot;never no man shall know joy of me.&quot; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary also had to deal with visits from the new French 
+king, Francois I.&amp;nbsp; He was twenty-one and knew the English-French alliance 
+was breaking down.&amp;nbsp; He did not want Mary wed by Henry to some Hapsburg 
+prince.&amp;nbsp; He suggested two of his own kinsmen as husbands and then hinted 
+that Henry was trying to marry her to Charles of Castile again.&amp;nbsp; Alone and 
+in a fragile state, Mary was terribly frightened; Francois's words touched on 
+her greatest fears.&amp;nbsp; She eventually confessed her love for Suffolk to 
+Francois.&amp;nbsp; Surprisingly, she found him sympathetic and kind.&amp;nbsp; He 
+promised to help secure her future happiness, a promise which Mary found 
+generous and Francois found opportunistic.&amp;nbsp; For, by this time, he knew the 
+duke of Suffolk was on his way to France to bargain for Mary's return, 
+specifically the return of her jewels, plate, and dower rights.&amp;nbsp; With the 
+dowager queen's confession, Francois had a powerful bargaining tool &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; peace 
+of mind - if Mary wed her English duke, she was no longer Henry's political 
+pawn. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles had been sent to France by Henry, specifically 
+promising to keep his relations with the widow on a formal basis.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+had no reason to distrust him.&amp;nbsp; Charles was his creation, dependent on him 
+for everything, and also ambitious.&amp;nbsp; Why would he bite the hand that so 
+generously fed him?&amp;nbsp; So Suffolk departed on his most important mission 
+ever; it was well-known that the matter would be complicated.&amp;nbsp; The French 
+would not want to surrender any property to Mary and she would naturally want 
+her rightful share.&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, perhaps Henry meant to keep his 
+promise.&amp;nbsp; After all, he knew his sister's feelings - and now he sent her 
+true love to bring her home.&amp;nbsp; But rattled by Francois's suggestions of a 
+Hapsburg marriage, Mary was set on a course which nearly ruined her and Suffolk.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk arrived on 27 January; five days later, he met 
+Francois at Senlis.&amp;nbsp; Francois summoned Suffolk to a private audience and 
+bluntly dropped his bombshell - the duke had come to marry the Dowager Queen, 
+had he not?&amp;nbsp; Poor Suffolk was taken aback and protested vehemently.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois went on to share Mary's confession and reassure the duke.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+their friend, Francois said, and he would write to the English king and explain 
+all.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk took no chances; he dashed off his own account of the 
+interview to Wolsey and then went to see Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a most emotional 
+reunion.&amp;nbsp; She accused him of taking her to England only to have her married 
+off again against her will.&amp;nbsp; He protested but she would have none of 
+it.&amp;nbsp; She issued an ultimatum - either marry me now or never marry me at 
+all.&amp;nbsp; There would be no better time, she said, for he had jealous enemies 
+on the Privy Council who would prevent it in England.&amp;nbsp; She had her 
+brother's explicit promise that she could follow her heart and Henry knew her 
+greatest desire.&amp;nbsp; What was the risk for him, anyway?&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+princess and queen, very beautiful, and imperious.&amp;nbsp; Why would any man deny 
+her?&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was understandably torn between his obedience to Henry and 
+his desire for Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he was always ambitious and rarely foolish.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew that Mary would be a great prize; after all, he harbored no overt dynastic 
+ambitions but six years of marriage had produced no living child for Henry 
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Suffolk and Mary would create a new royal line.&amp;nbsp; And 
+she was a royal princess and queen, just twenty years old and madly in love with 
+him.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was swayed by tears and ambition and, sometime in February 
+1515, they married secretly at the Cluny chapel. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The consequences were rapid and hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois demanded Suffolk's acquiescence in several disputes over Mary's dowry 
+as payment for their 'secret.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/A&gt; and 
+Henry wanted the duke to be firm and reject all the French king's demands.&amp;nbsp; 
+Furthermore, news of the wedding was circulating throughout Paris and Mary 
+suspected she might be pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk knew he could no longer delay 
+confession and wrote to Wolsey, now Archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+arrange a more public wedding ceremony since he knew their secret wedding could 
+easily be invalidated; certainly he knew that better than most.&amp;nbsp; And he 
+feared that the king's council was urging an annulment.&amp;nbsp; Many didn't 
+consider Suffolk a fit match for a princess and others wanted to promote 
+pro-Hapsburg policy of which Mary's remarriage could play a part. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But most important was Henry's reaction.&amp;nbsp; How would 
+he consider the betrayal of his best friend and favorite sister?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Henry's reaction was not favorable.&amp;nbsp; Brandon had written to Wolsey for 
+support and he received a prompt reply but it hardly comforted him; the king 
+could not believe his most trusted friend had betrayed him but, if it were true, 
+the newlyweds had to pay a stiff penalty - literally.&amp;nbsp; They must pay back 
+Mary's marriage portion in annual installments of 4000 pds, leaving her just 
+6000 pds to live on.&amp;nbsp; She must return all the plate and jewels she had 
+taken to France as her dowry as well as the many gifts King Louis had given her.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, they must hasten to beg the king for 
+forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary did just that, both blaming her for the 
+hasty marriage.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk wrote:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, for the passion of God, let it 
+not be in your heart against me, and rather than you should hold me in mistrust, 
+strike off my head and let me not live.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew her brother well so, 
+along with her letter, she sent him the most sumptuous jewel Louis had given her 
+- a diamond called the Mirror of Naples wwhich formed part of the French crown 
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; She assured her brother that she had not acted out of 'sensual 
+appetite'; instead, she had been subject to 'consternation, fear and doubt' 
+which made her force Suffolk's hand.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not reply.&amp;nbsp; Francois 
+eventually allowed her to keep some of Louis's gifts and, on 16 April, they set 
+out for the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Mary wrote to Henry again at Calais, telling him 
+that she was now under his jurisdiction since Calais was an English possession 
+and that she would not sail for England until he gave permission.&amp;nbsp; She 
+reminded him of 'the great and tender love' they had always shared and promised 
+to remain in Calais if that is what he wished. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was not.&amp;nbsp; Henry sent permission for them to cross the 
+Channel in early May and met them privately at the manor of Barking outside 
+London.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of that meeting, of course, and one must assume 
+that Wolsey had perhaps exaggerated Henry's displeasure since he wanted 
+Suffolk's gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Henry was willing enough to forgive his best friend 
+and favorite sister, &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; she turned over all her jewels and plate from France 
+and signed a contract to repay the 24000 pds spent on her first marriage in the 
+annual installments of 4000 pds.&amp;nbsp; It was obvious that Henry was not 
+surprised by the marriage; he was mostly angry at Suffolk for breaking his word.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;another version of the Brandon marriage portrait&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary were wed again at Greenwich Palace on 13 
+May with Henry and
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; 
+in attendance.&amp;nbsp; There was feasting and celebration but it was strictly a 
+family affair and foreign ambassadors wondered if they should congratulate the 
+couple.&amp;nbsp; After all, the situation was odd and there were some (mostly on 
+the king's council) who disapproved of the match.&amp;nbsp; But, for the most part, 
+there were no hard feelings or grudges.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was a popular man, 
+good-looking and charming, and few - even in Tudor England - could resist such a 
+grand love story.&amp;nbsp; After all, they had risked everything to be 
+together.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the Suffolks were back in the king's good 
+graces.&amp;nbsp; They are recorded as extending all the great court celebrations of 
+the next few years.&amp;nbsp; Mary's pregnancy in France had been a false alarm but 
+she did become pregnant a few months later.&amp;nbsp; In fact, she was now pregnant 
+along with her sister-in-law Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Due to the queen's history of 
+miscarriages and stillbirths, few were hopeful of the outcome; but, on 18 
+February 1516, she gave birth to her only surviving child, a princess called 
+Mary after her aunt.&amp;nbsp; The new duchess of Suffolk, however, was more 
+fortunate - on 11 March 1516, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy called Henry 
+after the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Wolsey stood as the child's godfathers. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary and Henry's older sister Margaret of Scotland visited 
+that summer, bringing her six-month-old daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas.&amp;nbsp; 
+She had been in Scotland for thirteen years but her visit was pleasant 
+enough.&amp;nbsp; Henry had never tired of lecturing Margaret on morality (she had 
+married the Earl of Angus after James of Scotland's death at Flodden); this, of 
+course, is laughable when one considers his own matrimonial career.&amp;nbsp; But 
+Margaret's visit was some ten years before Anne Boleyn entered Henry's 
+life.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, the king was just seven years into his reign, still 
+handsome and bluff.&amp;nbsp; Still, Margaret had little in common with her siblings 
+after her years away; also, her first husband had been killed by the English at 
+Flodden Field. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was far closer to her foreign sister-in-law 
+than to Margaret.&amp;nbsp; After all, she and Katharine had spent their formative 
+years together.&amp;nbsp; When, in 1517, Katharine went on a pilgrimage to pray for 
+a son, Mary accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; Both Mary and Brandon understood the queen's 
+ 
+heartfelt desire to bear her husband a prince and successor and were 
+sympathetic supporters.&amp;nbsp; There was a passing cloud in 1516 - Mary's revenues 
+from France had fallen off and she was behind in payment of her debt - but the 
+cloud passed quickly.&amp;nbsp; In early summer 1517, they were at Richmond Palace 
+again.&amp;nbsp; Mary was once more pregnant and, on 16 July 1517, she went into 
+labor on her way home.&amp;nbsp; A daughter was born, called Frances after the 
+French king; the Suffolks 
+had another daughter, Eleanor, in 1519. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1518, Mary and Suffolk were at court again, attending 
+the betrothal of the infant Princess Mary to the infant dauphin of France.&amp;nbsp; 
+And they attended the famous Field of Cloth of Gold at Guines, near 
+Calais in 1520.&amp;nbsp; Mary was widely considered the most beautiful woman there.&amp;nbsp; 
+A French admiral commented, &quot;Madame, you are the rose of Christendom.&amp;nbsp; You 
+should have stayed in France.&amp;nbsp; We would have appreciated you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+was now in her mid-twenties and, when Katharine of Aragon was pregnant or ill, acted 
+as her brother's hostess. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Back in England, however, things began to change.&amp;nbsp; In 
+the new year of 1522, Mary first met
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+She knew Anne's older sister Mary quite well for she had been one of her 
+ladies-in-waiting when Mary Tudor wed Louis XII in France.&amp;nbsp; She had also remained 
+in France until dismissed by Francois.&amp;nbsp; Anne wanted to join Queen 
+Katharine's household as a lady-in-waiting, a much-sought-after position.&amp;nbsp; 
+It is likely that Mary repaid Mary Boleyn's service by helping Anne.&amp;nbsp; 
+Certainly she may have liked the girl; Anne had spent time at the French court 
+and was fashionable and high-spirited, much like Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anne entered Katharine's service but was sent home in 
+disgrace for three years.&amp;nbsp; In just a matter of months, she had managed to 
+attract the attention of Henry Percy, heir to the powerful Earl of 
+Northmberland.&amp;nbsp; The young couple entered into an understanding but Percy was under the guardianship of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The king's most trusted 
+advisor and Percy's powerful father were understandably angry at the secret 
+romance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Anne and Percy were brought to heel&lt;/a&gt;; 
+there were better matches for him and she had overstepped her bounds.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+was openly furious, so much that she was banished from court.&amp;nbsp; However, she 
+was allowed back in late 1525, around the time that Henry VIII was first 
+beginning to contemplate his lack of heirs. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon had delivered the Princess Mary in 
+1516, when she was thirty-one years old.&amp;nbsp; Since then, there had been no other 
+surviving children.&amp;nbsp; In 1525, she was forty and it was obvious she would 
+have no further children.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was nervous; his dynasty was just forty 
+years old.&amp;nbsp; It would not survive with just one princess as heir.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew the problem was not his fault - after all, in 1519, a mistress called 
+Bessie Blount had born a son.&amp;nbsp; In summer 1525, this child, called Henry 
+Fitzroy, was made the duke of Richmond and Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was present 
+at the grand ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was normally a patient, dignified wife 
+but the lavish ceremony, involving all the important nobility, offended 
+her.&amp;nbsp; She argued with Henry, telling him it insulted her and their daughter 
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry was unused to such criticism and responded by dismissing three 
+of her favorite ladies.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not critical of their benefactor 
+since Henry had created his nephew the Earl of Lincoln at the same 
+ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Also, Mary's repayment of her debt was still in limbo. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also in failing health.&amp;nbsp; She had suffered 
+through the sweating sickness in 1518 and never completely recovered.&amp;nbsp; She may also have been exhibiting the first signs of the 
+disease which eventually killed her; most historians believe it was 
+cancer.&amp;nbsp; She was present at several court functions over the next few years 
+(a summer 1526 party for European ambassadors, for example) but came to court 
+with less and less frequency.&amp;nbsp; Her physical condition was deteriorating but 
+she was also uncomfortable with her brother's course of action. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1527, Henry's infatuation with Anne Boleyn had 
+begun.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to annul his marriage to Katharine, arguing that 
+it had never been legal in the first place.&amp;nbsp; He asserted that Katharine and 
+Arthur had consummated their marriage and, once again, his old friend Suffolk 
+acted in the king's interest.&amp;nbsp; He dug out some heretofore-lost memories 
+that hinted at consummation.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Wolsey had lost Henry's trust 
+because of the many delays in the annulment; the king used Suffolk to openly 
+attack his once powerful advisor.&amp;nbsp; At a public hearing on the case, Suffolk banged his fist on 
+the table and shouted &quot;It was never merry in England whilst we had cardinals 
+among us.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Suffolk would not have dared to attack Wolsey 
+without Henry's implicit support.&amp;nbsp; It was the downfall of the Cardinal.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1531, Henry banished Katharine of Aragon from 
+court.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were constantly together and he made no secret of his 
+intention to marry her.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not happy about this but what 
+could they do?&amp;nbsp; They depended on Henry for everything.&amp;nbsp; Mary made a 
+cutting remark about Anne sometime in early 1532 and refused to accompany Henry 
+and Anne on a state visit to France.&amp;nbsp; Her husband warned Henry that Anne 
+may have slept with Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; But that is all they dared.&amp;nbsp; 
+They were concerned about their own family. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this time, Suffolk's daughters with Anne Browne were 
+wed to titled men.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter with Mary, the lady Frances, was 
+engaged to Henry Grey third Marquess of Dorset, descendent of the famous &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fplant%2fqueens%2felizwood.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+Woodville&lt;/A&gt;; before Edward IV, she had been married to a Grey and had two sons 
+by him.&amp;nbsp; It was from the elder son that Henry Grey was descended.&amp;nbsp; Frances and Henry were the parents of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The celebration of Frances's wedding to Henry Grey was held at 
+the Suffolk home in London.&amp;nbsp; It was Mary's last visit to the city.&amp;nbsp; 
+She was increasingly ill and also uncomfortable with her brother.&amp;nbsp; His 
+favor was no longer certain.&amp;nbsp; He had married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in a 
+secret ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was put in charge of the new queen's &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;coronation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Therefore, he was not with his wife when she passed away quietly at their home 
+in Westhorpe on 26 June 1533.&amp;nbsp; She was thirty-eight years old.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+death was not considered important news since most people were concerned with 
+the impending birth of Anne Boleyn's child, destined to be 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Mary had seen her husband in early May but his duties kept him busy; it was a 
+hurried visit and she simply wasted away in the next few weeks. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her brother ordered requiem masses to be sung at 
+Westminster Abbey but showed no other sign of mourning.&amp;nbsp; He was, after all, 
+in the midst of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon did not attend the 
+funeral but it was a marvelous affair.&amp;nbsp; The coffin lay in state for a month 
+at Westhorpe and was interred at the church of Bury St Edmunds on 22 July.&amp;nbsp; 
+The abbey church and her monument were destroyed during the dissolution of the 
+monasteries.&amp;nbsp; Her coffin was saved, however, and moved to a nearby church 
+called St Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 1784, it was moved yet again within that church.&amp;nbsp; 
+The movers ghoulishly opened the coffin; they found a good set of teeth and two 
+feet of hair which was still red-gold.&amp;nbsp; Souvenir hunters cut off pieces of 
+the hair. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's death was perhaps most mourned in Suffolk county 
+where she had been a popular and respected figure.&amp;nbsp; Her husband replaced 
+her quickly enough - and, as was typical of Brandon, with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; He 
+decided to marry his son's betrothed.&amp;nbsp; The girl was called Catherine 
+Willoughby and she as a baroness in her own right, heiress to 15000 ducats a 
+year.&amp;nbsp; She was also just fourteen-years-old, the same age as his youngest 
+child.&amp;nbsp; Brandon himself was almost fifty.&amp;nbsp; But he needed money badly 
+and she was very rich; he married her quite rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The exact date is unknown.&amp;nbsp; 
+His and Mary's son, the eighteen-year-old Henry Brandon, Earl of Lincoln, would 
+be betrothed elsewhere easily enough.&amp;nbsp; But that was not to be.&amp;nbsp; After 
+his father's wedding, the young earl died, probably of the Tudor scourge, 
+tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was not particularly grieved; six months after his 
+death, he and Catherine had a son and named him Henry Brandon.&amp;nbsp; This usage 
+of a dead child's name was common practice in England. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk remained in Henry's favor.&amp;nbsp; The king gave his 
+old friend the unpleasant task of persuading Katharine of Aragon to accept the 
+break with Rome and the new title Princess Dowager.&amp;nbsp; He was also to move 
+her to Somersham near Cambridge, a manor known for its dank and unhealthy 
+atmosphere.&amp;nbsp; Katharine would not be bullied; she told Suffolk that he would 
+have to bind her in ropes if he wanted to move her anywhere.&amp;nbsp; After a week 
+of such talks, Suffolk left, having accomplished precious little. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He never saw Katharine again.&amp;nbsp; He did attend all the 
+momentous events of the 1530s - he sat at the trials of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas More&lt;/a&gt; 
+and Anne Boleyn, he was even present at the scaffold when &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;she was 
+beheaded&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He also helped lead forces to end the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/A&gt;, 
+one of the most serious problems of Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his wife 
+gave birth to a second son called Charles and his daughter Frances, after two 
+still-births, gave birth to a healthy baby girl, named &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;, 
+probably after Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; The exact date of birth is not known, 
+but it was probably October and eclipsed by the birth - finally! - of Henry's 
+son, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk acted as godfather to the new prince.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The last years of his life were quite happy.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+Catherine Willoughby were affectionate, they had two healthy sons, and the 
+dissolution of the monasteries allowed the king to grant him more lands and 
+pensions.&amp;nbsp; He and his wife entertained the king and his new wife 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;; and, of course, Suffolk was one the men who arrested and extracted a 
+confession from that queen.&amp;nbsp; He died quite suddenly on 22 August 1545, his 
+last official business being plans for an invasion of France.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+sixty years old, a good age at the time, and - once the news was known - it was 
+not suurprising.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk requested a quiet funeral but the king would have 
+none of it - he ordered a lavish ceremony at St George's Chapel in 
+Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry planned and paid for the service.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly 
+an emotional occasion for him; after all, Charles Brandon had been his companion 
+for virtually his entire life.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Suffolk was one of the few men who 
+could still remember the Bluff King Hal of legend.&amp;nbsp; Henry was now 
+overweight, bald, and suffering from a variety of physical ailments.&amp;nbsp; He 
+would only outlive his friend by about eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; In that time, he 
+had good cause to regret the death of his one true friend.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Learn about 
+Charles and Mary's granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, who was queen of England for 
+nine days in 1553&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082587&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082587&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36039</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;DOMESTIC AFFAIRS: 1588-1601&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;IT was a boast of Elizabeth that when once 
+    her servants were chosen she did not lightly displace them. Difference of 
+    opinion from their mistress, or from one another, did not involve 
+    resignation or dismissal, because, though they were free to speak their 
+    minds, all had to carry out with fidelity and even zeal, whatever policy the 
+    Queen prescribed. This condition they accepted; not only the astute and 
+    compliant Burghley, but the more eager and opinionated Walsingham; and 
+    therefore they had practically a life-tenure of office. Soon after the 
+    Armada the first generation of them began to disappear. Bacon, Sussex, and 
+    Bedford were already gone. Leicester died in 1588; his brother Warwick, and 
+    Mildmay in 1589; Walsingham and Randolph in 1591; Hatton in 1592; Grey de 
+    Wilton in 1593; Knollys and Hunsdon in 1596. Of the trusty servants with 
+    whom she began her reign, Burghley alone remained. The leading men of the 
+    new generation were Robert Cecil, the Treasurer's second son, trained to 
+    business under his father's eye, and of qualities similar, though inferior; 
+    Nottingham (formerly Howard of Effingham), a straightforward man of no great 
+    ability, but acceptable to the Queen for his father's services and his own 
+    (and not the less so for his fine presence); the accomplished Buckhurst; the 
+    brilliant Raleigh; and, younger than the rest, Essex. The last was the son 
+    of a man much favoured by Elizabeth. Leicester was his step-father, Knollys 
+    his grandfather, Hunsdon his great-uncle, Walsingham his father-in-law, 
+    Burghley his guardian. Ardent, impulsive, presumptuous, a warm friend, a 
+    rancorous enemy, profuse in expense, lawless in his amours, jealous of his 
+    equals, brooking no superior, impatient of all rule or order that delayed 
+    him from leaping at once to the highest place,--he was possessed with a most 
+    exaggerated notion of his own capacity, which appears to have been only 
+    moderate. As the ward of Burghley he had been much in the company of his 
+    future enemy, Robert Cecil, whose sly prim ways were most unlike his own. 
+    The contrast did him no harm with the public, to whom the younger man was a 
+    Tom Jones and the elder a Blifil. Two vastly abler men, Francis Bacon and 
+    Raleigh, less advantageously placed, but unhampered with any scruples, were 
+    busily trying to profit by the all-pervading animosity of Cecil and Essex.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Belonging, as Essex did by his connections, 
+    to the inner circle who stood closest to Elizabeth, it was natural that she 
+    should take an interest in him, and give him opportunities for turning his 
+    showy qualities to account. In 1586 he was sent to the Low Countries as 
+    general of cavalry under his step-father, Leicester. He distinguished 
+    himself by his fiery valour in the expeditions to Spain, and as commander of 
+    the English army in France, though he does not seem to have had any real 
+    military talent. But Elizabeth's regard for him was soon shaken by his 
+    presumptuous and unruly behaviour. When he fought a duel with Sir Charles 
+    Blount because she had conferred some favour on the latter, she swore &amp;quot;by 
+    God's death it were fitting some one should take him down and teach him 
+    better manners, or there were no rule with him.&amp;quot; He displeased her by his 
+    quarrels with Cecil and Effingham, and his discontented grumbling. She was 
+    highly dissatisfied with his management of the Azores expedition in 1597. In 
+    July 1598, at a meeting of the Council, she was provoked by his insolence to 
+    strike him; and though after three months he obtained his pardon, he never 
+    regained her favour. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was at this time that Burghley died (4 
+    August), in his seventy-eighth year. Elizabeth, though she could call him &amp;quot;a 
+    froward old fool&amp;quot; about a trifling matter ( March 1596), could not but feel 
+    that much was changed when she lost the able and faithful servant who had 
+    worked with her for forty years. &amp;quot;She seemeth to take it very grievously, 
+    shedding of tears and separating herself from all company.&amp;quot; Buckhurst was 
+    the new Treasurer. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Essex had for some time cast his eyes on 
+    Ireland as a field where glory and power might be won. There can be little 
+    doubt that he was already speculating on the advantage that the possession 
+    of an army might give him in any difficulty with his rivals or with the 
+    Queen herself. Cecil perfidiously advocated his appointment to a post which 
+    had been the grave of so many reputations. The Queen at length consented, 
+    though reluctantly. Essex was a popular favourite. He had managed--it is not 
+    very clear how--to win the confidence of both Puritans and Papists. The 
+    general belief was that, for the first time since she had mounted the 
+    throne, Elizabeth was afraid of one of her subjects. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During the whole of the reign Ireland had 
+    been a cause of trouble and anxiety. Elizabeth's treatment of that unhappy 
+    country was not more creditable or successful than that of other English 
+    statesmen before and after her. There was the same absence of any systematic 
+    policy steadily carried out, the same wearisome and disreputable alternation 
+    between bursts of savage repression and intervals of pusillanimity, 
+    concession, and neglect. In the competition of the various departments of 
+    the public service for attention and expenditure, Ireland generally came 
+    last. All other needs had to be served first whether at home or abroad.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the early years of the reign the chief 
+    trouble lay in Ulster, then the most purely Celtic part of Ireland, and 
+    practically retouched by English conquest. Twice, in her weariness of the 
+    struggle with Shan O'Neill, Elizabeth conceded to him something like a 
+    subkingship of Ulster in return for his nominal submission. In the end he 
+    was beaten, and his head was fixed on the walls of Dublin Castle (1566). But 
+    nothing further was done to anglicise Ulster. During the attempt of the 
+    Devonshire adventurers to colonise South Munster (1569-71), and the 
+    consequent rebellion, the northern province remained an unconcerned 
+    spectator. Nor did it join in the great Desmond rising (1579-83), which, 
+    with the insurrection of the Catholic lords of the Pale and the landing of 
+    the Pope's Italians at Smerwick, was the Irish branch of the threefold 
+    attack on Elizabeth directed by Gregory XIII. The attempt of the elder Essex 
+    to colonise Antrim (1573-75) was a disastrous failure, and Ulster still 
+    remained practically independent of the Dublin Government. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The most successful Deputy of the reign was 
+    Perrot (1584-87), a valiant soldier and strict ruler, who, after long 
+    experience in the Irish wars, had come to the conclusion that what Ireland 
+    most wanted was justice. The native chiefs, released from the constant dread 
+    of spoliation, and finding that English encroachment was repressed as 
+    inflexibly as Irish disorder, became quiet and friendly. But this system did 
+    not suit the dominant race. The Deputy was accused to the Queen of seeking 
+    to betray the country to the Irish and the Spaniard. Recalled, and put upon 
+    his trial for treason, he was found guilty on suborned evidence, and 
+    sentenced to death. It is usually said that his real offence was some 
+    disrespectful language about the Queen, which he confessed. But it seems 
+    that she forbore to take his life precisely because she would not have it 
+    thought that she was influenced by personal resentment. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;His successor, Fitzwilliam, was a Deputy of 
+    the old sort--greedy, violent, careless of consequences, and always acting 
+    on the principle that, as against an Englishman, a Celt had no rights. The 
+    execution of MacMahon in Monaghan, and the confiscation of his lands on a 
+    trivial pretext, alarmed the North. Ulster had not been bled white like the 
+    rest of Ireland. The O'Neills had a nephew of their old hero Shan for their 
+    chief, who had been brought up at the English Court and made Earl of Tyrone 
+    by Elizabeth. An educated and remarkably able man, he had none of his 
+    uncle's illusions. He clung to his ancestral rights and dignity, but he 
+    hoped to preserve them by zealously discharging his obligations as a vassal 
+    of the Queen. He served in the war against Desmond, and exerted himself to 
+    maintain order in Ulster. But he had no mind to sink into the position of a 
+    mere dignified land-owner like the English nobles; nor indeed, under such a 
+    Deputy as Fitzwilliam, was he likely to preserve even his lands if he lost 
+    his power. Rather than that, he determined to enter into what he knew was a 
+    most unequal struggle, on the off-chance of pulling through by help from 
+    Spain. It is clear that he was driven into rebellion against his 
+    inclination. But when he had once drawn the sword he maintained the struggle 
+    against one Deputy after another with wonderful tenacity and resource. For 
+    the first time in Irish history, the rebel forces were disciplined and armed 
+    like those of the crown, and stood up to them in equal numbers on equal 
+    terms. At length, in August 1598, Tyrone inflicted upon Sir Henry Bagnall 
+    near Armagh the severest defeat that the English had ever suffered in 
+    Ireland; slaying 1500 of his men, and capturing all his artillery and 
+    baggage. Insurrections at once broke out all over Ireland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was the situation with which Essex 
+    undertook to deal. He had loudly blamed other Deputies for not vigorously 
+    attacking Tyrone in his own country. Vigour was the one military quality 
+    which he himself possessed. He went with the title of Lieutenant and 
+    Governor-General, and with extraordinary powers, at the head of 21,000 
+    men--such an army as had never been sent to Ireland (April 1599). The Queen, 
+    who trembled at the expense, and did not wish to see any of her nobles, 
+    least of all Essex, permanently established in a great military command, 
+    enjoined him to push at once into Ulster, as he had himself proposed, and 
+    finish the war. Instead of doing this, he went south into districts that had 
+    been depopulated and desolated by the savage warfare of the last thirty 
+    years. Even here he met with discreditable reverses. When he got back to 
+    Dublin (July) his army was reduced by disease and desertion to less than 
+    5000 men. Disregarding the Queen's express prohibition, he made his friend 
+    Southampton General of horse. When she censured his bad management, he 
+    replied with impertinent complaints about the favour she was showing to 
+    Cecil, Raleigh, and Cobham, and began to consult with his friends about 
+    carrying selected troops over to England to remove them. Rumours of his 
+    intention to return reached the Queen. &amp;quot;We do charge you,&amp;quot; she wrote, &amp;quot;as 
+    you tender our pleasure, that you adventure not to come out of that 
+    kingdom.&amp;quot; He declared that he could not invade Ulster without 
+    reinforcements. They were sent, and at length he marched into Louth 
+    (September). There he was met by Tyrone, who, in an interview, completely 
+    twisted him round his finger, and obtained a cessation of arms and the 
+    promise of concessions amounting to what would now be called Home Rule. A 
+    few days later, on receipt of an angry letter from the Queen forbidding him 
+    to grant any terms without her permission, he deserted his post and hurried 
+    to England. The first notice Elizabeth received of this astounding piece of 
+    insubordination was his still more astounding incursion into her bedroom, 
+    all muddy from his ride, before she was completely dressed (28 September 
+    1599). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth seems to have been so much taken 
+    aback by the Earl's unparalleled presumption, that she did not blaze out as 
+    might have been expected. She gave him audience an hour or two later, and 
+    heard what he had to say. Probably he adopted an injured tone as usual, and 
+    inveighed against &amp;quot;that knave Raleigh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;that sycophant Cobham.&amp;quot; But his 
+    insubordination had been gross, and no talking could make it anything else. 
+    It was more dangerous than Leicester's disobedience in 1586, because it came 
+    from a vastly more dangerous person. The same afternoon the Queen referred 
+    the matter to the Council. Essex was put under arrest, and never saw her 
+    again. The more she reflected, the more indignant and alarmed she became. 
+    &amp;quot;By God's son,&amp;quot; she said to Harington, &amp;quot;I am no Queen; this man is above 
+    me.&amp;quot; After a delay of nine months, occasioned by his illness, the fallen 
+    favourite was brought before a special Commission on the charge of contempt 
+    and disobedience, and sentenced to be suspended from his offices and 
+    confined to his house during the Queen's pleasure (June 1600). In a few 
+    weeks he was released from arrest, but he could not obtain permission to 
+    appear at court, though he implored it in most abject letters. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There are persons who consider themselves to 
+    be intolerably wronged and persecuted if they cannot have precedence and 
+    power over their fellow-citizens. Essex was such a person. Instead of being 
+    thankful that he had escaped the punishment which under most sovereigns he 
+    would have suffered, he entered into criminal plots for coercing, if not 
+    overthrowing, the Queen. He urged the Scotch King to enforce the recognition 
+    of his title by arms. He tried to persuade Mountjoy, his successor in 
+    Ireland, to carry his army to Scotland to co-operate with James. These 
+    intrigues were not known to the Government. But it did not escape 
+    observation that he was collecting men of the sword in the neighbourhood of 
+    his house; that he was holding consultations with suspected nobles and 
+    gentlemen (some of whom were afterwards engaged in the Gunpowder Plot); that 
+    the Puritan clergy were preaching and praying for his cause; and that there 
+    was a certain ferment in the city. Essex was therefore summoned to attend 
+    before the Council. Instead of obeying, he flew to arms, with Lords 
+    Southampton, Rutland, Sandys, Cromwell, and Monteagle, and about 300 
+    gentlemen. But the citizens of London did not respond to his appeal, and the 
+    insurrection was easily suppressed, less than a dozen persons being slain on 
+    both sides (8 February 1601). A more senseless and profligate attempt to 
+    overthrow a good government it would be difficult to find in history. It was 
+    not dignified by any semblance of principle, and it would sufficiently stamp 
+    the character of its author, even if it stood alone as an evidence of his 
+    vanity, egotism, and want of common sense. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The trial and execution of the principal 
+    malefactor followed as a matter of course and without delay (February 25). 
+    It would have been scandalous to spare him. Elizabeth had once been fond of 
+    him, and had no reason to be ashamed of it. To talk of her &amp;quot;passion&amp;quot; and her 
+    &amp;quot;amorous inclination,&amp;quot; as Hume and others have done, is revolting and 
+    malignant nonsense. It is creditable to old age when it can take pleasure in 
+    the unfolding of bright and promising youth. But royal favour was not good 
+    for such a man as Essex. It developed the worst features in his showy but 
+    faulty character. As he steadily deteriorated, her regard cooled; but so 
+    much of it remained that she tried to amend him by chastisement, &amp;quot;ad 
+    correctionem,&amp;quot; as she said, &amp;quot;non ad ruinam.&amp;quot; She had long before warned him 
+    that, though she had put up with much disrespect to her person, he must not 
+    touch her sceptre, or he would be dealt with according to the law of 
+    England. She was as good as her word, and, though the memory of it was 
+    painful to her, there is not the smallest evidence that she ever repented of 
+    having allowed the law to take its course. Only three of the accomplices of 
+    Essex were punished capitally. The five peers, none of them powerful or 
+    formidable, experienced Elizabeth's accustomed clemency. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It has been suggested by an admirer of Essex 
+    that he failed in Ireland because his &amp;quot;sensitively attuned nature&amp;quot; shrank 
+    from the systematic desolation and starvation afterwards employed by his 
+    successor. No evidence is offered for this suggestion. In a letter to the 
+    Queen (25 June 1599) he advocates &amp;quot;burning and spoiling the country &lt;i&gt;in 
+    all places&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;quot; which method &amp;quot;shall starve the rebels in one year.&amp;quot; This 
+    course Mountjoy carried out. With means far inferior to those of Essex, and 
+    notwithstanding the landing of 3000 Spaniards at Kinsale (September 1601), 
+    he was the first Englishman who completely subdued Ireland. Tyrone 
+    surrendered a few days before the Queen's death. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Little has been said in these pages about 
+    parliamentary proceedings. The real history of the reign does not lie there. 
+    The country was governed wholly by the Queen, with the advice of her 
+    Council, and not at all by Parliament. In the forty-five years of her reign 
+    there were only thirteen sessions of Parliament. The functions of Parliament 
+    were to vote grants of money when the ordinary revenues of the crown were 
+    insufficient, and to make laws. Its right in these matters was unquestioned. 
+    If the Queen had never wanted subsidies or penal laws against her political 
+    and religious opponents (of other laws she often said there were more than 
+    enough already), it would never have been summoned at all; nor is there any 
+    reason to suppose that the country would have complained as long as it was 
+    governed with prudence and success. In fact, to do without Parliaments was 
+    distinctly popular, because it meant doing without subsidies. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the thirty years preceding the Armada--the 
+    sessions of Parliament being nine--Elizabeth applied for only eight 
+    subsidies, and of one of them a portion was remitted. By her economy she not 
+    only defrayed the expenses of government out of the ordinary revenue, which, 
+    at the end of the reign was about Â£300,000 a year, but paid off old debts. 
+    It was not till the twenty-fourth year of her reign that she discharged the 
+    last of her father's debts, up to which time she had been paying interest on 
+    it. Subsequently she even accumulated a small reserve, which, as she told 
+    Parliament, was a most necessary thing if she was not to be driven to borrow 
+    on sudden emergency. But this reserve vanished immediately she became 
+    involved in the great war with Spain; and during the last fifteen years of 
+    her life, although she received twelve subsidies, she was always in 
+    difficulty for money. She had to sell crown lands to the value of Â£372,000. 
+    Parliament, which had voted the usual single subsidies without complaint, 
+    grumbled and pretended poverty when she asked for three and even four. 
+    Bacon's famous outburst (1593) about gentlemen having to sell their plate 
+    and farmers their brass pots to pay the tax, was a piece of claptrap. The 
+    nation was, relatively to former times, rolling in wealth. But the old 
+    belief had still considerable strength--that government being the affair of 
+    the King, not of his subjects, he should provide for its expenses out of his 
+    hereditary income, just as they paid their private expenses out of their 
+    private incomes; that he had no more claim to dip into their pockets than 
+    they had to dip into his; and that a subsidy, as its name imports, was an 
+    occasional and extraordinary assistance furnished as a matter not of duty 
+    but of good-will. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This might have been healthy doctrine when 
+    kings were campaigning on the Continent for personal or dynastic objects. It 
+    was out of place when a large expenditure was indispensable for the 
+    interests and safety of the country. The grumbling, therefore, about 
+    taxation towards the end of the reign was unreasonable and discreditable to 
+    the grumblers. The Queen met them with her usual good sense. She explained 
+    to them--though, as she correctly said, she was under no constitutional 
+    obligation to do so--how the money went, what she had spent on the Spanish 
+    war, on Ireland, and in loans to the Dutch and the French King. The plea was 
+    unanswerable. Her private expenditure was on a very modest scale. In 
+    particular she had never indulged in that besetting and costly sin of 
+    princes, palace-building; and this at a time when the noble mansions which 
+    still testify to the wealth of the England of that day were rising in every 
+    county. Her only extravagance was dress. Some have carped at her collection 
+    of jewelry. But jewels, like the silver balustrades of Frederick William I., 
+    were a mode of hoarding, and in her later years she reconverted jewels into 
+    money to meet the expenses of the State. Modern writers, who so airily blame 
+    her for not subsidising more liberally her Scotch, Dutch, and French allies, 
+    would find it difficult, if they condescended to particulars, to explain how 
+    she was able to give them as much money as she did. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It is common to make much of the debate on 
+    monopolies in the last Parliament of Elizabeth (1601), as showing the rise 
+    of a spirit of resistance to the royal prerogative. I do not think that the 
+    report of that debate would convey such an impression to any one reading it 
+    without preconceived views. None of the speakers contested the prerogative. 
+    They only complained that it was being exercised in a way prejudicial to the 
+    public interest. If the monopolies had been unimportant, or if the patentees 
+    had used their privilege less greedily, there would evidently have been no 
+    complaint as to the principle involved. No course of action was decided on, 
+    because the Queen intervened by a message in which she stated that she had 
+    not been aware of the abuses prevailing, that she was as indignant at them 
+    as Parliament could be, and that she would put a stop, not to monopolies, 
+    but to such as were injurious. With this message the House of Commons was 
+    more than satisfied. As a matter of fact monopolies went on till dealt with 
+    by the declaratory statute in the twenty-first year of James I. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the last Tudor handed down the English 
+    Constitution to the first Stuart as she had received it from her 
+    predecessors, unchanged either in theory or practice, it was far otherwise 
+    with the English Church. There are two conflicting views as to the 
+    historical position of the Church in this country. According to one it was, 
+    all through the Middle Age, National as well as Catholic. The changes which 
+    took place at the Reformation made no difference in that respect, and 
+    involved no break in its continuity. It is not a Protestant Church. It is 
+    still National and still Catholic, resting on precisely the same 
+    foundations, and existing by the same title as it did in the days of Dunstan 
+    and Becket. According to the other view, the epithets National and Catholic 
+    are contradictory. A Church which undergoes radical changes of government, 
+    worship, and doctrine is no longer the same Church but a new one, and must 
+    be held to have been established by the authority which prescribed these 
+    changes, which, in this case, was the Queen and Parliament. The word 
+    &amp;quot;Protestant&amp;quot; was avoided in its formularies to make conformity easier for 
+    Catholics; but it is a Protestant Church all the same. Whichever of these 
+    views is nearer to the truth, it cannot be denied that, by the legislation 
+    of Elizabeth the English Church became--what it was not in the Middle Age--a 
+    spiritual organisation entirely dependent on the State. This it remains 
+    still; the supremacy having been virtually transferred from the crown to 
+    Parliament in the next century. I shall not venture to inquire how far this 
+    condition of dependence has affected its ability and inclination to perform 
+    the part of a true spiritual power. It is enough to say that no act of will 
+    on the part of any English statesman has had such important and lasting 
+    consequences, for good or for evil, as the decision of Elizabeth to make the 
+    Church of England what it is. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We have seen that the government and worship 
+    of the Church were established by &lt;i&gt;Act of Parliament in 1559&lt;/i&gt;, and its 
+    doctrines in 1571. But when once Elizabeth had placed her ecclesiastical 
+    powers beyond dispute, by obtaining statutory sanction for them, she allowed 
+    no further interference by Parliament. All its attempts, even at mere 
+    discussion of ecclesiastical matters, she peremptorily suppressed. She 
+    supplied any further legislation that was needed by virtue of her supremacy, 
+    and she exercised her ecclesiastical government by the Court of High 
+    Commission. The new Anglican model was acquiesced in by the majority of the 
+    nation. But it had, at first, no hearty support except from the Government. 
+    The earnest religionists were either Catholics or Puritans. The object of 
+    Elizabeth was to compel these two extreme parties to outward conformity of 
+    worship. What their real beliefs were she did not care. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The large majority of the Catholics showed a 
+    loyal and patriotic spirit at the time of the Armada. But they were not 
+    treated with confidence by the Government. Great numbers of them were 
+    imprisoned or confined in the houses of Protestant gentlemen, by way of 
+    precaution, when the Armada was approaching. No Catholic, I believe, was 
+    intrusted with any command either by land or sea; and after the danger was 
+    over, the persecution, in all its forms, became sharper than ever. There was 
+    the less reason for this, inasmuch as it was no secret that the secular 
+    priests and the great majority of the English Catholics had become bitterly 
+    hostile to the small Jesuitical faction whose treasonable conspiracies had 
+    brought so much trouble on their loyal co-religionists. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The term &amp;quot;Puritan&amp;quot; is used loosely, though 
+    conveniently, to designate several shades of belief, By far the larger 
+    number of those to whom it is applied were, and meant to remain, members of 
+    the Established Church. They objected to certain ceremonies and vestments. 
+    They hoped to procure the abolition of these, and, in the meantime, evaded 
+    them when they could. They were what would now be called the Evangelical or 
+    Low Church party. They held Calvin's distinctive doctrines on 
+    predestination, as indeed did most of the bishops; but though preferring his 
+    Presbyterian organisation, or something like it, they did not treat it as 
+    essential. They were broadly distinguished from the Brownists or 
+    Independents, then an insignificant minority, who held each congregation to 
+    be a church, and therefore protested against the establishment of any 
+    national church. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Though Elizabeth persecuted the Catholics 
+    with a severity steadily increasing in proportion as they became less 
+    numerous and formidable, she remained to the last anxious to make conformity 
+    easy for them. This was her reason for so obstinately refusing the 
+    concessions in the matter of ritual and vestments-trifling as they appear to 
+    the modern mind--which would have satisfied almost the whole of the Puritan 
+    party. This policy (for policy it assuredly was rather than conviction), 
+    which drove the most earnest Protestants into an attitude of opposition 
+    destined in the next two reigns to have such serious consequences, has been 
+    severely censured. But there can be no question that it did answer the 
+    purpose she had in view, which for the moment was most important. It did 
+    induce great numbers of Catholics to conform. She avoided a civil war in her 
+    own time between Catholics and Anglicans at the price of a civil war later 
+    on between Anglicans and Puritans. Looking at the great drama as a whole, 
+    perhaps the Puritans of the Great Rebellion might congratulate themselves on 
+    the part that Elizabeth chose to play in its earlier acts. It cannot be 
+    doubted that a civil war in the sixteenth century between Catholics and 
+    Protestants would have been waged with far more ferocity than was displayed 
+    by either Cavaliers or Roundheads, and would have been attended with the 
+    horrors of foreign invasion. To conciliate the earnest religionists on both 
+    sides was impossible. Elizabeth chose the &lt;i&gt;via media&lt;/i&gt;, and the 
+    successful equilibrium which she maintained during nearly half a century 
+    proves that she hit upon what in her own day was the true centre of gravity.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But while doing justice to Elizabeth's 
+    insight and prudence, we may not excuse her extreme severity to the 
+    nonconformists of either party. It was not necessary. It seems to have been 
+    even impolitic. It arose from her arbitrary temper--from a quality, that is 
+    to say, valuable in a ruler, but apt, in great rulers, to be somewhat in 
+    excess. I have condemned her persecution of the Catholics. Her persecution 
+    of the Protestant nonconformists was marked by even greater injustice. 
+    Against the Catholics it might at least be urged that their opinions 
+    logically led to disloyalty. But the Independents, Barrow, Greenwood, and 
+    Penry, were indisputably loyal men. They were put to death nominally for 
+    spreading writings which, contrary to common sense, were held to be 
+    seditious, but really for their religious opinions, which, in the case of 
+    the first two, were extracted from them by the interrogatories of Archbishop 
+    Whitgift, an Inquisitor as strenuous and merciless as Torquemada. Some of 
+    the Council, especially Burghley and Knollys, were strongly opposed to 
+    Whitgift's proceedings. It must therefore be assumed that he had the Queen's 
+    personal approval. She had committed herself to a struggle with intrepid and 
+    obstinate men. The crowded gaols were a visible demonstration that she could 
+    not compel them to submit; and to hang them all was out of the question. An 
+    Act was therefore passed in 1593, by which those who would not promise to 
+    attend church were to be banished the country. Thus most of the Independents 
+    were at last got rid of. The non-separatist Puritans, who aimed at less 
+    radical changes, and hoped to effect them, if not under their present 
+    sovereign, yet under her successor, kept on the windy side of the law, 
+    attending church once a month, and not entering till the service was nearly 
+    over. Thus, at the end of her reign, Elizabeth perhaps flattered herself 
+    that she was within measurable distance of religious uniformity. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwelve.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    XII: Last Years and Death: 1601-1603&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082629&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082629&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4703</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">letters of the six wives of Henry VIII Katharine Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Katharine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letters written by the Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01bf.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">letters2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">letters.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;TABLE height=698 cellSpacing=8 cellPadding=0 width=776 border=0&gt;
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=12 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=center noWrap width=340 height=150&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;IMG height=90 
+      alt=&quot;Letters written by the six wives of Henry VIII&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/letters2.gif&quot; width=414&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=center width=141 height=150&gt;&lt;IMG height=172 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Catherine Howard by Holbein&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/letters.jpg&quot; width=170&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=18 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=226 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=12 height=532&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=481 colSpan=2 height=532&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Katharine 
+      of Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter1.html&quot;&gt;to her father, King 
+      Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter2.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 16 September 1513&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter3.html&quot;&gt;to her daughter, 
+      Princess Mary, April 1534&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter4.html&quot;&gt;to the Imperial 
+      ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter5.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 7 January 1536&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter6.html&quot;&gt;to King Henry VIII, 
+      late summer 1526&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter7.html&quot;&gt;to Cardinal Thomas 
+      Wolsey, mid-summer 1528&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;to Cardinal Thomas 
+      Wolsey, 1529&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter9.html&quot;&gt;to Thomas Cromwell, 
+      1535&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;to 
+      her husband, King Henry VIII, May 1536&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Jane Seymour&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter11.html&quot;&gt;to the Privy Council, 
+      12 October 1537&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 11 July 1540&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;to Thomas Culpeper, 
+      spring 1541&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Katharine Parr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter14.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, July 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter15.html&quot;&gt;to the Privy Council, 
+      25 July 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter16.html&quot;&gt;to her stepdaughter, 
+      Princess Mary, 20 September 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;sources:&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Letters of the Queens 
+      of England, 1100-1547, ed by Anne Crawford&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Lives 
+      of the Queens of England, by Agnes Strickland&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-2&gt;Catherine of Aragon, by Garrett Mattingly&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-2&gt;Anne Boleyn, by Norah Lofts&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;A Tudor 
+      Tragedy, by LB Smith&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=18 height=532&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=226 height=532&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Read the biographies of the Tudor 
+      queens -&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;visit the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives 
+      of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt; main page.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082572&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082572&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12852</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Are you conducting research?</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Are you conducting research for a paper/project?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Conducting research for a paper or project can be a rewarding 
+  academic experiment.&amp;nbsp; It's a bit like detective work - your teacher or 
+  professor tells you to write about a subject, and off you go....&amp;nbsp; You 
+  have to wade through tons of information, and then - out of thousands of words 
+  - decide what to include in your paper or project.&amp;nbsp; It can be 
+  frustrating, and sometimes boring, but you're guaranteed to learn (and that 
+  is, after all, the ultimate goal of education.) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;The first step&lt;/B&gt; is the most obvious - &lt;B&gt;choosing a topic&lt;/B&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Choose something which interests you!&amp;nbsp; Research can be fun if you're 
+  actually interested in the topic.&amp;nbsp; But if you're not, it can be boring 
+  and frustrating. &lt;BR&gt;Now quite often you can't choose your topic.&amp;nbsp; But 
+  even if you don't have a choice, the right attitude is important.&amp;nbsp; Don't 
+  look at the research as a chore - look at it as an opportunity to learn new 
+  things which may be useful to you one day.&amp;nbsp; Who knows?&amp;nbsp; The love of 
+  your life might turn out to be a Tudor fanatic. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Once you're topic has been chosen, you're ready for &lt;B&gt;step two&lt;/B&gt; - 
+  &lt;B&gt;background reading&lt;/B&gt;! &lt;BR&gt;Read a general introduction to your topic, 
+  either in your textbook or an encyclopedia.&amp;nbsp; This will only take a little 
+  while, and it's invaluable. &lt;BR&gt;After all, if you're doing a paper on Henry 
+  VIII, it helps to have read a brief biography of his life.&amp;nbsp; Then, while 
+  you're doing more specialized research, you can place the research in its 
+  proper context. &lt;BR&gt;If you want to do further reading on Tudor history, please 
+  visit the &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+  Bibliography&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's a list of the works I used to create this site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Background research leads to &lt;B&gt;step three&lt;/B&gt; - &lt;B&gt;narrow your topic to 
+  acceptable limits&lt;/B&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;If you only have to write a 3-5 page paper, don't 
+  choose something like the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Instead, choose a particular 
+  aspect of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; A good idea is to do background reading, and 
+  write down some 'key words'.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps one of the 'key words' will become 
+  your final topic. &lt;BR&gt;Another idea is to use the 'key words' to make questions 
+  or statements.&amp;nbsp; If you're writing about the Reformation in England, you 
+  could write the following - The Reformation in England was different than the 
+  Reformation in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Or, Was the Reformation in England different 
+  than the Reformation in Germany? &lt;BR&gt;Answering such questions, or finding 
+  support for the statements, can guide your research.&amp;nbsp; Create as many 
+  questions and statements as you need. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Once you have narrowed your topic, move on to &lt;B&gt;step four&lt;/B&gt; - &lt;B&gt;more 
+  background research&lt;/B&gt;! &lt;BR&gt;Once again, head for the encyclopedias.&amp;nbsp; 
+  They will give you a summary of the narrowed topic and familiarize you with 
+  the major themes and vocabulary you will encounter later. &lt;BR&gt;Also, most 
+  encyclopedias include a bibliography which lists the major scholarly works 
+  related to your topic.&amp;nbsp; Once you have that list, head to the library and 
+  use the internet. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;And keep it simple!&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Whenever you're writing a paper, always keep 
+  its length in mind.&amp;nbsp; A short paper (3-5 pages) doesn't require the same 
+  amount of research as a longer paper.&amp;nbsp; Don't make yourself work harder. 
+  &lt;BR&gt;If you're interested in a topic beyond what you can include in the paper, 
+  that's great - but immerse yourself in the topic during personal time.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Don't let your paper become more than you can handle.&amp;nbsp; And too much 
+  detail can drown your topic  and lower your grade.&amp;nbsp; It's natural to want 
+  to impress your teacher or professor with the breadth of your knowledge, but 
+  too much detail can actually be harmful to the presentation of a clear, 
+  concise argument. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you start feeling lost or confused, talk to your teacher.&amp;nbsp; After 
+  all, they know exactly what they want in a paper. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And now some information about using my sites for research, or the internet 
+  in general.... &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;U&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Help for students conducting research on the 'World Wide 
+  Web'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/U&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Conducting research on the internet can be a tricky and confusing 
+  experience.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for us all, the Department of English at Saint Louis 
+  University has created &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.slu.edu%2fdepartments%2fenglish%2fresearch&quot;&gt;a website to help 
+  everyone&lt;/A&gt; - please take the time to explore this valuable resource.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Also, I have collected information about 'Citing Electronic Sources'.&amp;nbsp; 
+  With these tools, you should be able to research and write about any topic - 
+  and use the internet as authoritatively as you use the library! &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you prefer to cut and paste links, the link to the Saint Louis 
+  University site is: &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.slu.edu%2fdepartments%2fenglish%2fresearch&quot;&gt;http://www.slu.edu/departments/english/research/&lt;/a&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Copyright 
+information for this website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I'm very happy that 
+so many people from all over the world use this site for research.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+the reason I created the site and continue to work on it.&amp;nbsp; Many of you have 
+written and asked how to cite my work in your papers and reports.&amp;nbsp; This is 
+the correct format based upon both the Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles:&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+Hanson, Marilee. &amp;quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;
+EnglishHistory.net&lt;/i&gt;. 2001. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (7 
+May 2001).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You must change the article title to 
+reflect what you are quoting and&amp;nbsp; use the date you read the source here.
+&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Please visit the following sites to learn more - &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2flcweb2.loc.gov%2fammem%2fndlpedu%2fcite.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The LOC's 
+Citing Electronic Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; page and the &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.columbia.edu%2fcu%2fcup%2fcgos%2fidx%5fbasic.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Columbia University Press&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Let me clearly state that citing electronic sources is a valid form of 
+    research and accepted at most academic institutions.&amp;nbsp; And I would also 
+    like to reassure every visitor to the site that I have checked and 
+    double-checked every bit of information included on these pages. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Also, if you are citing 'Primary Sources', you do not need to know the 
+    original source of the 'primary source'.&amp;nbsp; Again, it is perfectly 
+    acceptable to cite an internet page as a source and every teacher should be 
+    aware of this - if they're not, tell them. &lt;BR&gt;As I've discovered over 
+    the years, simply because a book has its information printed on paper and 
+    bound in a nice cover doesn't mean it's accurate.&amp;nbsp; In fact, quite a few 
+    recently-published&amp;nbsp; history texts are woefully inaccurate and 
+    misleading.&amp;nbsp; So it is best to check and double-check your research, 
+    whether it comes from the internet or a library.&amp;nbsp; I recently wrote a 
+    rant about this - &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhistory.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;click here to read&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you have general questions about copyright law, &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2flcweb.gov%2fcopyright&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;go to this site&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This is the 
+    homepage of the US Copyright Office; it contains information about 
+    international copyright law, too.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And now - 
+  &lt;B&gt;Copyright information&lt;/B&gt;....&amp;nbsp; boring but vital!&amp;nbsp; Here it is, in 
+  brief - &lt;B&gt;everything at this site was written by me 
+  (Marilee.)&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Therefore, I hold 
+  the copyright for all my original work. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And I take all the blame if it bores you to tears or 
+  confuses you endlessly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The site was created in 1997 and is updated regularly.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Visit the &lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnew.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  page to find out the exact dates.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you need a 
+  last name to credit the site, please use Marilee Hanson.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I do not hold the sole copyright to anything at the &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; 
+  section.&amp;nbsp; Those are original historical documents in the public domain 
+  which I collected and transcribed.&amp;nbsp; Yes, it was loads of work to type 
+  everything up, but they were simply transcribed (not written) by me.&amp;nbsp; 
+  That is why they're called 'Primary Sources'. &lt;BR&gt;I do hold the copyright on 
+  the electronic version of the texts, which I typed.&amp;nbsp; This is where the 
+  internet becomes confusing - essentially, the words are not mine but by virtue 
+  of transcribing them into electronic format, I own this particular version.&amp;nbsp; 
+  So I would ask that no one copies my hard work, at least without asking 
+  permission and/or giving me credit. &lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;As for graphics used here, copyright law allows the use of images for 
+  educational purposes, provided no profit is made and the image is not 
+  altered.&amp;nbsp; And since I did go to the considerable trouble of scanning the 
+  images, I like to be asked before someone 'borrows' them.&amp;nbsp; This simple 
+  act of courtesy goes a long way in the happy-go-lucky world of the internet.
+  &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you would like to learn more about the legal use of 
+  images, please click &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In the end, your visit to this site makes my work worthwhile. &lt;BR&gt;Thanks 
+  for visiting &amp;amp;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Copyright&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; with any specific questions/comments. 
+&lt;BR&gt;-Marilee&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to Lord 
+Byron&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to John Keats&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can also visit this GeoCities site for additional help: &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fAthens%2fOracle%2f4184&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;How to Organize a Research 
+Paper and Document It with MLA Citations&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;And for further reading on Tudor England, &lt;BR&gt;visit the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Tudor Bibliography&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;BR&gt;a list of the works I used to create this site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082655&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082655&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs - Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-correct.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizfinal.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-correct.gif&quot; width=&quot;535&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfinal.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Click here to enter the Queen Elizabeth I website.&quot; width=&quot;248&quot; height=&quot;405&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082589&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082589&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">27511</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Katharine Katherine Catherine Parr sixth wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Katharine Katherine Catherine Parr sixth wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Catherine / Katherine Parr: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrhorenbout.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrbiography.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;588&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'They curse and ban my words
+everyday, and all their thoughts be set to do me harm....&amp;nbsp; I am so
+vexed that I am utterly weary.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Katharine Parr in 1544, regarding Catholic attempts to discredit her&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrcardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine Parr&quot; width=&quot;355&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;324&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrhorenbout.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;324&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr 
+      by Lucas Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Katharine Parr was the sixth and last
+wife of King Henry VIII, destined to outlive the mercurial ruler.&amp;nbsp;
+She was already twice-widowed and childless when they wed in 1543; she
+was also in love with Thomas Seymour, the brother of Henry's third
+queen Jane.&amp;nbsp; But the king's will was law and Katharine bowed to
+his demands with grace.&amp;nbsp; She was an admirable wife to Henry and a
+loving stepmother to his two youngest children, Elizabeth and
+Edward.&amp;nbsp; She was also the most intellectual of Henry's wives,
+caught up in the turbulent religious climate of the times.&amp;nbsp; And it
+was this passionate interest in theology which nearly ended her life,
+for the king was old and sickly but still capable of destroying those
+closest to him.&amp;nbsp; Katharine saved herself and earned Henry's
+respect enough to be appointed Regent of England during his military
+campaign in Boulogne.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1547, she married Seymour
+with indecent haste, the only one of four husbands she had chosen
+herself.&amp;nbsp; Her greatest achievement was the popularity of her
+devotional works; they were 16th century bestsellers and capture
+Katharine's complex and abiding piety.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html#Biography&quot;&gt; &lt;font
+ size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine Parr.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine. &lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Katharine's life and times at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+          Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Lord, hearken to my
+words.&amp;nbsp; Consider the thought of mine heart.&amp;nbsp; Behold, how loud
+I cry unto thee.&amp;nbsp; Let my just prayer enter into thine ears, which
+unfeignedly cometh from mine heart.&amp;nbsp; Hear me, Lord, for I am poor
+and destitute of man's help.&amp;nbsp; Take care for my soul.&amp;nbsp; Save
+me, thy servant, which wholly trust in thee.&amp;nbsp; Have mercy upon me,
+O Lord, for I will never cease crying to thee for help.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a prayer written by Katharine Parr&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+After the debacle of his fifth marriage to a girl thirty years his
+junior, Henry VIII found himself in a novel position.&amp;nbsp; For the
+first time in his tangled marital career, a future wife was not waiting
+to be claimed.&amp;nbsp; The king turned fifty-one the year &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt; was executed; he was obese, often bedridden and in great
+pain.&amp;nbsp; His moods grew dark and vengeful.&amp;nbsp; The Tudor court
+vacillated between the opposing factions of Catholicism and the
+reformed faith; they waited expectantly for Henry to choose his next
+wife, knowing she would tip the balance in favor of one party.&amp;nbsp;
+But which?&amp;nbsp; And was there a woman at court who would risk marrying
+the elderly king? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The position of Queen was the greatest honor for an Englishwoman;
+but in the last years of Henry's reign, it was also the most dangerous
+honor.&amp;nbsp; After the humiliation of Catherine Howard's infidelity,
+Henry was determined his next wife would not dare cuckold him.&amp;nbsp;
+And so there was an interesting clause in the Act of Attainder which
+had condemned Catherine to death.&amp;nbsp; It stated that 'to avoid doubts
+for the future', anyone who knew anything 'incontinent' about the queen
+must reveal it - or be condemned for treason.&amp;nbsp; And if the king
+chose to marry a woman whom he 'took to be a pure and clean maid' and
+she turned out to be otherwise, the charge of treason would apply to
+both the woman and 'all who knew it and did not reveal it'.&amp;nbsp; In
+other words, you must speak up - either before or after the royal
+marriage - or die. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This new law was enough to frighten even the most seasoned
+courtier.&amp;nbsp; Before, the chance to parade a young girl before the
+king was a chance to make a family's fortune; now, it was merely a
+chance to risk death.&amp;nbsp; For who could be completely certain of a
+young woman's chastity?&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, who could trust the old
+king's judgment on the matter?&amp;nbsp; Henry had declared he 'somewhat
+suspected' the virginity of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves&lt;/a&gt;, but he had believed Catherine Howard to be a virgin when
+she was not.&amp;nbsp; If one was relying solely upon the king's word.....
+What if a chaste young woman did marry Henry and he then mistakenly
+declared she was 'incontinent'?&amp;nbsp; No one could impugn the word of
+the king, nor escape his wrath. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Understandably enough, the mood at court was hesitant and
+frightened.&amp;nbsp; And so when the king's eye turned favorably to one
+Lady Latimer, thirty-one years old and twice-widowed, courtiers
+breathed a sigh of relief and her family could safely encourage the
+royal interest.&amp;nbsp; After all, a widow need not prove her nebulous
+virginity to a credulous monarch. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine Parr, Lady Latimer, had many other admirable qualities
+which attracted the king.&amp;nbsp; She has the historical reputation of a
+doting stepmother and devoted scholar, but she&lt;img height=&quot;381&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine Parr by William Scrots, c1546&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrbiography.jpg&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; was also a woman as dedicated to finery and
+amusements as any of Henry's previous wives.&amp;nbsp; And though
+twice-widowed, she was still twenty years younger than the king.&amp;nbsp;
+She was tall, vivacious and witty, with a kindly and sensible
+nature.&amp;nbsp; She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal and
+Maud Greene; Katharine was the eldest of three children, born probably
+in 1512, followed the next year by her brother William and a year later
+by her sister Anne.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Maud were courtiers during the
+early years of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was knighted at the
+king's coronation in 1509 and Maud was a lady-in-waiting to his first
+queen, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; But Thomas died unexpectedly in 1517, and
+Katharine's mother dedicated herself to securing good marriages for her
+children.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was raised in Northamptonshire in the
+household of her uncle Sir William Parr.&amp;nbsp; Her education was good,
+but not comprehensive.&amp;nbsp; Later in life, she would undertake the
+difficult task of learning Greek and Latin; this was indicative of her
+genuine love and respect for scholarship, particularly with regard to
+women.&amp;nbsp; It was Katharine Parr who encouraged Elizabeth I's
+education, thus creating the most learned monarch in English
+history.&amp;nbsp; She also made John Cheke and Roger Ascham tutors to
+young Prince Edward; the influence of these Cambridge 'reformers' upon
+both Elizabeth and Edward was profound. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine's first marriage was in 1529; her mother died two years
+later.&amp;nbsp; Her first husband was young Edward Borough, son of a minor
+lord in Lincolnshire.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was childless and Edward, who
+had a history of lingering illness, died in 1532.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+next husband, John Neville, Lord Latimer, was forty years old, twice
+Katharine's age and with a son and daughter.&amp;nbsp; They wed in late
+spring 1533; Katharine was his third wife.&amp;nbsp; Latimer was a wealthy
+northern landowner and Katharine quickly adapted to her new lifestyle
+as mistress of a large household.&amp;nbsp; She also became - at the young
+age of twenty-one - the beloved stepmother of Latimer's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
+The most trying time of their marriage was the infamous Pilgrimage of
+Grace, which forced the conservative North against Henry VIII's
+religious policies.&amp;nbsp; Poor Latimer was torn between the demands of
+the rebels (who kidnapped him and, later, his wife and daughter) and
+those of his angry king.&amp;nbsp; Called to London to explain himself,
+Latimer was eventually cleared of complicity.&amp;nbsp; But his health was
+broken from the stress and never recovered.&amp;nbsp; Katharine began to
+spend more time in London, nursing her husband and visiting with her
+younger sister Anne.&amp;nbsp; Anne Parr had married William Herbert, the
+illegitimate grandson of the powerful earl of Pembroke, and was also a
+lady-in-waiting to Henry VIII's fourth and fifth wives.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine was still a young woman, and this time at court opened
+her eyes in many ways.&amp;nbsp; First, she was at last in the presence of
+healthy, dynamic men her own age; unlike her invalid husbands, these
+men were flirtatious and charming.&amp;nbsp; There was never a hint of
+impropriety in Katharine's actions, and she continued to nurse the
+ailing Lord Latimer with notable care and compassion.&amp;nbsp; But she
+would have been less than human if she did not notice the contrast
+between her life in northern England and the glittering, challenging
+court of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She became increasingly interested in the theological debates of
+the court, but she also enjoyed its less intellectual pleasures -
+dancing, music, banquets, grand costumes.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen,
+this love of clothes and jewels would be indulged on the grandest
+scale.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;While Lord Latimer lingered on his deathbed throughout 1541 and
+1542, Katharine realistically assessed her future.&amp;nbsp; She would soon
+be a very wealthy widow, finally free to make her own choices and with
+the youth to enjoy them.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, she had fallen in love with
+the charming Thomas Seymour, brother of the late Queen Jane and uncle
+to Henry VIII's only male heir.&amp;nbsp; But she had also caught Henry
+VIII's jaded eye.&amp;nbsp; His first gifts to Katharine were delivered on
+16 February 1543, a year after Catherine Howard's execution.&amp;nbsp; On 2
+March, her husband Lord Latimer at last passed away.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+looked to Seymour as her future husband, to a life of passionate
+fulfillment rather than one of duty.&amp;nbsp; Seymour, meanwhile, took
+note of the king's interest and wisely stepped back.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Katharine Parr once again followed a dutiful course,
+entering into a third marriage with an older, sickly husband.&amp;nbsp; But
+though she followed her duty, it was not an easy choice.&amp;nbsp; She
+wrote to Seymour, 'As truly as God is God, my mind was fully bent....
+to marry you before any man I know.'&amp;nbsp; But the will of God was
+different than her own, she continued, and after a great spiritual
+struggle, she had no choice but obedience.&amp;nbsp; She and Seymour parted
+with some promises for the future (after all, the king was ill and
+failing) and their feelings undiminished.&amp;nbsp; The ascendancy of the
+Parr family had now begun.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Events moved quickly.&amp;nbsp; She and Henry were married by Stephen
+Gardiner in the 'Queen's closet' at Hampton Court Palace on 12 July
+1543, with all the royal children present.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; The marriage was an immediate success.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine chose as her motto 'To be useful in all I do.'&amp;nbsp; And she
+had a truly endearing personality, as proven by the genuine affection
+which a variety of people felt for her.&amp;nbsp; To the king, she was the
+perfect companion and nursemaid; to his children, she was a loving
+stepmother.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she attracted those courtiers sympathetic
+to the reformed faith.&amp;nbsp; Her rooms became famous for their
+theological debates, a fact which soon incensed Stephen Gardiner and
+other Catholics.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When the king left for France on yet another expensive military
+campaign in July 1544, Katharine - his 'most dearly and most entirely
+beloved wife' - was made Regent of England.&amp;nbsp; The only other wife
+accorded this honor had been Henry's first, Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry returned in October to find his affairs in good order. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Their marriage had its physical side as well.&amp;nbsp; Though
+occasionally impotent, the king did consummate their marriage and
+Katharine was fond of ordering black satin nightdresses.&amp;nbsp; She
+would often sit with the king's sore leg in her lap, or in his lap
+herself.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed her dancing and they both loved music;
+they also exchanged rich gifts.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Katharine waded
+into the complicated morass of Tudor theology that she roused Henry's
+temper. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's religious beliefs remain confusing centuries later; one
+can only sympathize with his contemporaries who had to guess at them
+and hope for the best.&amp;nbsp; Raised a Catholic, Henry was forced to
+repudiate the papacy in order to marry Anne Boleyn; for several years
+afterwards, Protestants and Catholics alike were struck down by the
+king.&amp;nbsp; To lean too far one way or the other risked certain
+death.&amp;nbsp; As the king grew older, he came to appreciate the mess he
+had created.&amp;nbsp; Where did he stand?&amp;nbsp; Was he an ally of the
+Lutheran princes?&amp;nbsp; Or did he miss the faith of his youth?&amp;nbsp; It
+is probable that even Henry did not know the answer.&amp;nbsp; But even if
+he didn't know what he believed, he did know heresy when he heard it -
+or so he thought.&amp;nbsp; Encouraged by Gardiner and other Catholic
+councilors, he was soon persuaded that Katharine Parr was a heretic. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine was coming dangerously attracted to evangelical
+Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Her companions were of a younger generation than
+the king, having grown up in the decades following Martin Luther's
+triumph in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Theology was no longer only the province of
+churchmen; the laity - and women especially - could now question and
+debate the most important issues for themselves.&amp;nbsp; As an
+intelligent woman with a deep love of scholarship, this new faith
+appealed to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There was no room for her in Catholicism,
+but she could be a guiding light for the reformers. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so she was, attracting Mile Coverdale, John Parkhurst, Anthony
+Cope and others.&amp;nbsp; She had also become close friends with Thomas
+Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, and Catherine Willoughby, the
+duchess of Suffolk, another young wife of an elderly husband.&amp;nbsp;
+Both she and Katharine used their youthful energy in defense of the new
+faith. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;343&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine Parr or Lady Jane Grey?&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;170&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Perhaps the central belief of this new faith was the need for
+everyone to personally study the Bible.&amp;nbsp; This was a truly
+revolutionary idea; it also lessened the power of Henry VIII as Supreme
+Head of the Church of England since it encouraged his subjects to think
+for themselves.&amp;nbsp; Conservatives argued that reading the Bible only
+encouraged heresy.&amp;nbsp; But as Katharine wrote angrily, 'Is it not
+extreme wickedness to charge the holy sanctified word of God with the
+offenses of man?&amp;nbsp; To allege the Scriptures to be perilous learning
+because certain readers thereof fall into heresies?'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In May 1543, the king's council felt sufficiently alarmed by this
+permissive climate to pass the Act for the Advancement of the True
+Religion.&amp;nbsp; It was directed against the 'lower sort' who wished to
+study the Bible in English, either alone or in public.&amp;nbsp; It was
+later amended to allow noblewomen the right to read the Bible but they
+must do so alone and not engage in religious debate.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine, however, seemed content to ignore this warning.&amp;nbsp;
+The king was openly affectionate; foreign ambassadors wrote home in
+praise of her kindness; her stepchildren loved her.&amp;nbsp; She was
+secure in her position and unaware of any danger.&amp;nbsp; As patroness,
+she favored the reformers and also sought to protect those who fell
+from favor. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But in 1546, Baron Thomas Wriothesley was made Lord Chancellor; he
+was a conservative especially interested in stamping out heresy.&amp;nbsp;
+On 24 May 1546, the reformist Anne Askew was arrested and horribly
+tortured.&amp;nbsp; She had ties to court, particularly to the duchess of
+Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; But she refused to implicate the queen despite repeated
+questioning; Wriothesley and his secretary Richard Rich were personally
+involved in her torture.&amp;nbsp; On 16 July she was burnt at the stake
+for heresy.&amp;nbsp; Only a few days before, the Privy Council had ordered
+Katharine's estate books seized, presumably because she would soon be
+arrested and her property confiscated.&amp;nbsp; This indicates that her
+Catholic enemies felt confident the king would follow their lead in
+disposing of his sixth wife, much as he had destroyed &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; four years before.&amp;nbsp; And since the king possessed the
+disturbing quality of acting well to those he was about to destroy, his
+continued affection for Katharine did not worry them.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
+however, was still lulled into a feeling of safety.&amp;nbsp; In response
+to Anne Askew's execution, she hurriedly threw out her most evangelical
+books - but that was all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Around this time, Henry VIII was in a more irritable mood than
+usual.&amp;nbsp; His ulcerated leg had grown worse, as had the recurrent
+headaches.&amp;nbsp; Katharine made the mistake of engaging the king in
+theological discourse while he was physically unwell and under the
+influence of his conservative courtiers.&amp;nbsp; It nearly cost her her
+life. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Shortly after Anne Askew's execution, the royal couple were
+sitting in their usual position - the king's sore leg resting upon his
+wife's lap.&amp;nbsp; As she nursed him, Katharine began to lecture her
+husband on religion.&amp;nbsp; The king was in no mood for what he
+considered heresy, nor to be lectured by his wife.&amp;nbsp; It seemed
+Katharine's enemies had won.&amp;nbsp; But then the old king threw all into
+confusion, possibly on purpose.&amp;nbsp; He told his doctor, Thomas Wendy,
+that Katharine was about to be arrested and soon enough an anonymous
+courtier dropped a copy of the warrant outside Katharine's rooms.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen was devastated and immediately in fear for her
+life.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine went to the king's rooms and there he immediately began
+to discuss religion with her, in particular contradicting many of her
+reformist beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Recognizing the test, Katharine agreed with it
+all, telling Henry that 'women by their first creation were made
+subject to men' and that 'men out to instruct their wives, who would do
+all their learning from them'.&amp;nbsp; The king was 'a prince of such
+excellent learning and wisdom' that she would gladly follow his
+counsel.&amp;nbsp; But this appeal to Henry's vanity was not enough.&amp;nbsp;
+'You are become a doctor able to instruct us and not to be instructed
+by us,' the king said, referring to her earlier lecture.&amp;nbsp; But
+Katharine replied that he had 'much mistaken the freedom she had taken
+to argue with him', for she had only done it to learn from him and
+distract him from his illness.&amp;nbsp; 'And is it even so?' asked Henry,
+with a smile. 'Then Kate, we are friends again.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr
+had escaped. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But no one had told the king's council.&amp;nbsp; When Wriothesley and
+forty guards arrived to arrest Katharine the next day, the king himself
+beat them about the heads and shoulders, calling them foul names.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine was thus saved in a most public and spectacular fashion, and
+was soon gifted with more jewels and plate than before.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her appeal to Henry's vanity saved her life and it also allowed
+the king to remind everyone who was the real master.&amp;nbsp; Wriothesley
+had sought to recreate the destruction of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;
+and Cromwell, using the king's temper to destroy his personal
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII was of a mind to do otherwise.&amp;nbsp; He
+had long lamented the loss of Cromwell and he disliked any manipulation
+by his councilors.&amp;nbsp; By saving Katharine in such a public manner,
+he forced his courtiers to recognize his omnipotence and mutability. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But he was not indestructible.&amp;nbsp; The king's health began a
+decline in the spring of 1546 from which he only sporadically
+recovered.&amp;nbsp; By the winter, he was dangerously ill.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine's own position gained new prominence since upon Henry's death
+she would be the dowager queen.&amp;nbsp; She already had great influence
+over her stepson &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince
+Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She continued to nurse Henry
+assiduously, but was sent away to Greenwich Palace with Mary and
+Elizabeth for Christmas celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She returned to London on
+10 January but never saw the king again.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII died in the
+early morning hours of 28 January 1547. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;After Henry's death, Thomas Seymour's elder brother Edward assumed
+the title Protector of the Kingdom, ruling in the name of his nine year
+old nephew.&amp;nbsp; Katharine, meanwhile, married Thomas with what others
+(including her royal stepchildren) felt was indecent haste.&amp;nbsp; The
+actual date is not known but Seymour referred to himself as her husband
+in a letter of 17 May.&amp;nbsp; The wedding took place in the moonlit
+gardens of Chelsea Manor.&amp;nbsp; Letters indicate that the ambitious
+Seymour pressed for a quick union.&amp;nbsp; As a dowager queen, Katharine
+was expected to behave perfectly; also, it was theoretically possible
+she was pregnant by Henry VIII. &amp;nbsp;For once, the always dutiful
+Katharine had acted impulsively. &amp;nbsp;She had given up Thomas Seymour
+once and would not do so again. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;For the new king's councilors, the marriage was a disaster.&amp;nbsp;
+They recognized Seymour's ambition even as Katharine fell even more
+deeply in love.&amp;nbsp; Edward Seymour's wife Anne Stanhope, now the
+duchess of Somerset, engaged in a petty battle of precedence with
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Also, there were arguments over Katharine's
+possessions, particularly jewelry which Henry VIII had given her.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, there was far happier news to distract her.&amp;nbsp; In late
+November 1547, thirty-five years old and childless through three
+previous marriages, Katharine Parr became pregnant. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;However, her pregnancy was not the happy triumph she had
+expected.&amp;nbsp; Her husband proved too forward with the young Princess
+Elizabeth and Katharine was forced to send her step-daughter
+away.&amp;nbsp; This breach hurt them both deeply.&amp;nbsp; The young &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt; remained with the household, however, for Seymour had
+'bought' her from her ambitious parents, hoping to marry her to Prince
+Edward. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine gave birth to a girl named Mary at Sudeley Castle in
+Gloucestershire on 30 August.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey stood as godmother to the
+infant, but the happy occasion took a quick turn for the worse.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine Parr soon fell victim to puerperal sepsis, or 'childbed
+fever', which had also killed Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She suffered
+painful delusions before sinking into calm, able to dictate her will
+and final wishes.&amp;nbsp; She died on 5 September, and Jane Grey acted as
+chief mourner at the funeral.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Sudeley in St
+Mary's Church.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine's Parr life was always one of duty and kindness.&amp;nbsp;
+She left behind a formidable tradition of scholarship and religious
+devotion, as evidenced by her own books.&amp;nbsp; The great tragedy of her
+life was that, when finally able to marry for love, her happiness was
+all too brief. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Susan E. James wrote &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f1840146834%2fqid%3d1068483380%2fsr%3d1-1%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f1%2f103-9144463-8095031%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3dbooks&quot;&gt;
+a wonderful biography&lt;/a&gt; of Katharine in 1999.&lt;br&gt;
+It includes extensive selections from her letters to Thomas Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082571&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082571&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A discussion of question five from Tudor Quiz: Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01cf.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;In my many (too many) readings about Henry's checkered marital
+career, one thing always struck me - the constant back and forth between
+biographers/historians over the exact ending of his six marriages.&amp;nbsp;
+It's a common assumption that Henry divorced Katharine of Aragon, Anne
+Boleyn, Anne of Cleves, and Catherine Howard, yet a close reading of the
+actual circumstances of each case reveals something quite different - those
+marriages were annulled, and annulments are not divorces.
+&lt;p&gt;An annulment invalidates a marriage by declaring the marriage was never
+valid; in other words, a marriage never took place.&amp;nbsp; If we take this
+a step further, it could be argued that Henry never had six wives at all
+- since he annulled four of his marriagess!
+&lt;br&gt;A divorce recognizes the legal validity of a marriage; it acknowledges
+that a legal marriage did occur and was recognized by both spouses.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;I will add a discussion of each case when I have some spare time, which
+I hope is sooner rather than later.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq13.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Quiz: Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082744&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082744&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Henry VIII's speech before Parliament, 1545</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8speech.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8speech.gif&quot; width=&quot;575&quot; height=&quot;87&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This speech, 
+      given on 24 December 1545, was recorded by a member of Parliament.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      These words bring Henry VIII's personality to life - at times belligerent, 
+      then coaxing, mixing flattery and threats.&amp;nbsp; Unlike his descendants, 
+      Henry had few problems with parliament; his domination of its members was 
+      legendary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+On 24 December the king's majesty came into the parliament
+house, to give his royal assent to such acts as had been passed there,
+where the speaker made to him an eloquent oration, to which it has always
+been the custom for the lord chancellor to answer, but at this time it
+was the king's pleasure that it should be otherwise, for the king himself
+answered, as follows word for word, as near as I was able to report it.
+&lt;p&gt;'Although my Chancellor for the time being has been used, before
+this time, very eloquently and substantially to answer such orations as
+have been set forth in this high court of parliament, yet he is not so
+able to open and set forth my mind and meaning and the secrets of my heart
+in so plain and ample manner as I myself can.&amp;nbsp; Wherefore, taking it
+upon myself to answer your eloquent oration, master speaker, I say that
+where you, in the name of our well beloved commons, have both praised and
+extolled me for the notable qualities which you have conceived to be in
+me, I most heartily thank you all that you have reminded me of my duty,
+which is to endeavor myself to obtain and get such excellent qualities
+and necessary virtues as a prince or governor should or ought to have,
+of which gifts I recognize myself both bare and barren.&amp;nbsp; But for such
+small qualities as God has endowed me with I render to his goodness my
+most humble thanks, intending with all my wit and diligence to get and
+acquire for myself such notable virtues and princely qualities as you have
+alleged to be incorporated in my person.&amp;nbsp; Having first remembered
+these thanks for your loving admonition and good counsel, I next thank
+you again because, considering our great charges (not for our pleasure
+but for your defense, not for our gain but to our great cost) which we
+have lately sustained, as well in defense against our and your enemies
+as for the conquest of that fortress which was to this realm most displeasant
+and noisome, and shall be by God's grace hereafter most profitable and
+pleasant to our nation, you have freely of your own decision granted to
+us a certain subsidy, specified here in an act, which truly we take in
+good part, regarding more your kindness than the profit thereof, as he
+that sets more by your loving hearts than by your substance.&amp;nbsp; Besides
+this hearty kindness I cannot a little rejoice when I consider the perfect
+trust and sure confidence which you have put in me, as men having undoubted
+hope and unfeigned belief in my good deeds and just proceedings for you,
+since without my desire or request you have committed to my order and disposition
+all chantries, colleges, hospitals and other places specified in a certain
+act, firmly trusting that I will order them to the glory of God and the
+profit of the commonwealth.&amp;nbsp; Surely if, contrary to your expectation,
+I should suffer the ministries of the church to decay, or learning (which
+is so great a jewel) to be diminished, a poor and miserable people to be
+unrelieved, you might say that I, being put in so special a trust as I
+am in this case, were no trusty friend to you, nor a charitable man to
+my fellow Christians, nor a lover of the public wealth, nor yet one who
+feared God, to whom account must be rendered of all our doings.&amp;nbsp; Doubt
+not, I pray you, that you expectations will be fulfilled more Godly or
+goodly than you will wish or desire, as you will plainly see afterwards. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Now, since I find such kindness on your part towards me, I cannot choose
+but to love and favor you, affirming that no prince in the world more favors
+his subjects than I do you, and no subjects or commons more love and obey
+their sovereign lord than I see you do me, for whose defense my treasure
+shall not be hidden, nor if necessity requires it will my person be not
+risked.&amp;nbsp; But although I with you and you with me are in this perfect
+love and concord, this friendly amity cannot continue unless both you,
+my lords temporal, and you, my lords spiritual, and you, my loving subjects,
+study and take pains to amend one thing which is surely amiss and far out
+of order, which I most heartily require you to do, which is that charity
+and concord is not amongst you, but discord and dissension bears rule in
+every place.&amp;nbsp; St Paul wrote to the Corinthians, in the 12th chapter:
+'Charity is gentle, Charity is not envious, Charity is not proud,' and
+so on in that chapter.&amp;nbsp; Behold then what love and charity is amongst
+you when one calls another heretic and anabaptist and he calls him back
+papist, hypocrite, and pharisee.&amp;nbsp; Are these tokens of charity amongst
+you?&amp;nbsp; No, no, I assure you that this lack of charity amongst yourselves
+will be the hindrance and assuaging of the fervent love between us, as
+I said before, unless this is healed and clearly made whole.&amp;nbsp; I must
+judge the fault and occasion of this discord to be partly the negligence
+of you, the fathers and preachers of the spirituality.&amp;nbsp; For if I know
+a man who lives in adultery I must judge him to be a lecherous and carnal
+person; if I see a man boast and brag about himself I cannot but deem him
+a proud man.&amp;nbsp; I see and hear daily that you of the clergy preach against
+each other without charity or discretion.&amp;nbsp; Some are too stiff in their
+old 'Mumpsimus', others are are too busy and curious in their new 'Sumpsimus'.&amp;nbsp;
+Thus almost all men are in variety and discord, and few or none truly and
+sincerely preach the word of God as they ought to do.&amp;nbsp; Shall I now
+judge you to be charitable persons who do this?&amp;nbsp; No, no, I cannot
+do so.&amp;nbsp; Alas, how can the poor souls live in concord when you preachers
+sow amongst them in your sermons debate and discord?&amp;nbsp; They look to
+you for light and you bring them darkness.&amp;nbsp; Amend these crimes, I
+exhort you, and set forth God's word truly, both by true preaching and
+giving a good example, or else, I, whom God has appointed his vicar and
+high minister here, will see these divisions extinct, and these enormities
+corrected, according to my true duty, or else I am an unprofitable servant
+and an untrue officer'. ....
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082603&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082603&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">34363</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives - Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#660000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born 1540, died 27 January 1568&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;' I have sent you, good sister Catherine, a book, which although it
+be not outwardly trimmed with gold, yet inwardly it is more worthy than
+precious stones. It is the book, dear sister, of the laws of the lord:
+It is His Testament and Last Will, which He bequeathed unto us wretches,
+which shall lead you to the path of eternal joy, and if you, with a good
+mind read it, and with an earnest desire, follow it, it shall bring you
+to an immortal and everlasting life.&amp;nbsp; It will teach you to live and
+learn you to die.... It shall win you more than you should have gained
+by the possession of your woeful father's lands, for as if God prospered
+him, you shall inherit his lands.... [it holds] such riches as neither
+the covetous shall withdraw from you, neither the thief shall steal, neither
+let the moth corrupt.... And as touching my death, rejoice as I do and
+consider that I shall be delivered of this corruption and put on incorruption,
+for as I am assured that I shall for losing of a mortal life, find an immortal
+felicity. Pray God grant you and send you his grace to live in the love...
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Farewell good sister, put only your trust in God,
+who only must uphold you,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your loving sister, Jane Duddley'
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;letter from Lady Jane Grey to her sister Catherine,
+1554&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;'....when I call to mind what a husband I have of you, and my great
+hard fate to miss the viewing of so good a one....&amp;nbsp; Thus most humbly
+thanking you, my sweet lord, for your sending to see how I do.... I most
+lovingly bid you farewell....'
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;letter of Catherine Grey to Edward Seymour, 1562&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Jane Grey, the unfortunate queen of England for just nine
+days, wrote the above letter to her younger sister Catherine before her
+execution.&amp;nbsp; It was the last communication between the seventeen-year-old
+Jane and fourteen-year-old Catherine.&amp;nbsp; Married to men of their parents'
+choosing in a double ceremony the year before, they both suffered when
+Jane was deposed and Princess Mary Tudor (named for their grandmother)
+became queen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (The tragedy of Jane's life, and the complexities
+of the plot to make her queen of England, is discussed in much greater
+detail in the following sections:&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward
+VI&lt;/a&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; Catherine's reaction to the sudden disgrace of her family,
+the ruin of all their hopes and dreams, is not recorded.&amp;nbsp; However,
+it is safe to assume she was devastated.&amp;nbsp; She was just fourteen and
+watched her entire world turn upside down.&amp;nbsp; The Greys had long been
+the noblest family in the realm of England, united by ties of friendship
+and blood to the Tudor monarchs.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's grandmother was Henry
+VIII's youngest sister, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
+Mary&lt;/a&gt;; her grandfather was his best friend, Charles Brandon, duke of
+Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; The bonds of blood and friendship had allowed the Brandons
+to rise to wealth and prominence.&amp;nbsp; But they were dangerous bonds as
+well; for after Edward VI's death, the Tudor succession was once more an
+urgent question and anyone with royal blood was a target - for various
+plots of dissatisfied citizens, for international speculation, for aristocratic
+mobility, etc.
+&lt;br&gt;(*note - The Brandons became the Greys when Frances Brandon (Charles
+&amp;amp; Mary's eldest daughter) married Henry Grey.)
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Poor Catherine, despite Jane's fervent prayers, was
+not to lead a life of 'grace.'&amp;nbsp; She lacked Jane's intellect and religious
+fervor; taken together, those qualities may have guided her impulsive nature
+and provided solace in her troubled world.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she was - and
+always remained - an ordinary girl condemned to unhappiness because of
+her Tudor blood.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, brother-in-law, and father were executed
+due to her father's stupidity and ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; Mary I was often naive
+and kind-hearted; she lacked the ruthlessness of her father (Henry VIII's
+conscience rarely troubled him - despite the many executions he ordered.)&amp;nbsp;
+His daughter did not care to kill innocents - especially those she believed
+to be the pawns of more greedy souls. Upon her accession, Jane Grey and
+her husband Guildford Dudley were imprisoned in the Tower; but they were
+not executed. It was only when Jane's father, Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk,
+tried to raise a revolt - capitalizing on anger at the queen's impending
+Spanish marriage - that Mary realized Jane must die.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey did
+not try to restore his daughter to the throne
+&lt;br&gt;(despite the assertion of many history books.)&amp;nbsp; But that didn't
+matter - Jane had been proclaimed queen once before and Mary recognized
+the danger.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Grey's actions followed upon the Wyatt rebellion,
+one of the most serious rebellions of the Tudor era.&amp;nbsp; Mary was conscientious
+and attached to her legitimate family.&amp;nbsp; But she ordered Jane, Guildford,
+and Henry Grey executed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen did not forget the remaining Grey family.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's wife was Frances Brandon, the eldest daughter of Mary's aunt, Princess
+Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary remembered her aunt's kindness to the beleaguered
+Katharine of Aragon; she also wanted to put the past behind her - she was
+marrying Philip of Spain, thus fulfilling her heart's two great desires.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary I wanted a family and to restore the Catholic faith to England.&amp;nbsp;
+On her way to achieve both, she was inclined to be generous.&amp;nbsp; She
+allowed Frances and her two remaining children, Catherine and Mary (11
+years old) to remain at court.&amp;nbsp; They attended her wedding on 25 July
+1554 to Philip at Winchester Cathedral.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Mary were appointed
+maids of honor; the queen was careful to show them special kindness, singling
+them out for favor.&amp;nbsp; Even when their mother's second marriage, they
+were still afforded every privilege.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Frances Grey had waited
+just three weeks after her husband's execution to marry her steward, Adrian
+Stokes, a young man fifteen years her junior.&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary did not
+protest; perhaps she was happy her cousin was putting the past to rest.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Frances Grey's second marriage fared
+much better than Catherine's first one.&amp;nbsp; She had been married on 21
+or 25 Mary 1553 to the earl of Pembroke's heir; it had been a double ceremony
+- her sister Jane was also wed to the dukke of Northumberland's son Guildford.&amp;nbsp;
+But when Mary I was proclaimed queen in July, Pembroke was eager to distance
+himself from the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He banished Catherine from his home and had
+the marriage annulled.&amp;nbsp; It was cruel of Pembroke but politically necessary.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he had no idea how Mary would react to the Grey-Northumberland
+treachery.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Catherine remained at court, openly favored
+by the queen but despondent.&amp;nbsp; There was occasional domestic and international
+speculation about her future once it became clear Mary would provide no
+heir.&amp;nbsp; When discussing Princess Elizabeth's future, most stressed
+the need to either support or destroy her two main rivals - Catherine Grey
+and Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; In other words, if Elizabeth's rule was
+to be secure, she needed to deal with both Catherine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; Mary
+of Scotland was a problem that could be faced later (she was off in France
+for now) but Catherine Grey was close and a dangerous rallying point for
+dissatisfied Englishmen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before Elizabeth became queen, however, Catherine
+did achieve some measure of personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; After a period of
+depression, she became friends with Lady Jane Seymour, daughter of the
+late Lord Protector Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford and duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp;
+(She was named for her aunt, Henry VIII's third queen and mother of his
+son.)&amp;nbsp; Jane was also a maid of honor and suffered from poor health
+(already battling the consumption which killed her.)&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary encouraged
+the two girls to become friends, allowing Catherine to accompany Jane on
+her frequent visits home.&amp;nbsp; The Seymour family's main home was currently
+Hanworth, Catherine Parr's manor which had passed to her husband Thomas
+Seymour, then to his brother, and then to his brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; The
+widowed duchess of Somerset lived there with her second husband (like Frances
+Grey, she had married her steward) and her oldest son, Edward.&amp;nbsp; Edward
+was in his late teens, just a few years older than Catherine, and already
+tall, dark-haired and good-looking.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, the two young
+people became attached to one another.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Both Edward and Catherine had suffered public humiliation.&amp;nbsp;
+She had been repudiated by the Pembroke family and her sister and father
+were executed as traitors; his father, too, had been executed as a traitor
+and the Seymour wealth had yet to be restored.&amp;nbsp; Also, their family
+title remained in abeyance.&amp;nbsp; Edward, who should have been titled earl
+of Hertford, waited for his title to be officially reinstated.&amp;nbsp; Beyond
+these painful personal experiences, they were also lonely.&amp;nbsp; Both were
+past the age for betrothal but still unattached.&amp;nbsp; And, equally important,
+both were physically attractive.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was the beauty of the
+Grey family; small like Jane, she had the Tudor red-gold hair and a fair
+complexion.&amp;nbsp; Their attraction was physical and emotional; it was also
+obvious.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the duchess of Somerset was asking her son
+about his intentions.&amp;nbsp; He replied that he enjoyed visiting with Catherine;
+his mother should not worry about the queen's feelings, he said, because
+Catherine had been sent by Mary to live at Hanworth - so 'her majesty's
+feelings in this matter cannot be doubted.'&amp;nbsp; Whatever Mary's feelings,
+they did not soon matter.&amp;nbsp; In November 1558, she died and Elizabeth
+Tudor, unlike her half-sister in so many ways, became queen of England.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When it came time for the successor to be crowned,
+there was no dispute.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was Henry VIII's daughter
+and her only rivals were other women.&amp;nbsp; The Archbishop of York announced
+her succession as 'true, lawful and right.'&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth took no
+chances.&amp;nbsp; Upon Mary I's death, Mary queen of Scots's French father-in-law
+had her proclaimed queen of England.&amp;nbsp; Mary and her husband, the dauphin
+Francois, quartered the English royal arms with those of France; in official
+documents Mary was titled Queen of England and Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In the eyes
+of Catholic Europe, such action was completely legal.&amp;nbsp; Mary was queen
+of England, by right of legitimacy and primogeniture.&amp;nbsp; No one expected
+Henri II to actually invade England and place her on the throne - but he
+continued the diplomatic snubs, angering and irritating the English.&amp;nbsp;
+For example, when the English pressed for the restoration of Calais, the
+French answered - restore to whom?&amp;nbsp; Wasn't the queen of Scots also
+the queen of England?&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, a group of parliamentary
+ministers met with Elizabeth to petition her to marry.&amp;nbsp; This was the
+only way to secure her throne.&amp;nbsp; Once she provided England with an
+heir, everything would be fine.&amp;nbsp; It was the familiar refrain of Tudor
+England.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps no other government has been so dominated by one
+biological occurrence.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had no intention of marrying or providing
+children; she was married to the nation, she told her ministers, and took
+the seal of office from her finger.&amp;nbsp; This, she said, was her wedding
+ring, to be worn until death.&amp;nbsp; The ministers had to be content but
+they were not silenced.&amp;nbsp; They would battle over this issue for years
+to come.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Elizabeth's refusal to marry made Catherine Grey's
+position all the more dangerous.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Catherine did not like the new queen.&amp;nbsp; This
+had its root in their tangled family history.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary Tudor
+and Katharine of Aragon had been friends, each despising the interloper
+(and Elizabeth's mother), Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Their children, Frances Grey
+and Mary I, continued the friendship - and openly despised Anne's daughter
+Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary I had been kind to Catherine; furthermore, Catherine
+was brought up to believe Elizabeth was the illegitimate daughter of an
+executed adulterer and traitor.&amp;nbsp; And whatever Henry Grey's activities,
+his daughter Catherine was legitimate.&amp;nbsp; Like Mary I, the Greys were
+very conscious of their family history, and naturally proud.&amp;nbsp; Under
+Mary's reign, they had been encouraged to move beyond their 1553 disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
+Now, however, they were ruled by an equally proud and disdainful queen.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth disliked her Grey cousins as much as they disliked - and feared
+- her.&amp;nbsp; They also resented having too bow and scrape for her favor.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And it soon became clear they would have to bow and
+scrape - and probably to no avail.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth allowed Catherine and
+her sister to reside at court but no longer as maids of honor; they were
+'ladies of the presence'.&amp;nbsp; Mary had allowed them access to the privy
+chamber, that most private area; Elizabeth did not.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+international ambassadors began to question Elizabeth about her cousin.&amp;nbsp;
+It was rumored that the Spanish wanted to marry Catherine to one of their
+royal noblemen; after all, the king of France had a pawn in Mary queen
+of Scots.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish naturally wanted Catherine as their pawn.&amp;nbsp;
+It was known that Catherine was unhappy at court (so the Spanish ambassador,
+Count Feria, reported to his master) and might be persuaded to leave England.&amp;nbsp;
+If not, they could always kidnap her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth reacted by becoming
+quite amiable with Catherine, calling her 'daughter' and restoring her
+to the privy chamber.&amp;nbsp; She even mentioned formally adopting Catherine.&amp;nbsp;
+Poor Catherine was probably more frightened by this sudden friendliness
+than she was of Elizabeth's coldness.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Catherine had made the mistake of speaking insolently
+about Elizabeth in mid-1559.&amp;nbsp; The duke of Saxony's envoy reported
+that Catherine had said 'very arrogant and unseemly words in the hearing
+of the Queen and others standing by.'&amp;nbsp; Her exact words were not recorded.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, what mattered is that she had been rude to Elizabeth I, a proud
+woman inclined to make others regret their pride.&amp;nbsp; Since Elizabeth's
+immediate reaction had been to begin favoring her, Catherine had good cause
+to worry.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this period, Catherine had sought personal
+solace with Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; His title had been reinstated by the
+queen and his optimism grew.&amp;nbsp; As early as March 1559, he had asked
+the duchess of Suffolk for Catherine's hand in marriage.&amp;nbsp; Frances
+Grey agreed but counseled the young couple to be careful.&amp;nbsp; Edward
+should seek out members of the Privy Council who would be sympathetic to
+their suit; Frances herself would write to Elizabeth, asking for 'her majesty's
+favor and good will.' (Of course, as all this was going on, Elizabeth was
+receiving word of the Spanish plan to kidnap Catherine.)&amp;nbsp; Frances
+Grey became ill and died before the letter was sent off.&amp;nbsp; Edward seemed
+to get cold feet (he was also meeting another young woman and deciding
+whether to risk his newly-gained title); he told Frances's widower that
+he would let matters rest.&amp;nbsp; So Catherine was left at court, serving
+the unpredictable Elizabeth, and wondering when her betrothed would come
+for her.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The relationship may have died that natural death
+had not Lady Jane Seymour become involved.&amp;nbsp; She was now in the later
+stages of tuberculosis and determined to secure her brother's future before
+she died.&amp;nbsp; She loved him and wanted him to make this royal marriage,
+perhaps his path to wealth and greater prominence.&amp;nbsp; She brought her
+friend and brother together again, encouraging a reconciliation; perhaps
+she first suggested a secret marriage.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, sometime
+in October 1560, Catherine and Edward solemnly declared their intention
+to marry.&amp;nbsp; They agreed the wedding should take place when the queen
+was next absent; Jane would hire a clergyman and Edward would buy the ring.&amp;nbsp;
+He had one made specially for the occasion, a posy ring (a plain gold band
+with a concealed spring opening five links); on those links, he had inscribed
+a verse of his own making:
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As circles five by art compact show but one ring
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+in sight,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+So trust uniteth faithful minds with knot of
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+secret might,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Whose force to break (but greedy Death) no wight
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+possesseth power,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As time and sequels well shall prove; my ring can
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+say no more.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This course of action doomed them both.&amp;nbsp; In
+1515, Catherine's grandparents had been secretly wed, but they were able
+to soothe their mercurial monarch.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Edward would be
+far less successful.&amp;nbsp; Sometime in early December, Elizabeth decided
+to go to Eltham and hunt.&amp;nbsp; Catherine had a toothache and Jane was
+sick (as always), the queen was told.&amp;nbsp; They would stay behind.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth left in early morning and, by 8 o'clock, Catherine and Jane had
+slipped out of Whitehall Palace and rushed to Edward's lodgings on Cannon
+Row.&amp;nbsp; The minister was late; Jane went to fetch him and, within the
+hour, the couple were married.&amp;nbsp; The groom was openly impatient so
+his sister withdrew.&amp;nbsp; Then the couple consummated their union; they
+did so quickly since both Catherine and Jane needed to return to duties
+at Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; After about ninety minutes of togetherness, it was
+time to hurry back into their complicated clothing.&amp;nbsp; This alone took
+a quarter of an hour.&amp;nbsp; Edward then escorted Catherine and Jane as
+far as he dared, kissed her and bade her farewell.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their immediate circumstances did not change.&amp;nbsp;
+They did not tell the queen or anyone of the marriage.&amp;nbsp; Instead, they
+continued their secret meetings, sleeping together several times in the
+palaces of Westminster and Greenwich.&amp;nbsp; They never spent an entire
+night together.&amp;nbsp; Jane helped when she could; Catherine's maids probably
+suspected marriage for they left the young lovers alone often.&amp;nbsp; But
+neither Edward or Catherine seemed to have a plan.&amp;nbsp; How long did they
+expect to carry on furtively?&amp;nbsp; One cannot say.&amp;nbsp; But Jane Seymour
+died in March 1561; she vould arrange no more meetings for them.&amp;nbsp;
+One of Catherine's maids, frightened of her involvement, went on vacation
+and never returned.&amp;nbsp; Catherine received warnings from many prominent
+people, including Secretary of State William Cecil, to 'beware of too great
+familiarity' with Edward.&amp;nbsp; She denied any involvement with him.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth I had decided to send Edward abroad with Cecil's son Thomas,
+as part of a European tour to finish their education.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was
+understandably beleaguered - and then, when it would cause the greatest
+harm, she became pregnant.&amp;nbsp; She had first suspected in early March;
+both Edward and his dying sister agreed there was nothing to do but tell
+Elizabeth and beg forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; But Jane died and Catherine stalled.&amp;nbsp;
+She was perhaps uncertain of her pregnancy or perhaps simply too frightened
+to face its consequences.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, when Edward questioned
+her, she said she didn't know for certain.&amp;nbsp; In mid-April, he left
+on the European trip.&amp;nbsp; He promised Catherine he would return immediately
+if and when she could determine her condition.&amp;nbsp; He also left a letter,
+signed and officially sealed, which gave her all his lands and possessions
+if he should die overseas.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By mid-July, Catherine could no longer hide her condition.&amp;nbsp;
+She wrote to Edward, begging him to return home but the letters were delayed
+and opened by a government informer who acted as courier.&amp;nbsp; She was
+forced to accompany Elizabeth on the annual summer progress.&amp;nbsp; In Ipswich,
+she finally broke down and confessed all.&amp;nbsp; First, she spoke to the
+Countess of Shrewsbury, who berated her and asked her to leave.&amp;nbsp; Next,
+the increasingly distraught Catherine went to Robert Dudley, son of the
+executed duke of Northumberland and brother to Jane Grey's husband Guildford.&amp;nbsp;
+He had become Elizabeth I's favorite and Catherine hoped he would intercede
+on her behalf with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley listened to her story, promised
+nothing, and - the next morning - told everything to the queen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A few days later, Secretary Cecil wrote to the earl
+of Sussex this summation of events:
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;'The Lady Catherine is certainly known to be
+big with child, as she saith by the Earl of Hertford, who is in France.&amp;nbsp;
+She is committed to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; He is sent for.&amp;nbsp; She saith that
+she was married to him secretly before Christmas last.&amp;nbsp; Thus is God
+displeased with us.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+What Cecil did not mention is that Elizabeth was in no mood to be sympathetic
+to either Catherine or Edward.&amp;nbsp; Barring her personal dislike of the
+Greys, Elizabeth was in a furious tangle of emotions.&amp;nbsp; She had recently
+struggled with the idea of marrying Dudley, the greatest love of her life;
+through the summer and autumn of 1560, she struggled to reconcile her royal
+duties and her heart's desire.&amp;nbsp; In the end, she decided not to marry.&amp;nbsp;
+But this personal struggle had affected her greatly - she was irritable
+and would suffer no mention of marriage or children.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Not unnaturally, Elizabeth asked why Catherine should
+be allowed to sneak about and marry without the queen's permission, solely
+because she was in love?&amp;nbsp; Catherine possessed Tudor blood as well,
+she must be made to reconcile duty and passion, even as Elizabeth had done.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, she had been insolent and ungrateful; her marriage was the last
+straw for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; As heir presumptive, Catherine had gone too
+far; she had not only married without permission but she had wed a Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+They were notorious for their political ambitions; Elizabeth had personal
+experience of this with Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She ordered Edward, home
+from the Continent, to the Tower on 5 September.&amp;nbsp; He and Catherine,
+plus his brother Henry and numerous servants, were subjected to a litany
+of embarrassing questions: which of them had entered the bridal bed first;
+which had left the bed first; who had laid on which side?&amp;nbsp; The investigation
+was still continuing when, on 21 September, Catherine went into labor.&amp;nbsp;
+She delivered a healthy son, christened Edward four days later within the
+Tower.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Edward continued to assert that no one, save
+Jane Seymour, had aided their deception.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was not entirely
+convinced but Cecil, so perceptive, urged leniency.&amp;nbsp; He understood
+Elizabeth's personal feelings in the matter.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But soon it no longer mattered.&amp;nbsp; Neither Catherine
+or Edward could produce evidence of their marriage; they said it had happened,
+but was it legal by constitutional and canonical standards?&amp;nbsp; They
+could not even produce the minister, summoned by Jane Seymour during that
+early morning.&amp;nbsp; It remained up to Elizabeth; would she believe them
+or not?&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth turned the entire matter over to the church and,
+on 10 May 1562, the Archbishop of Canterbury ruled there had been no marriage
+between Edward and Catherine.&amp;nbsp; They were officially censured for having
+committed fornication; there would be a fine and imprisonment, to be determined
+by the Queen's mercy.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the autumn of 1562, Elizabeth became gravely ill
+with smallpox, one of the scourges of that era.&amp;nbsp; It was believed she
+would die.&amp;nbsp; The Council met to decide who would succeed to the throne
+- not unnaturally, many (including Cecil)) supported Catherine Grey.&amp;nbsp;
+The crisis was averted when Elizabeth recovered but, once again, the English
+people were up in arms over the succession.&amp;nbsp; She was always suspicious
+of such talk, remembering her days under Mary's rule, and once said, 'So
+long as I live I shall be Queen of England, when I am dead they shall succeed
+that have most right.'&amp;nbsp; She never said more until she was on her deathbed
+in 1603.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, Catherine managed to complicate the
+issue further - she became pregnant once again.&amp;nbsp; The Lieutenant of
+the Tower, Edward Warner, was a kind man and had allowed the couple to
+spend time together - he left certain doors unlocked and paid no attention
+to who passed through them.&amp;nbsp; So in February 1563, Catherine gave birth
+to their second son, Thomas; two Tower warders acted as godfathers.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, who had been content to let them languish in the Tower indefinitely,
+was further enraged.&amp;nbsp; Edward was fined 15000 pds (later reduced to
+3000); he was also charged with the following crimes:&amp;nbsp; deflowering
+a royal virgin in the Queen's household, flouting his imprisonment by meeting
+with her in the Tower, and engaging in more carnal relations.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One must sympathize with Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Not only
+had Catherine and Edward disdained and insulted the Crown by their earlier
+offenses; that was awful enough.&amp;nbsp; But now they had done it again -
+no contrition, no realization of the enormity of their crime - just the
+same stupid, disrespectful behavior.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's patience, never
+great, was at an end.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was very intelligent and conscious
+of her own position.&amp;nbsp; She assumed Catherine must, at the very least,
+understand her position as well.&amp;nbsp; She could not be so foolish and
+thoughtless as everyone argued in her defense; everyone knew that actions
+have consequences - so must Catherine Grey.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Whether Catherine was a fool is a matter of speculation
+- and personal sympathy.&amp;nbsp; Certainly,, she had an awful sense of timing.&amp;nbsp;
+But she was soon to suffer worse than before.&amp;nbsp; There was an outbreak
+of plague in London and an exodus of everyone who could afford to leave.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth seized the opportunity to teach her cousin a lesson.&amp;nbsp; The
+Seymour family was moved, Edward and little Edward sent under house arrest
+to Hanworth (where his mother still lived); Catherine and baby Thomas went
+to her uncle John Grey's home in Essex.&amp;nbsp; Even though they were free
+of the Tower, they were still to be treated as prisoners.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+was perhaps finally repentant - she was, according to her uncle, 'a penitent
+and sorrowful woman for the Queen's displeasure.'
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also increasingly ill.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle, who
+could not have been happy with his disgraced niece, wrote that 'I never
+came to her, but I found her weeping or else saw by her face she had wept.'&amp;nbsp;
+'She is so fraughted with phlegm by reason of thought, weeping and sitting
+still that many times she is like to overcome therewith...'&amp;nbsp; As for
+Catherine, she wrote that she was in 'continual agony'; 'I never felt what
+the want of my prince's favor was before now...'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was unmoved.&amp;nbsp;
+When John Grey ventured to ask for financial assistance (he was, after
+all, keeping a prisoner for the crown), Elizabeth simply ordered Edward
+to pay.&amp;nbsp; The young earl used to opportunity to plead his own case.&amp;nbsp;
+By now it was mid-1564; there had been pamphlets circulating attesting
+to the legality of the Grey-Seymour union and the legitimacy of their sons.&amp;nbsp;
+The Protestant establishment was as eager to support this as the Catholics
+were to support Mary of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Catherine, born and bred an Englishwoman
+and already
+&lt;br&gt;having born two healthy sons, was heir presumptive.&amp;nbsp; So the same
+talk continued.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The commotion eventually died down.&amp;nbsp; But John
+Grey died in autumn 1564; his niece was transferred to Ingatestone under
+the custody of Sir William Petre.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had begun to imply she
+favored her Stewart relations over the Greys.&amp;nbsp; One can hardly blame
+her; at least Mary of Scotland was troublesome only to herself.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Catherine's sister Mary had made a secret marriage of her own.&amp;nbsp; Once
+again, the Greys angered the queen.&amp;nbsp; Mary and her husband were imprisoned.&amp;nbsp;
+Catherine was moved from Petre's home in February 1567.&amp;nbsp; She entered
+the custody of Sir John Wentworth of Gosfield Hall in Essex; in September,
+she was moved for the last time, to Cockfield Hall.&amp;nbsp; It was in Suffolkshire,
+and remote from the intrigues of London.&amp;nbsp; Her keeper was Sir Owen
+Hopton and his task was an awful one.&amp;nbsp; By this time, Catherine was
+gravely ill with tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Royal physicians were sent for but
+they could do nothing.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By January 1568, Hopton wrote to Cecil that the end
+was near.&amp;nbsp; What did Catherine think, trapped in yet another prison,
+knowing she would never see her husband again?&amp;nbsp; She did not speak
+of Edward; rather, she took comfort in prayer even as Jane had done fourteen
+years before.&amp;nbsp; On the 27th of January, Hopton's wife tried to raise
+her spirits; Catherine replied, 'No, no, my lady, my time is come and it
+is not God's will that I should live any longer, and his will be done,
+not mine.&amp;nbsp; As I am, so shall you be; behold the picture of yourselves.'&amp;nbsp;
+Around seven o'clock, she asked to see Hopton.&amp;nbsp; She asked him to take
+a message to the Queen; 'I must needs confess I have greatly offended her
+in that I made my choice without her knowledge, otherwise I take God to
+witness I had never the heart to think any evil against her majesty.'&amp;nbsp;
+She asked Elizabeth to be good to her sons, to not blame them for their
+parents' crimes.&amp;nbsp; She also asked her cousin to forgive Edward for
+'I know my death will be heavy news unto him.'&amp;nbsp; She sent their wedding
+ring back to him, as well as the few gifts she possessed.&amp;nbsp; Among them
+was a ring engraved with a death's head and a motto, 'While I live yours.'&amp;nbsp;
+This was 'the last token unto my lord that ever I shall send him; it is
+the picture of myself.'&amp;nbsp; And at nine o'clock, having made some small
+peace with the world, Catherine Grey died.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She had spent nearly seven years in various prisons
+and was twenty-seven when she died.&amp;nbsp; Edward, upon hearing the news,
+was heartbroken.&amp;nbsp; But he also hoped for release.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Catherine's
+death would end the queen's anger.&amp;nbsp; Two years later, he was rewarded;
+he was released and pardoned.&amp;nbsp; In 1586, he married again to one Frances
+Howard.&amp;nbsp; They had no children and Edward never stopped petitioning
+the courts to legitimize his sons with Catherine.&amp;nbsp; In 1606, three
+years after Elizabeth's death, the clergyman was found - fifty years after
+the fact! - and a common law court legitimized the marriage and their sons.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward eventually died in January 1621, both of his
+sons already dead.&amp;nbsp; But his grandson, William Seymour, had already
+re-enacted Edward and Catherine's tragic love story by making a secret
+marriage of his own to Arbella Stewart, a member of the royal family.&amp;nbsp;
+And Edward apparently didn't gain sympathy for young lovers through his
+own experience.&amp;nbsp; His and Catherine's eldest son, Edward, married Honora
+Rogers, a girl far below his station; Edward did everything he could to
+end the marriage and his son threatened to commit suicide rather than return
+to Edward's home.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to
+Lady Jane Grey page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082577&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082577&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">42860</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Cromwell</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01df.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cromwell.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cromwell-small.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cromwell.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Thomas Cromwell&quot; height=59 width=313&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born c.1485 in Putney
+&lt;br&gt;executed 28 July 1540 in London
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&quot;A good household manager, but not fit to meddle in
+the affairs of kings.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;May 1538, Henry VIII describes Cromwell to the French
+ambassador&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cromwell-small.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Cromwell as the earl of Essex&quot; BORDER=2 height=264 width=220 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Thomas Cromwell was as great a statesman as England has ever seen and,
+in his decade of power, permanently changed the course of English history.&amp;nbsp;
+Unlike his mentor, Cardinal Wolsey, Cromwell was not a priest or a papist.&amp;nbsp;
+He was a lawyer determined to impose his own character - methodical, detached,
+and calculating - upon government.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell wanted government to be effective and efficient;
+to achieve this, he had to end the chaos of feudal privilege and ill-defined
+jurisdictions.&amp;nbsp; He was blessed with a logical mind in an age sadly
+devoid of them.&amp;nbsp; And unlike his royal master, he did not let his emotions
+interfere with his position.&amp;nbsp; He was the ideal statesman for Tudor
+England and, just months after his execution in 1540, Henry VIII was bemoaning
+his loss.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was introduced to government service as
+a secretary for &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; His abilities won him the older man's respect and soon
+Cromwell was his most trusted servant and principal secretary.&amp;nbsp; But
+Cromwell managed to distance himself from Wolsey immediately after the
+Cardinal fell from grace and soon had taken his place as Henry's most valuable
+advisor.&amp;nbsp; Before entering Wolsey's service, Cromwell lived an adventurous
+life.&amp;nbsp; His father had been a brewer and blacksmith known for permanent
+drunkenness and illegal activities.&amp;nbsp; From this inauspicious beginning,
+his son went on to indulge his curiosity and practical nature by traveling
+through Europe.&amp;nbsp; Over the course of several years, he was a soldier
+in Europe, a banker in Italy, clerk in the Netherlands, and a lawyer in
+London.&amp;nbsp; Like so many ambitious men, he was in Wolsey's service in
+the mid-1520s.&amp;nbsp; His most important work was the suppression of 29
+religious houses whose monies Wolsey used to endow colleges at Ipswich
+and Oxford.&amp;nbsp; When Wolsey fell from grace in 1529, Cromwell was hurriedly
+elected burgess for Taunton so he could remain in government service.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There were striking similarities between the two
+men - both managed to remain favorites of the mercurial Henry VIII for
+years; both were despised by the older nobility who coveted their influence
+with the king; both sought to reform the creaky medieval bureaucracy of
+Tudor government; both were highly intelligent and well-versed in international
+affairs.&amp;nbsp; And both, ultimately, fell from Henry's favor with spectacular
+speed.&amp;nbsp; In the end, the king preferred to listen to the old nobility.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Cromwell and Wolsey were also markedly different
+in many ways.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was the man responsible for the Henrician
+reformation while Wolsey fell because he served two masters, the king of
+England and the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Though Henry had ejected Rome from his nation,
+he still practiced the Roman Catholic religion.&amp;nbsp; The king's religious
+tendencies were never reformist and many historians have made the mistake
+of painting him as one of the first Protestant kings.&amp;nbsp; Henry was never
+a Protestant and he wrote treatises vilifying Martin Luther for which he
+was titled 'Defender of the Faith' by the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Rather, he was an
+opportunist who disliked papal authority and interference in his realm
+and wanted some of the vast wealth the English church possessed.&amp;nbsp;
+For Henry, often desperately short of money, it was near-blasphemy for
+his subjects to pay taxes directly to Rome; he wanted the money for his
+government.&amp;nbsp; He also wanted an annulment from a devoutly Catholic
+wife, Katharine of Aragon, and when the Pope, held hostage by the Holy
+Roman Emperor, refused to rule in his favor, he found it most expedient
+to simply disregard the papacy.&amp;nbsp; But throughout it all, Henry was
+unaware of the forces he had unleashed when he declared himself head of
+the English church.&amp;nbsp; Trained for the church as a child, he remained
+staunchly Catholic for his entire life though the Catholic church deemed
+him a heretic.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;a discussion of the Henrician reformation&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is important to remember that during Henry's reign,
+at least half of his subjects were under the age of eighteen.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+court swarmed with young people - pages, scullery maids, and the like.&amp;nbsp;
+English culture celebrated youth; tournaments, hunts, glorious warfare
+were all the province of the young and strong.&amp;nbsp; And while Henry was
+young, he joined these events with a gusto sadly lacking in his father
+or son.&amp;nbsp; But time does not stop, not even for a despotic monarch determined
+to have his way in all things.&amp;nbsp; During his 'great matter', Henry was
+in his thirties and changing from 'Bluff King Hal' into an overweight and
+balding hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; He had rid himself of Rome to gain wealth
+and a son.&amp;nbsp; He gained both and, once he had, continually toyed with
+the idea of making peace with the pope.&amp;nbsp; He didn't relish excommunication
+and it is likely that he persuaded himself that he wasn't disobeying Christ's
+vicar but rather the Emperor's puppet.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he misjudged the mood of his people, particularly
+his nobles.&amp;nbsp; Educated and by nature inquisitive and acquisitive, the
+new Protestant teachings intrigued them; they also sought the vast monastic
+lands which Henry planned to sell.&amp;nbsp; This was the paradox of the Henrician
+reformation.&amp;nbsp; It was motivated by greed and genuine religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp;
+As time passed, the new generation of nobles were Protestant because it
+was expedient and philosophically appealing.&amp;nbsp; And with each year,
+more Englishmen were born who were further and further away from the old
+days of Roman domination.&amp;nbsp; Henry, in his forties, could remember the
+papist ways but, as the years passed, fewer and fewer of his subjects did.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In terms of the practical effect the reformation
+had on everyday Englishmen, the situation is more difficult to gauge.&amp;nbsp;
+Unlike the wealthy noblemen, they couldn't bid on the seized monastic properties.&amp;nbsp;
+And in many towns and villages, the parish church was the community center,
+where births, weddings, and deaths were officiated over by a priest.&amp;nbsp;
+But they undoubtedly enjoyed not paying their tax to Rome.&amp;nbsp; Once again,
+a paradox emerged - an excommunicated nation which found itself torn between
+loyalty to the sovereign and loyalty to the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Also, since Henry's
+marriage to Anne Boleyn could only be recognized if one accepted his annulment
+from Katharine - which in itself meant a rejection of papal authority -
+and it was treason to &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; recognize his marriage to Anne, then many
+people were swayed by the threat of execution.&amp;nbsp; In other words, accept
+Henry's decisions or die.&amp;nbsp; Of course, I cannot discuss all aspects
+of the reformation at this site; I recommend L.B. Smith's &lt;i&gt;Henry VIII&lt;/i&gt;
+which studies Henry's own theological beliefs.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There was opposition to the reformation which probably
+had more to do with the attendant loss of independence in north England.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1536, a northern uprising which came to be called the Pilgrimage of
+Grace, gathered over 40,000 men and marched through England.&amp;nbsp; It eventually
+destroyed itself by internal division and lack of clear purpose but one
+of the rebels' demands was a warning for Cromwell - they want their king
+to be advised by &lt;i&gt;noble&lt;/i&gt; councilors who understand the people's wishes,
+not common men like Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Henry was angry at their presumption
+- how dare his ignorant subjects rebel annd then tell him how to run the
+country! - but he was persuaded to show mercy and pardon those involved.&amp;nbsp;
+And he continued to listen to Cromwell.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage
+of Grace&lt;/a&gt; was largely motivated not by religious concerns but by Cromwell's
+determination to dissolve the monasteries and improve the royal tax collecting
+methods.&amp;nbsp; For example, the movement began in Louth, in Lincolnshire,
+and began with the murder of two tax collectors, one of whom was hanged
+and the other sewn into a sack and thrown to a pack of hungry dogs!
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So the common people might grumble somewhat but they
+were ultimately more influenced by practical matters.&amp;nbsp; Had Henry's
+excommunication been followed by a terrible harvest or bad weather, it
+may have been otherwise.&amp;nbsp; During his daughter Mary's reign, such signs
+were taken to mean God was angry with her for attempting to reinstate Catholicism.&amp;nbsp;
+But not only did Henry enjoy good weather, he had a brilliant servant.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell was the one who gave force to Henry's grand declarations.&amp;nbsp;
+The king declared that Rome had no authority in England and Cromwell instituted
+the reforms which would make it so.&amp;nbsp; The king declared that all monastic
+lands were forfeit and Cromwell set out to close the monasteries, assess
+their value, and sell them to the highest bidder.&amp;nbsp; For a decade, this
+partnership worked marvelously.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry and Cromwell both recognized a fundamental
+truth of the English people; the government could do what it liked as long
+as traditional religious views were not upset too much.&amp;nbsp; Certainly
+Henry did not upset his own.&amp;nbsp; The name of the pope was omitted in
+their prayers but not much else.&amp;nbsp; Henry's break with Rome was really
+a legal reformation rather than one of real religious content.&amp;nbsp; England
+practiced Catholicism without a pope and, in his place, was their king.&amp;nbsp;
+This situation suited Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Like many, he recognized that the
+Church had lost its way, remaining a ponderous medieval institution concerned
+with wealth and influence.&amp;nbsp; But Europe was no longer medieval; countries
+were becoming nation-states, patriotic and immune to the cultural unity
+which Rome promoted.&amp;nbsp; The pope envisioned a collection of nations
+joined beneath the cloak of Christendom with him at its head; but, particularly
+in xenophobic England, there were mutterings that the church was dominated
+by other nations.&amp;nbsp; Also, the church claimed authority over its subjects;
+no priest or cleric could be tried by their sovereign nation.&amp;nbsp; They
+would answer only to Rome.&amp;nbsp; This problem had angered Henry II centuries
+before and resulted in Thomas Becket's murder.&amp;nbsp; In Henry's time, it
+had grown worse.&amp;nbsp; Also, as king, he believed himself ruler of &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;
+his subjects, priest and commoner alike.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One must also mention the corruption of the church,
+sadly evident to everyone.&amp;nbsp; Certainly there were Godly men who struggled
+to enforce the tenets of their faith.&amp;nbsp; But there were also bishops
+and cardinals more interested in business and finance than theology.&amp;nbsp;
+The church preached that the surest path to heaven was through good works,
+particularly at a monastery or abbey, but every Englishmen knew that only
+the wealthy could afford to endow or board at them.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+an increasing number of churchmen were absent from their posts.&amp;nbsp; Cardinal
+Wolsey embodied this avaricious streak; he was bishop, archbishop, abbot,
+and cardinal yet the affairs of state kept him from his duties.&amp;nbsp; Instead
+of tending to his flock, he tended to his purse.&amp;nbsp; He sired illegitimate
+children and collected nearly 50,000 pds a year from his vast holdings.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey represented the church as it had become; certainly
+such abuses may not have turned most Englishmen from their faith.&amp;nbsp;
+But when confronted with the forces of Protestantism, the church found
+precious few willing to die for their beliefs.&amp;nbsp; After all, why would
+anyone die for a faith they didn't respect?&amp;nbsp; When the king styled
+himself head of the church, many were perhaps relieved.&amp;nbsp; Henry made
+no claim to a holy life, not like the churchman Wolsey; he also was shrewd
+enough to endow his monarchy with papal apparatus.&amp;nbsp; From the 1530s
+on, the Tudor dynasty was even more divine and the machinery of state could
+enforce its divinity.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cromwell's revolution in government&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell's rise to power was extraordinary and occurred
+just when Henry needed a minister of great administrative imagination and
+genius, uninterested in the squabbles of his council and determined to
+empower the machinery of state.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell entered royal service in
+early 1530 and, from then on, rose rapidly.&amp;nbsp; In late 1530 he was sworn
+into the King's Council and, just a year later, began to attract unfavorable
+attention from Wolsey's old rivals.&amp;nbsp; These were Stephen Gardiner,
+bishop of Winchester, Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk, and Charles Brandon,
+duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner had worked with Wolsey but, like Norfolk
+and Suffolk, viewed the Cardinal's fall as a chance to take his place.&amp;nbsp;
+From 1529 to about 1533, they enjoyed the king's confidence even as Cromwell
+rose to overtake them all.&amp;nbsp; His career progressed as follows:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - member of the privy council
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Master of Court of Wards
+and Master of Jewel House
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1533&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Chancellor of the Exchequer
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1534&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;- King's Secretary and Master
+of the Rolls
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1535&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Vicar-General
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Lord Privy Seal and Baron
+Cromwell of Oakham
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1537&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Knight of the Garter and
+Dean of Wells
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1539&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Lord Great Chamberlain
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - created Earl of Essex
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As the above list shows, Henry never forgot the fallen
+Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; He had heaped honors upon him with extravagant generosity
+and had written to the pope recommending religious promotion.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, Henry believed himself betrayed.&amp;nbsp; Not only had Wolsey accumulated
+obscene wealth, but he had grown arrogant and eventually treasonous.&amp;nbsp;
+And so Cromwell, despite his years of diligence and genius, was eventually
+rewarded with an earldom but only a short time before his execution.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His influence upon the 1530s, one of the most influential
+and vital decades in English history, was enormous.&amp;nbsp; One needs only
+to study the 1540s to realize how the loss of Cromwell affected Tudor government.&amp;nbsp;
+He also came to power during Anne Boleyn's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; It was a symbolic
+changing of the guard - the old Katharine of Aragon thrust aside for the
+young, ambitious Anne Boleyn and Wolsey disgraced and replaced by his protÃ©gÃ©
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell supported Anne until she, like Wolsey, became
+a liability.&amp;nbsp; Among his immediate accomplishments were the following:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - the dissolution of the monasteries
+and establishment of the royal supremacy
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founded the ministries of Augmentations
+and First Fruits to handle income from the dissolution
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founded the two courts of Wards
+and Surveyors which allowed more efficient taxation and leasing
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;4 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- politically integrated the
+kingdom by extending sovereign authority into northern England, Wales &amp;amp;
+Ireland (actions which angered the great feudal lords)
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - used the power of that relatively
+new invention, the printing-press and thus spearheaded the first propaganda
+campaign in English history.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the 1530s, he had instituted reforms of the English
+government which earned enmity from the nobility.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized
+the basic inefficiency of feudal government and, from it, struggled to
+create a more logical system.&amp;nbsp; Instead of offices held solely because
+of birth, he wanted trained servants with expertise in their field.&amp;nbsp;
+He built a bureaucracy of professionals outside the royal household.&amp;nbsp;
+He began the first era of parliamentary control of England, using the institution
+to dissolve the monasteries which made up a quarter of all arable land
+and validate his other decisions.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; From the above list, one will note that most of the
+'accomplishments' were motivated by financial need.&amp;nbsp; Like his predecessors
+in government ministry, Cromwell needed to provide secure and regular income.&amp;nbsp;
+This alone necessitated an assault on the church's wealth.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+also developed a novel, and very unpopular idea - in the past, taxes were
+created to support warfare; in 1534, he developed a new tax.&amp;nbsp; Its
+basis?&amp;nbsp; The king's maintenance of peace.&amp;nbsp; These measures did
+not help his reputation but, by 1547, had brought nearly 2,000,000 pds
+to Henry's treasury.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry would use the entire windfall
+to finance his increasingly complicated foreign policy.&amp;nbsp; At the time
+of Henry's death, all the wealth Cromwell had accumulated was gone and
+Edward VI was left with debased currency and massive debts.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1534, however, Henry was prepared to reap the
+benefits of his new anti-clerical policies.&amp;nbsp; He had appointed his
+friend Thomas Cranmer to the venerable and powerful position of Archbishop
+of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was like Cromwell in many ways - both owed
+their rise to prominence entirely to Henry's mercurial favor; both came
+from humble backgrounds; both were despised by the traditional nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+Cranmer had come to Henry's attention by first suggesting a solution to
+the divorce problem - petition learned churchmen for their opinion, assuming
+they agreed with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Like Cromwell, Cranmer benefited directly
+from the fall of Katharine of Aragon and the Imperial alliance and the
+rise of Anne Boleyn and her Norfolk relations.&amp;nbsp; Henry's midlife crisis
+provided fertile ground for ambitious men.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer and Cromwell liked
+one another and became friends, though Cranmer was careful to distance
+himself once Cromwell's ruin was assured.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1535, Henry appointed Cromwell Vicar General and,
+over the next five years, the honors increased - Lord Privy Seal, titled
+Baron Cromwell of Oakham, Knight of the Garter and Dean of Wells, and finally
+Lord Great Chancellor and ennoblement as Earl of Essex.&amp;nbsp; The last
+was Cromwell's greatest ambition and long before justified by his superior
+service to the crown.&amp;nbsp; During the accumulation of these honors, however,
+Cromwell began to recognize the flaws in his success.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; First, he had accompanied Anne Boleyn on her rise
+to power; yet, in 1536, he helped engineer her disgrace and execution on
+charges of adultery, incest, and witchcraft.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+recognized Henry's dissatisfaction with the marriage - after several years,
+Anne's sharp tongue had offended many and, even worse, she had not produced
+a male heir.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Henry had become infatuated with Anne's
+lady-in-waiting, Mistress Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Tiring of his wife, he wanted
+to be rid of her.&amp;nbsp; Divorce was only briefly considered before being
+pushed aside.&amp;nbsp; As he had with Katharine of Aragon, Henry became convinced
+his marriage was invalid, only this time because of adultery, and he retained
+his absolute conviction in her guilt even as he truly believed his and
+Katharine's marriage was invalid.&amp;nbsp; To rid himself of Anne, he turned
+to the ever-ready Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, Anne was on trial with her
+brother and two male servants.&amp;nbsp; They were all executed, despite spirited
+defenses and the widely-held belief that it was judicial murder.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell betrayed his former patron because she no
+longer held the king's favor.&amp;nbsp; In the rough world of Tudor politics,
+friendships were lost in the struggle for prestige and survival.&amp;nbsp;
+And now Cromwell turned to Mistress Jane Seymour and her relatively obscure
+family for support.&amp;nbsp; The Seymours, however, never warmed to Cromwell
+as had the Boleyns, largely because they didn't trust him or his influence
+over the king.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was careful to press Jane's cause to the
+king though Henry needed little urging.&amp;nbsp; Just days after Anne Boleyn's
+execution, Jane Seymour became his third wife, dying eighteen months later
+after delivering the longed-for son, Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell busied
+himself with auctioning off church properties to various noblemen and further
+reforming the archaic machinery of Tudor government.&amp;nbsp; In doing so,
+he continued to ignore Henry's council of noble peers.&amp;nbsp; When the council
+did meet, Cromwell dominated the meetings and disregarded most suggestions.&amp;nbsp;
+To his credit, he was right on most counts; the nobility was quite distanced
+from the changing nature of government.&amp;nbsp; They were fiercely protective
+of their own 'inalienable' rights as landowners and peers and notoriously
+difficult when these rights were impugned (this conflict between the nobility
+and monarchy was centuries-old - simply remember the 13th century &lt;i&gt;Magna
+Carta&lt;/i&gt;, when the nobles forced King John I to recognize their 'natural'
+rights.)
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As discussed earlier, the nobility resented Cromwell's
+influence with the king and his pro-monarchy, anti-nobility policy.&amp;nbsp;
+And while many of the nobles benefited from the sale of clerical lands,
+many others had relatives dedicated to religious service.&amp;nbsp; Also, reverence
+for the church and its servants was as deeply-held as reverence for the
+monarchy.&amp;nbsp; Henry's attacks upon the church struck many as unnatural
+and wrong; since they could not turn on the king, they turned on Cromwell
+and blamed him for every unpopular policy.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII, who relished
+his popularity, allowed his faithful servant to be impugned.&amp;nbsp; Thus,
+Henry could meet with his nobles, listen to their complaints, and even
+agree with them since many were his dearest friends.&amp;nbsp; The king remained
+popular while his chief minister became increasingly despised and isolated.&amp;nbsp;
+It is worth noting that one of Cromwell's friends, Richard Moryson, argued
+that merit and not birth should be the only qualification for entry into
+the privy council.&amp;nbsp; Moryson eventually became a member himself.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is also important to note that years of listening
+to anti-Cromwell gossip eventually affected Henry.&amp;nbsp; Even the king
+did not exist in a vacuum and, as his temper became increasingly erratic,
+he was easily swayed by inflamed opinion.&amp;nbsp; Thus, Cromwell suffered
+from a lapse in Henry's temper and one which the king almost immediately
+regretted.&amp;nbsp; Chief among Cromwell's enemies were the highest nobles
+in the land, once Wolsey's great enemies and led by the dukes of Suffolk
+and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; These men had pushed Wolsey from favor after years of
+effort and were determined to do the same to his protÃ©gÃ©.&amp;nbsp;
+The perfect opportunity arrived when Queen Jane died two weeks after childbirth,
+in October 1537.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was genuinely bereaved at her death but
+almost immediately the search began for a new queen.&amp;nbsp; After all, Jane
+had delivered a son but one male heir was not enough in the sixteenth century.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's council began to search for a new consort with the king's enthusiastic
+support.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Cromwell, this was a chance to further extend
+his influence while thwarting the English nobility.&amp;nbsp; Henry's second
+and third wives had been English noblewomen whose families directly profited
+from their rise to power.&amp;nbsp; The influence of these families naturally
+troubled Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; As their influence rose, his own suffered - so
+he was opposed to the idea of another English wife.&amp;nbsp; Also, as an intelligent
+statesman, he recognized the diplomatic power of royal marriages.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's troublesome foreign policy could be soothed if he chose a foreign
+wife - a princess or duchess of one of the great European families.&amp;nbsp;
+Kings were meant to marry other royalty and Cromwell immediately searched
+for possible candidates.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While searching, he was careful to avoid Catholic
+candidates.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell's rise to power was directly connected to the
+fall of Catholicism in England and he wanted to keep England on the path
+of Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, he sought a Protestant ally for Henry
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Naturally, his gaze turned to the Protestant states of Germany,
+birthplace of the Lutheran revolution.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Henry VIII was
+concerned with more aesthetic matters, sending artists (most famously,
+Hans Holbein the Younger) to France and Milan to paint potential brides.&amp;nbsp;
+Among those painted was Christina, duchess of Milan and niece of the Holy
+Roman Emperor; she famously remarked that she would be happy to marry Henry
+- if she had two heads!&amp;nbsp; Henry also  considered Marie de Guise, a widowed
+cousin of the French king.&amp;nbsp; Marie, however, chose to marry Henry's
+nephew, James V of Scotland, thus creating a French-Scottish alliance along
+Henry's troublesome northern border.&amp;nbsp; Their only surviving child is
+famous in history as the tragic Mary queen of Scots.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was well aware that if France and the Holy
+Roman Empire ended hostilities, as seemed likely, England would be left
+out in the diplomatic cold.&amp;nbsp; He was quite happy when the French and
+Imperial marriage negotiations fell apart.&amp;nbsp; But as the search wound
+on, Henry became increasingly desperate for a wife.&amp;nbsp; No doubt he was
+lonely; also, his court needed a queen to be complete.&amp;nbsp; A king was
+not meant to be a bachelor, as every European monarch knew.&amp;nbsp; Finally,
+Cromwell found a Protestant ally with two available sisters - the duke
+of Cleves, whose lands were strategically located and wealthy.&amp;nbsp; He
+had two sisters not yet wed called Anne and Amelia.&amp;nbsp; As the eldest,
+Anne was chosen as the possible bride and Holbein immediately went to Cleves
+to paint her portrait.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fathens%2fforum%2f9194%2fcleves1.jpg&quot;&gt;This
+painting&lt;/a&gt; would become of paramount importance in the coming year.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was determined to have a beautiful wife and specifically asked his
+various ambassadors probing questions - does Marie de Guise have wide hips
+for childbearing? is Christina of Milan pock-marked? does Anne of Cleves
+play the lute?&amp;nbsp; Holbein's famous portrait of Anne cannot be adequately
+judged in our time; after all, standards of beauty have changed.&amp;nbsp;
+However, it is amusing to note that she - so maligned in her own time as
+the ugliest of Henry's wives - is the most attractive by twentieth-century
+standards.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Holbein's portrait showed a perfectly attractive
+young woman - and, on that basis, Cromwell was able to secure the marriage
+alliance with a Protestant ally.&amp;nbsp; Anne set sail for England, little
+realizing what lay ahead.&amp;nbsp; The king, meanwhile, was ecstatic that
+after almost three years as a widower he would be a husband again, able
+to play one of his favorite roles.&amp;nbsp; The entire country was thrilled
+at the news, in fact, and after Anne arrived, Cromwell finally secured
+his greatest ambition - an earldom.&amp;nbsp; He was titled earl of Essex by
+Henry VIII on 18 April 1540 after the marriage treaty was finalized.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this time, he also attempted to placate the
+nobility by redistributing lands to the great magnates, providing them
+with near-autonomous controls of great sections of land.&amp;nbsp; For example,
+the duke of Suffolk traded East Anglian lands for lands in Lincolnshire
+- the duke of Norfolk already held lands  in Anglia while Lincolnshire needed
+a strong leader.&amp;nbsp; Earlier, Cromwell had attempted to befriend Henry's
+oldest child, the stubbornly Catholic Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; She rebuffed
+his attention, largely on religious grounds.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Two years of marriage-brokering were often interrupted
+by rumors of rebellion.&amp;nbsp; The Pilgrimage of Grace had made Henry more
+sensitive to popular sentiment.&amp;nbsp; While Cromwell searched for a wife,
+rumors spread that the king planned new taxes.&amp;nbsp; Also, the last remnants
+of the legitimate Plantagenet line - the Nevilles, Poles, and Courtenays
+- were suspected of encouraging rebellionn and Henry used this convenient
+excuse to order more executions.&amp;nbsp; But popular unrest needed to be
+assuaged in some manner so Cromwell engineered the passing of the Six Articles
+at Parliament in April 1539.&amp;nbsp; These articles attempted to stamp a
+more conservative gloss on the Henrician reformation, thus placating conservative
+European nobles - and the Catholic nations in Europe, now forced to concede
+Henry was not so great a heretic after all.&amp;nbsp; It was a supreme example
+of Cromwell's talent for diffusing domestic tension.&amp;nbsp; In effect, it
+was all talk and no action; it didn't alter the course of the reformation
+one bit.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 6 October 1539, the marriage treaty with
+Cleves was finalized just two months after Holbein delivered his portrait.&amp;nbsp;
+Princess Anne, once betrothed to the duke of Lorraine, was now destined
+to be queen of England.&amp;nbsp; It was the fulfillment of Cromwell's domestic
+and foreign policies.&amp;nbsp; On 11 December, Anne was at Calais waiting
+for a favorable wind to carry her to Dover.&amp;nbsp; She was there for almost
+two weeks while Henry waited at Greenwich.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 27 December
+she landed at Deal and then traveled to Dover and Canterbury before arriving
+at Rochester on 1 January 1540.&amp;nbsp; Henry, desperate to see his bride
+in person, rushed in disguise to meet her 'to thus nourish love', he told
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Their comical first meeting is described at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The meeting was an unmitigated disaster and the beginning
+of Cromwell's end.&amp;nbsp; The New Year gifts Henry had brought for Anne
+were delivered the next day by a courier with a brief note of welcome.&amp;nbsp;
+'I am ashamed that men have so praised her as they have done, and I like
+her not', the king said ominously; he told Cromwell that Anne was 'nothing
+so well as she was spoken of' and, if he had known the truth of her appearance,
+she would never have come to England.&amp;nbsp; The next day, his betrothed
+arrived in Greenwich and the marriage, scheduled for that day, was delayed
+for two days while Henry sought escape.&amp;nbsp; But there was none to be
+had - the Holy Roman Emperor was in Paris meeting with the French king
+and Henry, locked out by those two great powers, could not risk offending
+the German princes who approved the union with Anne.&amp;nbsp; They were, after
+all, his only allies at the moment.&amp;nbsp; So Anne was not sent back and
+Henry moaned that he must 'put my neck in the yoke'.&amp;nbsp; He wrote to
+Cromwell, 'My lord, if it were not to satisfy the world and my realm, I
+would not do that I must do this day for none earthly thing'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Poor Anne of Cleves - barely able to speak English,
+in a foreign land, and despised by her intended husband!&amp;nbsp; The confused
+woman was led to a private marriage ceremony at Greenwich and, then, to
+her equally humiliating marriage-bed.&amp;nbsp; The union was not consummated,
+a subject upon which Henry never wavered.&amp;nbsp; He spoke openly of how
+disgusted he was by Anne's appearance; 'struck to the heart' by distaste,
+he 'left her as good a maid as he found her'.&amp;nbsp; They lay together for
+the entire length of their marriage but were never physically intimate.&amp;nbsp;
+After a few months had passed, the French-Imperial alliance showed signs
+of cooling and Henry's natural boldness had returned.&amp;nbsp; He wanted out
+of this fourth marriage and told Cromwell to arrange it.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What were Cromwell's options?&amp;nbsp; There were two
+ways to nullify the marriage (in essence, arrange a divorce) - Henry had
+not consented to the marriage (this was proved by his failure to consummate
+it) and Anne had not consented to the marriage (this was proved by Anne's
+precontract to the duke of Lorraine.)&amp;nbsp; Henry had long been concerned
+with the latter problem - but had been assured that the contract was completely
+repudiated.&amp;nbsp; Still, the day before his marriage to Anne, he called
+the Clevian ambassadors to him and raised the issue.&amp;nbsp; They were astonished,
+and rightly so, and offered to remain as prisoners in England until the
+formal repudiation papers were delivered from Cleves.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Thomas Cranmer told the king that Anne could simply swear that the betrothal
+had been repudiated - no official documents were necessary.&amp;nbsp; His friend
+Cromwell 'travailed on him [Henry] to pass the matter over'; he hoped that
+once Henry was married to Anne, the king would resign himself to the marriage.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But instead Henry turned to the precontract when
+his distaste could not be overcome.&amp;nbsp; On 9 July, Parliament declared
+the marriage null and void and Anne, surprising Henry and the court, was
+content to be called 'sister' and receive a handsome income and household
+in England.&amp;nbsp; She had no desire to return to Cleves, where she would
+remain under her brother's thumb and perhaps married again.&amp;nbsp; It is
+also possible she found Henry as unattractive as he found her.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was so pleased with this unexpected docility that he gave her status second
+only to his daughters, Princesses Mary and Elizabeth, both of whom came
+to befriend Anne.&amp;nbsp; Anne's letter to Henry, in which she accepts the
+dissolution of their marriage, can be read at '&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;Letters
+of the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, the time had come to search for a convenient
+scapegoat - the person responsible for the disastrous union.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+railed against his ambassadors who had so misled him with descriptions
+of her beauty - though, in truth, the ambassador's descriptions had been
+honest.&amp;nbsp; It was soon alleged that Cromwell had kept them from the
+king, for fear of discouraging the union.&amp;nbsp; Now, Cromwell was arrested
+on 10 June 1540, at 3pm on a Saturday, while at a Privy Council meeting.&amp;nbsp;
+This was a full month before the marriage was nullified.&amp;nbsp; Henry and
+Cromwell's enemies were in the midst of finding scapegoats for the marriage,
+while not yet assured of its outcome.&amp;nbsp; Henry, in a fit of temper and
+pique, complained bitterly that his minister had betrayed him while trying
+to further his own influence; the nobility were only too happy to encourage
+such thoughts.&amp;nbsp; They urged Henry to arrest Cromwell and teach the
+upstart his final lesson - namely, that it does not pay to mislead a king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So the captain of the guard arrived at the council
+chamber and arrested Cromwell, while a table of his enemies looked on.&amp;nbsp;
+The moment the guard entered the room, Cromwell recognized the danger -
+and threw his hat upon the table in rage.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and Southampton
+stripped his decorations from his robe of state and Cromwell was then escorted
+to a barge - and, then, the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The events which follow
+are far from clear - Cromwell's fall and execution are among the most mysterious
+events of Henry VIII's reign and cannot be easily understood.&amp;nbsp; I have
+yet to read a history which offers an adequate explanation.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
+Henry became increasingly mercurial and tempermental in his later years,
+and Cromwell was just one of many victims of the king's ever-changing whims.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; First, if Cromwell fell from favor because
+of the Cleves marriage, as most believe, why did Henry title him earl of
+Essex in April 1540 - months after the marriage had been finalized and
+while negotiations for divorce were underway?&amp;nbsp; Second, if Cromwell
+was executed because his government policies angered the king, as has been
+alleged, why did Henry give his voluntary approval to all of Cromwell's
+legislation?&amp;nbsp; Third, is his enemies were in the ascendancy, why had
+Henry only recently shown the duke of Norfolk (Cromwell's great enemy)
+open favor?&amp;nbsp; After all, Norfolk had just been sent abroad on diplomatic
+work - away from the king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What are we left with?&amp;nbsp; The charges eventually
+listed in Cromwell's attainder &lt;i&gt;did not&lt;/i&gt; list the above - Cromwell
+was not accused of misleading Henry on matters of policy, he was not held
+responsible for the disastrous marriage, and he was not charged with leading
+England into an unwanted Lutheran alliance.&amp;nbsp; Instead, he was charged
+with selling export licenses illegally, granting passports and commissions
+without royal knowledge, freeing people suspected of treason and - of course
+- that he, base-born and ignoble, had usuurped and deliberately misused
+royal power.&amp;nbsp; Most significantly, however, he was charged with heresy
+- this charge was the bulk of his attaindder and apparently swayed Henry
+decisively.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk, allied with the Catholic bishops Cromwell had
+forced from power, engineered this charge.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, they charged,
+had encouraged and spread heretical literature, allowed heretics to preach,
+released them from prison, and allied himself against their enemies.&amp;nbsp;
+Significantly, it was reported that in March 1539 Cromwell said that, even
+if Henry turned from Protestantism, 'yet I would not turn, and if the king
+did turn, and all his people, I would fight in this field in mine own person,
+with my sword in my hand &lt;i&gt;against him&lt;/i&gt; and all other'.&amp;nbsp; That
+was treason.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Shortly after his arrest, incriminating letters to
+Lutherans were found in Cromwell's home, placed there by agents of the
+duke of Norfolk; they were so inflammatory that the king was outraged.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell's name, Henry swore, would be abolished forever.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+wrote two desperate letters from the Tower; the one that survives is in
+tatters.&amp;nbsp; He assured his monarch that he was a good, loyal servant
+and a faithful Christian.&amp;nbsp; But Henry, surrounded by Cromwell's enemies
+and - more significantly - newly infatuated with Norfolk's niece, Catherine
+Howard, would hear nothing.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Norfolk was shrewd enough
+to create a Lutheran conspiracy; three popular reformers, Robert Barnes,
+Thomas Garret, and William Jerome, were executed just days after Cromwell.&amp;nbsp;
+None of the men were allowed an open trial.&amp;nbsp; That would allow the
+public opportunity for them to dispute the false charges.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
+they were condemned by Act of Attainder, a parliamentary tool which dispensed
+with justice in favor of speed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The executed men were also neighbors of Cromwell,
+which was their only link to the earl.&amp;nbsp; And they were as innocent
+as Cromwell of the charges against them - as evidenced by the confusion
+of contemporary chroniclers.&amp;nbsp; Edward Hall, one of the great chroniclers
+of Tudor England, could find no real evidence against them although he
+'searched to know the truth'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So Cromwell was executed privately on Tower Green
+on 28 July 1540, still protesting his innocence.&amp;nbsp; He died with dignity
+- but the whole sordid affair of his deatth would not rest.&amp;nbsp; For the
+volatile Henry VIII was soon despairing of his loss, just a few months
+after he allowed the execution.&amp;nbsp; He raged at his council, accusing
+them of lying and deliberately destroying his 'most faithful servant'.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell's destruction had been engineered on 'light pretexts' and against
+the king's wishes.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Henry was a victim as well - of a determined
+group of nobles and clerics, led by Norfolk, who hated Cromwell and carried
+the king along on their path of destruction.&amp;nbsp; Events were rapid and
+deliberately confused.&amp;nbsp; By the time Henry realized what had happened,
+it was too late.&amp;nbsp; He could only bemoan his loss, while never understanding
+exactly why it happened.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This was no comfort to Thomas Cromwell, however;
+after a lifetime of dedicated service, he met his end by execution and
+all of Henry's regrets could not bring him back to life.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Want to learn more about Cromwell?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Try these books (used as sources for my article) -&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The Cardinal and the Secretary: Thomas Wolsey and Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by Neville Williams.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Policy and Police: the enforcement of the Reformation
+in the Age of Thomas Cromwell&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by G. R. Elton.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Reform and Renewal: Thomas Cromwell and the Common Weal&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by G. R. Elton.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Thomas Cromwell and the English Reformation&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by A. G. Dickens.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Thomas Cromwell: Tudor Minister&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by B. W. Beckingsale.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082581&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5819</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The last letter of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The last letter of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-letter.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-letter.gif&quot; width=&quot;331&quot; height=&quot;87&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Mary Stuart 
+      wrote this letter on 8 February 1587, completing it just six hours before her
+execution at Fotheringhay Castle.&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;It is addressed to her former brother-in-law,
+King Henry III of France.&amp;nbsp; She had written to him regularly throughout
+her imprisonment in England.&amp;nbsp; The letter is a remarkable document.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary clearly believes she is dying as a martyr to her Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp;
+She also displays genuine concern for the loyal servants who joined her
+English imprisonment.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;It should be noted that Henry III did not provide the
+wages and pensions which Mary so poignantly sought.&amp;nbsp; It was King Philip II of
+Spain who honored her last wishes.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+8 February 1587
+
+&lt;br&gt;To the most Christian king, my brother and old ally,
+
+&lt;p&gt;Royal brother, having by God's will, for my sins I think, thrown myself
+
+into the power of the Queen my cousin, at whose hands I have suffered much
+
+for almost twenty years, I have finally been condemned to death by her
+
+and her Estates.&amp;nbsp; I have asked for my papers, which they have taken
+
+away, in order that I might make&amp;nbsp;my
+
+will, but I have been unable to recover anything of use to me, or even
+
+get leave either to make my will freely or to have my body conveyed after
+
+my death, as I would wish, to your kingdom where I had the honor to be
+
+queen, your sister and old ally.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Tonight, after dinner, I have been advised of my sentence:&amp;nbsp; I am
+
+to be executed like a criminal at eight in the morning.&amp;nbsp; I have not
+
+had time to give you a full account of everything that has happened, but
+
+if you will listen to my doctor and my other unfortunate servants, you
+
+will learn the truth, and how, thanks be to God, I scorn death and vow
+
+that I meet it innocent of any crime, even if I were their subject.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Catholic faith and the assertion of my God-given right to the English
+
+crown are the two issues on which I am condemned, and yet I am not allowed
+
+to say that it is for the Catholic religion that I die, but for fear of
+
+interference with theirs.&amp;nbsp; The proof of this is that they have taken
+
+away my chaplain, and although he is in the building, I have not been able
+
+to get permission for him to come and hear my confession and give me the
+
+Last Sacrament, while they have been most insistent that I receive the
+
+consolation and instruction of their minister, brought here for that purpose.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The bearer of this letter and his companions, most of them your subjects,
+
+will testify to my conduct at my last hour.&amp;nbsp; It remains for me to
+
+beg Your Most Christian Majesty, my brother-in-law and old ally, who have
+
+always protested your love for me, to give proof now of your goodness on
+
+all these points:&amp;nbsp; firstly by charity, in paying my unfortunate servants
+
+the wages due them - this is a burden on my conscience that only you can
+
+relieve:&amp;nbsp; further, by having prayers offered to God for a queen who
+
+has borne the title Most Christian, and who dies a Catholic, stripped of
+
+all her possessions.&amp;nbsp; As for my son, I commend him to you in so far
+
+as he deserves, for I cannot answer for him.&amp;nbsp; I have taken the liberty
+
+of sending you two precious stones, talismans against illness, trusting
+
+that you will enjoy good health and a long and happy life.&amp;nbsp; Accept
+
+them from your loving sister-in-law, who, as she dies, bears witness of
+
+her warm feeling for you. Again I commend my servants to you.&amp;nbsp; Give
+
+instructions, if it please you, that for my soul's sake part of what you
+
+owe me should be paid, and that for the sake of Jesus Christ, to whom I
+
+shall pray for you tomorrow as I die, I be left enough to found a memorial
+
+mass and give the customary alms.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Wednesday, at two in the morning
+
+&lt;p&gt;Your most loving and most true sister
+
+&lt;br&gt;Mary R&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082608&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082608&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Elizabeth I's letters relating to Mary, queen of Scots</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;1586 &amp;amp; 1587, Letters from Elizabeth I to Mary,
+queen of Scots and James VI of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;October 1586 and 14 February 1587.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To Mary, queen of Scots, October 1586.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;At the opening of the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots,
+at Fotheringhay on 12th October 1586, the Commissioners delivered her this
+personal letter from Queen Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It has been translated
+from the French.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never proceeded
+so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected and maintained
+you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and all made manifest.
+Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and peers of the kingdom
+as if I were myself present. I therefore require, charge, and command that
+you make answer for I have been well informed of your arrogance.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner
+be able to obtain favour of me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To King James VI of Scotland, 14th February 1587.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Although she signed the warrant for Mary's execution,
+Elizabeth tore it up.&amp;nbsp; Another copy was signed, and - before the queen
+could change her mind yet again - Burghley and others upon the council
+sent if off.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's life was in constant danger while Mary lived,
+as numerous plots attested.&amp;nbsp; Her Council was determined to keep her
+safe.&amp;nbsp; As for Elizabeth, she was understandably torn between protecting
+her throne and taking the life of a fellow sovereign, even one she did
+not respect or like.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The second warrant was sent from London on 4th February,
+and reached Fotheringhay on the following evening.&amp;nbsp; On the 7th the
+Earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were in charge of the execution, warned
+Mary to prepare for death on the following day.&amp;nbsp; On the 9th the news
+of her execution reached London, and was received by the Queen with surprise
+and horror.&amp;nbsp; She openly raged against her councilors; her capable
+secretary Davison, who had given her the second warrant, was sent to the
+Tower.&amp;nbsp; Four days later she wrote to James of Scotland to protest
+her innocence of Mary's death.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme
+dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary
+to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine, whom
+ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you truly of that which
+is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you that as God and many
+more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you will believe me, that
+if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am not so base minded that
+fear of any living creature or Prince should make me so afraid to do that
+were just; or done, to deny the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor
+carry so vile a mind. But, as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will
+I never dissemble my actions, but cause them show even as I meant them.
+Thus assuring yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if
+I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will
+I not damnify myself that thought it not.
+&lt;br&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for
+your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor
+a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully
+to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave to
+trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and cousin,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschron.html&quot;&gt;to
+Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082762&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082762&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">32301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER FOUR&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn -- Letters to her from the
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; -- The Convent at Wilton -- The 
+      Divorce -- The Pope's promises -- Arrival of Campeggio in England -- 
+      Reception at the Bridewell Palace -- Proposal to Catherine to take the 
+      veil -- Her refusal -- Uncertainty of the succession -- A singular 
+      expedient -- Alarms of Wolsey -- The true issue -Speech of the
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; in the City -- Threats of the 
+      Emperor -- Defects in the Bull of Pope Julius -- Alleged discovery of a 
+      brief supplying them -- Distress of Clement. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THE marriage with Anne Boleyn was now a fixed 
+    idea in &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Henry&lt;/font&gt;'s mind. He had become 
+    passionately attached to her, though not perhaps she to him. The evidence of 
+    his feeling remains in a series of letters to her -- how preserved for 
+    public inspection no one knows. Some of them were said to have been stolen 
+    by Campeggio. Perhaps they were sold to him; at any rate, they survive. A 
+    critic in the &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Edinburgh Review&lt;/i&gt;&amp;quot; described them as such as &amp;quot;might 
+    have been written by a pot-boy to his girl.&amp;quot; The pot-boy must have been a 
+    singular specimen of his kind. One, at any rate, remains to show that, 
+    though &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Henry&lt;/font&gt; was in love, he did not 
+    allow his love to blind him to his duty as a prince. The lady, though 
+    obliged to wait for the full gratification of her ambition, had been using 
+    her influence to advance her friends, while Wolsey brought upon himself the 
+    rebuke of his master by insufficient care in the distribution of Church 
+    patronage. The correspondence throws an unexpected light upon the
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt;'s character. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Abbess of Wilton had died. The situation 
+    was a pleasant one. Among the sisters who aspired to the vacant office was a 
+    certain Eleanor Carey, a near connection of Anne, and a favourite with her. 
+    The appointment rested virtually with the Crown. The Lady Anne spoke to the 
+    King. The King deputed Wolsey to inquire into the fitness of the various 
+    candidates, with a favourable recommendation of Eleanor Carey's claims. The 
+    inquiry was made, and the result gives us a glimpse into the habits of the 
+    devout recluses in these sacred institutions.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;As for the matter of Wilton,&amp;quot; wrote Henry to 
+    Anne, &amp;quot;my Lord Cardinal here had the nuns before him, and examined them in 
+    the presence of Master Bell, who assures me that she whom we would have had 
+    Abbess has confessed herself to have had two children by two different 
+    priests, and has since been kept not long ago by a servant of Lord Broke 
+    that was. Wherefore I would not for all the gold in the world clog your 
+    conscience nor mine, to make her ruler of a house which is of so ungodly 
+    demeanour, nor I trust you would not that, neither for brother nor sister, I 
+    should so distain mine honour or conscience. And as touching the Prioress 
+    [Isabella Jordan] or Dame Eleanor's elder sister, though there is not any 
+    evident cause proved against them, and the Prioress is so old that of many 
+    years she could not be as she was named, yet notwithstanding, to do you 
+    pleasure I have done that neither of them shall have it, but that some other 
+    good and well-disposed woman shall have it, whereby the house shall be 
+    better reformed, whereof I assure you it hath much need, and God much the 
+    better served.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This letter is followed by another to the 
+    Cardinal. Wolsey, in whose hands the King had left the matter, in a second 
+    letter which is lost, instead of looking out for the &amp;quot;good and well-disposed 
+    woman,&amp;quot; though IsaBella Jordan's reputation was doubtful, yet chose to 
+    appoint her, and the King's observations upon this action of his are worth 
+    attending to, as addressed by such a person as Henry is supposed to have 
+    been to a Cardinal Archbishop and Legate of the Holy See. Many of the 
+    letters signed by the King were the composition of his ministers and 
+    secretaries. This to Wolsey was his own. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The great affection and love I bear you, 
+    causeth me, using the doctrine of my Master, &lt;i&gt;quem diligo castigo,&lt;/i&gt; 
+    thus plainly as now ensueth to break to you my mind, ensuring you that 
+    neither sinister report, affection to my own pleasure, interest, nor 
+    mediation of any other body beareth part in this case, wherefore whatsoever 
+    I do say, I pray you think it spoken of no displeasure, but of him that 
+    would you as much good both of body and soul as you would yourself. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Methinks it is not the right train of a 
+    trusty loving friend and servant when the matter is put by the master's 
+    consent into his arbitre and judgement -especially in a matter wherein his 
+    master hath both royalty and interest, to elect and choose a person who was 
+    by him defended. And yet another thing which displeaseth me more. That is to 
+    cloke your offence made by ignorance of my pleasure, saying that you 
+    expressly knew not my determinate mind in that behalf. Alas, my lord, what 
+    can be more evident or plainer than these words, specially to a wise man 
+    -'His Grace careth not who, but referreth it all to you, so that none of 
+    those who either be or have been spotted with incontinence, like as by 
+    report the Prioress hath been in her youth, have it;' and also in another 
+    place in the letter, 'And therefore his Highness thinketh her not meet for 
+    that purpose;' thirdly, in another place in the same letter by these words, 
+    'And though his Grace speaketh not of it so openly, yet meseemeth his 
+    pleasure is that in no wise the Prioress have it, nor yet Dame Eleanor's 
+    eldest sister, for many considerations the which your Grace can and will 
+    best consider.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Ah, my Lord, it is a double offence both to 
+    do ill and to colour it too; but with men that have wit it cannot be 
+    accepted so. Wherefore, good my Lord, use no more that way with me, for 
+    there is no man living that more hateth it. These things having been thus 
+    committed, either I must have reserved them &lt;i&gt;in pectore,&lt;/i&gt; whereby more 
+    displeasure might happen to breed, or else thus soundly and plainly to 
+    declare them to you, because I do think that &lt;i&gt;cum amico et familiari 
+    sincere semper est agendum,&lt;/i&gt; and especially the master to his best 
+    beloved servant and friend, for in so doing the one shall be more 
+    circumspect in his doing, the other shall declare and show the lothness that 
+    is in him to have any occasion to be displeased with him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;And as touching the redress of Religion 
+    [convent discipline], if it be observed and continued, undoubtedly it is a 
+    gracious act. Notwithstanding, if all reports be true, &lt;i&gt;ab imbecillis 
+    imbecilla expectantur.&lt;/i&gt; How be it, Mr. Bell hath informed me that the 
+    Prioress's age, personage and manner, &lt;i&gt;prÃŠ se fert gravitatem.&lt;/i&gt; I pray 
+    God it be so indeed, seeing she is preferred to that room. I understand 
+    furthermore, which is greatly to my comfort, that you have ordered yourself 
+    to Godward as religiously and virtuously as any Prelate or father of 
+    Christ's Church can do, where in so doing and persevering there can be 
+    nothing more acceptable to God, more honour to yourself, nor more desired of 
+    your friends, among the which I reckon myself not the least. . . . &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;I pray you, my Lord, think it not that it is 
+    upon any displeasure that I write this unto you. For surely it is for my 
+    discharge before God, being in the room that I am in, and secondly for the 
+    great zeal I bear unto you, not undeserved in your behalf. Wherefore I pray 
+    you take it so; and I assure you, your fault acknowledged, there shall 
+    remain in me no spark of displeasure, trusting hereafter you shall 
+    recompense that with a thing much more acceptable to me. And thus fare you 
+    well; advertising you that, thanked be God, I and all my folk be, and have 
+    been since we came to Ampthill, which was on Saturday last, July 11, in 
+    marvellous good health and clearness of air. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Written with the hand of him that is, and 
+    shall be your loving Sovereign Lord and friend, -- Henry R.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Campeggio meanwhile was loitering on his way 
+    as he had been directed, pretending illness, pretending difficulties of the 
+    road. In sending him at all the Pope had broken his promise to Charles. He 
+    engaged, however, that no sentence should be given which had not been 
+    submitted first to Charles's approval. The Emperor, anxious to avoid a 
+    complete rupture with England, let the Legate go forward, but he directed 
+    Mendoza to inform Wolsey that he must defend his aunt's honour; her cause 
+    was his and he would hold it as such. Wolsey, though afraid of the 
+    consequence of opposing the divorce to himself and the Church, yet at heart 
+    had ceased to desire it. Mendoza reported that English opinion was still 
+    unfavourable, and that he did not believe that the commission would have any 
+    result. The Pope would interpose delays. Wolsey would allow and recognise 
+    them. Both Legates would agree privately to keep the matter in suspense. The 
+    English Cardinal appeared to be against the Queen, but every one knew that 
+    secretly he was now on her side. Catherine only was seriously frightened. 
+    She had doubtless been informed of the secret decretal by which the Pope 
+    appeared to have prejudged her cause. She supposed that the Pope meant it, 
+    and did not understand how lightly such engagements sate upon him. The same 
+    Clement, when Benvenuto Cellini reproached him for breaking his word, 
+    replied, smiling, that the Pope had power to bind and to loose. Catherine 
+    came before long to know him better and to understand the bearings of this 
+    singular privilege; but as yet she thought that words meant what they seemed 
+    to say. When she heard that Campeggio was actually coming, she wrote 
+    passionately to the Emperor, flinging herself upon him for protection. 
+    Charles calmed her alarm. She was not, he said, to be condemned without a 
+    hearing. The Pope had assured him that the Legates should determine nothing 
+    to her detriment. The case should be decided at Rome, as she had desired. 
+    Campeggio's orders were to advise that it should be dropped. Apart from his 
+    present infatuation, the King was a good Christian and would act as one. If 
+    he persisted, she might rely on the Pope's protection. She must consent to 
+    nothing which would imply the dissolution of her marriage. If the worst 
+    came, the King would be made conscious of his duties.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#1&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the middle of October the Legate arrived. 
+    He had been ill in earnest from gout and was still suffering. He had to rest 
+    two days in Calais before he could face the Channel. The passage was wild. A 
+    deputation of Peers and Bishops waited to receive him at Dover. Respectful 
+    demonstrations had been prepared at the towns through which he was to pass, 
+    and a state ceremonial was to accompany his entrance into London. But he 
+    was, or pretended to be, too sick to allow himself to be seen. He was eight 
+    days on the road from the coast, and on reaching his destination he was 
+    carried privately in a state barge to the house provided for his residence. 
+    Wolsey called the next morning. The King was absent, but returned two days 
+    later to the Bridewell palace. There Campeggio waited on him, accompanied by 
+    Wolsey. The weather continued to frown. &amp;quot;I wish,&amp;quot; wrote Gerardo Molza to the 
+    Marchioness of Mantua, &amp;quot;that you could have seen the two Cardinals abreast, 
+    one on his mule, the other carried in his chair, the rain falling fast so 
+    that we were all drenched.&amp;quot; The King, simple man, believed that the 
+    documents which he held secured him. The Pope in sending the Legate had 
+    acted in the teeth of the Emperor's prohibition, and no one guessed how the 
+    affair had been soothed down. The farce was well played, and the language 
+    used was what Henry expected. Messer Floriano, one of Campeggio's suit, made 
+    a grand oration, setting out the storming of Rome, the perils of the Church, 
+    and the misery of Italy, with moving eloquence. The crowd was so dense in 
+    the hall of audience that some of the Italians lost their shoes, and had to 
+    step back barefoot to their lodgings through the wet streets. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Legate was exhausted by the exertion, but 
+    he was not allowed to rest, and the serious part of the business began at 
+    once behind the scenes. He had hoped, as the Emperor said, that the case 
+    might be dropped. He found Henry immoveable. &amp;quot;An angel from heaven,&amp;quot; he 
+    wrote on the 17th of October, &amp;quot;would not be able to persuade the King that 
+    his marriage was not invalid. The matter had come to such a pass that it 
+    could no longer be borne with. The Cardinal of York and the whole kingdom 
+    insisted that the question must be settled in some way.&amp;quot; One road out of the 
+    difficulty alone presented itself. The Emperor had insisted that the 
+    marriage should not be dissolved by Catherine's consent, objecting 
+    reasonably that a judgment invalidating it would shake other royal marriages 
+    besides hers. But no such judgment would be necessary if Catherine could be 
+    induced to enter &amp;quot;lax religion,&amp;quot; to take vows of chastity which, at her age 
+    and under her conditions of health, would be a mere form. The Pope could 
+    then allow Henry to take another wife without offence to any one. The 
+    legitimacy of the Princess would not be touched, and the King undertook that 
+    the succession should be settled upon her if he had no male heir. The Queen 
+    in consenting would lose nothing, for the King had for two years lived apart 
+    from her, and would never return to cohabitation. The Emperor would be 
+    delivered from an obligation infinitely inconvenient to him, and his own 
+    honour and the honour of Spain would be equally untouched. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These arguments were laid before the Queen by 
+    both the Legates, and urged with all their eloquence. In the interests of 
+    the realm, in the interests of Europe, in the interests of the Church, in 
+    her own and her daughter's interest as well, it would have been wiser if she 
+    had complied. Perhaps she would have complied had the King's plea been 
+    confined, as at first, to the political exigencies of the succession. But 
+    the open and premature choice of the lady who was to take her place was an 
+    indignity not to be borne. She had the pride of her race. Her obstinacy was 
+    a match for her husband's. She was shaken for a moment by the impassioned 
+    entreaties of Campeggio, and she did not at once absolutely refuse. The 
+    Legate postponed the opening of his court. He referred to Rome for further 
+    instructions, complaining of the responsibility which was thrown upon him. 
+    Being on the spot he was able to measure the danger of disappointing the 
+    King after the secret commission, the secret decretal, and the Pope's 
+    private letter telling Henry that he was right. Campeggio wrote to Salviati, 
+    after his first interview with Catherine, that he did not yet despair. 
+    Something might be done if the Emperor would advise her to comply. He asked 
+    Fisher to help him, and Fisher seemed not wholly unwilling; but, after a few 
+    days' reflection, Catherine told him that before she would consent she would 
+    be torn limb from limb; she would have an authoritative sentence from the 
+    Pope, and would accept nothing else; nothing should make her alter her 
+    opinion, and if after death she could return to life, she would die over 
+    again rather than change it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Wolsey was in equal anxiety. He had set the 
+    stone rolling, but he could not stop it. If Clement failed the King now, 
+    after all that he had promised, he might not only bring ruin on Wolsey 
+    himself, but might bring on the overthrow of the temporal power of the 
+    Church of England. Catherine was personally popular; but in the middle 
+    classes of the laity, among the peers and gentlemen of England, the 
+    exactions of the Church courts, the Pope's agents and collectors, the 
+    despotic tyranny of the Bishops, had created a resentment the extent of 
+    which none knew better than he. The entire gigantic system of clerical 
+    dominion, of which Wolsey was himself the pillar and representative, was 
+    tottering to its fall. If the King was driven to bay, the favour of a 
+    good-natured people for a suffering woman would be a poor shelter either for 
+    the Church or for him. Campeggio turned to Wolsey for advice on Catherine's 
+    final refusal. The Pope, he said, had hoped that Wolsey would advise the 
+    King to yield. Wolsey had advised. He told Cavendish that he had gone on his 
+    knees to the King, but he could only say to Campeggio that &amp;quot;the King -- 
+    fortified and justified by reasons, writings, and counsels of many learned 
+    men who feared God -- would never yield.&amp;quot; If he was to find that the Pope 
+    had been playing with him, and the succession was to be left undetermined, 
+    &amp;quot;the Church would be ruined and the realm would be in infinite peril.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How great, how real, was the dread of a 
+    disputed succession, appears from an extraordinary expedient which had 
+    suggested itself to Campeggio himself, and which he declares that some 
+    perplexed politicians had seriously contemplated. &amp;quot;They have thought,&amp;quot; he 
+    wrote on the 28th of October, &amp;quot;of marrying the Princess Mary to the King's 
+    natural son [the Duke of Richmond] if it could be done by dispensation from 
+    His Holiness.&amp;quot; The Legate said that at first he had himself thought of this 
+    as a means of establishing the succession; but he did not believe it would 
+    satisfy the King's desire. If anything could be more astonishing than a 
+    proposal for the marriage of a brother and sister, it was the reception 
+    which the suggestion met with at Rome. The Pope's secretary replied that 
+    &amp;quot;with regard to the dispensation for marrying the son to the daughter of the 
+    King, if on the succession being so established the King would abandon the 
+    divorce, the Pope would be much more inclined to grant it.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#2&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Clement's estimate of the extent of the 
+    dispensing power was large. But the situation was desperate. He had 
+    entangled himself in the meshes. He had promised what he had no intention of 
+    performing. He was finding that he had been trifling with a lion, and that 
+    the lion was beginning to rouse himself. Again and again Wolsey urged the 
+    dangers upon him. He wrote on the 1st of November to Casalis that &amp;quot;the 
+    King's honour was touched, having been so great a benefactor to the Holy 
+    See. The Pope would alienate all faith and devotion to the Apostolic See. 
+    The sparks of opposition which had been extinguished with such care and 
+    vigilance would blaze out to the utmost anger of all, both in England and 
+    elsewhere.&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#3&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;Clement and his Cardinals heard, but 
+    imperfectly believed. &amp;quot;He tells us,&amp;quot; wrote Sanga, &amp;quot;that if the divorce is 
+    not granted the authority of the Apostolic See in England will be 
+    annihilated; he is eager to save it because his own greatness is bound up 
+    with ours.&amp;quot; The Curia was incredulous, and thought that Wolsey was only 
+    alarmed for himself. Wolsey, however, was right. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Although opinions might have varied on the 
+    merits of the King's request, people were beginning to ask what value as a 
+    supreme judge a Pope could have, who could not decide on a point of canon 
+    law. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The excitement was growing. Certain knowledge 
+    of what was going on was confined to the few who had access to the secret 
+    correspondence, and they knew only what was meant for their own eyes. All 
+    parties, English and Imperial alike, distrusted the Pope. He had impartially 
+    lied to both, and could be depended on by neither, except so far as they 
+    could influence his fears. Catherine was still the favourite with the London 
+    citizens. She had been seen accidentally in a gallery of the Palace, and had 
+    been enthusiastically cheered. The King found it necessary to explain 
+    himself. On the 8th of November he summoned the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, the 
+    Privy Council, and a body of Peers, and laid the situation before them from 
+    his own point of view. He spoke of his long friendship with the Emperor, and 
+    of his hope that it would not be broken, and again of his alliance with 
+    France, and of his desire to be at peace with all the world. &amp;quot;He had 
+    wished,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;to attach France more closely to him by marrying his 
+    daughter to a French prince, and the French Ambassador, in considering the 
+    proposal, had raised the question of her legitimacy. His own mind had long 
+    misgiven him on the lawfulness of his marriage. M. de Tarbes' words had 
+    added to his uneasiness. The succession to the crown was uncertain; he had 
+    consulted his bishops and lawyers, and they had assured him that he had been 
+    living in mortal sin. . . . He meant only to do what was right, and he 
+    warned his subjects to be careful of forming hasty judgments on their 
+    Prince's actions.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Apart from the present question the King was 
+    extremely popular, and reports arriving from Spain touched the national 
+    pride. There was a talk of calling Parliament. Mendoza and Catherine again 
+    urged Charles to speak plainly. The Pope must inhibit Parliament from 
+    interfering. The Nuncio in London would present the order, and Parliament, 
+    they thought, would submit. They were mistaking the national temper. 
+    Mendoza's letters had persuaded the Spanish Council that the whole of 
+    England was in opposition to the King. The Spanish Chancellor had said 
+    publicly that if the cause was proceeded with there would be war, and &amp;quot;the 
+    King would be dethroned by his own subjects.&amp;quot; The words were reported to 
+    Wolsey, and were confirmed by an English agent, Sylvester Darius, who had 
+    been sent to Valladolid on business connected with the truce. Darius had 
+    spoken to the Chancellor on the probability of England taking active part 
+    with France. &amp;quot;Why do you talk of the King of England?&amp;quot; the Chancellor had 
+    answered; &amp;quot;if we wished, we could expel him from his kingdom in three 
+    months. What force had the King? his own subjects would expel him. He knew 
+    how matters were.&amp;quot; It was one thing for a free people to hold independent 
+    opinions on the arrangements of their own royal family. It was another to be 
+    threatened with civil war at the instigation of a foreign sovereign. Wolsey 
+    quoted the dangerous language at a public meeting in London; and a voice 
+    answered, &amp;quot;The Emperor has lost the hearts of a hundred thousand 
+    Englishmen.&amp;quot; A fresh firebrand was thrown into the flames immediately after. 
+    The national pride was touched on a side where it was already sensitive from 
+    interest. There were 15,000 Flemish artisans in London. English workmen had 
+    been jealous of their skill, and had long looked askance at them. The cry 
+    rose that they had an army of traitors in their midst who must be instantly 
+    expelled. The Flemings' houses were searched for arms, and watched by a 
+    guard, and the working city population, traders, shopkeepers, mechanics, 
+    apprentices, came over to the King's side, and remained there. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Meantime the cause itself hung fire. A new 
+    feature had been introduced to enable Campeggio to decline to proceed and 
+    the Pope to withdraw decently from his promises. The original Bull of Pope 
+    Julius permitting the marriage had been found to contain irregularities of 
+    form which were supposed fatal to it. The validity of the objection was not 
+    denied, but was met by the production of a brief alleged to have been found 
+    in Spain, and bearing the same date with the Bull, which exactly met that 
+    objection. No trace of such a brief could be found in the Vatican Register. 
+    It had informalities of its own, and its genuineness was justly suspected, 
+    but it answered the purpose of a new circumstance. A copy only was sent to 
+    England, which was shown by Catherine in triumph to Henry, but the original 
+    was detained. It would be sent to Rome, but not to London; without it 
+    Campeggio could pretend inability to move, and meanwhile he could refuse to 
+    proceed on his commission. Subterfuges which answer for the moment revenge 
+    themselves in the end. Having been once raised, it was absolutely necessary 
+    that a question immediately affecting the succession should be settled in 
+    some way, and many of the peers who had been hitherto cool began to back the 
+    King's demands. An address was drawn up, having among others the Duke of 
+    Norfolk's signature, telling the Pope that the divorce must be conceded, and 
+    complaints were sent through Casalis againt Campeggio's dilatoriness. The 
+    King, he was to say, would not submit to be deluded. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Casalis delivered his message, and describes 
+    the effect which it produced. &amp;quot;The Pope,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;very angry, laid his 
+    hand on my arm and forbade me to proceed, saying there was but too good 
+    ground for complaint, and he was deluded by his own councillors. He had 
+    granted the decretal only to be shown to the King, and then burnt. Wolsey 
+    now wished to divulge it. He saw what would follow, and would gladly recall 
+    what had been done, even with the loss of one of his fingers.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Casalis replied that Wolsey wished only to 
+    show it to a few persons whose secrecy might be depended on. Was it not 
+    demanded for that purpose? Why had the Pope changed his mind? The Pope, only 
+    the more excited, said he saw the Bull would be the ruin of him, and he 
+    would make no more concessions. Casalis prayed him to consider. Waving his 
+    arms violently, Clement said, &amp;quot;I do consider. I consider the ruin which is 
+    hanging over me. I repent what I have done. If heresies arise, is it my 
+    fault? I will not violate my conscience. Let them, if they like, send the 
+    Legate back, because he will not proceed. They can do as they please, 
+    provided they do not make me responsible.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Did the Pope mean, then, Casalis asked, that 
+    the commission should not proceed? The Pope could not say as much as that; 
+    he had told Campeggio, he said, to dissuade the King and persuade the Queen.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;What harm could there be,&amp;quot; Casalis inquired, 
+    &amp;quot;in showing the decretal, under oath, to a few of the Privy Council?&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope said the decretal ought to have been 
+    burnt, and refused to discuss the matter further.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Chapter Five&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082635&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082635&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13951</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">links.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosdarnleylinks.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/links.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Links&quot; width=&quot;319&quot; height=&quot;156&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#General&quot;&gt;General History&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Individuals&quot;&gt;Individuals&lt;/A&gt; 
+- &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Shopping&quot;&gt;Shopping&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Miscellaneous&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/A&gt; 
+-&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#My&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;My Favorite 
+Links&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;Submit a 
+Link&lt;/a&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Individual pages 
+throughout the site also list relevant links.&amp;nbsp; For example, the Anne Boleyn 
+webpage has Anne Boleyn links.&amp;nbsp; I actually prefer those listings to 
+maintaining a 'master list' here.&amp;nbsp; As a result, this page has more general 
+links.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosdarnleylinks.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;double portrait of Mary, queen of Scots and her second husband, Lord Darnley&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;229&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;double 
+        portrait of Mary, queen of Scots and her second husband, Lord Darnley&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=General&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;General 
+History&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fwelcome.cfm%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Suite101.com: Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Wendy Dunn has created a wonderful site, 
+which includes original fiction and articles, regular updates, and lots of 
+links.&amp;nbsp; She even sponsors a &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fcontest.cfm%2f6820%2f419&quot;&gt;Tudor Ghost Story 
+contest&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Wendy also published her first novel, a tale of Anne Boleyn 
+and Thomas Wyatt, this year; &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.wendyjdunn.com&quot;&gt;visit her 
+author's site for more information&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; You can read an excerpt, order the 
+book, and read various articles about Anne.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+Lara Eakins's started her Tudor site in 1995.&amp;nbsp; I don't think I even had an 
+internet connection back then.&amp;nbsp; It has lovely 
+graphics, original photographs, and lots of information on various Tudor topics, 
+including architecture and music.&amp;nbsp; It also sponsors a Tudor England mailing 
+list and pen-pal page.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to chat with other Tudor 
+enthusiasts, this is where you should go. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;The Tudor and 
+Elizabethan Portrait Site&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a great resource for those who love 
+Tudor and Elizabethan portraits.&amp;nbsp; There are some beautiful scans available here.&amp;nbsp; Edward has also collected 
+portraits of 16th century European nobility. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fCollegePark%2f2809&quot;&gt;Claire Webb's Tudor England 
+Website&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a collection of interesting 
+essays on various Tudor topics, as well as an 'information point' and an 
+extensive list of Tudor-related books. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhenry8jane%2fTudor.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Dynasty 
+Website&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Petra's site has information about all the 
+Tudor monarchs, plus she has &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhansiiHolbein&quot;&gt;a 
+separate website about Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They are part of her 
+&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhenry8jane&quot;&gt;larger study of European 
+monarchs&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This is a great place to visit if you want to plot the 
+genealogical course of European royalty through the centuries, and there are 
+many nice portraits. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royalty.nu&quot;&gt;World of 
+Royalty&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a great site that features the 
+Tudors, as well as other royal families.&amp;nbsp; It has contemporary royal news 
+and an extensive Tudor bibliography. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royal.gov.uk.%2foutput%2fPage1.asp&quot;&gt;The 
+Official Website of the British Monarchy&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The name 
+says it all.&amp;nbsp; The site has been recently redesigned; it features nice 
+graphics and brief biographies of all British monarchs.&amp;nbsp; There is a current 
+news page, information about royal residences and artwork, and a special section 
+on the Queen's Golden Jubilee. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.maryrose.org&quot;&gt;The Mary 
+Rose&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A lovely site dedicated to Henry VIII's 
+infamous warship, with lots of additional information. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2frenaissance.dm.net%2fcompendium%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Life in Elizabethan 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A wonderful and very detailed site which has 
+so much information that I couldn't possibly list it all - go visit!&amp;nbsp; 
+Weddings, food, religion, a collection of proverbs....&amp;nbsp; and it's 
+beautifully designed as well.&amp;nbsp; This site also features &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2frenaissance.dm.net%2fcompendium%2fmap-england.html&quot;&gt;a map of 
+Renaissance England&lt;/A&gt; to help you get your geographical bearings. 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ffolger.edu&quot;&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+Library&amp;nbsp;&lt;/A&gt; The Folger has recently redesigned their 
+website.&amp;nbsp; It has information on their collections and current and past 
+exhibitions. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Individuals&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Individuals&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fSoHo%2fStudios%2f1344%2fhenryviii.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII and 
+His Six Wives&amp;nbsp;&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; An introduction to Great Harry 
+and his checkered marital career. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene%2findex%5fenglish.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey: Nine Days' Queen&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A very detailed introduction 
+to Jane's life, well-written and engaging. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady 
+Jane Grey: Queen of England for Nine Days&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A lovely 
+site with lots of pictures and an in-depth study of Jane's short life. 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.wantree.com.au%2f%7ehalligan%2fladyjane%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site has many pictures to complement any 
+study of Jane's life.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses her sisters, Catherine and 
+Mary. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale&quot;&gt;Mary 
+Tudor&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a very extensive site that has all you 
+need to know about Mary I's life, from birth to death. Lots of nice portraits as 
+well, and it even lists all the Marian films out there. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart 
+Society of Scotland&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is the most detailed Mary, 
+queen of Scots site on the web.&amp;nbsp; It has a&amp;nbsp; lengthy biography of the 
+queen, samples of her poetry and letters, and much more - too much to list here, 
+in fact. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fles%5fvalois&quot;&gt;Mary, 
+queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site is currently available in 
+French.&amp;nbsp; It's beautifully designed and has lots of information; go visit 
+and try out your foreign language skills!&amp;nbsp; Its creator also made this &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey site&lt;/A&gt; listed 
+above. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.elizabethi.org&quot;&gt;The Life and Times 
+of Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a comprehensive look 
+at Elizabeth I's life, and features a Tudor Trophy Challenge. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Shopping&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Shopping&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royalpaperdolls.com&quot;&gt;Royal Paper 
+Dolls&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Laurie Sebastian's page offers paper dolls of 
+famous kings and queens throughout history, with a comprehensive collection of 
+Tudors.&amp;nbsp; She also has biographical and historical information about the 
+monarchs, suggestions for further reading, and a links page. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudorrosedesigns.com&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose 
+Designs&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a large collection of 
+Tudor-related cross stitch patterns, including the Tudor rose crop used on my 
+main page.&amp;nbsp; Quite a few visitors have commented upon it - well, now you can 
+cross stitch it! There is also a large collection of Victorian images.&amp;nbsp; You 
+can pay through PayPal and also buy gift certificates. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=https:%2f%2fwww.shakespeare-etc.org&quot;&gt;Shakespeare, 
+Etc - The Folger Shakespeare Library Gift Shop&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The 
+Folger's online gift store has a nice selection of Elizabethan items, including 
+a poster of the queen and a Tudor rose pin. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.morganlibrary.org%2fshop%2findex.html&quot;&gt;The Pierpont Morgan Library 
+Gift Shop&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The New York museum has an eclectic gift 
+shop which features Bluff King Hal and his six wives on a box of chocolates as 
+well as a collection of porcelain boxes. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhousefurniture.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Tudor 
+House: Fine English Furniture&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This store sells a wide 
+variety of English oak reproduction furniture.&amp;nbsp; They also have a wonderful 
+selection of Tudor links at the site.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Miscellaneous&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.dnaco.net%2f%7ealeed%2fcorsets%2fgeneral.html&quot;&gt;The Elizabethan 
+Costuming Page&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The perfect resource for Tudor 
+fashion; this site includes numerous lengthy articles, images, and an extensive 
+collection of links. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.rennfest.com%2fmrf%2findex.html&quot;&gt;The 
+Maryland Renaissance Festival&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The RenFest in my home 
+state.&amp;nbsp; It starts this year on August 23rd.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of the 
+Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game 
+set in 16th century England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne 
+Boleyn or other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=My&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;My Favorite 
+Links&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2faldaily.com&quot;&gt;Arts &amp;amp; Letters 
+Daily&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A daily collection of interesting 
+articles from around the world, mostly arts/culture stuff with the occasional 
+science article.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.city-journal.org&quot;&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;City Journal&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One of my 
+two favorite magazines with many great writers, including Dr. Theodore Dalrymple 
+and Heather MacDonald.&amp;nbsp; The website features many full-length 
+articles.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.theatlantic.com&quot;&gt;The Atlantic Monthly&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This 
+magazine has lost its mind lately with some terrible political commentary but it 
+occasionally has interesting articles.&amp;nbsp; And their website includes a 
+regular 'Flashbacks' series which focuses on famous articles from their 
+archives.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.space.com%2fspacewatch&quot;&gt;Spacewatch&lt;/A&gt; &amp;nbsp; The title says it all.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amsmeteors.org&quot;&gt;The American Meteor Society&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Again, the title says it all.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;And &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;John 
+Keats&lt;/A&gt; and &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;Lord Byron&lt;/A&gt;, my 
+other two never-ending websites.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082548&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082548&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,620 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER TWO&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mission of Wolsey to Paris -- 
+      Visits Bishop Fisher on the way -- Anxieties of the Emperor -- Letter of 
+      the Emperor to Henry VIII. -Large offers to Wolsey -- Address of the 
+      French Cardinals to the Pope -- Anne Boleyn chosen by Henry to succeed 
+      Catherine -- Surprise and displeasure of Wolsey -- Fresh attempts of the 
+      Emperor to bribe him -- Wolsey forced to continue to advocate the divorce 
+      -Mission of Dr. Knight to Rome -- The Pope at Orvieto -- The King applies 
+      for a dispensation to make a second marriage -- Language of the 
+      dispensation demanded -- Inferences drawn from it -- Alleged intrigue 
+      between the King and Mary Boleyn. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;IT was believed at the time -- 
+    and it was the tradition afterwards -- that Wolsey, in his mission to Paris, 
+    intended to replace Catherine by a French princess, the more surely to 
+    commit Francis to the support of Henry in the divorce, and to strengthen the 
+    new alliance. Nothing can be inherently more likely. The ostensible reason, 
+    however, was to do away with any difficulties which might have been 
+    suggested by the objection of the Bishop of Tarbes to the legitimacy of the 
+    Princess Mary. If illegitimate, she would be no fitting bride for the Duke 
+    of Orleans. But she had been born &lt;i&gt;bonÃ¢ fide parentum.&lt;/i&gt; There was no 
+    intention of infringing her prospective rights or of altering her present 
+    position. Her rank and title were to be secured to her in amplest measure.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Cardinal went upon his 
+    journey with the splendour attaching to his office and befitting a churchman 
+    who was aspiring to be the spiritual president of the two kingdoms. On his 
+    way to the coast he visited two prelates whose support to his policy was 
+    important. Archbishop Warham had been cold about the divorce, if not openly 
+    hostile. Wolsey found him &amp;quot;not much changed from his first fashion,&amp;quot; but 
+    admitting that, although it might be unpleasant to the Queen, truth and 
+    justice must prevail. Bishop Fisher was a more difficult subject. He had 
+    spoken in the Legate's court in Catherine's favour. It was from him, as the 
+    King supposed, that Catherine herself had learnt what was impending over 
+    her. Wolsey called at his palace as he passed through Rochester. He asked 
+    the Bishop plainly if he had been in communication with the Queen. The 
+    Bishop, after some hesitation, confessed that the Queen had sought his 
+    advice, and said that he had declined to give an opinion without the King's 
+    command. Before Wolsey left London, at a last interview at York Place, the 
+    King had directed him to explain &amp;quot;the whole matter&amp;quot; to the Bishop. He went 
+    through the entire history, mentioned the words of the Bishop of Tarbes, and 
+    discussed the question which had risen upon it, on account of which he had 
+    been sent into France. Finally, he described the extreme violence with which 
+    Catherine had received the intelligence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Bishop greatly blamed the 
+    conduct of the Queen, and said he thought that if he might speak to her he 
+    might bring her to submission. He agreed, or seemed to agree, that the 
+    marriage had been irregular, though he did not himself think that it could 
+    now be broken. Others of the bishops, he thought, agreed with him; but he 
+    was satisfied that the King meant nothing against the laws of God, and would 
+    be fully justified in submitting his misgivings to the Pope.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mendoza's and the Queen's 
+    letters had meanwhile been despatched to Spain, to add to the anxieties 
+    which were overwhelming the Emperor. Nothing could have been less welcome at 
+    such a juncture than a family quarrel with his uncle of England, whose 
+    friendship he was still hoping to retain. The bird that he had caged at Rome 
+    was no convenient prisoner. The capture of Rome had not been ordered by 
+    himself, though politically he was obliged to maintain it. The time did not 
+    suit for the ambitious Church reforms of Lope de Soria. Peace would have to 
+    be made with the Pope on some moderate conditions. His own Spain was hardly 
+    quieted after the revolt of the &lt;i&gt;Comunidades.&lt;/i&gt; Half Germany was in 
+    avowed apostasy from the Church of Rome. The Turks were overrunning Hungary, 
+    and sweeping the Mediterranean with their pirate fleets, and the passionate 
+    and restless Francis was watching his opportunity to revenge Pavia and 
+    attack his captor in the Low Countries and in Italy. The great Emperor was 
+    moderate, cautious, prudent to a fault. In a calmer season he might have 
+    been tempted to take the Church in hand; and none understood better the 
+    condition into which it had fallen. But he was wise enough to know that if a 
+    reform of the Papacy was undertaken at all it must be undertaken with the 
+    joint consent of the other Christian princes, and all his present efforts 
+    were directed to peace. He was Catherine's natural guardian. Her position in 
+    England had been hitherto a political security for Henry's friendship. It 
+    was his duty and his interest to defend her, and he meant to do it; not, 
+    however, by sending roving expeditions to land in Cornwall and raise a civil 
+    war; all means were to be tried before that; to attempt such a thing, he 
+    well knew, would throw Europe into a blaze. The letters found him at 
+    Valladolid. He replied, of course, that he was shocked at a proceeding so 
+    unlooked for and so scandalous, but he charged Mendoza to be moderate and to 
+    confine himself to remonstrance. He wrote himself to Henry -- 
+    confidentially, as from friend to friend, and ciphering his letter with his 
+    own hand. He was unable to believe, he said, that Henry could contemplate 
+    seriously bringing his domestic discomforts before the world. Even supposing 
+    the marriage illegitimate -- even supposing that the Pope had no power to 
+    dispense in such cases -- &amp;quot;it would be better and more honourable to keep 
+    the matter secret, and to work out a remedy.&amp;quot; He bade Mendoza remind the 
+    King that to question the dispensing power affected the position of other 
+    princes besides his own; that to touch the legitimacy of his daughter would 
+    increase the difficulties with the succession, and not remove them. He 
+    implored the King &amp;quot;to keep the matter secret, as he would do himself.&amp;quot; 
+    Meanwhile, he told Mendoza, for Catherine's comfort, that he had written to 
+    demand a mild brief from the Pope to stop the scandal. He had requested him, 
+    as Catherine had suggested, to revoke Wolsey's powers, or at least to 
+    command that neither he nor any English Court should try the case. If heard 
+    at all it must be heard before his Holiness and the Sacred College. But he 
+    could not part with the hope that he might still bring Wolsey to his own and 
+    the Queen's side. A council of Cardinals was to meet at Avignon to consider 
+    the Pope's captivity. The Cardinal of England was expected to attend. 
+    Charles himself might go to Perpignan. Wolsey might meet him there, discuss 
+    the state of Europe, and settle the King's secret affair at the same time.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Should 
+    this be impossible, he charged Mendoza once more to leave no stone unturned 
+    to recover Wolsey's friendship. &amp;quot;In our name,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;you will make him 
+    the following offers: -- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;1. The 
+    payment of all arrears on his several pensions, amounting to 9,000 ducats 
+    annually. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;2. Six 
+    thousand additional ducats annually until such a time as a bishoprick or 
+    other ecclesiastical endowment of the same revenue becomes vacant in our 
+    kingdom. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;3. The 
+    Duke, who is to have Milan, to give him a Marquisate in that Duchy, with an 
+    annual rent of 12,000 ducats, or 15,000 if the smaller sum be not enough; 
+    the said Marquisate to be held by the Cardinal during his life, and to pass 
+    after him to any heir whom he shall appoint.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As if this was not sufficient, 
+    the Emperor' paid a yet further tribute to the supposed all-powerful 
+    Cardinal. He wrote himself to him as to his &amp;quot;good friend.&amp;quot; He said that if 
+    there was anything in his dominions which the Cardinal wished to possess he 
+    had only to name it, as he considered Wolsey the best friend that he had in 
+    the world.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;For the ministers of great 
+    countries deliberately to sell themselves to foreign princes was the custom 
+    of the age. The measure of public virtue which such a custom indicates was 
+    not exalted; and among the changes introduced by the Reformation the 
+    abolition or suspension of it was not the least beneficial. Thomas Cromwell, 
+    when he came to power, set the example of refusal, and corruption of public 
+    men on a scale so scandalously enormous was no more heard of. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Gold, however, had flowed in upon Wolsey in such enormous streams and 
+    from so many sources that the Emperor's munificence and attention failed to 
+    tempt him. On reaching Paris he found Francis bent upon war, and willing to 
+    promise anything for Henry's assistance. The belief at the French Court was 
+    that the Emperor, hearing that the Churches of England and France meant to 
+    decline from their obedience to the Roman Communion, would carry the Pope to 
+    Spain; that Clement would probably be poisoned there, and the Apostolic See 
+    would be established permanently in the Peninsula. Wolsey himself wrote 
+    this, and believed it, or desired Henry to believe it, proving the extreme 
+    uncertainty among the best-informed of contemporary politicians as to the 
+    probable issue of the capture of Rome. The French Cardinals drew and sent an 
+    address to the Pope, intimating that as long as he was in confinement they 
+    could accept no act of his as lawful, and would not obey it. Wolsey signed 
+    at the head of them. The Cardinals Salviati, Bourbon, Lorraine, and the 
+    Chancellor Cardinal of Sens, signed after him. The first stroke in the game 
+    had been won by Wolsey. Had the Pope recalled his powers as legate, an 
+    immediate schism might have followed. But a more fatal blow had been 
+    prepared for him by his master in England. Trusting to the Cardinal's 
+    promises that the Pope would make no difficulty about the divorce, Henry had 
+    considered himself at liberty to choose a successor to Catherine. He had 
+    suffered once in having allowed politics to select a wife for him. This time 
+    he intended to be guided by his own inclination. When Elizabeth afterwards 
+    wished to marry Leicester, Lord Sussex said she had better fix after her own 
+    liking; there would be the better chance of the heir that her realm was 
+    looking for. Her father fixed also after his liking in selecting Elizabeth's 
+    mother. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn was the second 
+    daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, a Norfolk knight of ancient blood, and 
+    himself a person of some distinction in the public service. Lady Boleyn was 
+    a Howard, daughter of the Duke of Norfolk. Anne was born in 1507, and by 
+    birth and connection was early introduced into the court. When a girl she 
+    was taken to Paris to be educated. In 1522 she was brought back to England, 
+    became a lady-in-waiting, and, being a witty, brilliant young woman, 
+    attracted and encouraged the attentions of the fashionable cavaliers of the 
+    day. Wyatt, the poet, was among her adorers, and the young Percy, afterwards 
+    Earl of Northumberland. It was alleged afterwards that between her and Percy 
+    there had been a secret marriage which had been actually consummated. That 
+    she had been involved in some dangerous intrigue or other she herself 
+    subsequently confessed. But she was attractive, she was witty; she drew 
+    Henry's fancy, and the fancy became an ardent passion. Now, for the first 
+    time, in Wolsey's absence, the Lady Anne's name appears in connection with 
+    the divorce. On the 16th of August Mendoza informed Charles, as a matter of 
+    general belief, that if the suit for the divorce was successful the King 
+    would marry a daughter of Master Boleyn, whom the Emperor would remember as 
+    once ambassador at the Imperial court. There is no direct evidence that 
+    before Wolsey had left England the King had seriously thought of Anne at 
+    all. Catherine could have had no suspicion of it, or her jealous indignation 
+    would have made itself heard. The Spanish Ambassador spoke of it as a new 
+    feature in the case. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Boleyns were Wolsey's 
+    enemies, and belonged to the growing faction most hostile to the Church. The 
+    news as it came upon him was utterly distasteful. (1) Anne in turn hated 
+    Wolsey, as he probably knew that she would, and she compelled him to stoop 
+    to the disgrace of suing for her favour. The inference is reasonable, 
+    therefore, that the King took the step which in the event was to produce 
+    such momentous consequences when the Cardinal was not at hand to dissuade 
+    him. He was not encouraged even by her own family. Her father, as will be 
+    seen hereafter, was from the first opposed to his daughter's advancement. He 
+    probably knew her character too well. But Henry, when he had taken an idea 
+    into his head, was not to be moved from it. The lady was not beautiful: she 
+    was rather short than tall, her complexion was dark, her neck long, her 
+    mouth broad, her figure not particularly good. The fascinating features were 
+    her long flowing brown hair, a pair of effective dark eyes, and a boldness 
+    of character which might have put him on his guard, and did not. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The immediate effect was to 
+    cool Wolsey's ardour for the divorce. His mission in France, which opened so 
+    splendidly, eventuated in little. The French cardinals held no meeting at 
+    Avignon. They had signed the address to Clement, but they had not made the 
+    Cardinal of York into their patriarch. Rouen was not added to his other 
+    preferments. Could he but have proposed a marriage for his sovereign with 
+    the Princess of Alencon, all might have been different, but it had fared 
+    with him as it fared with the Earl of Warwick, whom Henry's grandfather had 
+    sent to France to woo a bride for him, and in his absence married Elizabeth 
+    Grey. He perhaps regretted the munificent offers of the Emperor which he had 
+    hastily rejected, and he returned to England in the autumn to feel the 
+    consequences of the change in his situation. Mr. Brewer labours in vain to 
+    prove that Wolsey was unfavourable to the divorce from the beginning. 
+    Catherine believed that he was the instigator of it. Mendoza was of the same 
+    opinion. Unquestionably he promoted it with all his power, and made it a 
+    part of a great policy. To maintain that he was acting thus against his 
+    conscience and to please the King is more dishonouring to him than to 
+    suppose that he was either the originator or the willing instrument. All, 
+    however, was altered when Anne Boleyn came upon the stage, and she made 
+    haste to make him feel the change. &amp;quot;The Legate has returned from France,&amp;quot; 
+    wrote Mendoza on the 26th of October. He went to visit the King at Richmond, 
+    and sent to ask where he could see him. The King was in his chamber. It 
+    happened that the lady, who seemed to entertain no great affection for the 
+    Cardinal, was in the room with the King, and before the latter could answer 
+    the message she said for him, &amp;quot;Where else is the Cardinal to come? Tell him 
+    he may come here where the King is.&amp;quot; The Legate felt that such treatment 
+    boded no good to him, but concealed his resentment. &amp;quot;The cause,&amp;quot; said 
+    Mendoza, &amp;quot;is supposed to be that the said lady bears the Legate a grudge, 
+    for other reasons, and because she has discovered that during his visit to 
+    France the Legate proposed to have an alliance for the King found in that 
+    country.&amp;quot; Wolsey persuaded Mendoza that the French marriage had been a 
+    fiction, but at once he began to endeavour to undo his work, and prevent the 
+    dissolution of the marriage with Catherine. He tried to procure an 
+    unfavourable opinion from the English Bishops before legal proceedings were 
+    commenced. Mendoza, however, doubted his stability if the King persisted in 
+    his purpose, and advised that a papal decision on the case should be 
+    procured and forwarded as soon as possible.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope's captivity, however, 
+    would destroy the value of any judgment which he might give while he 
+    continued in durance. The Emperor, encouraged by the intimation that Wolsey 
+    was wavering, reverted to his previous hope. In a special memorandum of 
+    measures to be taken, the most important, notwithstanding the refusal of the 
+    previous offers, was still thought to be to &amp;quot;bribe the Cardinal.&amp;quot; He must 
+    instantly be paid the arrears of his pensions out of the revenues of the 
+    sees of Palencia and Badajoz. If there was not money enough in the treasury, 
+    a further and larger pension of twelve or fourteen thousand crowns was to be 
+    given to him out of some rich bishopric in Castile. The Emperor admitted 
+    that he had promised the Cortes to appoint no more foreigners to Spanish 
+    sees, but such a promise could not be held binding, being in violation of 
+    the liberties of the Church. Every one would see that it was for the good of 
+    the kingdom. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The renewed offer was doubtless 
+    conveyed to Wolsey, but he probably found that he had gone too deep to 
+    retire. If he made such an effort as Mendoza relates, he must have speedily 
+    discovered that it would be useless. He had encouraged the King in a belief 
+    that the divorce would be granted by the Pope as a matter of course, and the 
+    King, having made up his own mind, was not to be moved from it. If Wolsey 
+    now drew back, the certain inference would be that he had accepted an 
+    imperial bribe. There was no resource, therefore, but to go on. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While Wolsey had been 
+    hesitating, the King had, unknown to him, sent his secretary, Dr. Knight, to 
+    Rome with directions to obtain access if possible to the Pope, and procure 
+    the dispensation which had been already applied for to enable him to marry a 
+    second time without the formalities of a judgment. Such an expedient would 
+    be convenient in many ways. It would leave Catherine's position unaffected 
+    and the legitimacy of the Princess Mary unimpugned. Knight went. He found 
+    that without a passport he could not even enter the city, still less be 
+    allowed an interview. &amp;quot;With ten thousand crowns he could not bribe his way 
+    into St. Angelo.&amp;quot; He contrived, however, to have a letter introduced, which 
+    the Pope answered by telling Knight to wait in some quiet place. He (the 
+    Pope) would &amp;quot;there send him all the King's requests in as ample a form as 
+    they were desired.&amp;quot; Knight trusted in a short time &amp;quot;to have in his custody 
+    as much, perfect, sped, and under lead, as his Highness had long time 
+    desired.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Knight was too sanguine. The 
+    Emperor, finding the Pope's detention as a prisoner embarrassing, allowed 
+    him, on the 9th of December, to escape to Orvieto, where he was apparently 
+    at liberty; but he was only in a larger cage, all his territories being 
+    occupied by Imperial troops, and he himself watched by the General of the 
+    Observants, and warned at his peril to grant nothing to Catherine's 
+    prejudice. Henry's Secretary followed him, saw him, and obtained something 
+    which on examination proved to be worthless. The negotiations were left 
+    again in Wolsey's hands, and were pressed with all the eagerness of a 
+    desperate man. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Pope Clement had ceased to be a 
+    free agent. He did not look to the rights of the case. He would gladly have 
+    pleased Henry could he have pleased him without displeasing Charles. The 
+    case itself was peculiar, and opinions differed on the rights and wrongs of 
+    it. The reader must be from time to time reminded that, as the law of 
+    England has stood ever since, a marriage with a brother's widow was not a 
+    marriage. As the law of the Church then stood, it was not a marriage unless 
+    permitted by the Pope; and according to the same law of England the Pope 
+    neither has, nor ever had, any authority to dispense with the law. Therefore 
+    Henry, on the abstract contention, was in the right. He had married 
+    Catherine under an error. The problem was to untie the knot with as little 
+    suffering to either as the nature of the case permitted. That the 
+    negotiations were full of inconsistencies, evasions, and contradictions, was 
+    natural and inevitable. To cut the knot without untying it was the only 
+    direct course, but that all means were exhausted before the application of 
+    so violent a remedy was rather a credit than a reproach. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The first inconsistency was in 
+    the King. He did not regard his marriage as valid; therefore he thought 
+    himself at liberty to marry again; but he did not wish to illegitimatise his 
+    daughter or degrade Catherine. He disputed the validity of the dispensation 
+    of Julius II.; yet he required a dispensation from Clement which was equally 
+    questionable to enable him to take a second wife. The management of the case 
+    having reverted to Wolsey, fresh instructions were sent to Sir Gregory 
+    Casalis, the regular English agent at the Papal court, to wait on Clement. 
+    Casalis was &amp;quot;bid consider how much the affair concerned the relief of the 
+    King's conscience, the safety of his soul, the preservation of his life, the 
+    continuation of his succession, the welfare and repose of all his subjects 
+    now and hereafter.&amp;quot; The Pope at Orvieto was personally accessible. Casalis 
+    was to represent to him the many difficulties which had arisen in connection 
+    with the marriage, and the certainty of civil war in England should the King 
+    die leaving the succession no better provided for. He was, therefore, to 
+    request the Pope to grant a commission to Wolsey to hear the case and to 
+    decide it, and (perhaps as an alternative) to sign a dispensation, a draft 
+    of which Wolsey enclosed. The language of the dispensation was peculiar. 
+    Wolsey explained it by saying that &amp;quot;the King, remembering by the example of 
+    past times what false claims [to the crown] had been put forward, to avoid 
+    all colour or pretext of the same, desired this of the Pope as absolutely 
+    necessary.&amp;quot; If these two requests were conceded, Henry undertook on his part 
+    to require the Emperor to set the Pope at liberty, or to declare war against 
+    him if he refused. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A dispensation, which was to 
+    evade the real point at issue, yet to convey to the King a power to take 
+    another wife, was a novelty in itself and likely to be carefully worded. It 
+    has given occasion among modern historians to important inferences 
+    disgraceful to everyone concerned. The sinister meaning supposed to be 
+    obvious to modern critics could not have been concealed from the Pope 
+    himself. Here, therefore, follow the words which have been fastened on as 
+    for ever fatal to the intelligence and character of Henry and his Ministers.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope, after reviewing the 
+    later history of England, the distractions caused by rival claimants of the 
+    crown, after admitting the necessity of guarding against the designs of the 
+    ambitious, and empowering Henry to marry again, was made to address the King 
+    in these words: -- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;In order to take away all 
+    occasion from evil doers, we do in the plenitude of our power hereby suspend
+    &lt;i&gt;hÃ¢c vice&lt;/i&gt; all canons forbidding marriage in the fourth degree, also 
+    all canons &lt;i&gt;de impedimento publicÅ honestatis&lt;/i&gt; preventing marriage in 
+    consequence of clandestine espousals, further all canons relating to 
+    precontracts clandestinely made but not consummated, also all canons 
+    affecting impediments created by affinity rising &lt;i&gt;ex illicito coitu,&lt;/i&gt; 
+    in any degree even in the first, so far as the marriage to be contracted by 
+    you, the petitioner, can be objected to or in any wise be impugned by the 
+    same. Further, to avoid canonical objections on the side of the woman by 
+    reason of former contract clandestinely made, or impediment of public 
+    honesty or justice arising from such clandestine contract, or of any 
+    affinity contracted in any degree even the first, &lt;i&gt;ex illicito coitu:&lt;/i&gt; 
+    and in the event that it has proceeded beyond the second or third degrees of 
+    consanguinity, whereby otherwise you, the petitioner, would not be allowed 
+    by the canons to contract marriage, we hereby license you to take such woman 
+    for wife, and suffer you and the woman to marry free from all ecclesiastical 
+    objections and censures.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The explanation given by Wolsey 
+    of the wording of this document is that it was intended to preclude any 
+    objections which might be raised to the prejudice of the offspring of a 
+    marriage in itself irregular. It was therefore made as comprehensive as 
+    possible. Dr. Lingard, followed by Mr. Brewer, and other writers see in it a 
+    transparent personal application to the situation in which Henry intended to 
+    place himself in making a wife of Anne Boleyn. Two years subsequent to the 
+    period when this dispensation was asked for, when the question of the 
+    divorce had developed into a battle between England and the Papacy, and the 
+    passions of Catholics and Reformers were boiling over in recrimination and 
+    invective, the King's plea that he was parting from Catherine out of 
+    conscience was met by stories set floating in society that the King himself 
+    had previously intrigued with the mother and sister of the lady whom he 
+    intended to marry; precisely the same obstacle existed, therefore, to his 
+    marriage with Anne, being further aggravated by incest. No attempt was ever 
+    made to prove these charges; no particulars were given of time or place. No 
+    witnesses were produced, nor other evidence, though to prove them would have 
+    been of infinite importance. Queen Catherine, who if any one must have known 
+    it if the accusation was true, never alludes to Mary Boleyn in the fiercest 
+    of her denunciations. It was heard of only in the conversation of 
+    disaffected priests or secret visitors to the Spanish Ambassador, and was 
+    made public only in the manifesto of Reginald Pole, which accompanied Paul 
+    III.'s Bull for Henry's deposition. Even this authority, which was not much 
+    in itself, is made less by the fact that in the first draft of &amp;quot;Pole's 
+    Book,&amp;quot; sent to England to be examined in 1535, the story is not mentioned. 
+    Evidently, therefore, Pole had not then heard of it or did not believe it. 
+    The guilt with the mother is now abandoned as too monstrous. The guilt with 
+    the sister is peremptorily insisted on, and the words of the dispensation 
+    are appealed to as no longer leaving room for doubt. To what else, it is 
+    asked, can such extraordinary expressions refer unless to some disgraceful 
+    personal &lt;i&gt;liaison?&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The uninstructed who draw 
+    inferences of fact from the verbiage of legal documents will discover often 
+    what are called &amp;quot;mare's nests.&amp;quot; I will request the reader to consider what 
+    this supposition involves. The dispensation would have to be copied into the 
+    Roman registers, subject to the inspection of the acutest canon lawyers in 
+    the world. If the meaning is so clear to us, it must have been clear to 
+    them. We are, therefore, to believe that Henry, when demanding to be 
+    separated from Catherine, as an escape from mortal sin, for the relief of 
+    his conscience and the surety of his succession, was gratuitously putting 
+    the Pope in possession of a secret which had only to be published to 
+    extinguish him and his plea in an outburst of scorn and laughter. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There was no need for such an 
+    acknowledgment, for the intrigue could not be proved. It could not be 
+    required for the legitimation of the children that were to be born; for a 
+    man of Wolsey's ability must have known that no dispensation would be held 
+    valid that was granted after so preposterous a confidence. It was as if a 
+    man putting in a claim for some great property, before the case came on for 
+    trial privately informed both judge and jury that it was based on forgery.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are called on to explain 
+    further, why, when all Europe was shaken by the controversy, no hint is to 
+    be found in any public document of a fact which, if true, would be decisive; 
+    and yet more extraordinary, why the Pope and the Curia, when driven to bay 
+    in all the exasperation of a furious controversy, left a weapon unused which 
+    would have assured them an easy victory. Wolsey was not a fool. Is it 
+    conceivable that he would have composed a document so fatal and have drawn 
+    the Pope's pointed attention to it? My credulity does not extend so far. We 
+    cannot prove a negative; we cannot prove that Henry had not intrigued with 
+    Mary Boleyn, or with all the ladies of his court. But the language of the 
+    dispensation cannot be adduced as an evidence of it, unless King, Pope, and 
+    all the interested world had parted with their senses. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As to the story itself, there 
+    is no ground for distinguishing between the mother and the daughter. When it 
+    was first set circulating both were named together. The mother only has been 
+    dropped, lest the improbability should seem too violent for belief. That 
+    Mary Boleyn had been the King's mistress before or after her own marriage is 
+    now asserted as an ascertained fact by respectable historians -- a fact 
+    sufficient, can it be proved, to cover with infamy for ever the English 
+    separation from Rome, King, Ministers, Parliaments, Bishops, and every one 
+    concerned with it. The effectiveness of the weapon commends it to Catholic 
+    controversialists. I have only to repeat that the evidence for the charge is 
+    nothing but the floating gossip of Catholic society, never heard of, never 
+    whispered, till the second stage of the quarrel, when it had developed into 
+    a passionate contest; never even then alleged in a form in which it could be 
+    met and answered. It could not have been hid from Queen Catherine if it was 
+    known to Reginald Pole. We have many letters of Catherine, eloquent on the 
+    story of her wrongs; letters to the Emperor, letters to the Pope; yet no 
+    word of Mary Boleyn. What reason can be given save that it was a legend 
+    which grew out of the temper of the time? Nothing could be more plausible 
+    than to meet the King's plea of conscience with an allegation which made it 
+    ridiculous. But in the public pleadings of a cause which was discussed in 
+    every capital in Europe by the keenest lawyers and diplomatists of the age, 
+    an accusation which, if maintained, would have been absolutely decisive, is 
+    never alluded to in any public document till the question had passed beyond 
+    the stage of discussion. The silence of all responsible persons is 
+    sufficient proof of its nature. It was a mere floating calumny, born of wind 
+    and malice. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mr. Brewer does indeed imagine 
+    that he has discovered what he describes as a tacit confession on Henry's 
+    part. When the Act of Appeals was before the House of Commons which ended 
+    the papal jurisdiction in England, a small knot of Opposition members used 
+    to meet privately to deliberate how to oppose it. Among these one of the 
+    most active was Sir George Throgmorton, a man who afterwards, with his 
+    brother Michael, made himself useful to Cromwell and played with both 
+    parties, but was then against the divorce and against all the measures which 
+    grew out of it. Throgmorton, according to his own account, had been admitted 
+    to an interview with the King and Cromwell. In 1537, after the Pilgrimage of 
+    Grace, while the ashes of the rebellion were still smouldering, after 
+    Michael Throgmorton had betrayed Cromwell's confidence and gone over to 
+    Reginald Pole, Sir George was reported to have used certain expressions to 
+    Sir Thomas Dyngley and to two other gentlemen, which he was called on by the 
+    Council to explain. The letter to the King in which he replied is still 
+    extant. He said that he had been sent for by the King after a speech on the 
+    Act of Appeals, &amp;quot;and that he saw his Grace's conscience was troubled about 
+    having married his brother's wife.&amp;quot; He professed to have said to Dyngley 
+    that he had told the King that if he did marry Queen Anne his conscience 
+    would be more troubled at length, for it was thought he had meddled both 
+    with the mother and the sister; that his Grace said: &amp;quot;Never with the 
+    mother,&amp;quot; and my Lord Privy Seal (Cromwell), standing by, said, &amp;quot;nor with the 
+    sister neither, so put that out of your mind.&amp;quot; Mr. Brewer construes this 
+    into an admission of the King that Mary Boleyn had been his mistress, and 
+    omits, of course, by inadvertence, that Throgmorton, being asked why he had 
+    told this story to Dyngley, answered that &amp;quot;he spake it only out of 
+    vainglory, to show he was one that durst speak for the Commonwealth.&amp;quot; 
+    Nothing is more common than for &amp;quot;vainglorious&amp;quot; men, when admitted to 
+    conversations with kings, to make the most of what they said themselves, and 
+    to report not very accurately what was said to them. Had the conversation 
+    been authentic, Throgmorton would naturally have appealed to Cromwell's 
+    recollection. But Mr. Brewer accepts the version of a confessed boaster as 
+    if it was a complete and trustworthy account of what had actually passed. He 
+    does not ask himself whether if the King or Cromwell had given their version 
+    it might not have borne another complexion. Henry was not a safe person to 
+    take liberties with. Is it likely that if one of his subjects, who was 
+    actively opposing him in Parliament, had taxed him with an enormous crime, 
+    he would have made a confession which Throgmorton had only to repeat in the 
+    House of Commons to ruin him and his cause? Mr. Brewer should have added 
+    also that the authority which he gave for the story was no better than 
+    Father Peto, afterwards Cardinal Peto, as bitter an enemy of the Reformation 
+    as Pole himself. Most serious of all, Mr. Brewer omits to mention that 
+    Throgmorton was submitted afterwards to a severe cross-examination before a 
+    Committee of Council, the effect of which, if he had spoken truly, could 
+    only be to establish the authenticity of a disgraceful charge.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The last evidence alleged is 
+    the confession made by Anne Boleyn, after her condemnation, of some mystery 
+    which had invalidated her marriage with the King and had been made the 
+    ground of an Act of Parliament. The confession was not published, and 
+    Catholic opinion concluded, and concludes still, that it must have been the 
+    Mary Boleyn intrigue. Catholic opinion does not pause to inquire whether 
+    Anne could have been said to confess an offence of the King and her sister. 
+    The cross-examination of Throgmorton turns the conjecture into an absurdity. 
+    When asked, in 1537, whom he ever heard say such a thing, he would have had 
+    but to appeal to the proceedings in Parliament in the year immediately 
+    preceding. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Is it likely finally that if 
+    Throgmorton's examination proves what Mr. Brewer thinks it proves, a record 
+    of it would have been preserved among the official State Papers? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If all the stories current 
+    about Henry VIII. were to be discussed with as much detail as I have allowed 
+    to this, the world would not contain the books which should be written. An 
+    Irish lawyer told me in my youth to believe nothing which I heard in that 
+    country which had not been sifted in a court of justice, and only half of 
+    that. Legend is as the air invulnerable, and blows aimed at it, if not 
+    &amp;quot;malicious mockery&amp;quot; are waste of effort. Charges of scandalous immorality 
+    are precious to controversialists, for if they are disproved ever so 
+    completely the stain adheres. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    The date of Henry's resolution to marry Anne is of some consequence, since 
+    the general assumption is that it was the origin of the divorce. Rumour, of 
+    course, said so afterwards, but there is no evidence for it. The early 
+    love-letters written by the King to her are assigned by Mr. Brewer to the 
+    midsummer of 1527. But they are undated, and therefore the period assigned 
+    to them is conjecture merely.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudethree.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082632&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082632&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4312</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Catherine Howard, 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ea.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pricath.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pricath.gif&quot; width=&quot;485&quot; height=&quot;72&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Spanish ambassador Eustace Chapuys.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Catherine was Henry VIII's fifth wife and the cousin of his 
+      second wife, Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; She was perhaps only 18 years old when she 
+      caught the king's eye; her immature and reckless behavior guaranteed a 
+      brief marriage.&amp;nbsp; Though the king was besotted with her, she was 
+      understandably more attracted to men her own age.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;In this account, Chapuys inaccurately uses the name 'Dorand'
+to refer to Francis Dereham.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Thomas &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Culpepper's position saved him from Dereham's 
+      gruesome fate.&amp;nbsp; Lady Rochford was Anne Boleyn's former sister-in-law.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;This year on 13 November Sir Thomas Wriothesley, secretary to the king,
+came to Hampton Court to the queen, and called all the ladies and gentlewomen
+and her servants into the great chamber, and there openly before them declared
+certain offenses she had committed in misusing her body with certain persons
+before the king's time, because of which he there discharged all her household;
+and the morning after she was taken to Sion, with my Lady Bainton and two
+other gentlewomen and certain of her servants to wait on her there until
+the king's further pleasure.&amp;nbsp; And various people were taken to the
+Tower of London, such as my Lady Rochford, Master Culpepper, one of the
+king's privy chamber, and others.
+&lt;p&gt;On 1 December Thomas Culpepper, one of the gentlemen of the king's privy
+chamber, and Francis Dorand, gentleman, were arraigned at the Guildhall
+in London, for high treason against the king's majesty, in misdemeanor
+with the queen, as appeared by their indictment which they confessed to,
+and they were sentenced to be drawn, hanged, and quartered, the lord mayor
+sitting there as chief, the lord chancellor on his right hand, and the
+duke of Norfolk on his left hand, the duke of Suffolk, the lord privy seal,
+the earls of Sussex, of Hertford, and various others of the king's council
+sitting with all the judges also in commission that day.&amp;nbsp; And on 10
+December the said Culpepper and Dorand were drawn from the Tower of London
+to Tyburn, and there Culpepper, after exhorting the people to pray for
+him, stood on the ground by the gallows, knelt down and had his head struck
+off; and then Dorand was hanged, dismembered, disemboweled, beheaded and
+quartered.&amp;nbsp; Culpepper's body was buried at St Sepulchre's church near
+Newgate, and their heads were set on London Bridge.
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to the Catherine 
+Howard website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5834</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01f1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">scot-letters.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">scots-letters.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/scot-letters.gif&quot; width=&quot;598&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/scots-letters.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Darnley Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;The 
+      first letter was sent to Mary, queen of Scots at the opening of her trial 
+      at Fotheringhay on 12 October 1586.&amp;nbsp; It was written in French.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+Four days after Mary's execution, Elizabeth sent the second letter to Mary's 
+son, King James VI of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In it, she asserts her innocence in his 
+mother's death.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Although she signed the warrant for Mary's execution,
+Elizabeth tore it up.&amp;nbsp; Another copy was signed, and - before the queen
+could change her mind yet again - Burghley and others upon the council
+sent if off.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's life was in constant danger while Mary lived,
+as numerous plots attested.&amp;nbsp; Her councilors were determined to keep her
+safe.&amp;nbsp; As for Elizabeth, she was understandably torn between protecting
+her throne and taking the life of a fellow sovereign, even one she did
+not respect or like.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The second warrant was sent from London on 4th February,
+and reached Fotheringhay on the following evening.&amp;nbsp; On the 7th the Earls of 
+Shrewsbury and Kent, who were in charge of the execution, warned Mary to prepare 
+for death on the following day.&amp;nbsp; On the 9th news of the execution reached 
+London, and was received by the Queen with surprise and horror.&amp;nbsp; She openly 
+raged against her councilors; her capable secretary Davison, who had given her 
+the second warrant, was sent to the Tower.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;To Mary, queen of Scots, October 1586&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never proceeded
+so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected and maintained
+you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and all made manifest.
+Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and peers of the kingdom
+as if I were myself present. I therefore require, charge, and command that
+you make answer for I have been well informed of your arrogance.
+&lt;br&gt;Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner
+be able to obtain favour of me.&lt;p&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;To King James VI of Scotland, 14th February 1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme
+dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary
+to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine, whom
+ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you truly of that which
+is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you that as God and many
+more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you will believe me, that
+if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am not so base minded that
+fear of any living creature or Prince should make me so afraid to do that
+were just; or done, to deny the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor
+carry so vile a mind. But, as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will
+I never dissemble my actions, but cause them show even as I meant them.
+Thus assuring yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if
+I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will
+I not damnify myself that thought it not.
+&lt;br&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for
+your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor
+a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully
+to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave to
+trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Your most assured loving sister and cousin,
+&lt;br&gt;Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+the Queen Elizabeth I website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082607&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082607&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9557</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, 1556</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01fd.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pcranmer.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pcranmer.gif&quot; width=&quot;359&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This 
+      dramatic account of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer's execution was written by 
+      an anonymous bystander.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Cranmer was executed on 21 March 1556.&amp;nbsp; Imprisoned by 
+      the Catholic Queen Mary I, Cranmer wrote a recantation of Protestantism, 
+      but he denied that recantation before he died.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Mary had good cause to dislike Cranmer.&amp;nbsp; Not only 
+      was he the premier Protestant in England, he also annulled her parents' 
+      marriage and subsequently married King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+But that I know for our great friendships, and long continued love,
+you look even of duty that I should signify to you of the truth of such
+things as here chanceth among us; I would not at this time have written
+to you the unfortunate end, and doubtful tragedy, of Thomas Cranmer late
+bishop of Canterbury: because I little pleasure take in beholding of such
+heavy sights.&amp;nbsp; And, when they are once overpassed, I like not to rehearse
+them again; being but a renewing of my woe, and doubling my grief.&amp;nbsp;
+For although his former, and wretched end, deserves a greater misery, (if
+any greater might have chanced than chanced unto him), yet, setting aside
+his offenses to God and his country, and beholding the man without his
+faults, I think there was none that pitied not his case, and bewailed not
+his fortune, and feared not his own chance, to see so noble a prelate,
+so grave a counsellor, of so long continued honor, after so many dignities,
+in his old years to be deprived of his estate, adjudged to die, and in
+so painful a death to end his life.&amp;nbsp; I have no delight to increase
+it.&amp;nbsp; Alas, it is too much of itself, that ever so heavy a case should
+betide to man, and man to deserve it.
+&lt;br&gt;But to come to the matter: on Saturday last, being 21 of March, was
+his day appointed to die.&amp;nbsp; And because the morning was much rainy,
+the sermon appointed by Mr Dr Cole to be made at the stake, was made in
+St Mary's church: whither Dr Cranmer was brought by the mayor and aldermen,
+and my lord Williams: with whom came divers gentlemen of the shire, sir
+T A Bridges, sir John Browne, and others.&amp;nbsp; Where was prepared, over
+against the pulpit, a high place for him, that all the people might see
+him.&amp;nbsp; And, when he had ascended it, he kneeled him down and prayed,
+weeping tenderly: which moved a great number to tears, that had conceived
+an assured hope of his conversion and repentance....
+&lt;br&gt;When praying was done, he stood up, and, having leave to speak, said,
+'Good people, I had intended indeed to desire you to pray for me; which
+because Mr Doctor hath desired, and you have done already, I thank you
+most heartily for it.&amp;nbsp; And now will I pray for myself, as I could
+best devise for mine own comfort, and say the prayer, word for word, as
+I have here written it.'&amp;nbsp; And he read it standing: and after kneeled
+down, and said the Lord's Prayer; and all the people on their knees devoutly
+praying with him....
+&lt;br&gt;And then rising, he said, 'Every man desireth, good people, at the
+time of their deaths, to give some good exhortation, that other may remember
+after their deaths, and be the better thereby.&amp;nbsp; So I beseech God grant
+me grace, that I may speak something, at this my departing, whereby God
+may be glorified, and you edified....
+&lt;br&gt;And now I come to the great thing that troubleth my conscience more
+than nay other thing that ever I said or did in my life: and that is, the
+setting abroad of writings contrary to the truth.&amp;nbsp; Which here now
+I renounce and refuse, as things written with my hand, contrary to the
+truth which I thought in my heart, and written for fear of death, and to
+save my life, if it might be: and that is, all such bills, which I have
+written or signed with mine own hand since my degradation: wherein I have
+written many things untrue.&amp;nbsp; And forasmuch as my hand offended in
+writing contrary to my heart, therefore my hand shall first be punished:
+for if I may come to the fire, it shall be first burned.&amp;nbsp; And as for
+the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy and antichrist, with all his
+false doctrine.'
+&lt;br&gt;And here, being admonished of his recantation and dissembling, he said,
+'Alas, my lord, I have been a man that all my life loved plainness, and
+never dissembled till now against the truth; which I am most sorry for
+it.'&amp;nbsp; He added hereunto, that, for the sacrament, he believed as he
+had taught in his book against the bishop of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; And here
+he was suffered to speak no more....
+&lt;br&gt;Then was he carried away; and a great number, that did run to see him
+go so wicjedly to his death, ran after him, exhorting him, while time was,
+to remember himself.&amp;nbsp; And one Friar John, a godly and well learned
+man, all the way traveled with him to reduce him.&amp;nbsp; But it would not
+be.&amp;nbsp; What they said in particular I cannot tell, but the effect appeared
+in the end: for at the stake he professed, that he died in all such opinions
+as he had taught, and oft repented him of his recantation.
+&lt;br&gt;Coming to the stake with a cheerful countenance and willing mind, he
+put off his garments with haste, and stood upright in his shirt: and bachelor
+of divinity, named Elye, of Brazen-nose college, labored to convert him
+to his former recantation, with the two Spanish friars.&amp;nbsp; And when
+the friars saw his constancy, they said in Latin to one another 'Let us
+go from him: we ought not to be nigh him: for the devil is with him.'&amp;nbsp;
+But the bachelor of divinity was more earnest with him: unto whom he answered,
+that, as concerning his recantation, he repented it right sore, because
+he knew it was against the truth; with other words more.&amp;nbsp; Whereby
+the Lord Williams cried, 'Make short, make short.'&amp;nbsp; Then the bishop
+took certain of his friends by the hand.&amp;nbsp; But the bachelor of divinity
+refused to take him by the hand, and blamed all the others that so did,
+and said, he was sorry that ever he came in his company.&amp;nbsp; And yet
+again he required him to agree to his former recantation.&amp;nbsp; And the
+bishop answered, (showing his hand), 'This was the hand that wrote it,
+and therefore shall it suffer first punishment.'
+&lt;br&gt;Fire being now put to him, he stretched out his right hand, and thrust
+it into the flame, and held it there a good space, before the fire came
+to any other part of his body; where his hand was seen of every man sensibly
+burning, crying with a&amp;nbsp; loud voice, 'This hand hath offended.'&amp;nbsp;
+As soon as the fire got up, he was very soon dead, never stirring or crying
+all the while.
+&lt;br&gt;His patience in the torment, his courage in dying, if it had been taken
+either for the glory of God, the wealth of his country, or the testimony
+of truth, as it was for a pernicious error, and subversion of true religion,
+I could worthily have commended the example, and matched it with the fame
+of any father of ancient time: but, seeing that not the death, but cause
+and quarrel thereof, commendeth the sufferer, I cannot but much dispraise
+his obstinate stubbornness and sturdiness in dying, and specially in so
+evil a cause.&amp;nbsp; Surely his death much grieved every man; but not after
+one sort.&amp;nbsp; Some pitied to see his body so tormented with the fire
+raging upon the silly carcass, that counted not of the folly.&amp;nbsp; Other
+that passed not much of the body, lamented to see him spill his soul, wretchedly,
+without redemption, to be plagued for ever.&amp;nbsp; His friends sorrowed
+for love; his enemies for pity; strangers for a common kind of humanity,
+whereby we are bound one to another.&amp;nbsp; Thus I have enforced myself,
+for your sake, to discourse this heavy narration, contrary to my mind:
+and, being more than half weary, I make a short end, wishing you a quieter
+life, with less honor; and easier death, with more praise.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082606&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082606&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">books about English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">books about 16th century Tudor history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Bibliography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ff.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">biblio.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">favoritebooks.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pavane.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">fifthqueen.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">candlemass.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">deathofthefox.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maskofroyalty.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cranmer.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">youngbess.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizessex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorfashion.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">erasmus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/biblio.gif&quot; width=&quot;257&quot; height=&quot;113&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Bibliography&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Over the years, I've read most 
+    of the Tudor books, fiction and nonfiction, I could find.&amp;nbsp; Countless 
+    books.&amp;nbsp; Good books, a few great ones, and lots of bad ones.&amp;nbsp; This 
+    page currently lists my favorite Tudor works.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/favoritebooks.gif&quot; alt=&quot;My favorite Tudor books&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;77&quot;&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;When people ask me what 
+        Tudor-related books to read, these are the ones I list:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pavane.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;152&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0345440919%2ftudorengla148-20%3ePavane%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;PAVANE 
+
+    by Keith Roberts&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Eventually I will be at a loss 
+
+    for superlatives when describing my favorite books.&amp;nbsp; PAVANE is a 
+
+    beautiful book, written by one of the masters of 1960s science 
+
+    fiction.&amp;nbsp; It is a work of alternative history, one of the first of that 
+
+    genre and perhaps the best.&amp;nbsp; It begins in 1588 with the assassination 
+
+    of Queen Elizabeth I and the subsequent supremacy of the Catholic faith in 
+
+    England.&amp;nbsp; From there, PAVANE evolves into a truly entrancing book which 
+        explores freedom, communication, religion, etc&amp;nbsp; Like The Fifth Queen, it 
+
+    has a superb ending.&amp;nbsp; If you haven't read this, please please please 
+
+    check it out.&amp;nbsp; It's recently been reissued and it's simply 
+
+    wonderful.&amp;nbsp; Few books strike me as deeply imagined, most walk over 
+
+    familiar ground - PAVANE is a true original. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/fifthqueen.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;156&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0141181303%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Fifth%2520Queen%2520(Penguin%2520Classics)%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    FIFTH QUEEN by Ford Madox Ford&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;I love this 
+
+    book.&amp;nbsp;  Ford uses the life of Henry VIII's fifth queen to explore the culture of 
+
+    fear, treachery, and paranoia which characterized the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Catherine battles Thomas Cromwell in an attempt to prevent further religious 
+
+    and political change.&amp;nbsp; The book is divided into three parts and 
+
+    contains engrossing portraits of familiar Tudor figures; Princess Mary, 
+
+    Henry VIII, Cromwell, Norfolk, Catherine herself - all are beautifully 
+
+    brought to life.&amp;nbsp;  Ford spent years researching this 
+
+    book but it is a work of fiction; liberties are taken, characterizations may 
+    not be historically correct, etc&amp;nbsp; I think it's one of the best works of historical 
+
+    fiction ever written - and the ending is fantastic.&amp;nbsp; As for the 
+    'character' of Catherine, Ford creates an interesting / complex figure from 
+    scant historical sources.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/candlemass.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;153&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1585790230%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Candlemass%2520Road%2520(Common%2520Reader...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    CANDLEMASS ROAD by George MacDonald Fraser&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Fraser 
+
+    is justly famous as author of the Flashman novels, among the best (and 
+
+    certainly the funniest) historical fiction ever.&amp;nbsp; But his talent is 
+
+    more expansive than even Flashman would suggest.&amp;nbsp; Everything he writes 
+
+    turns to gold, at least in my opinion (even the flawed 'Pyrates' had great 
+    moments.)&amp;nbsp; Long fascinated by the history 
+
+    of his native Scotland, in THE CANDLEMASS ROAD, Fraser recounts the story of 
+
+    Lady Margaret Dacre and her perilous life along the English-Scottish 
+
+    border during Elizabeth I's reign.&amp;nbsp; The writing is superb; I expect nothing less from 
+
+    Fraser.&amp;nbsp; My one quibble is that the book is so short - I didn't want it 
+
+    to end. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1585790257%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Steel%2520Bonnets%2520(Common%2520Reader...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    STEEL BONNETS by George MacDonald Fraser&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This work 
+
+    of history is concerned with the outlaws and Border lords (reivers) who 
+
+    fought along the English and Scottish frontier for several hundred 
+
+    years.&amp;nbsp; It's a wonderful work of history and makes me wish more great 
+
+    writers would turn to the genre; if nothing else, you're guaranteed good 
+
+    writing.&amp;nbsp; And this was such a fascinating time period - I'm thrilled 
+
+    that one of my favorite novelists wrote its definitive history. 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;And if you haven't read any &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0452259614%2ftudorengla148-20%3eFlashman:%2520From%2520the%2520Flashman%2520Papers,...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Flashman&lt;/A&gt;, 
+
+    it's never too late to start.... &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/deathofthefox.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156863030%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Succession:%2520A%2520Novel%2520of%2520Elizabeth%2520and...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    SUCCESSION: A NOVEL OF ELIZABETH AND JAMES&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156287951%2ftudorengla148-20%3eEntered%2520from%2520the%2520Sun:%2520The%2520Murder%2520of...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ENTERED 
+
+    FROM THE SUN: THE MURDER OF MARLOWE&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156252333%2ftudorengla148-20%3eDeath%2520of%2520the%2520Fox:%2520A%2520Novel%2520of%2520Elizabeth...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;DEATH 
+
+    OF THE FOX: A NOVEL OF ELIZABETH AND RALEIGH&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by George 
+
+    Garrett &lt;BR&gt;It's not enough for me that a book is set in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; I want 
+    it to be a great book which just happens to be set in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; Every time I slumber 
+
+    or groan my way through the latest awful Tudor fiction full of heaving 
+
+    bosoms and Egads!-worthy dialogue, I think fondly of Fraser and 
+    Ford and this trilogy by George Garrett.... &lt;br&gt;Garrett's books should be read by 
+    anyone with an interest in 16th century England.&amp;nbsp; But they aren't read 
+    by many, which I think is very sad - even more so when one considers the 
+    popularity of terrible Tudor fiction.&amp;nbsp; Of this trilogy, my favorite is 
+    DEATH OF THE 
+
+    FOX; Garrett brings the complex and fascinating Walter Raleigh to 
+
+    life.&amp;nbsp; But all three works are wonderful.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;  ENTERED FROM THE SUN 
+
+    is a nice companion piece to Anthony Burgess's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0786703210%2ftudorengla148-20%3eA%2520Dead%2520Man%2520in%2520Deptford%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;A 
+
+    DEAD MAN IN DEPTFORD&lt;/A&gt;, another good work of historical fiction.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    (Burgess also wrote &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f039331507X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eNothing%2520Like%2520the%2520Sun:%2520A%2520Story%2520of...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;NOTHING 
+
+    LIKE THE SUN&lt;/A&gt;, a fictional look at Shakespeare's love life.)&amp;nbsp; And 
+
+    though THE SUCCESSION has less to do with Elizabeth and James than the title 
+
+    implies, it's still a fun exploration of Tudor life.&amp;nbsp; I can't do these 
+    books justice - just read them.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maskofroyalty.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;166&quot;&gt;A TUDOR TRAGEDY: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CATHERINE HOWARD &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0897330560%2ftudorengla148-20%3eHenry%2520VIII:%2520The%2520Mask%2520of%2520Royalty%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;HENRY 
+
+    VIII: THE MASK OF ROYALTY&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0316801534%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520Tudor:%2520Portrait%2520of%2520a%2520Queen%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    TUDOR: PORTRAIT OF A QUEEN&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by Lacey Baldwin Smith 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;I've been raving about LB Smith since I started this 
+
+    website.&amp;nbsp; When visitors write and ask what is essential to read, I 
+
+    point them to Smith's work.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately, two of the above works are 
+
+    out of print.&amp;nbsp; Yeah, I know - there's plenty of room for junk on 
+
+    bookshelves but apparently no room for great works of history.&amp;nbsp; Well, 
+
+    go to Amazon.com or Barnes &amp;amp; Noble.com and order them used.&amp;nbsp; Smith's bio of Catherine Howard 
+
+    is the only one ever written which concerns Henry VIII's ill-fated 'Rose 
+
+    Without a Thorn'.&amp;nbsp; He collects the scant historical knowledge of her 
+
+    life and creates a compelling portrait of a misguided girl and her ambitious 
+
+    family (the sprawling Norfolk clan).&amp;nbsp; His bio of Henry VIII is simply 
+
+    the best available on the second Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; It has great 
+
+    psychological insight and a sharp sense of humor.&amp;nbsp; After a lifetime of 
+
+    studying Henry, Smith is still fascinated by the king and determined to 
+
+    understand his contradictory character.&amp;nbsp; But read it only after reading 
+
+    a general bio of Henry VIII; the author assumes some knowledge of the Tudor 
+
+    court and its cast of characters.&amp;nbsp; And his brief bio of Elizabeth Tudor 
+
+    is a persuasive sketch of England's most fascinating and accomplished queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cranmer.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;154&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0300074484%2520%2ftudorengla148-20%253EThomas%2520Cranmer%253C%2fA%253E&quot;&gt;THOMAS 
+    CRANMER by Diarmaid MacCulloch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    This is the definitive 
+    biography of the father of English Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was the 
+    archbishop of Canterbury from 1533 to 1556; he presided over the Reformation 
+    and the creation of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.&amp;nbsp; He was burnt 
+    at the stake as a heretic during the reign of Mary I.&amp;nbsp; MacCulloch's 
+    book is dense, literally and figuratively.&amp;nbsp; But it is also a 
+    beautifully written study of one of the most compelling lives of the 16th 
+    century.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was a conflicted and courageous man, and deserved 
+    such a monumental biography.&amp;nbsp; MacCulloch uses sources never mentioned 
+    in previous studies; he charts the evolution of Protestantism with an eye 
+    for the telling detail.&amp;nbsp; Personally, I am always surprised by the 
+    number of Tudor enthusiasts who are familiar with the story of Thomas More 
+    but have only a vague idea of Cranmer's life.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps it's the 
+    enduring popularity of A Man for All Seasons?&amp;nbsp; I don't know.&amp;nbsp; But 
+    both men deserve recognition and study.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0553212567%2ftudorengla148-20%253EThe%2520Prince%2520and%2520the%2520Pauper%253C%2fA%253E&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    PRINCE AND THE PAUPER by Mark Twain&lt;/a&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This is 
+
+    Twain's famous tale of Prince Edward, only son of King Henry VIII, and Tom 
+
+    Canty, a pauper boy who is his physical twin.&amp;nbsp; Twain wrote my favorite 
+
+    book of all time (Huckleberry Finn) so I am biased, but this is still a 
+
+    great book.&amp;nbsp; The story is very entertaining and fun and there are 
+
+    moments of genuine suspense and pathos.&amp;nbsp; Some people classify this book 
+
+    as children's literature; in fact, they say that about lots of Twain's 
+
+    work.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; He's a natural storyteller and perfect for adults. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;IMG height=140 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/youngbess.jpg&quot; width=91 
+
+    align=left alt=&quot;Young Bess by Margaret Irwin&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074900357X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eYoung%2520Bess%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;YOUNG 
+
+    BESS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0749003898%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth,%2520Captive%2520Princess%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH, 
+
+    CAPTIVE PRINCESS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0749004088%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520and%2520the%2520Prince%2520of%2520Spain%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    AND THE PRINCE OF SPAIN&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by Margaret Irwin &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Tudor has brought out the best in many writers, but 
+
+    perhaps none more so than Margaret Irwin.&amp;nbsp; This trilogy has recently 
+
+    been reissued, thus earning the publisher my enduring gratitude.&amp;nbsp; She 
+
+    creates a vivid portrait of Elizabeth's entire life and there is the usual 
+
+    colorful cast of supporting characters.&amp;nbsp; Of the three books, my 
+
+    favorite is the last but all are excellent.&amp;nbsp; Her writing is evocative 
+
+    and often very beautiful.&amp;nbsp; I'll be reading along and think, What a 
+
+    perfect sentence!&amp;nbsp; If you want a persuasive and compelling portrait of 
+
+    the Virgin Queen, read Irwin.&amp;nbsp; No one else comes close. 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizessex.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;153&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156283107%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520and%2520Essex:%2520A%2520Tragic%2520History...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    AND ESSEX: A TRAGIC HISTORY&lt;/A&gt; by Lytton Strachey &lt;BR&gt;This is one of my favorite books about Queen Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Strachey 
+
+    always writes like a dream, with style and wit, and in this work he explores 
+
+    the complex relationship between the Virgin Queen and the infamous earl of 
+
+    Essex.&amp;nbsp; Essex was the great favorite of Elizabeth's later years, but he 
+
+    rebelled against the queen (his petulance was exceeded only by his 
+
+    ingratitude.)&amp;nbsp; Like Strachey's equally good &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156286971%2ftudorengla148-20%3eEminent%2520Victorians%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Eminent 
+
+    Victorians&lt;/A&gt;, this biographical study is primarily psychological.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Strachey wants to know why Elizabeth and Essex acted as they did - their 
+
+    motivations, desires, flaws....&amp;nbsp; There is much room for disagreement 
+
+    and often his analysis of Elizabeth's personality makes one want to analyze 
+
+    Strachey himself, but this is still a great book.&amp;nbsp; It brings Elizabeth 
+
+    and her court to life and it pulls you deep into the story of the queen and 
+
+    Essex.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses the always intriguing Sir Francis 
+
+    Bacon.&amp;nbsp; What a fascinating bit of history! &lt;BR&gt;And 
+
+    once again, let me emphasize the beautiful writing.&amp;nbsp; Style counts with 
+
+    me.&amp;nbsp; If I want a dry, boring recitation of facts, then I can pick up an 
+
+    encyclopedia or, sadly, most modern histories/biographies.&amp;nbsp; It's like 
+
+    that famous Mark Twain quote - 'The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter; it's the 
+
+    difference between the lightning bug and the lightning.'&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Exactly.&amp;nbsp; All of the books I've listed here are full of the right words.&amp;nbsp; Anyone can tell you that Elizabeth Tudor was born 
+
+    in 1533 and her mother was executed in 1536 and blah blah blah.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+
+    easy enough.&amp;nbsp; But can the writer create a compelling story worthy of 
+
+    their subject?&amp;nbsp; Can they bring history to life?&amp;nbsp; I hate picking up 
+
+    books which are full of facts but written like - oh, they're written in a&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    perfectly acceptable manner.&amp;nbsp; But who wants perfectly acceptable things 
+
+    all the time?&amp;nbsp; You want a gripping, fun, fascinating book.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0226504654%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520I:%2520Collected%2520Works%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    I: COLLECTED WORKS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The great queen in her own 
+
+    words - letters, poems, and speeches are gathered here for our admiring 
+
+    perusal.&amp;nbsp; This selection is arranged in chronological order and 
+
+    reasonably priced. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorfashion.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;150&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0486298450%2ftudorengla148-20%3eTudor%2520Costume%2520and%2520Fashion%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;TUDOR 
+
+    COSTUME AND FASHION&lt;/A&gt; by Herbert Norris &lt;BR&gt;Most people 
+
+    believe that Janet Arnold's '&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0901286206%2ftudorengla148-20%3eQueen%2520Elizabeth's%2520Wardrobe%2520Unlock'd:%2520The...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Queen 
+
+    Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd&lt;/A&gt;' is the best work on Tudor fashion.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    And it is certainly the best guide to making an Elizabethan costume.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    But it's also very expensive.&amp;nbsp; Norris covers the entire Tudor dynasty 
+
+    and includes several color sketches; the book is published by Dover so it's 
+
+    reasonably priced.&amp;nbsp; If you want to learn about all the different styles 
+
+    of hats/hoods and skirts and shoes, etc, this is the book for you.&amp;nbsp; If 
+
+    you actually want to make a Tudor costume, search out Arnold or any of the 
+
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.renfaire.com%2fCostume%2findex.html&quot;&gt;excellent Renaissance 
+
+    Festival sites&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/erasmus.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f048641762X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eErasmus%2520and%2520the%2520Age%2520of%2520Reformation%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ERASMUS 
+
+    AND THE AGE OF REFORMATION&lt;/A&gt; by Johan Huizinga &lt;BR&gt;This 
+
+    is the best biography I have read of Erasmus, the great Dutch philosopher 
+
+    and friend of Thomas More.&amp;nbsp; He also spoke for many bookworms when he 
+
+    wrote, 'When I get a little money I buy books; and if any is left I buy food 
+
+    and clothes.'&amp;nbsp; Those are nice words to remember when you're torn 
+
+    between purchasing &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0714837156%2ftudorengla148-20%3eBernini:%2520The%2520Sculptor%2520of%2520the%2520Roman...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;the 
+
+    Bernini catalogue&lt;/A&gt; or a new outfit.&amp;nbsp; Go with the books.&amp;nbsp; You 
+
+    can always borrow clothes from more fashionable friends and relatives.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    And there are already enough well-dressed people out there.&amp;nbsp; Wouldn't 
+
+    you rather have a nice personal library?&lt;br&gt;Often you finish a biography and are happy you've 
+
+    never met its subject (I always finish biographies of Bluff King Hal in that 
+
+    mood), but sometimes it's different.&amp;nbsp; Huizinga brings Erasmus and his 
+    times to compelling life.&amp;nbsp; The book includes numerous letters and 
+    illustrations, and these are especially valuable since Erasmus corresponded 
+    with many 16th century luminaries.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;    &lt;font color=&quot;#0000FF&quot;&gt;THE ROYAL PALACES OF TUDOR ENGLAND&lt;/font&gt; and other works by Simon Thurley&lt;br&gt;I&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+enjoy all of Thurley's work - his most recent is a comprehensive study of 
+Hampton Court - but this is easily the best study of Tudor royal architecture 
+ever.&amp;nbsp; It is beautifully illustrated and includes floor plans of various 
+palaces.&amp;nbsp; It also has a brief glossary.&amp;nbsp; This book isn't simply 
+indispensable, - it's also well-written and entertaining.&amp;nbsp; There are lots 
+of quirky facts interspersed throughout, and it does a wonderful job of 
+explaining various aspects of the royal household.&amp;nbsp; It's expensive, yes, 
+but worth it.&amp;nbsp; And it will make you read most Tudor fiction with a 
+jaundiced eye.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;HR align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;There are some works I haven't listed, like Tillyard's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0394701623%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabethan%2520World%2520Picture%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+
+    World Picture&lt;/A&gt; and AL Rowse's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1566633168%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Elizabethan%2520Renaissance%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;two-volume 
+
+    study&lt;/A&gt; of Elizabethan society.&amp;nbsp; I've also left off Alison Plowden's 
+
+    '&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0750921927%2ftudorengla148-20%3eYoung%2520Elizabeth:%2520The%2520First%2520Twenty-Five...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+
+    Quartet&lt;/A&gt;', which are wonderful introductory books on Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Plowden wrote the &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0531150003%2ftudorengla148-20%3eLady%2520Jane%2520Grey%2520and%2520the%2520House%2520of%2520Suffolk%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;best 
+
+    book&lt;/A&gt; I've read about Mary Tudor and Jane Grey, but it's 
+
+    out-of-print.&amp;nbsp; And I haven't mentioned Roy Strong's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0851153771%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Tudor%2520and%2520Stuart%2520Monarchy:...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;entertaining 
+
+    study&lt;/A&gt; of Tudor portraits.&amp;nbsp; There are lots that I enjoyed which I 
+
+    haven't listed.&amp;nbsp; I will add them eventually.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082546&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082546&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13812</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">new Tudor-related books, exhibits, films etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">new Tudor-related books, exhibits, films etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Media News</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH02f7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">media.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ivesbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8miniseries.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">r3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">dunnbook.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">guyscots.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot; height=&quot;613&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/media.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot;
+ height=&quot;138&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor Media News&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;This page contains information on&lt;br&gt;
+Tudor-related Exhibits, Books, Films, etc&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England:
+Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;29 September 2004&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ivesbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Professor 
+      Eric Ives, who wrote the definitive biography of Anne Boleyn in 1988, has 
+      just released &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f104-8047124-6243950%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      UK&lt;/a&gt;), which incorporates new research and addresses issues raised by 
+      the biographies of Anne which followed his own (including Warnicke and 
+      Starkey's work.)&amp;nbsp; Tudor enthusiasts know that
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0521406773%2fqid%3d1096481812%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      Warnicke's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn&lt;/i&gt; questioned many of 
+      Ives's conclusions.&lt;p&gt;I should stress that this is a &lt;i&gt;new&lt;/i&gt; biography, 
+      not simply a new edition of the 1988 work.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;I'm still working on the Reviews section; please check back soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;20 September 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The Henry VIII miniseries starring Ray Winstone is &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;being
+      &lt;/a&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;
+released on Region 1 dvd&lt;/a&gt; on 16 November for US viewers. &lt;br&gt;
+However, it will appear on PBS as a two-part 'Masterpiece Theatre'
+presentation before its DVD release, on 7 November and 14
+November.&amp;nbsp; Click here to visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.pbs.org%2fpreviews%2fhenryVIII&quot;&gt;the PBS Previews page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8miniseries.jpg&quot; title=&quot;&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Henry VIII dvd&quot; style=&quot;width: 105px; height: 150px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Henry's
+38-year reign saw England transformed from a sleepy backwater of
+jousting tournaments and Catholic piety to a nation torn by religious
+and political strife - all because the king wanted a male heir.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;small&gt;
+      &lt;/small&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;He was a very troubled man,&quot; observes Winstone, who in
+the course of the film ages from the young athletic king to the burly
+icon familiar from Hans Holbein paintings. &quot;This is a man who allowed
+two of his wives - women he loved passionately - to be murdered. At the
+same time, he wrote beautiful love letters, understood science and, to
+a certain extent, was a great ambassador. He was an intelligent,
+gentle, romantic man who lost his way when it came to love.&quot;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/div&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;July 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+According to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gallifreyone.com%2fnewstv.php&quot;&gt;Outpost
+Gallifrey&lt;/a&gt;, the new &lt;b&gt;Doctor Who&lt;/b&gt; series will feature &lt;b&gt;an
+appearance by Henry VIII&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;An article in the
+June 29 Daily Star says that the new Doctor Who series &quot;will feature
+historic figures including Shakespeare, Henry VIII and Einstein - who
+are locked up together inside a Big Brother-style house. Famous
+housemates will face eviction and death from aliens when the classic
+sci-fi show comes back to our screens next year. The new series, which
+stars Christopher Eccleston as Dr Who, is aiming to win over a whole
+new generation of young followers of the Tardis timelord. Christopher
+said: 'We can parallel things with science fiction and address what's
+going on around us to a certain extent for young people without being
+pompous.' In one of the planned episodes of the hotly-awaited series,
+some of the world's most famous figures from the past are kidnapped
+from their time zones by aliens. They are put in a Big Bruvstyle house
+for extraterrestrial television entertainment.&quot;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; (Thanks
+to Paul Engelberg)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Ninth Doctor is
+being played by Christopher Eccleston, who played the duke of Norfolk
+in 1998's &lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Yes, these are tenuous Tudor links
+but I'm a Doctor Who fan as well.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 2px;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks to the
+Barbie collector who emailed me the link to
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.barbiecollector.com%2fshowcase%2fproduct.asp%3ftype%3d%26amp;subtype%3d%26amp;product%5fid%3d1003486&quot;&gt;the
+'World of Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I' doll&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For those of you
+who missed the 1995 Elizabeth doll, mark September in your
+calendars.&amp;nbsp; And start saving - the doll will probably retail at
+$250.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;
+sequel in the works?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(Source: &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.comingsoon.net%2fnews.php%3fid%3d4977&quot;&gt;http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=4977&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Aussie's &lt;i&gt;The
+Daily Telegraph&lt;/i&gt; spoke to &lt;b&gt;
+Elizabeth&lt;/b&gt; director Shekhar Kapur who says that he is working on a
+sequel to the 1998 Cate Blanchett drama.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+Blanchett is expected to take the throne again and star in the epic -
+based on Queen Elizabeth I - which has the working title of &lt;b&gt;Golden
+Age&lt;/b&gt;. &quot;It is about the battle between her life as a monarch and her
+personal life,&quot; Kapur said. &quot;It ends in the destruction of the Spanish
+Armada on the larger level.&quot;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+The Indian-born Kapur said the script, which Michael Hirst is working
+on, would be ready in six months. &quot;And then it depends on Cate's
+schedule and my schedule as to when we start shooting.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+More links:&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0127536%2fnews&quot;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0127536/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fin.news.yahoo.com%2f040604%2f139%2f2dhbb.html&quot;&gt;http://in.news.yahoo.com/040604/139/2dhbb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;EARLIER NEWS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/r3.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Richard III&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;107&quot; height=&quot;150&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;The Criterion Collection (which
+has collected quite a bit of my money over the years) has just released
+Laurence Olivier's
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fcriterionco.com%2fasp%2frelease.asp%3fid%3d213&quot;&gt;1955
+version of &lt;i&gt;
+Richard III&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This was the third Shakespeare play which
+Olivier both directed and starred in (after &lt;i&gt;Henry V &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Hamlet&lt;/i&gt;)
+and remains the definitive film treatment of &lt;i&gt;Richard III&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+Olivier's work is incredible, - he is the physical embodiment of
+villainy, plotting with gleeful malevolence one moment and inspiring
+our pity the next.&amp;nbsp; And if anyone is wondering why this is
+included at the &lt;i&gt;Tudor&lt;/i&gt; Media News page, well - the future Henry
+VII does make an appearance and the Battle of Bosworth Field marks both
+the end of Richard's life and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;i&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth
+and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/i&gt; by Jane Dunn was recently
+released.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; I am still working on the new and improved Reviews
+section, but here is a quick review - a worthwhile addition to your
+Tudor library.&amp;nbsp; I've read enough about both women to wonder if I
+would learn anything from this book, but I was pleasantly
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; A liberal use of primary sources plus a lovely
+selection of portraits - and the book jacket and boards are beautifully
+designed.&amp;nbsp; As competition for Alison Plowden's &lt;i&gt;Two Queens in
+One Isle&lt;/i&gt;, this book is the better choice.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/guyscots.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ alt=&quot;John Guy biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;At last!&amp;nbsp;
+Finally, another major biography of Mary Stuart has been
+released.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/i&gt; is by
+noted Tudor historian John Guy&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Antonia Fraser's biography
+was serviceable but my own casual research revealed large gaps in her
+use of primary sources.&amp;nbsp; I always wondered - when would another
+historian focus on Mary's tumultuous life?&amp;nbsp; I should note that the
+UK version of this work is entitled &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of
+Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt; and the jacket features the Clouet sketch of an
+adolescent Mary.&amp;nbsp; The American edition, shown above, has the 'hat'
+portrait &lt;i&gt;minus&lt;/i&gt; the hat!&amp;nbsp; As an admirer of
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqos1565.jpg&quot;&gt;the hat&lt;/a&gt;
+and its fluffy feather, I'm rather disappointed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;70&quot; height=&quot;108&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/i&gt; by Joanna Denny
+will be published in April 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-4110626-7673264&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;In comparison with the
+two existing major biographies of Anne (by Carrolly Erickson and Retha
+Warnicke), this one is the most successful 'popular' biography.&amp;nbsp;
+And no, I don't mean 'popular' as a slur; far from it.&amp;nbsp; I'll post
+my review at the new Reviews section when I've finished.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+        Library has finished its nine-year restoration of the Trevelyon 
+        Miscellany.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It's now the focus of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.folger.edu%2fpublic%2fexhibit%2fTrevelyon%2fintro.asp&quot;&gt;an excellent 
+        exhibit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;News
+prior to summer 2004 has been deleted.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082642&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082642&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4421</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0a6f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">relative2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryrelatives.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG 
+height=54 alt=&quot;Tudor Relatives&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/relative2.gif&quot; width=313&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor relatives profiled here 
+      are among the most fascinating figures in English history.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      tragic histories of Lady Jane Grey and Mary, queen of Scots, the tangled 
+      love lives of Henry VIII's sisters, and the neglected tale of Lady 
+      Catherine Grey bring Tudor England to vivid life.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about the Tudor relatives.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryrelatives.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, 1558, in celebration of her first marriage&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;326&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;the above portrait is of Mary, 
+      queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+  Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Catholic heir to Elizabeth 
+      I's throne&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+  Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The 'Nine Days Queen'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+  Princess Mary Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;queen of France 
+  and duchess of Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+  Princess Margaret Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;queen of 
+  Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Catherine 
+  Grey&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; sister of the tragic Jane Grey&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082529&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082529&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3377</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Email</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH104f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newtudoremail.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn3sepia.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newtudoremail.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Email&quot; width=&quot;283&quot; height=&quot;137&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn3sepia.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sepia-tinged sketch of Anne Boleyn (possibly) by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;216&quot; height=&quot;382&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt; If you have Tudor-related questions&lt;/b&gt;, please visit
+the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England
+FAQ&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's a detailed list of questions and answers, including
+a brief history of Tudor England, why Mary I isn't the same person as
+Mary, queen of Scots, a discussion of the Reformation, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;If you wish to comment upon the site - 
+      tell me Tudor-related news - exchange links - ask a question not included 
+      at the FAQ, etc, you have two options -
+      &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net?subject=Tudor England website&quot;&gt;
+      click here to send me email&lt;/a&gt; or
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fguestbook%2faddentry.php&quot;&gt;sign the 
+      Guestbook&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;If you are a student using this
+website for research / writing, please visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats%2fstudentsqa.html&quot;&gt;Information for
+Students&lt;/a&gt; page at my John Keats site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Two more things....&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Any additions to the site are listed at
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;As of 2004,  due to its surprising 
+      popularity, &lt;i&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/i&gt; has
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;its own website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks for visiting,&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082550&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082550&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">37699</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter III</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH18cc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER III&lt;br&gt;FOREIGN RELATIONS: 1559-1563&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE successful wars waged by Edward III and Henry V are 
+    apt to cause an exaggerated estimate of the strength of England under the 
+    Tudors. The population--Wales included--was probably not much more than four 
+    millions. That of France was perhaps four times as large, and the 
+    superiority in wealth was even greater. Before the reign of Louis XI., 
+    France, weakened by feudal disunion, had been an easy prey to her smaller 
+    but better-organised neighbour. The work of concentration effected by the 
+    greatest of French kings towards the close of the fifteenth century, and the 
+    simultaneous rise of the great Spanish empire, caused England to fall at 
+    once into the rank of a second-rate power. Such she really was under Henry 
+    VIII., notwithstanding the rather showy figure he managed to make by 
+    adhering alternately to Charles v. and Francis I. Under the bad government 
+    of Edward and Mary the fighting strength of England declined not only 
+    relatively, but absolutely, until in the last year of Mary it touched the 
+    lowest point in our history. Although we were at war with France, there were 
+    no soldiers, no officers, no arms, no fortresses that could resist 
+    artillery, few ships, a heavy debt, and deep discouragement. The loss of 
+    Calais, which had been held for 200 years, was the simple and natural 
+    consequence of this prostration. Justice will not be done to the great 
+    recovery under Elizabeth unless we understand how low the country had sunk 
+    when she came to the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the early years of her reign, it was the universal 
+    opinion at home and abroad that without Spanish protection she could not 
+    preserve her throne against a French invasion in the interests of Mary 
+    Stuart. Henry II. meant that, by the marriage of the Dauphin Francis with 
+    Mary, the kingdoms of England and Scotland should be united to one another 
+    and eventually to France. Philip would thus lose the command of the sea 
+    route to the Netherlands, and the hereditary duel with the House of Austria 
+    would be decided. This scheme could not seem fantastic in a century which 
+    had seen such immense agglomerations of territory effected by political 
+    marriages. Philip, on the other hand, made sure that the danger from France 
+    must necessarily throw Elizabeth and England into his arms. Notwithstanding 
+    the warnings he received from his ambassador Feria that Elizabeth was a 
+    heretic, he felt certain that she would not venture to alter religion at the 
+    risk of offending him. The only question with him was whether he should 
+    marry her himself or bestow her on some sure friend of his house. That she 
+    would refuse both himself and his nominee was a contingency he never 
+    contemplated. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth, from the first, made up her mind that the cards 
+    in her hand could be played to more advantage than Philip supposed. England, 
+    no doubt, needed his protection for the present. But could he please himself 
+    about granting it? Her bold calculation was that his own interests would 
+    compel him, in any case, to prevent the execution of the Stuart-Valois 
+    scheme, and that consequently she might settle religion without reference to 
+    his wishes. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The offer of marriage came in January 1559. In his letter to 
+    Feria, Philip spoke as if Elizabeth would of course jump at it. After 
+    dwelling on its many inconveniences, he said he had decided to make the 
+    sacrifice on condition that Elizabeth would uphold the Catholic religion; 
+    but she must not expect him to remain long with her; he would visit England 
+    occasionally. Feria foolishly allowed this letter to be seen, and the 
+    contents were reported to Elizabeth. She was as much amused as piqued. Their 
+    ages were not unsuitable. Philip was thirty-two, and Elizabeth was 
+    twenty-five. But she was as fastidious about men as her father was about 
+    women; and for no political consideration would she have tied herself to her 
+    ugly, disagreeable, little brother-in-law. After some fencing, she replied 
+    that she did not mean to marry, and that she was not afraid of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before the death of Mary, negotiations for a peace between 
+    France, Spain, and England had already begun. Calais was almost the only 
+    difficulty remaining to be settled. Our countrymen have never been able &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;to understand how their possession of a fortress within the 
+    natural boundaries of another country can be disagreeable to its 
+    inhabitants. Elizabeth shared the national feeling, and she wanted Philip to 
+    insist on the restitution of Calais. He would have done so if she had 
+    pleased him as to other matters. Even as it was, the presence of a French 
+    garrison in Calais was so inconvenient to the master of the Netherlands that 
+    he was ready to fight on if England would do her part. But Elizabeth would 
+    only promise to fight Scotland--a very indirect and, indeed, useless way of 
+    supporting Philip. When once this point was made clear, peace was soon 
+    concluded between the three powers at CÃ¢teau, near Cambray (March 1559); 
+    appearances being saved by a stipulation that Calais should be restored in 
+    eight years, or half a million of crowns be forfeited. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In thus giving way Elizabeth showed her good sense. To have 
+    fought on would have meant deeper debt, terrible exhaustion, and, what was 
+    worse, dependence on Philip. Moreover, Calais could only have been recovered 
+    by reducing France to helplessness, which would have been fatal to the 
+    balance of power on which Elizabeth relied to make herself independent of 
+    both her great neighbours. The peace of CÃ¢teau Cambresis was attended with a 
+    secret compact between Philip II. and Henry II., that each monarch should 
+    suppress heresy in his own dominions and not encourage it in those of his 
+    neighbour. By the accession of Elizabeth, and the Scotch Reformation which 
+    immediately followed, Protestantism reached its highwater mark in Europe. 
+    The long wars of Charles V with France had enabled it to spread. Francis I. 
+    had intrigued with the Protestant princes of the Empire, and Charles had 
+    been obliged to humour them. Protestantism was victorious in Britain, 
+    Scandinavia, North Germany, the Palatinate, and Swabia. It had spread widely 
+    in Poland, Hungary, the Netherlands, and France. This rapid growth was now 
+    about to be checked. In some of these countries the new religion was 
+    destined to succumb; in some entirely to disappear. Men who could remember 
+    the first preachings of Luther lived to see not only the high-water, but the 
+    ebb, of the Protestant tide. The revolutionary tendencies inherent in 
+    Protestantism began to alarm the sovereigns; and all the more because the 
+    Church in Catholic, hardly less than in Protestant, countries was becoming a 
+    department of the State. Kings had been jealous of the spiritual power when 
+    it belonged to the Popes. They became jealous for it when it was annexed to 
+    the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Notwithstanding its secret stipulations, the peace of CÃ¢teau 
+    Cambresis relieved England from the most pressing and immediate perils by 
+    which she was threatened. Neither French nor Spanish troops had made their 
+    appearance on our soil. A breathing-time at least had been gained, during 
+    which something might be done towards putting the country in a state of 
+    defence, and restoring the finances. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the danger from France was by no means at an end. In the 
+    treaty with England, the title of Elizabeth had been acknowledged. But in 
+    that with Spain, the Dauphin had styled himself &amp;quot;King of Scotland, England, 
+    and Ireland.&amp;quot; He and Mary had also assumed the English arms. If a French 
+    army invaded England, it would come by way of Scotland. The English 
+    Catholics, who had for the most part frankly accepted the succession of 
+    Elizabeth, were disappointed and irritated by the change of religion. If 
+    Mary should go to Scotland with a French force, it was to be apprehended 
+    that a rebellion would immediately break out in the northern counties. 
+    Philip, no doubt, would land in the south to drive out the Dauphiness. But 
+    the remedy would be worse than the disease. For he was deeply discontented 
+    with the conduct of Elizabeth, and would probably take the opportunity of 
+    deposing her. To establish, therefore, her independence of both her powerful 
+    neighbours, Elizabeth had to begin by destroying French influence in 
+    Scotland. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The wisest heads in Scotland had long seen the advantage of 
+    uniting their country to England by marriage. The blundering and bullying 
+    policy of the Protector Somerset had driven the Scotch to renew their 
+    ancient alliance with France. But the attempts of the Regent Mary of Guise 
+    to increase French influence, and to establish a small standing army, in 
+    order at once to strengthen her authority, and to serve the designs of Henry 
+    II. against England, had again made the French connection unpopular, and 
+    caused a corresponding revival of friendly feeling towards England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nowhere was the Church so wealthy, relatively to the other 
+    estates, as in Scotland. It was supposed to possess half the property of the 
+    country. Nowhere were the clergy so immoral. Nowhere was superstition so 
+    gross. But the doctrines of the Reformation were spreading among the common 
+    people, and in 1557 some of the nobles, hungering for the wealth of the 
+    Church, put themselves at the head of the Protestant movement. They were 
+    known as the &amp;quot;Lords of the Congregation.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Scotch Reformation began not from the Government, as in 
+    England, but from the people. Hence, while change of supremacy was the main 
+    question in England, change of doctrine and worship took the lead in 
+    Scotland. The two parties were about equal in numbers, the Protestants being 
+    strongest in the Lowlands. But, with the exception of the murder of Beaton 
+    in 1546, there had, as yet, been no appeal to force, nor any attempt to 
+    procure a public change of religion. The accession of Elizabeth emboldened 
+    the Protestants. At Perth they took possession of the churches and burnt a 
+    monastery. On the other hand, after the peace of CÃ¢teau Cambresis, Henry II. 
+    directed the Regent to put down Protestantism, both in pursuance of the 
+    agreement with Philip, and in order to prepare for the Franco-Scottish 
+    invasion of England. The result was that the Protestants rose in open 
+    rebellion (June 1559). The Lords of the Congregation occupied Perth, 
+    Stirling, and Edinburgh. All over the Lowlands abbeys were wrecked, monks 
+    harried, churches cleared of images, the Mass abolished, and King Edward's 
+    service established in its place. In England the various changes of religion 
+    in the last thirty years had always been effected legally by King and 
+    Parliament. In Scotland the Catholic Church was overthrown by a simultaneous 
+    popular outbreak. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The catastrophe came later than in England; but popular 
+    feeling was more prepared for it; and what was now cast down was never set 
+    up again. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It seemed at first as if the Regent and her handful of 
+    regular troops, commanded by d'Oysel, would be swept away. But d'Oysel had 
+    fortified Leith, and was even able to take the field. A French army was 
+    expected. The tumultuary forces of the needy Scotch nobles could not be kept 
+    together long, and it became clear that, unless supported by Elizabeth, the 
+    rebellion would be crushed as soon as the French reinforcements should 
+    arrive, if not sooner. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus early did Elizabeth find herself confronted by the 
+    Scottish difficulty, which was to cause her so much anxiety throughout the 
+    greater part of her reign. The problem, though varying in minor details, was 
+    always essentially the same. There was a Protestant faction looking for 
+    support to England, and a Catholic faction looking to France. Two or three 
+    of the Protestant leaders--Moray, Glencairn, Kirkaldy--did really care 
+    something about a religious reformation. The rest thought more of getting 
+    hold of Church lands and pursuing old family feuds. In the experience of 
+    Elizabeth, they were a needy, greedy, treacherous crew, always sponging on 
+    her treasury, and giving her very little service in return for her money. 
+    Besides, the whole Scotch nation was so touchy in its patriotism, so jealous 
+    of foreign interference, that foreign soldiers present on its soil were sure 
+    to be regarded with an evil eye, no matter for what purpose they had come, 
+    or by whom they had been invited. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Lords of the Congregation invoked the protection of 
+    Elizabeth. They suggested that she should marry the Earl of Arran, and that 
+    he and she should be King and Queen of Great Britain. Arran was the eldest 
+    son of the Duke of Chatelherault, who, Mary being as yet childless, was 
+    heir-presumptive to the Scottish crown. There were many reasons why 
+    Elizabeth should decline interference. It was throwing down the glove to 
+    France. Interference in Scotland had always been disastrous. It might drive 
+    the English Catholics to despair, as cutting off the hope of Mary's 
+    succession to the English crown. To make a Protestant match would irritate 
+    Philip. He might invade England to forestall the French. Almost all her 
+    Council--even Bacon--advised her to leave Scotland alone, marry the Archduke 
+    Charles, and trust to the Spanish alliance for the defence of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;These were serious considerations; and to them was to be 
+    joined another which with Elizabeth always had great weight--more, 
+    naturally, than it had with any of her advisers. She shrank from doing 
+    anything which might have the practical effect of weakening the common cause 
+    of monarchs. She felt instinctively that with Protestants reverence for the 
+    religious basis of kingship must tend to become weaker than with Catholics. 
+    She did not desire to encourage this tendency or to familiarise her own 
+    subjects with it. Knox &lt;i&gt;First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous 
+    Regimen of Women&lt;/i&gt; had been directed against Mary. The Blasts that were to 
+    follow had been dropped; but the first could not be treated as unblown. And 
+    the arrogant preacher did not mend matters by writing to Elizabeth that she 
+    was to consider her case as an exception &amp;quot;contrary to nature,&amp;quot; allowed by 
+    God &amp;quot;for the comfort of His kirk,&amp;quot; but that if she based her title on her 
+    birth or on law, &amp;quot;her felicity would be short.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nevertheless Elizabeth adopted the bolder course. The Lords 
+    of the Congregation were assured that England would not see them crushed by 
+    French arms. A small supply of money was sent to them. As to the marriage 
+    with Arran, no positive answer was given; but he was sent for to be looked 
+    at. When he came, he was found to be even a poorer creature than his father; 
+    at times, indeed, not quite right in his mind. It was hard upon the 
+    Hamiltons, among whom were so many able and daring men, that, with the crown 
+    almost in their grasp, their chiefs should be such incapables. To Elizabeth 
+    it was no doubt a relief to find that Arran was an impossible husband. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meantime 2000 French had arrived, and the Lords were 
+    urgent in their demands for help. But Elizabeth determined, and rightly, 
+    that they must do their own work if they could. She was willing to give them 
+    such pecuniary help as was necessary. But the demand for troops was 
+    unreasonable. Fighting men abounded in Scotland. Why should English troops 
+    be sent to do their fighting for them, with the certainty of earning black 
+    looks rather than thanks? If a large army was despatched from France, she 
+    would attack it with her fleet. If it landed, she would send an English 
+    army. But if the Lords of the Congregation did not beat the handful of 
+    Frenchmen at Leith it must be because they were either weak or treacherous. 
+    In either case Elizabeth might have to give up the policy she preferred, 
+    leave Scotland alone, and fall back upon an alliance with Philip. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In order therefore to preserve this second string to her 
+    bow, and to let the Scotch Anglophiles see that she possessed it, she 
+    reopened negotiations for the Austrian marriage. Charles, in his turn, was 
+    invited to come and be looked at. Much as she disliked the idea of marriage, 
+    she knew that political reasons might make it necessary. But, come what 
+    would, she would never marry a man who was not to her fancy as a man. She 
+    would take no one on the strength of his picture. She had heard that Charles 
+    was not overwise, and that he had an extraordinarily big head, &amp;quot;bigger than 
+    the Earl of Bedford's.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Scotch Lords, finding that Elizabeth was determined to 
+    have some solid return for her money, went to work with more vigour. They 
+    proclaimed the deposition of the Regent, drove her from Edinburgh, and 
+    besieged her and her French garrison in Leith. But this burst of energy was 
+    soon over. The Protestants were more ready to pull down images and harry 
+    monks than make campaigns. Leith was not to be taken. In three weeks their 
+    army dwindled away, and the little disciplined force of Frenchmen re-entered 
+    Edinburgh. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The position had become very critical for Elizabeth. A 
+    French army of 15,000 men was daily expected at Leith. If once it landed, 
+    the Congregation would be crushed; the Hamiltons would make their peace; and 
+    the disciplined army of d'ElbÅuf, swelled by hordes of hungry Scotchmen, 
+    would pour over the Border, and proclaim Mary in the midst of the Catholic 
+    population which ten years later rose in rebellion under the northern Earls.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In this difficulty the Spanish Ministers in the Netherlands 
+    were consulted. If Elizabeth expelled the garrison at Leith, and so brought 
+    upon herself a war with France, could she depend on Philip's assistance? The 
+    reply was menacing. Their master, for his own interest, could not allow the 
+    Queen of France and Scotland to enforce her title to the throne of England. 
+    But he would oppose it in his own way. If a French army entered England from 
+    the north, a Spanish army would land on the south coast. Turning to her own 
+    Council for advice, Elizabeth found no encouragement. They recommended her 
+    to take Philip's advice, and even to retrace some of her steps in the matter 
+    of religion in order to propitiate him. She made a personal appeal to the 
+    Duke of Norfolk to take the command of the forces on the Border. But he 
+    declined to be the instrument of a policy which he disapproved. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We need not wonder if Elizabeth hesitated for a while. Some 
+    of these councillors were not too well affected to her. But most of them 
+    were thoroughly loyal, and there was really much to be said for the more 
+    cautious policy. She herself was an eminently cautious politician, inclined 
+    by nature to shrink from risky courses. Never, therefore, in her whole 
+    career did she give greater proof of her large-minded comprehension of the 
+    main lines of policy which it behoved her to follow than when she determined 
+    to override the opinions of so many prudent advisers, and expel the French 
+    force from the northern kingdom. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;England was not quite in the helpless, disabled position 
+    that it pleased the Spaniards to believe. Twelve months of careful and 
+    energetic administration had already done wonders. There had been wise 
+    economy and wise expenditure. Money had been scraped together, and, though 
+    there was still a heavy debt, the legacy of three wasteful reigns, the 
+    confidence of the Antwerp money-lenders had revived, and they were willing 
+    to advance considerable sums. A fleet had been equipped and manned; 
+    shiploads of arms had been imported; forces had been collected on the south 
+    coasts. The Border garrisons had been quietly raised in strength till they 
+    were able to furnish an expeditionary force at a moment's notice. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The smallest energy on the part of the Congregation might 
+    have finished the war without the presence of an English force. Elizabeth 
+    had a right to be angry. The Scotch Protestants expected to have the hardest 
+    part of the work done for them, and to be paid for executing their own share 
+    of it. Lord James and a few of the leaders were in earnest, but others were 
+    selfish time-servers. As for the lower class, their Calvinism was still new. 
+    It had not yet bred that fierce spirit of independence which before long was 
+    to outweigh the force of nobles and gentry. But if the weakness of the 
+    Anglophile party was disappointing, it had at all events shown that 
+    Elizabeth must depend upon herself to ward off danger on that side; and 
+    after some reasonable hesitation she decided to put through the work she had 
+    begun. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It says much for the patriotism of Elizabeth's Council that 
+    when they found she had made up her mind they did not stand sulkily aloof, 
+    but co-operated heartily and vigorously in carrying out the policy they had 
+    opposed. Norfolk himself accepted the command of the Border army, and acted 
+    throughout the affair with fidelity and diligence. He was not a man 
+    distinguished by ability of any kind, and the actual fighting was to be done 
+    by Lord Grey, a firm and experienced, though not brilliant, commander. But 
+    that the natural leader of the Conservative nobility should be seen at the 
+    head of Elizabeth's army was a useful lesson to traitors at home and enemies 
+    abroad, who were telling each other that her throne was insecure. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;An agreement between the English Queen and the Lords of the 
+    Congregation was drawn up (27 February), with scrupulous care to avoid the 
+    appearance of dictation and encroachment which had gathered all Scotland to 
+    Pinkie Cleugh eleven years before. It set forth that the English troops were 
+    entering Scotland for no other object than to assist the Duke of 
+    Chatelherault, the heir-presumptive to the throne, and the other nobles, to 
+    drive out the foreign invaders. They would build no fortress. There was no 
+    intention to prejudice Mary's lawful authority. Cecil appears to have wanted 
+    to add something about &amp;quot;Christ's true religion;&amp;quot; but Elizabeth struck it 
+    out. Circumstances might compel her to be the protector of foreign 
+    Protestants; but neither then nor at any other time did she desire to pose 
+    in that character. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;A month later (28 March) Lord Grey crossed the Border, and 
+    marched to Leith. The siege of that place proved to be tedious. The Lords of 
+    the Congregation gave very insufficient assistance; and, when an assault had 
+    been repulsed with heavy loss, the citizens of Edinburgh would not receive 
+    the wounded into their houses. At last, when food was running short in the 
+    town, an envoy from France arrived with power to treat on behalf of the 
+    Queen of Scots. Her mother, the Regent, had died during the siege. After 
+    much haggling a treaty was signed. No French troops were in future to be 
+    kept in Scotland. Offices of State were to be held only by natives. The 
+    government during Mary's absence was to be vested in a Council of twelve 
+    noblemen; seven nominated by her and five by the Estates. Elizabeth's title 
+    to the kingdoms of England and Ireland was recognised (July 1560). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such was the Treaty of Edinburgh, or of Leith, as it is 
+    sometimes called, one of the most successful achievements of a successful 
+    reign. It was gained by wise counsel and bold resolve; and its fruits, 
+    though not completely fulfilling its promise, were solid and valuable. It 
+    was not ratified by Mary. But her nonratification in the long-run injured no 
+    one but herself, besides putting her in the wrong, and giving Elizabeth a 
+    standing excuse for treating her as an enemy. England was permanently free 
+    from the menace of a disciplined French army in the northern kingdom. 
+    Nothing was settled in the treaty about religion. But this was equivalent to 
+    a confirmation of the violent change that had recently taken place; in 
+    itself a guarantee of security to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The moral effect of this success was even greater than its 
+    more tangible results. It had been very generally believed, at all events 
+    abroad, that Elizabeth was tottering on her throne; that the large majority 
+    were on the point of rising to depose her; that, wriggle as she might, she 
+    would find she was a mere &lt;i&gt;protÃ©gÃ©e&lt;/i&gt; of Philip, with no option but to 
+    follow his directions and square her policy to his. Whatever small basis of 
+    fact underlay this delusive estimate had been ridiculously exaggerated in 
+    the reports sent to Philip by his ambassador De Quadra, a man who evidently 
+    paid more attention to hole-and-corner tattle than to the broad forces of 
+    English politics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;All these imaginings were now proved to be vain. Elizabeth 
+    had shown that she could protect herself by her own strength and in her own 
+    way. She had civilly ignored Philip's advice, or rather his injunctions. She 
+    had thrown down the glove to France, and France had not taken it up. She had 
+    placed in command of her armies the very man whom she was supposed to fear, 
+    and he had done her bidding, and done it well. England once more stood 
+    before Europe as an independent power, able to take care of itself, aid its 
+    friends, and annoy its enemies. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is true that, as far as Elizabeth personally is 
+    concerned, her Scotch policy had not always in its execution been as prompt 
+    and firm as could be desired. Those who follow it in greater detail than is 
+    possible here will find much in it that is irresolute and even vacillating. 
+    This defect appears throughout Elizabeth's career, though it will always be 
+    ignored, as it ought to be ignored, by those who reserve their attention for 
+    what is worth observing in the course of human affairs. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In her intellectual grasp of European politics as a whole, 
+    and of the interests of her own kingdom, Elizabeth was probably superior to 
+    any of her counsellors.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;No one could better than she think out the general idea of a 
+    political campaign. But theoretical and practical qualifications are seldom, 
+    if ever, combined in equal excellence. Not only are the qualities themselves 
+    naturally opposed, but the constant exercise of either increases the 
+    disparity. Her sex obliged Elizabeth to leave the large field of execution 
+    to others. Her practical gifts therefore, whatever they were, deteriorated 
+    rather than advanced as she grew older. In men, who every day and every hour 
+    of the day are engaged in action, the habit of prompt decision and 
+    persistence in a course once adopted, even if it be not quite the best, is 
+    naturally formed and strengthened. It is a habit so valuable, so 
+    indispensable to continued success, that in practice it largely compensates 
+    for some inferiority in conception and design. Elizabeth's irresolution and 
+    vacillation were therefore a consequence of her position--that of an 
+    extremely able and well-informed woman called upon to conduct a government 
+    in which so much had to be decided by the sovereign at her own discretion. 
+    The abler she was, the more disposed to make her will felt, the less 
+    steadiness and consistency in action were to be expected from her. As the 
+    wife of a king, upon whom the final responsibility would have rested--her 
+    inferior perhaps in intellect and knowledge, but with the masculine habit of 
+    making up his mind once for all, and then steering a straight course--she 
+    would have been a wise and enlightened adviser, not afraid of consistently 
+    maintaining principles, when the time, mode, and degree of their application 
+    rested with another. As it was, Cecil and other able statesmen who served 
+    her No one could better than she think out the general idea of a political 
+    campaign. But theoretical and practical qualifications are seldom, if ever, 
+    combined in equal excellence. Not only are the qualities themselves 
+    naturally opposed, but the constant exercise of either increases the 
+    disparity. Her sex obliged Elizabeth to leave the large field of execution 
+    to others. Her practical gifts therefore, whatever they were, deteriorated 
+    rather than advanced as she grew older. In men, who every day and every hour 
+    of the day are engaged in action, the habit of prompt decision and 
+    persistence in a course once adopted, even if it be not quite the best, is 
+    naturally formed and strengthened. It is a habit so valuable, so 
+    indispensable to continued success, that in practice it largely compensates 
+    for some inferiority in conception and design. Elizabeth's irresolution and 
+    vacillation were therefore a consequence of her position--that of an 
+    extremely able and well-informed woman called upon to conduct a government 
+    in which so much had to be decided by the sovereign at her own discretion. 
+    The abler she was, the more disposed to make her will felt, the less 
+    steadiness and consistency in action were to be expected from her. As the 
+    wife of a king, upon whom the final responsibility would have rested--her 
+    inferior perhaps in intellect and knowledge, but with the masculine habit of 
+    making up his mind once for all, and then steering a straight course--she 
+    would have been a wise and enlightened adviser, not afraid of consistently 
+    maintaining principles, when the time, mode, and degree of their application 
+    rested with another. As it was, Cecil and other able statesmen who served 
+    her against the heretics of all countries. To this appeal he replied by 
+    formally summoning Catherine to put down heresy in France. An accidential 
+    collision at Vassy, in which a number of Huguenots were slain, brought on 
+    the first of those wars of religion which were to desolate France for the 
+    next thirty years (March 1562). Both factions, equally dead to patriotism, 
+    opened their country to foreigners. The Guises called in the forces of Spain 
+    and the Pope. CondÃ© applied to Elizabeth and the Protestant princes of 
+    Germany. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was necessary to give the Huguenots just so much help as 
+    would prevent them from being crushed. Aggressive in appearance, such 
+    interference was in reality legitimate self-defence. But unfortunately 
+    neither Elizabeth nor her Council had forgotten Calais, and they extorted 
+    from CondÃ© the surrender of Havre as a pledge for its restoration. In the 
+    case of Scotland they had come, as we have seen, to recognise that to 
+    establish a permanent raw by holding fortified posts on the territory of 
+    another nation is poor statesmanship. The possession of Calais was of little 
+    military value as against France. It is true that it would enable England to 
+    make sea communication between Spain and the Netherlands very insecure, and 
+    would thus give Philip a powerful motive for desiring to stand well with 
+    this country. But such a calculation had less weight with Englishmen at that 
+    moment than pure Jingoism--the longing to be again able to crow over their 
+    French enemy. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The occupation of Havre (October 1562) gave to the Huguenot 
+    cause the minimum of assistance, and brought upon it the maximum of odium. A 
+    hollow reconciliation was soon patched up between the rival factions (March 
+    1563), and Elizabeth was summoned to evacuate Havre. She refused, loudly 
+    complaining of the Huguenots for deserting her. She &amp;quot;had come to the quiet 
+    possession of Havre without force or any other unlawful means, and she had 
+    good reason to keep it.&amp;quot; Up to this time the fiction of peace between the 
+    two nations had been maintained. It was now open war. It is only fair to 
+    Elizabeth to say that all her Council and the whole nation were even hotter 
+    than she was. The garrison of Havre, with their commander Warwick, were 
+    eager for the fray. They would &amp;quot;make the French cock cry Cuck,&amp;quot; they would 
+    &amp;quot;spend the last drop of their blood before the French should fasten a foot 
+    in the town.&amp;quot; The inhabitants were all expelled, and the siege began, CondÃ© 
+    as well as the Catholics appearing in the Queen-mother's army. After a 
+    valiant defence the English, reduced to a handful of men by typhus, sailed 
+    away (28 July 1563). Peace was concluded early in the next year (April 
+    1564). Elizabeth did not repeat her mistake. Thenceforward to the end of her 
+    reign we shall find her carefully cultivating friendly relations with every 
+    ruler of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfour.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    IV: Elizabeth and Mary Stuart: 1559-1568&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082622&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082622&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">17008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1a07.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER THREE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anxiety of the Pope to satisfy the King -- 
+      Fears of the Emperor -Proposed alternatives -- France and England declare 
+      war in the Pope's defence -- Campeggio to be sent to England -- The King's 
+      account of the Pope's conduct -- The Pope's distress and alarm -The secret 
+      decretal -- Instructions to Campeggio. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE story returns to Orvieto. The dispensation was promised 
+    on condition that it should not be immediately acted on. Catherine having 
+    refused to acquiesce in a private arrangement, Wolsey again pressed the Pope 
+    for a commission to decide the cause in England, and to bind himself at the 
+    same time not to revoke it, but to confirm any judgment which he might 
+    himself give. &amp;quot;There were secret causes,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;which could not be 
+    committed to writing which made such a concession imperative: certain 
+    diseases in the Queen defying all remedy, for which, as for other causes, 
+    the King would never again live with her as his wife.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope, smarting from ill-treatment and grateful for the 
+    help of France and England, professed himself earnestly anxious to do what 
+    Henry desired. But he was still virtually a prisoner. He had been obliged by 
+    the General of the Observants, when in St. Angelo, to promise to do nothing 
+    &amp;quot;whereby the King's divorce might be judged in his own dominions.&amp;quot; He 
+    pleaded for time. He promised a commission of some kind, but he said he was 
+    undone if action was taken upon it while the Germans and Spaniards remained 
+    in Italy. He saw evident ruin before him, he said, but he professed to be 
+    willing to run the hazard rather than that Wolsey should suspect him of 
+    ingratitude. He implored the Cardinal, &lt;i&gt;cum suspiriis et lacrymis,&lt;/i&gt; not 
+    to precipitate him for ever, and precipitated he would be if, on receiving 
+    the commission, the Cardinal at once began the process. A fortnight later 
+    Casalis described a long conversation with the Pope and Cardinals on the 
+    course to be pursued. Henry bad desired that a second Legate should be sent 
+    from Rome to act with Wolsey. To consent to this would directly compromise 
+    the Papal Court. Clement had no objection to the going forward with the 
+    cause, but he did not wish to be himself responsible. He signed an imperfect 
+    commission not inconsistent with his promise to the General of the 
+    Observants. On this Wolsey might act or, if he preferred it, might proceed 
+    on his own Legatine authority. For himself, instead of engaging to confirm 
+    Wolsey's sentence, he said that no doctor could better resolve the point at 
+    issue than the King himself. If he was resolved, said the Pope, let him 
+    commit his cause to the Legate, marry again, follow up the trial, and then 
+    let a public application be made for a Legate to be sent from the 
+    Consistory. If the Queen was cited first, she would put in no answer, save 
+    to protest against the place and judges. The Imperialists would demand a 
+    prohibition, and then the King could not marry, or, if he did, the offspring 
+    would be illegitimate. They would also demand a commission for the cause to 
+    be heard at Rome, which the Pope would be unable to refuse. But the King 
+    being actually married again, they could not ask for a prohibition. They 
+    could only ask that the cause should be re-examined at Rome, when the Pope 
+    would give sentence and a judgment could be passed which would satisfy the 
+    whole world. This was the Pope's own advice, but he did not wish it to be 
+    known that it had come from himself. Casalis might select the Legate to 
+    England after the first steps had been taken. Campeggio he thought the 
+    fittest, being already an English bishop. At any rate, the Pope bade Casalis 
+    say he would do his best to satisfy the King, though he knew that the 
+    Emperor would never forgive him. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is not certain what would have followed had Henry acted 
+    on the Pope's suggestion. The judgment which Clement promised might have 
+    been in his favour. Clement evidently wished him to think that it would. But 
+    he might, after all, have found himself required to take Catherine back. 
+    Either alternative was possible. At any rate he did not mean, if he could 
+    help it, to have recourse to violent methods. Charles himself, though he 
+    intended to prevent, if he could, a legal decision against his aunt, had 
+    hinted at the possibility and even desirableness of a private arrangement, 
+    if Catherine would agree. Catherine, unfortunately, would agree to nothing, 
+    but stood resolutely upon her rights, and Charles was forced to stand by 
+    her. Henry was equally obstinate, and the Pope was between the rock and the 
+    whirlpool. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope had promised, however, and had promised with 
+    apparent sincerity. The Papal states remaining occupied by the Imperial 
+    troops, Henry carried out his own part of the engagement by joining France 
+    in a declaration of war against the Emperor. Toison d'or and Clarencieulx 
+    appeared before Charles at Burgos on the 22nd of January, Charles sitting on 
+    his throne to receive their defiance. Toison d'or said that the Emperor had 
+    opened Christendom to the Turks, had imprisoned the Pope, had allowed his 
+    armies to sack Rome and plunder churches and monasteries, had insulted the 
+    holy relics, slain or robbed princes of the Church, cardinals, patriarchs, 
+    archbishops, outraged nunneries and convents, had encouraged Lutheran 
+    heretics in committing these atrocities, &amp;amp;c. For these reasons France 
+    declared open war with the Emperor. The English herald -- he was accused 
+    afterwards of having exceeded his instructions -- was almost as peremptory. 
+    Henry, in earlier times, had lent Charles large sums of money, which had not 
+    been repaid. Clarencieulx said that, unless the Pope was released and the 
+    debt settled, the King of England must make common cause with his brother of 
+    France. Six weeks' interval was allowed for the Emperor to consider his 
+    answer before hostilities on the side of England should commence. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor replied with calmness and dignity. War with 
+    France was inevitable. As to England, he felt like Cicero, when doubting 
+    whether he should quarrel with CÃŠsar, that it was inconvenient to be in debt 
+    to an enemy. If England attacked him he said he would defend himself, but he 
+    declined to accept the defiance. Mendoza was not recalled from London. At 
+    the end of the six weeks the situation was prolonged by successive truces 
+    till the peace of Cambray. But Henry had kept his word to the Pope. England 
+    appeared by the side of France in the lists as the armed champion of the 
+    Papacy, and the Pope was expected to fulfil his promises without disguise or 
+    subterfuge. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Clement's method of proceeding with the divorce was 
+    rejected. The dispensation and commission which had been amended with a view 
+    to it were rejected also as worthless. Dr. Fox and Stephen Gardiner were 
+    despatched to Orvieto with fuller powers and with a message peremptory and 
+    even menacing. They were again to impress on the Pope the danger of a 
+    disputed succession. They were to hint that, if relief was refused in 
+    deference to the Emperor, England might decline from obedience to the Holy 
+    See. The Pope must, therefore, pass the commission and the dispensation in 
+    the form in which it had been sent from England. If he objected that it was 
+    unusual, they were to announce that the cause was of great moment. The King 
+    would not be defrauded of his expectation through fear of the Emperor. If he 
+    could not obtain justice from the Pope, he would be compelled to seek it 
+    elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The language of these instructions shows that the King and 
+    Wolsey understood the Proteus that they were dealing with, and the necessity 
+    of binding his hands if he was not to slip from them. It was not now the 
+    fountain of justice, the august head of Christendom, that they were 
+    addressing, but a shifty old man, clad by circumstances with the robe of 
+    authority, but whose will was the will of the power which happened to be 
+    strongest in Italy. It was not tolerable that the Emperor should dictate on 
+    a question which touched the vital interests of an independent kingdom. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Spanish diplomatists had afterwards to excuse and explain 
+    away Clement's concessions on the ground that they were signed when he was 
+    angry at his imprisonment, had been extorted by threats, and were therefore 
+    of no validity. He struggled hard to avoid committing himself. The unwelcome 
+    documents were recast into various forms. The dispensation was not signed 
+    after all, but in the place of it other briefs were signed of even graver 
+    importance. The Pope yielded to the demand to send a second Legate to try 
+    the cause with Wolsey in England, where it was assumed as a matter of course 
+    that judgment would be given for the King. The Legate chosen was Campeggio, 
+    who was himself, as was said, an English bishop. The Pope also did express 
+    in writing his own opinion on the cause as favourable to the King's plea. 
+    What passed at Orvieto was thus afterwards compendiously related by Henry in 
+    a published statement of his case. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;On his first scruple the King sent to the Bishop of Rome, 
+    as Christ's Vicar, who had the keys of knowledge, to dissolve his doubts. 
+    The said Bishop refused to take any knowledge of it and desired the King to 
+    apply for a commission to be sent into the realm, authorised to determine 
+    the cause, thus pretending that it might no wise be entreated at Rome, but 
+    only within the King's own realm. He delegated his whole powers to Campeggio 
+    and Wolsey, giving them also a special commission in form of a decretal, 
+    wherein he declared the King's marriage null and empowered him to marry 
+    again. In the open commission also he gave them full authority to give 
+    sentence for the King. Secretly he gave them instructions to burn the 
+    commission decretal and not proceed upon it; (but) at the time of sending 
+    the commission he also sent the King a brief, written in his own hand, 
+    admitting the justice of his cause and promising &lt;i&gt;sanctissime sub&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;
+    verbo Pontificis&lt;/i&gt; that he would never advocate it to Rome.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Engagements which he intended to keep or break according to 
+    the turns of the war between Francis and Charles did not press very heavily 
+    perhaps on Clement's conscience, but they were not extorted from him without 
+    many agonies. &amp;quot;He has granted the commission,&amp;quot; Casalis wrote. &amp;quot;He is not 
+    unwilling to please the King and Wolsey, but fears the Spaniards more than 
+    ever he did. The Friar-General has forbidden him in the Emperor's name to 
+    grant the King's request. He fears for his life from the Imperialists if the 
+    Emperor knows of it. Before he would grant the brief he said, weeping, that 
+    it would be his utter ruin. The Venetians and Florentines desired his 
+    destruction. His sole hope of life was from the Emperor. He asked me to 
+    swear whether the King would desert him or not. Satisfied on this point, he 
+    granted the brief, saying that he placed himself in the King's arms, as he 
+    would be drawn into perpetual war with the Emperor. Wolsey might dispose of 
+    him and the Papacy as if he were Pope himself.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor had insisted, at Catherine's desire, that the 
+    cause should not be heard in England. The Pope had agreed that it should be 
+    heard in England. Consent had been wrung from him, but his consent had been 
+    given, and Campeggio was to go and make the best of it. His open commission 
+    was as ample as words could make it. He and Wolsey were to hear the cause 
+    and decide it. The secret &amp;quot;decretal&amp;quot; which he had wept over while he signed 
+    it declared, before the cause was heard, the sentence which was to be given, 
+    and he had pledged his solemn word not to revoke the hearing to Rome. All 
+    that Clement could do was to instruct the Legate before he started to waste 
+    time on his way, and, on his arrival in England, to use his skill to 
+    &amp;quot;accommodate matters,&amp;quot; and to persuade the Queen -- if he found her 
+    persuadeable -- to save him from his embarrassments by taking the veil. This 
+    was a course which Charles himself in his private mind would have 
+    recommended, but was too honourable to advise it. The fatal decretal was to 
+    be seen only by a very few persons, and then, as Henry said, Campeggio was 
+    to burn it. He was instructed also to pass no sentence without first 
+    referring back to Rome, and, if driven to extremity, was to find an excuse 
+    for postponing a decision; very natural conduct on the part of a weak, 
+    frightened mortal -- conduct not unlike that of his predecessor, Alexander 
+    III., in the quarrel between Becket and Henry II. -- but in both cases 
+    purely human, not such as might have been looked for in a divinely guided 
+    Vicar of Christ. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Four&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082634&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082634&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6387</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident, 1524</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1d78.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">abpoems.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/abpoems.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: Sir Thomas Wyatt's poetry inspired by Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;377&quot; height=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas Wyatt wrote these two famous poems inspired
+by Henry VIII's tragic second queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne1.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; height=194 width=150 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wyatt was born in 1503 at Allington Castle, Kent.&amp;nbsp; He was the
+son of Henry Wyatt and Anne Skinner, and was educated at St John's College,
+part of Cambridge University.&amp;nbsp; He entered the diplomatic service of
+Henry VIII around 1526, just as the king's rumored passion for Anne Boleyn
+began to attract notice.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt himself was infatuated with Anne Boleyn,
+but found his desires thwarted by the king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It has often been rumored that Anne was Wyatt's mistress before Henry
+VIII fell in love with her, but there is little evidence to support an
+actual physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; Both she and Wyatt were witty and flirtatious.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They enjoyed each other's company, and there is no doubt Wyatt wished for
+more personal favors - but he was rebuffed, and for the simple reason that
+Anne had more glittering prospects (namely, the king of England himself.)&amp;nbsp;
+Hence the bitter tone of the Petrarchan sonnet opposite.&amp;nbsp; It is an intriguing
+portrait of Anne and specifically mentions her attachment to the king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Incidentally, Wyatt was sent on a diplomatic mission to Italy in 1527.&amp;nbsp;
+It was perhaps an attempt by Henry VIII to rid the court of a potential
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt's association with Anne haunted him again in 1536 when
+he was imprisoned for having carnal knowledge of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+was executed but Wyatt was freed.&amp;nbsp; He served as English
+ambassador to Spain for two years (1537-39) but suffered imprisonment again
+in 1541 when Thomas Cromwell fell from power and the Norfolk faction briefly
+gained ascendancy over the king.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Wyatt did not remain
+imprisoned long, but he died on 11 October 1542 of unknown causes.&amp;nbsp;
+He had long since deserted his wife, Elizabeth Brooke, and was living with
+his mistress, Elizabeth Darrell, and their only child Francis.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;As for his poetry, Wyatt's work was circulated in manuscript during
+his lifetime and often highly praised. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The first poem was perhaps based upon Petrarch's sonnet #190.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The Latin phrase 'Noli me tangere' is taken from the
+Vulgate; it is translated as 'Touch me not'.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The poem is believed to be a direct comment upon Henry VIII's infatuation
+for Anne, her character, and her newfound importance at the English
+court.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;In the second poem, 'The thing ye seek for' is, of course, sex.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      work, though undated, was probably written after
+Anne and Henry were wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Wyatt had been rebuffed
+by Anne once again; the poem is certainly churlish enough.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;'Whoso List to Hunt, I Know Where Is An Hind'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind,
+&lt;br&gt;But as for me, hÃ©las, I may no more.
+&lt;br&gt;The vain travail hath wearied me so sore,
+&lt;br&gt;I am of them that farthest cometh behind.
+&lt;br&gt;Yet may I by no means my wearied mind
+&lt;br&gt;Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore
+&lt;br&gt;Fainting I follow. I leave off therefore,
+&lt;br&gt;Sithens in a net I seek to hold the wind.
+&lt;br&gt;Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt,
+&lt;br&gt;As well as I may spend his time in vain.
+&lt;br&gt;And graven with diamonds in letters plain
+&lt;br&gt;There is written, her fair neck round about:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Noli me tangere&lt;/i&gt;, for Caesar's I am,
+&lt;br&gt;And wild for to hold, though I seem tame.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;'Ye Olde Mule'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;Ye old mule that think yourself so fair,
+&lt;br&gt;Leave off with craft your beauty to repair,
+&lt;br&gt;For it is true, without any fable,
+&lt;br&gt;No man setteth more by riding in your saddle.
+&lt;br&gt;Too much travail so do your train appair.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule
+&lt;br&gt;With false savour though you deceive th'air,
+&lt;br&gt;Whoso taste you shall well perceive your lair
+&lt;br&gt;Savoureth somewhat of a Kappurs stable.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule
+&lt;br&gt;Ye must now serve to market and to fair,
+&lt;br&gt;All for the burden, for panniers a pair.
+&lt;br&gt;For since gray hairs been powdered in your sable,
+&lt;br&gt;The thing ye seek for, you must yourself enable
+&lt;br&gt;To purchase it by payment and by prayer,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082596&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082596&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41737</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1f6c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE mythic element cannot be eliminated out of history. Men 
+    who play leading parts on the world's stage gather about them the admiration 
+    of friends and the animosity of disappointed rivals or political enemies. 
+    The atmosphere becomes charged with legends of what they have said or done 
+    -- some inventions, some distortions of facts, but rarely or never accurate. 
+    Their outward acts, being public, cannot be absolutely misstated; their 
+    motives, being known only to themselves, are an open field for imagination; 
+    and as the disposition is to believe evil rather than good, the portraits 
+    drawn may vary indefinitely, according to the sympathies of the describer, 
+    but are seldom too favourable. The more distinguished a man is the more he 
+    is talked about. Stories are current about him in his own lifetime, 
+    guaranteed apparently by the highest authorities; related, insisted upon; 
+    time, place, and circumstance accurately given -- most of them mere 
+    malicious lies; yet, if written down, to reappear in memoirs a hundred years 
+    hence, they are likely to pass for authentic, or at least probable. Even 
+    where there is no malice, imagination will still be active. People believe 
+    or disbelieve, repeat or suppress, according to their own inclinations; and 
+    death, which ends the feuds of unimportant persons, lets loose the tongues 
+    over the characters of the great. Kings are especially sufferers; when alive 
+    they hear only flattery; when they are gone men revenge, themselves by 
+    drawing hideous portraits of them, and the more distinguished they may have 
+    been the more minutely their weaknesses are dwelt upon. &lt;i&gt;&amp;quot;C'est un plaisir 
+    indicible,&amp;quot;&lt;/i&gt; says Voltaire, &lt;i&gt;&amp;quot;de donner des dÃ©crets contre des 
+    souverains morts quand on ne peut en lancer contre eux de leur vivant de 
+    peur de perdre ses oreilles.&amp;quot;&lt;/i&gt; The dead sovereigns go their way. Their 
+    real work for good or evil lives after them; but they themselves are where 
+    the opinions expressed about their character affect them no more. To CÃŠsar 
+    or Napoleon it matters nothing what judgment the world passes upon their 
+    conduct. It is of more importance for the ethical value of history that acts 
+    which as they are related appear wicked should be duly condemned, that acts 
+    which are represented as having advanced the welfare of mankind should be 
+    duly honoured, than that the real character of individuals should be 
+    correctly appreciated. To appreciate any single man with complete accuracy 
+    is impossible. To appreciate him even proximately is extremely difficult. 
+    Rulers of kingdoms may have public reasons for what they do, which at the 
+    time may be understood or allowed for. Times change, and new interests rise. 
+    The circumstances no longer exist which would explain their conduct. The 
+    student looks therefore for an explanation in elements which he thinks he 
+    understands -- in pride, ambition, fear, avarice, jealousy, or sensuality; 
+    and, settling the question thus to his own satisfaction, resents or 
+    ridicules attempts to look for other motives.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;So long as his moral judgment is generally correct, he 
+    inflicts no injury, and he suffers none. Cruelty and lust are proper objects 
+    of abhorrence; he learns to detest them in studying the Tiberius of Tacitus, 
+    though the character described by the great Roman historian may have been a 
+    mere creation of the hatred of the old Roman aristocracy. The manifesto of 
+    the Prince of Orange was a libel against Philip the Second; but the Philip 
+    of Protestant tradition is an embodiment of the persecuting spirit of 
+    Catholic Europe which it would be now useless to disturb. The tendency of 
+    history is to fall into wholesome moral lines whether they be accurate or 
+    not, and to interfere with harmless illusions may cause greater errors than 
+    it aspires to cure. Crowned offenders are arraigned at the tribunal of 
+    history for the crimes which they are alleged to have committed. It may be 
+    sometimes shown that the crimes were not crimes at all, that the sufferers 
+    had deserved their fate, that the severities were useful and essential for 
+    some great and valuable purpose. But the reader sees in the apology for acts 
+    which he had regarded as tyrannical a defence of tyranny itself. Preoccupied 
+    with the received interpretation, he finds deeds excused which he had learnt 
+    to execrate; and in learning something which, even if true, is of no real 
+    moment to him, he suffers in the maiming of his perceptions of the 
+    difference between right and wrong. The whitewashing of the villains of 
+    tradition is, therefore, justly regarded as waste of labour. If successful, 
+    it is of imperfect value; if unsuccessful, it is a misuse of industry which 
+    deserves to be censured. Time is too precious to be squandered over 
+    paradoxes. The dead are gone; the censure of mankind has written their 
+    epitaphs, and so they may be left. Their true award will be decided 
+    elsewhere. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This is the commonsense verdict. When the work of a man is 
+    done and ended; when, except indirectly and invisibly, he affects the living 
+    world no more, the book is closed, the sentence is passed, and there he may 
+    be allowed to rest. The case is altered, however, when the dead still live 
+    in their actions, when their principles and the effects of their conduct are 
+    still vigorous and operative, and the movements which they initiated 
+    continue to be fought over. It sometimes happens that mighty revolutions can 
+    be traced to the will and resolution of a single man, and that the conflict 
+    continues when he is gone. The personal character of such a man becomes then 
+    of intrinsic importance as an argument for attack or defence. The changes 
+    introduced by Henry VIII. are still denounced or defended with renewed 
+    violence; the ashes of a conflict which seemed to have been decided are 
+    again blown into a flame; and what manner of man Henry was, and what the 
+    statesmen and churchmen were who stood by him and assisted him in reshaping 
+    the English constitution, becomes a practical question of our own time. By 
+    their fruits ye shall know them. A good tree cannot bear evil fruit, neither 
+    can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Roman Catholics argue from the 
+    act to the man, and from the man back to the act. The Reformation, they say, 
+    was a rebellion against an authority appointed by God for the rule of the 
+    world; it was a wicked act in itself; the author or the authors of it were 
+    presumably, therefore, themselves wicked; and the worst interpretation of 
+    their conduct is antecedently probable, because a revolt against the Church 
+    of Christ could only have originated in depraved hearts. Or again, inverting 
+    the argument, they say with sufficient plausibility that the sins and crimes 
+    of the King are acknowledged facts of history; that from so bad a man no 
+    good thing could ever rise; that Henry was a visible servant of the devil, 
+    and therefore the Reformation, of which he was the instrument, was the 
+    devil's work. If the picture drawn of him by his Catholic contemporaries is 
+    correct, the inference is irresistible. That picture, however, was drawn by 
+    those whose faith he wounded and whose interests he touched, and therefore 
+    might be regarded with suspicion. Religious animosity is fertile in calumny, 
+    because it assumes beforehand that every charge is likely to be true in 
+    proportion to its enormity, and Catholic writers were credulous of evil when 
+    laid to the charge of so dangerous an adversary. But the Catholics have not 
+    been Henry's only accusers; all sorts and sects have combined in the general 
+    condemnation. The Anglican High Churchman is as bitter against him as 
+    Reginald Pole himself. He admits and maintains the separation from Rome 
+    which Henry accomplished for him; but he abhors as heartily as Pole or 
+    Lingard the internal principles of the Reformation. He resents the control 
+    of the clergy by the civil power. He demands the restoration of the 
+    spiritual privileges which Henry and his parliaments took away from them. He 
+    aspires to the recovery of ecclesiastical independence. He therefore with 
+    equal triumph points to the blots in Henry's character, and deepens their 
+    shade with every accusation, proved or unproved, which he can find in 
+    contemporary records. With him, too, that a charge was alleged at the time 
+    is evidence sufficient to entitle him to accept it as a fact. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Again, Protestant writers have been no less unsparing, from 
+    an imprudent eagerness to detach their cause from a disreputable ally. In 
+    Elizabeth's time it was a point of honour and loyalty to believe in the 
+    innocence of her mother. If Anne Boleyn was condemned on forged or false 
+    evidence to make way for Jane Seymour, what appears so clearly to us must 
+    have been far clearer to Henry and his Council; of all abominable crimes 
+    committed by tyrannical princes there was never one more base or cowardly 
+    than Anne's execution; and in insisting on Anne's guiltlessness they have 
+    condemned the King, his ministers, and his parliaments. Having discovered 
+    him to have murdered his wife, they have found him also to have been a 
+    persecutor of the truth. The Reformation in England was at its outset 
+    political rather than doctrinal. The avarice and tyranny of the Church 
+    officials had galled the limbs of the laity. Their first steps were to break 
+    the chains which fretted them, and to put a final end to the temporal power 
+    of the clergy. Spiritual liberty came later, and came slowly from the 
+    constitution of the English mind. Superstition had been familiarised by 
+    custom, protected by natural reverence, and shielded from inquiry by the 
+    peculiar horror attaching to unbelief. The nation had been taught from 
+    immemorial time that to doubt on the mysteries of faith was the worst crime 
+    which man could commit; and while they were willing to discover that on 
+    their human side the clergy were but brother mortals of questionable 
+    character, they drew a distinction between the Church as a national 
+    institution and the doctrines which it taught. An old creed could not yield 
+    at once. The King did much; he protected individual Lutherans to the edge of 
+    rashness. He gave the nation the English Bible. He made Latimer a bishop. He 
+    took away completely and for ever the power of the prelates to punish what 
+    they called heresy &lt;i&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt; and on their own authority; but the 
+    zeal of the ultra-Protestants broke loose when the restraint was taken off; 
+    the sense of the country was offended by the irreverence with which objects 
+    and opinions were treated which they regarded as holy, and Parliament, which 
+    had put a bit in the mouth of the ecclesiastical courts, was driven to a 
+    substitute in the Bill of the Six Articles. The advanced section in popular 
+    movements is usually unwise. The characteristic excellence of the English 
+    Reformation is, that throughout its course it was restrained by the law, and 
+    the Six Articles Bill, tempered as it was in the execution, was a 
+    permissible, and perhaps useful, measure in restraint of intemperance. It 
+    was the same in Germany. Anabaptists continued to be burnt in Saxony and 
+    Hesse long after Luther's revolt; Calvin thought the stake a fitting penalty 
+    for doubts upon the Trinity. John Knox, in Scotland, approved of 
+    witch-burning and sending mass-priests to the gallows. Henry could not 
+    disregard the pronounced feeling of the majority of the English people. He 
+    was himself but one of them, and changed slowly as they changed. Yet 
+    Protestant tradition has assumed that the bloody whip with six strings was 
+    an act of arbitrary ferocity. It considers that the King could, and ought 
+    to, have advanced at once into an understanding of the principle of 
+    toleration -- toleration of the new opinions, and a more severe repression 
+    of the old. The Puritans and Evangelicals forgot that he had given them the 
+    English Testament. They forgot that by setting his foot upon the bishops he 
+    had opened the pulpits to themselves, and they classed him among the 
+    persecutors, or else joined in the shallow laughs of the ultramontane 
+    Catholics at what they pleased to call his inconsistency. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus from all sides a catena of invective has been wrapped 
+    about Henry's character. The sensible part of the country held its tongue. 
+    The speakers and writers were the passionate and fanatical of both 
+    persuasions, and by them the materials were supplied for the Henry VIII. who 
+    has been brought down to us by history, while the candid and philosophic 
+    thinkers of the last and present centuries have accepted the traditional 
+    figure. In their desire to be impartial they have held the balance equal 
+    between Catholics and Protestants, inclining slightly to the Catholic side, 
+    from a wish to conciliate a respectable body who had been unjustly maligned 
+    and oppressed; while they have lavished invectives upon the early Reformers 
+    violent enough to have satisfied even Pole himself, whose rhetoric has 
+    formed the base of their declamation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Liberal philosophy would have had a bad time of it in 
+    England, perhaps in all Europe, if there had been no Henry VIII. to take the 
+    Pope by the throat. But one service writers like Macaulay have undoubtedly 
+    accomplished. They have shown that it is entirely impossible to separate the 
+    King from his ministers -- to condemn Henry and to spare Cranmer. Protestant 
+    writers, from Burnet to Southey, have tried to save the reforming bishops 
+    and statesmen at Henry's expense. Cranmer, and Latimer, and Ridley have been 
+    described as saints, though their master was a villain. But the cold 
+    impartiality of Macaulay has pointed out unanswerably that in all Henry's 
+    most questionable acts his own ministers and his prelates were active 
+    participants -- that his Privy Council, his parliaments, his judges on the 
+    bench, the juries empanelled to try the victims of his tyranny, were equally 
+    his accomplices; some actively assisting; the rest, if these acts were 
+    really criminal, permitting themselves to be bribed or terrified into 
+    acquiescence. The leading men of all descriptions, the nation itself, 
+    through the guilt of its representatives, were all stained in the same 
+    detestable colours. It may be said, indeed, that they were worse than the 
+    King himself. For the King at least may be pleaded the coarse temptations of 
+    a brutal nature; but what palliation can be urged for the peers and judges 
+    who sacrificed Anne Boleyn, or More, or Fisher, according to the received 
+    hypothesis? Not even the excuse of personal fear of an all-powerful despot. 
+    For Henry had no Janissaries or PrÃŠtorians to defend his person or execute 
+    his orders. He had but his hundred yeomen of the guard, not more numerous 
+    than the ordinary followers of a second-rate noble. The Catholic leaders, 
+    who were infuriated at his attacks upon the Church, and would if they could 
+    have introduced foreign armies to dethrone him, insisted on his weakness as 
+    an encouragement to an easy enterprise. Beyond those few yeomen they urged 
+    that he had no protection save in the attachment of the subjects whom he was 
+    alienating. What strange influence was such a king able to exercise that he 
+    could overawe the lords and gentry of England, the learned professions, the 
+    municipal authorities? How was it that he was able to compel them to be the 
+    voluntary instruments of his cruelty? Strangest of all, he seems to have 
+    needed no protection, but rather to have been personally popular, even among 
+    those who disapproved his public policy. The air was charged with threats of 
+    insurrection, but no conspiracy was ever formed to kill him, like those 
+    which so often menaced the life of his daughter. When the North was in arms 
+    in the Pilgrimage of Grace, and a question rose among the leaders whether in 
+    the event of victory the King was to be deposed, it was found that anyone 
+    who proposed to remove him would be torn in pieces by the people.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Granting that Henry VIII. was, as Dickens said of him, &amp;quot;a 
+    spot of blood and grease&amp;quot; on the page of English history, the contemporary 
+    generation of Englishmen must have been fit subjects of such a sovereign. 
+    Every country, says Carlyle, gets as good a government as it deserves. The 
+    England of the Cromwells and the Cranmers, the Howards and the Fitzwilliams, 
+    the Wriothesleys and the Pagets, seems to have been made of baser materials 
+    than any land of which mankind has preserved a record. Roman Catholics may 
+    fairly plead that out of such a race no spiritual reform is likely to have 
+    arisen which could benefit any human soul. Of all the arguments which can be 
+    alleged for the return of England to the ancient fold, this is surely the 
+    most powerful. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet England shows no intention of returning. History may say 
+    what it pleases, yet England remains tenacious of the liberties which were 
+    then won for us, and unconscious of the disgrace attaching to them; 
+    unconscious, also, that the version of the story which it accepts contains 
+    anything which requires explanation. The legislation of Henry VIII., his 
+    Privy Council, and his parliaments is the Magna Charta of the modern world. 
+    The Act of Appeals and the Act of Supremacy asserted the national 
+    independence, and repudiated the interference of foreign bishop, prince, or 
+    potentate within the limits of the English empire. The clergy had held for 
+    many centuries an &lt;i&gt;imperium in imperio.&lt;/i&gt; Subject themselves to no law 
+    but their own, they had asserted an irresponsible jurisdiction over the 
+    souls and bodies of the people. The Act for the submission of these persons 
+    reduced them to the common condition of subjects under the control of the 
+    law. Popes were no longer allowed to dispense with ordinary obligations. 
+    Clerical privileges were abolished. The spiritual courts, with their 
+    intolerable varieties of iniquity, were swept away, or coerced within 
+    rational limits. The religious houses were suppressed, their enormous wealth 
+    was applied for the defence of the realm, and the worse than Augean dunghill 
+    of abuses was cleared out with resolute hand. These great results were 
+    accomplished in the face of papal curses, in defiance of superstitious 
+    terrors, so despicable when bravely confronted, so terrible while the 
+    spectre of supernatural power was still unexorcised; in the face, too, of 
+    earthly perils which might make stout hearts shake, of an infuriated 
+    priesthood stirring the people into rebellion, of an exasperated Catholic 
+    Europe threatening fire and sword in the name of the Pope. These were 
+    distinguished achievements, not likely to have been done at all by an 
+    infamous prince and infamous ministers; yet done so well that their work is 
+    incorporated in the constitution almost in the form in which they left it; 
+    and this mighty revolution, the greatest and most far-reaching in modern 
+    times, was accomplished without a civil war, by firmness of hand, by the 
+    action of Parliament, and a resolute enforcement of the law. Nor has the 
+    effect of Henry's legislation been confined to England. Every great country, 
+    Catholic or Protestant, has practically adopted its chief provisions. Popes 
+    no longer pretend a power of deposing princes, absolving subjects from their 
+    allegiance, or selling dispensations for offences against the law of the 
+    land. Appeals are no longer carried from the national courts to the court of 
+    the Rota. The papal treasury is no longer supplied by the plunder of the 
+    national clergy, collected by resident papal officials. Bishops and 
+    convocations have ceased to legislate above and independent of the secular 
+    authority, and clerks who commit crimes bear the same penalties as the 
+    profane. The high quality of the Reformation statutes is guaranteed by their 
+    endurance; and it is hard to suppose that the politicians who conceived and 
+    carried them out were men of base conditions. The question is not of the 
+    character of the King. If nothing was at issue but the merits or demerits of 
+    a single sovereign, he might be left where he lies. The question is of the 
+    characters of the reforming leaders, who, jointly with the King, were the 
+    authors of this tremendous and beneficent revolution. Henry in all that he 
+    did acted with these men and through them. Is it possible to believe that 
+    qualities so opposite as the popular theory requires existed in the same 
+    persons? Is it possible, for instance, that Cranmer, who composed or 
+    translated the prayers in the English Liturgy, was the miserable wretch 
+    which Macaulay or Lingard describes? The era of Elizabeth was the outspring 
+    of the movement which Henry VIII. commenced, and it was the grandest period 
+    in English history. Is it credible that so invigorating a stream flowed from 
+    a polluted fountain? &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before accepting a conclusion so disgraceful -- before 
+    consigning the men who achieved so great a victory, and risked and lost 
+    their lives in the battle, to final execration -- it is at least permissible 
+    to pause. The difficulty can only be made light of by impatience, by 
+    prejudice, or by want of thought. To me at any rate, who wished to discover 
+    what the real history of the Reformation had been, it seemed so 
+    considerable, that, dismissing the polemical invectives of later writers, I 
+    turned to the accounts of their conduct, which had been left behind by the 
+    authors of it themselves. Among the fortunate anomalies of the situation, 
+    Henry departed from previous custom in holding annual parliaments. At every 
+    step which he took, either in the rearrangement of the realm or in his own 
+    domestic confusions, he took the Lords and Commons into his council, and 
+    ventured nothing without their consent. The preambles of the principal 
+    statutes contain a narrative clear and precise of the motives of everything 
+    that he did -- a narrative which at least may have been a true one, which 
+    was not put forward as a defence, but was a mere explanation of acts which 
+    on the surface seemed violent and arbitrary. If the explanation is correct, 
+    it shows us a time of complications and difficulties, which, on the whole, 
+    were successfully encountered. It shows us severe measures severely 
+    executed, but directed to public and necessary purpose, involving no 
+    sycophancy or baseness, no mean subservience to capricious tyranny, but such 
+    as were the natural safeguards during a dangerous convulsion, or remedies of 
+    accidents incidental to hereditary monarchy. The story told is clear and 
+    distinct; pitiless, but not dishonourable. Between the lines can be read the 
+    storm of popular passions, the beating of the national heart when it was 
+    stirred to its inmost depths. We see established institutions rooted out, 
+    idols overthrown, and injured worshippers exasperated to fury; the air, as 
+    was inevitable at such a crisis, full of flying rumours, some lies, some 
+    half lies with fragments of truth attaching to them, bred of malice or dizzy 
+    brains, the materials out of which the popular tradition has been built. It 
+    was no insular revolution. The stake played for was the liberty of mankind. 
+    All Europe was watching England, for England was the hinge on which the fate 
+    of the Reformation turned. Could it be crushed in England, the Catholics 
+    were assured of universal victory, and therefore tongues and pens were busy 
+    everywhere throughout Christendom, Catholic imagination representing Henry 
+    as an incarnate Satan, for which, it must be admitted, his domestic 
+    misadventures gave them tempting opportunities. So thick fell the showers of 
+    calumny, that, bold as he was, he at times himself winced under it. He 
+    complained to Charles V. of the libels circulated about him in France and 
+    Flanders. Charles, too, had suffered in the same way. He answered, 
+    humorously, that &amp;quot;if kings gave occasion to be spoken about they would be 
+    spoken about; kings were not kings of tongues.&amp;quot; Henry VIII. was an easy mark 
+    for slander; but if all slanders are to pass as true which are flung at 
+    public men whose policy provides them with an army of calumniators, the 
+    reputation of the best of them is but a spotted rag. The clergy were the 
+    vocal part of Europe. They had the pulpits; they had the writing of the 
+    books and pamphlets. They had cause to hate Henry, and they hated him with 
+    an intensity of passion which could not have been more savage had he been 
+    the devil himself. But there are men whose enmity is a compliment. They 
+    libelled Luther almost as freely as they libelled the English king. I 
+    myself, after reading and weighing all that I could find forty years ago in 
+    prints or manuscripts, concluded that the real facts of Henry's conduct were 
+    to be found in the Statute Book and nowhere else; that the preambles of the 
+    Acts of Parliament did actually represent the sincere opinion about him of 
+    the educated laymen of England, who had better opportunities of knowing the 
+    truth than we can have, and that a modern Englishman may be allowed to 
+    follow their authority without the imputation of paradox or folly. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;With this impression, and with the Statute Book for a guide, 
+    I wrote the opening portion of my &amp;quot;History of England, from the Fall of 
+    Wolsey to the Defeat of the Armada.&amp;quot; The Published criticisms upon my work 
+    were generally unfavourable. Catholic writers inherited the traditions and 
+    the temper of their forefathers, and believed the eatena of their own 
+    historians. Protestants could not believe in a defence of the author of the 
+    Six Articles Bill. Secular reviewers were easily witty at the &amp;quot;model 
+    husband&amp;quot; whom they supposed me to be imposing upon them, and resented the 
+    interference with a version of the story authenticated by great names among 
+    my predecessors. The public, however, took an interest in what I had to say. 
+    The book was read, and continues to be read; at the close of my life, 
+    therefore, I have to go once more over the ground; and as I am still 
+    substantially alone in maintaining an opinion considered heretical by 
+    orthodox historians, I have to decide in what condition I am to leave my 
+    work behind me. In the thirty-five years which have elapsed since those 
+    early volumes appeared large additions have been made to the materials for 
+    the history of the period. The vast collection of manuscripts in the English 
+    Record Office, which then were only partially accessible, have been sorted, 
+    catalogued, and calendared by the industry of my friends Mr. Brewer and Mr. 
+    Gairdner. Private collections in great English houses have been examined and 
+    reported on by the Historical Manuscripts Commission. Foreign archives at 
+    Paris, Simancas, Rome, Venice, Vienna, and Brussels have been searched to 
+    some extent by myself, but in a far larger degree by able scholars specially 
+    appointed for the purpose. In the despatches, thus made accessible, of the 
+    foreign ambassadors resident at Henry's court we have the invaluable, if not 
+    impartial, comments of trained and responsible politicians who related from 
+    day to day the events which were passing under their eyes. Being Catholics, 
+    and representatives of Catholic powers, they were bitterly hostile to the 
+    Reformation -- hostile alike on political grounds and religious -- and 
+    therefore inclined to believe and report the worst that could be said both 
+    of it and of its authors. But they wrote before the traditions had become 
+    stereotyped; their accounts are fresh and original; and, being men of the 
+    world, and writing in confidence to their own masters, they were as 
+    veracious as their prejudices would allow them to be. Unconsciously, too, 
+    they render another service of infinite importance. Being in close 
+    communication with the disaffected English peers and clergy, and engaged 
+    with them secretly in promoting rebellion, the ministers of Charles V. 
+    reveal with extraordinary clearness the dangers with which the Government 
+    had to deal. They make it perfectly plain that the Act of Supremacy, with 
+    its stern and peremptory demands, was no more than a legitimate and 
+    necessary defence against organised treason. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was thus inevitable that much would have to be added to 
+    what I had already published. When a microscope is applied to the petal of a 
+    flower or the wing of an insect, simple outlines and simple surfaces are 
+    resolved into complex organisms with curious and beautiful details. The 
+    effect of these despatches is precisely the same -- we see with the eyes, we 
+    hear with the ears, of men who were living parts of the scenes which they 
+    describe. Stories afterwards elaborated into established facts we trace to 
+    their origin in rumours of the hour; we read innumerable anecdotes, some 
+    with the clear stamp of truth on them, many mere creations of passing wit or 
+    malice, no more authentic than the thousands like them which circulate in 
+    modern society, guaranteed by the positive assertions of personal witnesses, 
+    yet visibly recognisable as lies. Through all this the reader must pick his 
+    way and use his own judgment. He knows that many things are false which are 
+    reported about his own eminent contemporaries. He may be equally certain 
+    that lies were told as freely then as now. He will probably allow his 
+    sympathies to guide him. He will accept as fact what fits in with his creed 
+    or his theory. He will share the general disposition to believe evil, 
+    especially about kings and great men. The exaggerated homage paid to 
+    princes, when they are alive, has to be compensated by suspecting the worst 
+    of them as soon as they are gone. But the perusal of all these documents 
+    leaves the broad aspect of the story, in my opinion, precisely where it was. 
+    It is made more interesting by the greater fulness of particulars; it is 
+    made more vivid by the clear view which they afford of individual persons 
+    who before were no more than names. But I think now, as I thought forty 
+    years ago, that through the confusions and contradictions of a stormy and 
+    angry time, the statutebook remains the safest guide to follow. If there be 
+    any difference, it is that actions which till explained appeared 
+    gratuitously cruel, like the execution of Bishop Fisher, are seen beyond 
+    dispute to have been reasonable and just. Bishop Fisher is proved by the 
+    words of the Spanish Ambassador himself to have invited and pressed the 
+    introduction of a foreign Catholic army into England in the Pope's interest.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus I find nothing to withdraw in what I then wrote, and 
+    little to alter save in correcting some small errors of trivial moment; but, 
+    on the other hand, I find much to add; and the question rises in what way I 
+    had better do it, with fair consideration for those who have bought the book 
+    as it stands. To take the work to pieces and introduce the new material into 
+    the text or the notes will impose a necessity of buying a new copy, or of 
+    being left with an inferior one, on the many friends who least deserve to be 
+    so treated. I have concluded, therefore, on writing an additional volume, 
+    where such parts of the story as have had important light thrown upon them 
+    can be told over again in ampler form. The body of the history I leave as it 
+    stands. It contains what I believe to be a true account of the time, of the 
+    immediate causes which brought about the changes of the sixteenth century, 
+    and of the characters and principles of the actors in them. I have only to 
+    fill up certain deficiencies and throw light into places hitherto left dark. 
+    For the rest, I do not pretend to impartiality. I believe the Reformation to 
+    have been the greatest incident in English history; the root and source of 
+    the expansive force which has spread the Anglo-Saxon race over the globe, 
+    and imprinted the English genius and character on the constitution of 
+    mankind. I am unwilling to believe more evil than I can help of my 
+    countrymen who accomplished so beneficent a work, and in a book written with 
+    such convictions the mythical element cannot be wholly wanting. Even things 
+    which immediately surround us, things which we see and touch, we do not 
+    perceive as they are; we perceive only our own sensations, and our 
+    sensations are a combined result of certain objects and of the faculties 
+    which apprehend them. Something of ourselves must always be intermixed 
+    before knowledge can reach us; in every conclusion which we form, in every 
+    conviction which is forced upon us, there is still a subjective element. It 
+    is so in physical science. It is so in art. It is so in our speculations on 
+    our own nature. It is so in religion. It is so even in pure mathematics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The curved and rectilineal figures on which we reason are 
+    our own creation, and have no existence exterior to the reasoning mind. Most 
+    of all is it so in history, where we have no direct perceptions to help us, 
+    but are dependent on the narratives of others whose beliefs were necessarily 
+    influenced by their personal dispositions. The first duty of an historian is 
+    to be on his guard against his own sympathies; but he cannot wholly escape 
+    their influence. In judging of the truth of particular statements, the 
+    conclusion which he will form must be based partly upon evidence and partly 
+    upon what he conceives to be likely or unlikely. In a court of justice, 
+    where witnesses can be cross-examined, uncertain elements can in some degree 
+    be eliminated; yet, after all care is taken, judges and juries have been 
+    often blinded by passion and prejudice. When we have nothing before us but 
+    rumours set in circulation, we know not by whom or on what authority, and we 
+    are driven to consider probabilities, the Protestant, who believes the 
+    Reformation to have been a victory of truth over falsehood, cannot come to 
+    the same conclusion as the Catholic, who believes it to have been a curse, 
+    or perhaps to the same conclusion as the indifferent philosopher, who 
+    regards Protestant and Catholic alike with benevolent contempt. For myself, 
+    I can but say that I have discriminated with such faculty as I possess. I 
+    have kept back nothing. I have consciously distorted nothing which conflicts 
+    with my own views. I have accepted what seems sufficiently proved. I have 
+    rejected what I can find no support for save in hearsay or prejudice. But 
+    whether accepting or rejecting, I have endeavoured to follow the rule that 
+    incidents must not be lightly accepted as authentic which are inconsistent 
+    with the universal laws of human nature, and that to disprove a calumny it 
+    is sufficient to show that there is no valid witness for it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Finally, I do not allow myself to be tempted into 
+    controversy with particular writers whose views disagree with my own. To 
+    contradict in detail every hostile version of Henry VIII.'s or his 
+    ministers' conduct would be as tedious as it would be irritating and 
+    unprofitable. My censors have been so many that a reply to them all is 
+    impossible, and so distinguished that a selection would be invidious. Those 
+    who wish for invectives against the King, or Cranmer, or Cromwell, can find 
+    them everywhere, from school manuals to the grave works of elaborate 
+    historians. For me, it is enough to tell the story as it presents itself to 
+    my own mind, and to leave what appears to me to be the truth to speak for 
+    itself. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The English nation throughout their long history have borne 
+    an honourable reputation. Luther quotes a saying of Maximilian that there 
+    were three real sovereigns in Europe -- the Emperor, the King of France, and 
+    the King of England. The Emperor was a king of kings. If he gave an order to 
+    the princes of the Reich, they obeyed or disobeyed as they pleased. The King 
+    of France was a king of asses. He ordered about his people at his will, and 
+    they obeyed like asses. The King of England was king of a loyal nation who 
+    obeyed him with heart and mind as loyal and faithful subjects. This was the 
+    character borne in the world by the fathers of the generation whom popular 
+    historians represent as having dishonoured themselves by subserviency to a 
+    bloodthirsty tyrant. It is at least possible that popular historians have 
+    been mistaken, and that the subjects of Henry VIII. were neither much better 
+    nor much worse than those who preceded or came after them. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeone.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Chapter One&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082630&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082630&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,2814 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">99158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs - Henry VII, one</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2023.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;blink&gt;&lt;font size=5&gt;NOTE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blink&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;I am redesigning the Henry VII pages as of &lt;b&gt;March 2004&lt;/b&gt;.
+
+&lt;br&gt;Until the new design is posted, you can read the old (and lengthy) biography here.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;You can also view portraits of Henry VII at the
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Sorry for any inconvenience. &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;King Henry VII &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;If Henry VII's reign was to usher in '&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;smooth-faced
+
+peace,&lt;/font&gt; w&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ith smiling plenty, and fair prosperous
+
+days', few could have predicted it in 1485.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;The Battle of
+
+Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 was the last armed confrontation between
+
+Lancastrians and Yorkists, those two factions that had fought for decades
+
+in The Wars of the Roses.&amp;nbsp; The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership
+
+of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; After winning the throne
+
+of England, he wed Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the dead Yorkist
+
+king Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The union was both symbolic and necessary.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Despite his victory at Bosworth, the exiled nobleman who took the name
+
+Henry VII needed the support of those sympathetic to the defeated Yorkist
+
+cause.&amp;nbsp; He also needed the legitimacy of his wife's claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had spent years in exile and campaigned tirelessly to win support for
+
+his claim to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; It had not been an easy task.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In fact, it was only when Richard duke of York usurped the throne from
+
+his young nephew Edward (son and heir of Edward IV) that Henry Tudor became
+
+a viable candidate for king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's claim to the throne was never based
+
+on ancestry alone.&amp;nbsp; He knew, none better, that such a claim would
+
+be flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; His royal blood came from women - his mother,
+
+Margaret Beaufort, was the granddaughter of John Beaufort (died 1410),
+
+the eldest of the bastard sons of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Gaunt's eldest legitimate son was the first Lancastrian king of England.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Beauforts were so named because Margaret's grandfather had been born
+
+in Beaufort Castle in Champagne; his mother was Gaunt's mistress and later
+
+became his third wife.&amp;nbsp; After the marriage, their children were declared
+
+legitimate by an act of Parliament in 1397 (during Richard II's reign).&amp;nbsp;
+
+When their fellow kinsman Henry IV Bolingbroke came to the throne, he confirmed
+
+this act of legitimacy but added a stipulation that the Beauforts should
+
+never succeed to the English throne (1407).&amp;nbsp; Certainly no act of government
+
+could alter the fact that the Beauforts had been born illegitimate; and
+
+Henry IV's declaration regarding the succession is equally ambivalent -
+
+after all, what practical effect could it guarantee?&amp;nbsp; The end result
+
+was that the Beauforts occupied an odd position in the English nobility
+
+and, taken together as a group, posed a unique threat to the security of
+
+the throne.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret Beaufort's father John succeeded to the
+
+earldom of Somerset in 1418 and, after a life of military embarrassment
+
+(including seventeen years in a French prison), he married Margaret Beauchamp,
+
+daughter of Sir John Beauchamp of Blestoe.&amp;nbsp; A year after their marriage,
+
+John was created duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Margaret, his only child, was
+
+born on 31 May 1443; she never knew her father.&amp;nbsp; John had led yet
+
+another disastrous military expedition to France and ended up dying in
+
+Dorset a few days before her first birthday.&amp;nbsp; It was rumored that
+
+he committed suicide.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, meanwhile, married again - this
+
+time to Lionel, Lord Welles, and survived another four decades.&amp;nbsp; Margaret,
+
+however, was the sole heir to the dukedom of Somerset and its vast holdings.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since she was a great heiress, she was betrothed
+
+while still a child to John de la Pole, the son and heir of Henry VI's
+
+chief minister, the marquess of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; A conspiracy followed which
+
+alleged that Suffolk was planning to place Margaret and his son on the
+
+throne if Henry VI died childless; there is no proof but it indicates how
+
+important Margaret's royal blood was, even tainted with her grandfather's
+
+illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was murdered in May 1450 and in early 1453,
+
+the marriage between Margaret and John de la Pole was annulled.&amp;nbsp; A
+
+child of ten, she was a pawn once more.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI wanted to wed her
+
+to his half-brother Edmund Tudor so, at the age of twelve, she was married
+
+again.&amp;nbsp; Her new husband was the earl of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; His ancestry
+
+was even more colorful than her own.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edmund Tudor was the eldest son of a princess of
+
+France and Queen of England and her Welsh attendant.&amp;nbsp; Catherine of
+
+Valois was the youngest daughter of Charles VI of France and Queen Isabelle.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At the age of eighteen, Catherine had wed that great warrior-king Henry
+
+V.&amp;nbsp; He was fifteen years her senior and, even in life, recognized
+
+as one of England's greatest kings.&amp;nbsp; His triumph at Agincourt in 1415
+
+inspired one of Shakespeare's greatest plays, &lt;i&gt;Henry V&lt;/i&gt;, and led Charles
+
+VI to sue for peace.&amp;nbsp; Charles promised that, upon his death, Henry
+
+would inherit the French throne; to show his good faith and secure Henry's
+
+claim, he was wed to Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She was, by all accounts, quite beautiful
+
+and vivacious.&amp;nbsp; They were married in May 1420 and, in December, made
+
+a triumphal entry into Paris.&amp;nbsp; From there, they sailed to Dover and
+
+Catherine was crowned at Westminster Abbey in February 1421.&amp;nbsp; She
+
+joined Henry on his public progress through England for a few months but,
+
+in June 1421, a year after their marriage, Henry departed again for France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He left knowing his wife was pregnant and, on 6 December 1421, she gave
+
+birth to their son, the future Henry VI, at Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry V would
+
+never see his son.&amp;nbsp; Catherine traveled to France without the child
+
+to visit Henry but he then left to besiege Meaux and Catherine went to
+
+her parents north of Paris.&amp;nbsp; During the siege, Henry contracted dysentery
+
+and died at the chateaux of Vincennes on 31 August 1422.&amp;nbsp; The glorious
+
+king of England and heir to the French throne had fallen victim to the
+
+scourge of armies everywhere.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His great achievements were not forgotten but, immediately
+
+after his death, confusion swept through England.&amp;nbsp; Henry V had died,
+
+leaving behind a twenty-year-old widow and an infant son.&amp;nbsp; On 21 October
+
+1422, her father suddenly died, after suffering years of intermittent insanity.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The infant Henry VI was now king of both England and France.&amp;nbsp; Catherine,
+
+quite naturally, remained at her son's side, accompanying him to the various
+
+public and ceremonial appearances he made as a child.&amp;nbsp; However, her
+
+presence was a novel problem in 15th century England - a Dowager Queen
+
+who was remaining in England until her son's majority and would, in all
+
+likelihood, wish to marry again.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, still young
+
+and beautiful and contemporaries noted her energy and flirtatiousness.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For the protector of the realm (Humphrey, duke of Gloucester) and the royal
+
+council, Catherine's remarriage was a very real concern.&amp;nbsp; Whomever
+
+she wed would become step-father to the king; understandably, they viewed
+
+such a man as a threat to their own positions of authority.&amp;nbsp; Since
+
+they were unable to agree on whom would be allowed to court the queen,
+
+they passed a law in 1427 stating that no dowager queen could marry without
+
+the king's permission; furthermore, permission could only be granted once
+
+the king reached the age of discretion.&amp;nbsp; Since Henry VI was only six
+
+years old in 1427, the council felt that they had effectively delayed any
+
+remarriage for some years - at least until the king could no longer be
+
+influenced by a step-father.&amp;nbsp; (In fairness to the council, there was
+
+no precedent for the problem Catherine of Valois presented; neither of
+
+the two queens of England who had outlived their spouses and married a
+
+second time - King John and Richard II's wives - had remained in England.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, no dowager queen since the twelfth century had married one of her
+
+husband's subjects.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The council was also careful to keep Catherine under
+
+watch.&amp;nbsp; From 1427 until about 1430 she and her entourage lived in
+
+Henry VI's household.&amp;nbsp; In April 1430 she traveled with her son to
+
+Paris for his coronation as king of France.&amp;nbsp; Her activities were thus
+
+restricted and watched.&amp;nbsp; However, the council was not completely successful
+
+at isolating the eligible dowager queen and, around 1431, Catherine met
+
+a Welshman named Owen ap Maredudd ap Tudur.&amp;nbsp; Their love affair and
+
+marriage resulted in four children, the eldest of whom was Henry VII's
+
+father.&amp;nbsp; So, once again, Henry Tudor inherited royal blood from a
+
+female.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The origin of Catherine and Owen's romance is obscure.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later chroniclers attributed it to drunkenness (at a ball, Owen was so
+
+drunk that he stumbled and fell into the queen's lap) or voyeurism (the
+
+queen saw Owen bathing in a stream and was attracted to him; she secretly
+
+traded places with her maid and arranged to meet him in disguise; Owen
+
+was too passionate and attempted to kiss her; she pulled away and received
+
+a scratch on her cheek; the next evening, as he was serving her dinner,
+
+he saw the wound and was ashamed of his behavior; she forgave him, they
+
+fell in love and married.)&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, they were attracted
+
+to one another, fell in love, and married.&amp;nbsp; The legitimacy of the
+
+union was never questioned (not even by Richard III when Henry Tudor positioned
+
+himself as claimant).&amp;nbsp; Certainly the council was unhappy with her
+
+choice for the Welsh were regarded by many as barbarians but, in her choice,
+
+she showed good sense.&amp;nbsp; The 1427 statute had stipulated that any man
+
+who married the queen without the king's permission would be subject to
+
+fines, imprisonment, and forfeiture of lands.&amp;nbsp; By marrying a man who
+
+was simply a member of her household (perhaps the manager of some lands),
+
+Catherine effectively protected Owen from retribution.&amp;nbsp; (No one knows
+
+the true nature of Owen's work in the queen's household but he probably
+
+functioned as a steward.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1432 Owen was made an English citizen and in March
+
+1434 Catherine gifted him with some lands of his own in Flintshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They lived together in the countryside, away from court intrigues, for
+
+some years.&amp;nbsp; During this time, he began to follow the English use
+
+of surnames and became known, however inaccurately, as Owen Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The couple had four children - three sons and a daughter, though the daughter
+
+died young.&amp;nbsp; Their sons were named Edmund, Jasper, and Owen.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The latter became a Benedictine monk while his two older brothers struggled
+
+to survive in an increasingly hostile England.&amp;nbsp; On 3 January 1437
+
+Catherine had died of an unspecified illness which had plagued her for
+
+some time.&amp;nbsp; With her death, Owen lacked protection from the king's
+
+council.&amp;nbsp; They were now determined to finally prosecute him for breaking
+
+the 1427 law.&amp;nbsp; Owen appeared before the council and acquitted himself
+
+of all charges but, after his release, was arrested.&amp;nbsp; He managed to
+
+escape Newgate Prison but was recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle in
+
+July 1438.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Eventually Owen would be released and pardoned (1440)
+
+and taken into his step-son Henry VI's household.&amp;nbsp; In the years following
+
+Catherine's death and Owen's imprisonment, Edmund and Jasper Tudor were
+
+cared for by the abbess Katherine de la Pole, the earl of Suffolk's sister.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Around 1442, their half-brother Henry VI began to take an interest in their
+
+upbringing and they were brought to London.&amp;nbsp; In 1452, it was decided
+
+that the two brothers, now teenagers, should be ennobled.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI
+
+decided this out of both affection and politics.&amp;nbsp; He knew he had to
+
+recognize his half-brothers in some public manner, making them an official
+
+part of the royal family; he also cared for them deeply.&amp;nbsp; So on 23
+
+November 1452, Edmund was created earl of Richmond and Jasper was created
+
+earl of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were now the premier earls of England and
+
+had precedence over all other laymen except dukes.&amp;nbsp; They were also
+
+gifted with estates and rich gifts.&amp;nbsp; On their behalf, the Commons
+
+petitioned Henry VI to recognize them as his 'uterine' brothers (born of
+
+the same mother); this he did, and more.&amp;nbsp; Since no earl, especially
+
+the brother of the king, could be penniless, Henry continued to grant his
+
+brothers numerous lands and annuities.&amp;nbsp; And, as mentioned before,
+
+he also arranged a rich marriage for Edmund to Margaret Beaufort.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The importance of their Welsh blood should not be
+
+underestimated.&amp;nbsp; Both Edmund and Jasper strove to maintain the king's
+
+authority in both south and west Wales and their Welsh ancestry (discussed
+
+in the Welsh Connection section) made them popular in much of Wales.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Welsh support would later prove critical to Henry VII during the battle
+
+at Bosworth.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Henry's youth was spent in the shadow of Henry VI's disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
+
+When Edward IV came to the throne, he was determined to avenge his late
+
+father, the duke of York.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI was increasingly deranged, perhaps
+
+having inherited his French grandfather's mental illness.&amp;nbsp; As a result
+
+of his dementia, his queen Margaret of Anjou, increasingly dominated the
+
+Lancastrian party.&amp;nbsp; She was determined to protect her son's inheritance
+
+and, to that end, dedicated her life to a dangerous and complex problem.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Lancastrian and Yorkist forces met definitively at the Battle of Tewkesbury
+
+in summer 1471.&amp;nbsp; Edward, Margaret and Henry's son, was killed in battle
+
+and Henry VI was captured and taken to the Tower of London where he was
+
+killed.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The Lancastrian cause seemed dead.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV
+
+was, unlike Henry, a capable and strong king.&amp;nbsp; Soon after becoming
+
+king he married an unknown widow named Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; Understandably,
+
+she was anxious to promote the interests of her own family which created
+
+conflict with the old nobility.&amp;nbsp; Edward and Elizabeth had many children,
+
+including two sons.&amp;nbsp; (Their eldest daughter, also named Elizabeth,
+
+would become Henry Tudor's wife.&amp;nbsp; She was known as Elizabeth of York.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+By all accounts, the marriage was happy despite the conflict between the
+
+Woodvilles and Edward's noble Yorkist supporters.&amp;nbsp; The succession
+
+was secure and with support from his brother, Richard duke of Gloucester,
+
+Edward's rule was successful.&amp;nbsp; However, Edward died in 1483 and Richard
+
+usurped the throne from his two young nephews.&amp;nbsp; This changed the course
+
+of English history.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Had Richard not betrayed his nephews, there is every
+
+possibility the Yorkist dynasty would have survived.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's
+
+own future would have been quite difficult; he was despised by Elizabeth
+
+Woodville, and - as Edward IV's only brother - he would become the focus
+
+of Woodville discontent.&amp;nbsp; That would not have lasted for long and
+
+Edward V would have followed his mother's wishes.&amp;nbsp; The boy had, after
+
+all, been raised and tutored by his Woodville relations and hardly knew
+
+Richard.
+
+&lt;p&gt;(NOTE: &lt;b&gt;The story of Richard III's claiming of the throne is told
+
+in great detail &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fplant%2fkings%2frichard3.html&quot;&gt;at
+
+his site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Please read those pages to gain a better understanding
+
+of the events of 1483-1485.&amp;nbsp; I have not included the information here
+
+since this page is about Henry VII.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ricahrd was an able administrator but faced quite
+
+a few obstacles during his brief reign.&amp;nbsp; If Edward IV had died with
+
+no rightful heir, Richard's ascension would have been viewed much differently.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Then, he would have been the rightful king.&amp;nbsp; And since he wed Anne
+
+Neville of Warwick, daughter of the 'Kingmaker', he would have had crucial
+
+support.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's only son and wife died with months of one
+
+another in 1484.&amp;nbsp; He was grief-stricken and also struggling with the
+
+nobility, particularly the ambitious duke of Buckingham (a brash and arrogant
+
+man with his own share of Plantagenet blood.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, over in France, Henry Tudor was positioning
+
+himself as heir to his murdered uncle Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; With the support
+
+of exiled Lancastrians and the French monarchy, Henry planned to mount
+
+an invasion of England.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What had prepared Henry for this moment?&amp;nbsp; At
+
+twenty-eight he was hardly an experienced soldier but he was used to a
+
+life of sudden change.&amp;nbsp; In the 1450s his father Edmund and uncle Jasper
+
+were Henry VI's closest relatives, part of a small group of influential
+
+advisors to the king.&amp;nbsp; Other than these half-brothers, Henry VI was
+
+bereft of close blood relatives; his uncles, the dukes of Bedford, Clarence
+
+and Gloucester, had all died without legitimate heirs and this left both
+
+an emotional and dynastic void at the court.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's government
+
+was reviled as inefficient and corrupt.&amp;nbsp; His two most prominent ministers
+
+were the dukes of Suffolk and Somerset and the English people reviled them.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry had also raised taxes and spent heavily to assert his right to the
+
+French throne.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps if he had been successful at it, the English
+
+people would not have grumbled about the taxes.&amp;nbsp; But he wasn't successful
+
+and, as the defeats multiplied, the people grew naturally resentful of
+
+the taxation and Henry's attempts to enforce it.&amp;nbsp; Also, many Englishmen
+
+(commoner and noble alike) were uncertain about the very survival of Henry's
+
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; After eight years of marriage, he and Margaret of Anjou
+
+had no children.&amp;nbsp; Increasingly, eyes turned to Henry's cousin Richard,
+
+duke of York, for stability and reform.&amp;nbsp; Henry, perhaps feeling as
+
+if Richard were being positioned to either dominate his government or usurp
+
+the throne, turned to his small group of advisors for guidance.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since Edmund and Jasper were young, their role at
+
+court was peripheral.&amp;nbsp; Their upbringing had also been quite different
+
+from most young noblemen.&amp;nbsp; However, they were not fools and were careful
+
+to never alienate the powerful duke of York during Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the summer of 1453, Henry VI suffered an intermittent bout of madness
+
+so severe that he recognized no one, never spoke and had to carried from
+
+place to place.&amp;nbsp; Immediate steps had to be taken to ensure the survival
+
+of the royal government.&amp;nbsp; The winter of 1453 and 1454 was occupied
+
+with the struggle between Queen Margaret and Richard to be declared regent.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For whatever reason, the Tudor brothers sided with the duke of York.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Finally, on 3 April 1454, Parliament decided to appoint Richard regent
+
+during the king's illness.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There are records showing the brothers attended council
+
+meetings and parliamentary sessions; they were also involved in the extensive
+
+reform of the king's household, of which they were members.&amp;nbsp; At that
+
+time, their relationship with the duke of York was not regarded as incompatible
+
+with their attachment to Henry VI and his Lancastrian dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+
+any rate, around Christmas 1454, Henry VI suddenly recovered and the duke
+
+of York was no longer in power.&amp;nbsp; Instead, Henry VI restored his old
+
+favorites to their former positions, notably the hated Somerset (who was
+
+the uncle of Edmund Tudor's wife.)&amp;nbsp; The duke of York and his allies
+
+left London in apparent disgust.&amp;nbsp; The Tudor brothers, and most of
+
+the court, realized that a breach had been opened in the nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Most were happy to see the king recover but they were not happy to see
+
+the capable York depart; further, the duke was hated by the queen after
+
+their struggle for the regency.&amp;nbsp; If the two groups clashed, which
+
+side would the Tudors choose?
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The 'Battle' of St Albans on 1 May 1455 revealed
+
+the extent of the problem.&amp;nbsp; The king had left London to visit Leicester,
+
+accompanied by his half-brother Jasper and the duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They spent the evening at Watford and the next day rode on to St Albans;
+
+the duke of York and the earls of Warwick and Salisbury were waiting for
+
+them.&amp;nbsp; There was a skirmish, several of the king's servants (including
+
+Somerset) were killed, and the king himself suffered a wound on the neck.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There was also violent fighting in the streets of the town.&amp;nbsp; The Yorkist
+
+forces were successful in capturing the king and escorted him back to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 26 May, Parliament was summoned to meet at Westminster in six weeks.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As peers of the realm, the Tudor brothers were required to attend.&amp;nbsp;
+
+All the lords gathered there swore allegiance to Henry VI but measures
+
+were undertaken to fix the kingdom's disastrous finances.&amp;nbsp; To that
+
+end, every grant Henry had made during his reign was revoked - with the
+
+notable exceptions of Edmund and Jasper's lands.&amp;nbsp; This exemption shows
+
+that York and his allies wanted Tudor support.&amp;nbsp; They were, after all,
+
+members of the royal family.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The second session of Parliament was in November
+
+1455 and the brothers did not attend.&amp;nbsp; They were in Wales, ostensibly
+
+to keep the king's peace there.&amp;nbsp; They had been sent on such a mission
+
+before (their only real task given by the king), perhaps because their
+
+father had been a Welshman.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, the respect many Welsh felt
+
+for the Tudor brothers, particularly Jasper, would aid his nephew Henry
+
+Tudor; after all, Henry landed in Pembrokeshire in 1485.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wales was always a problem for Henry VI for a major
+
+rebellion had ended just 40 years before and occasional fighting was not
+
+uncommon.&amp;nbsp; Edmund Tudor, as the eldest brother, went there as a representative
+
+of the English king.&amp;nbsp; While the duke of York was regent, Edmund led
+
+a raid to reassert the duke's authority on his lands, centered on the castle
+
+Carmarthen.&amp;nbsp; He fought - and won - the castle back from a Welsh rebel
+
+who had seized it.&amp;nbsp; While the duke was regent, this success was acceptable;
+
+Edmund held the castle for Richard and his authority as regent.&amp;nbsp; But
+
+after Richard left London in some disgrace, his English supporters in and
+
+near Wales were worried.&amp;nbsp; What if Edmund Tudor attempted to return
+
+Carmarthen and its lands to Henry VI rather than the duke?&amp;nbsp; Edmund
+
+was no longer a representative of the duke as regent; he was now a representative
+
+of the king.&amp;nbsp; Determined&amp;nbsp; to reassert Richard's authority in
+
+West Wales, they led a raid on Carmarthen and imprisoned Edmund sometime
+
+in September 1456.&amp;nbsp; Edmund was released soon after but had already
+
+developed a fatal illness.&amp;nbsp; He died on 1 November 1456 at Carmarthen
+
+and was given a fine burial at the nearby Greyfriars Church.&amp;nbsp; No one
+
+was ever accused of directly causing his death and it is possible that
+
+he always suffered from ill health; government records show he was absent
+
+from meetings far more than Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Then again, Edmund was also a
+
+husband and on, 28 January 1457, a father; sadly, he died before his son
+
+was born.&amp;nbsp; This son would be called Henry and would become the first
+
+Tudor king of England.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;Kingdoms are but cares,
+
+&lt;br&gt;State is devoid of stay,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Riches are ready snares,
+
+&lt;br&gt;And hasten to decay.
+
+&lt;br&gt;Pleasure is a privy prick
+
+&lt;br&gt;Which vice doth still provoke;
+
+&lt;br&gt;Pomp, imprompt; and fame, a flame;
+
+&lt;br&gt;Power, a smoldering smoke,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Who meaneth to remove the rock
+
+&lt;br&gt;Out of the slimy mud,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Shall mire himself, and hardly 'scape
+
+&lt;br&gt;The swelling of the flood.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;- Henry VI, written while he was&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;a prisoner in the Tower of London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;NOTE: This is a terribly convoluted tale.&amp;nbsp; I
+
+have tried to whittle it down to the bare essentials while still conveying
+
+the most important information.&amp;nbsp; For a more detailed description of
+
+all the battles and plots, find a good book - like 'The Making of the Tudor
+
+Dynasty' - and devote your weekend to reading it.&amp;nbsp; If you're wondering
+
+why all this stuff about Jasper Tudor is important...&amp;nbsp; well, it consumed
+
+the early years of Henry Tudor's life.&amp;nbsp; Even if he wasn't directly
+
+involved, they were his relatives and their success - or failure - had
+
+a direct impact on his life.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also, the state of the monarchy pre-Henry VII:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+Edward IV, the first Yorkist king, was the only English king since Henry
+
+II to die solvent.&amp;nbsp; Having repossessed the lands of the exiled Lancastrian
+
+nobility and seeking support from the middle-class, he was able to run
+
+England effectively and efficiently.&amp;nbsp; Whatever his faults as a man
+
+(unfaithful and increasingly debauched), he was a good king.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; Since Henry VII spent most
+
+of his formative years away from this court, he could claim no special
+
+understanding of English politics; indeed, if his early life taught him
+
+anything it was the tenuousness of a title.&amp;nbsp; His uncle Jasper's life
+
+was the ultimate lesson.&amp;nbsp; On 3 February 1461 Edward, earl of March
+
+and son of the duke of York, triumphed over the Lancastrian forces at Mortimer's
+
+Cross in Herefordshire.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible blow for Henry VI and Jasper,
+
+particularly since Jasper and the earl of Wiltshire had shared command
+
+over the defeated army.&amp;nbsp; His father, Owen Tudor, was executed after
+
+the battle.&amp;nbsp; Jasper had choice but to flee in disguise, seeking refuge
+
+at his lordship of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; While he tried to solicit Welsh allies,
+
+Margaret of Anjou and her son Prince Edward had gathered a large army of
+
+northerners.&amp;nbsp; They reached St Albans in Hertfordshire on 17 February
+
+and soundly defeated the Yorkist forces led by the ill-prepared earl of
+
+Warwick.&amp;nbsp; This victory enabled Margaret to free her husband, prisoner
+
+of the Yorkists since the previous summer (the skirmish at St Albans).&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her plan was to march straight to London while Jasper Tudor led forces
+
+from South Wales.&amp;nbsp; But Jasper was unable to raise enough troops in
+
+time and Margaret's northern soldiers made the fatal mistake of pillaging
+
+the English countryside.&amp;nbsp; The Londoners were understandably terrified
+
+of the advancing northerners and refused to allow Margaret's men into London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They did, however, open their gates to the future Edward IV and the earl
+
+of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI and his family fled to Scotland and Jasper Tudor
+
+was left in Wales.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jasper's lands were seized and he was hunted mercilessly
+
+by Edward IV's ally William Herbert.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of his whereabouts
+
+but he did successfully elude capture, eventually escaping to Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His nephew, four-year-old Henry, was left behind at Pembroke Castle, seat
+
+of Jasper's power in Pembrokeshire.&amp;nbsp; Since William Herbert was awarded
+
+Jasper's lands by Edward IV, Henry was in his custody.&amp;nbsp; Because the
+
+young earl of Richmond was a member of the Lancastrian royal family, Herbert
+
+paid 1000 pds for his wardship; furthermore, he was given control over
+
+the boy's future marriage.&amp;nbsp; Herbert was never cruel to the boy; in
+
+fact, he and his wife, Anne Devereux, had a large family of their own and
+
+Henry was part of it.&amp;nbsp; Anne was particularly kind to the boy and,
+
+when he triumphed in 1485, Henry Tudor sent for her to come to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At their home, he was known as the earl of Richmond though his inheritance
+
+had been given to Edward IV's brother George, duke of Clarence.&amp;nbsp; His
+
+education was good - two Oxford scholars named Scot and Haseley who were
+
+also remembered when he became king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Henry rarely saw his mother.&amp;nbsp; A few months
+
+after his birth in 1457, she married a man named Henry Stafford.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They lived in Lincolnshire and, later, Surrey, long distances from Pembrokeshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, the fall of Pembroke Castle and Herbert's purchase of her son's wardship
+
+were obstacles.&amp;nbsp; But Margaret's husband made peace with the new king
+
+around 1461 and, while her son was not allowed to return to her guardianship,
+
+she was allowed to visit and write to him.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the exiled Lancastrian nobility (Henry's
+
+family) were involved in countless plots to return to power.&amp;nbsp; Captured
+
+spies exaggerated reports of their strength; one told Edward IV that the
+
+kings of France, Denmark, Portugal, and Aragon were planning a Lancastrian-led
+
+invasion.&amp;nbsp; Certainly any monarch would be uneasy after such reports.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Edward IV captured the earl of Oxford and his son, believed to be Lancastrian
+
+sympathizers, and executed them for treason.&amp;nbsp; Though the plot was
+
+not as grand as the spy alleged, it had involved French support and Jasper
+
+Tudor made his way to the continent.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, a convoluted agreement
+
+was made with Louis XI the French king.&amp;nbsp; This second plan failed around
+
+Christmas 1462.&amp;nbsp; In 1464, Louis XI decided to switch loyalties to
+
+Edward IV and urged the other Lancastrian ally, Francis II duke of Brittany,
+
+to do the same.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is difficult not to admire the tenacity the Lancastrian
+
+exiles maintained during these years of planning and defeat.&amp;nbsp; Jasper
+
+increasingly began to see Wales as the perfect place for invasion since
+
+it was always hostile to the English monarchy.&amp;nbsp; The Welsh were understandably
+
+sympathetic to any cause which involved this high-ranking Welshman.&amp;nbsp;
+
+To many, Jasper was a national hero - a Welshman who had succeeded at the
+
+English court and could be counted upon to support their rights.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the spring of 1468, they had cause to rejoice because Jasper was coming
+
+to Wales.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had just made a treaty with independent French
+
+nobles which angered Louis XI of France.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, he decided
+
+to once again lend his support to the Lancastrian struggle.&amp;nbsp; But,
+
+once again, the support was not as much as necessary.&amp;nbsp; Jasper arrived
+
+in Wales and, though he gathered 2000 men, he was eventually routed at
+
+Harlech Castle.&amp;nbsp; Jasper once again escaped, some say by impersonating
+
+a peasant.&amp;nbsp; Once again, he was in France, still exiled and still defeated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+One can only imagine his frustration.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Jasper's invasion, however slight, did create
+
+a breach in the Yorkist party.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV's supporter, the earl of
+
+Warwick who had marched with him to London in 1461, was becoming dissatisfied
+
+with the king.&amp;nbsp; Called the 'kingmaker' because of his ability, Warwick
+
+wanted more power than Edward was willing to give.&amp;nbsp; In early 1469,
+
+the two former allies were not speaking and Warwick raised an army.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was victorious over William Herbert's army at Edgecote.&amp;nbsp; (Herbert
+
+was Henry VII's guardian and Edward IV's ally.)&amp;nbsp; Warwick realized
+
+he could not claim the throne for himself; instead, he had to switch sides
+
+and support Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; So, with Edward IV's brother George duke of
+
+Clarence, unhappy with his brother as well, Warwick went to France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There, Louis XI attempted to reconcile Warwick with his former enemies.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret of Anjou didn't want Warwick for an ally.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She didn't trust him; he had, after all, had a major role in arresting
+
+and deposing her husband in 1461.&amp;nbsp; But Margaret's desire to reassert
+
+Lancastrian authority was great and she reluctantly agreed to his help.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Another invasion was planned.&amp;nbsp; Warwick and Jasper would go through
+
+Wales and Margaret and Prince Edward follow when it was safe.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+Tudor was now thirteen years old, certainly old enough to understand the
+
+danger he was in after the Battle at Edgecote.&amp;nbsp; Since his guardian
+
+had been killed by Warwick, he was under the sole protection of Anne Devereux.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She took him and her Herbert children to her family's home in Herefordshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry's mother tried to regain custody of her son after Herbert's death;
+
+however, her attempts soon didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; For when Jasper and Warwick's
+
+army arrived in England, Edward IV was not in London and was unable to
+
+reach London before the Lancastrian forces.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, Edward fled
+
+to Holland on 2 October 1470.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, a relative of Anne Devereux's
+
+had taken Henry Tudor to Hereford and given him to Jasper when he arrived
+
+at the city.&amp;nbsp; The reunion of uncle and nephew was undoubtedly emotional
+
+for Jasper, an exile from his country for years.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Warwick
+
+entered London and freed Henry VI from the Tower.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was also a reunion for Henry and his mother.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Within a few days, he and Jasper had joined Margaret and her husband.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They entered London together and spent about six weeks there.&amp;nbsp; On
+
+12 November, Henry left his mother again to leave with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+VI's restoration immeasurably increased Jasper Tudor's wealth and prestige
+
+(he was rewarded with lands, monies, grants); but Henry Tudor was not made
+
+the earl of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; His father's title had been given to Edward
+
+IV's brother George duke of Clarence and Clarence would not give it back.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Since he was an ally of Warwick's, there was nothing Jasper or Margaret
+
+could do for the boy.&amp;nbsp; Jasper, having spent ten years in exile and
+
+with little money or prestige, kept his nephew with him and enjoyed his
+
+success.&amp;nbsp; Alas, it did not last.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Edward IV and the
+
+Lancastrians met on the battlefield - this time at a town called Tewkesbury.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 12 March 1471, Edward returned from Europe and
+
+landed in Yorkshire.&amp;nbsp; He marched south to London, reaching there on
+
+11 April; on 14 April, he fought Warwick at the Battle of Barnet.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Edward won and promptly killed Warwick.&amp;nbsp; He also regained custody
+
+of Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; The situation was once again dire; Jasper Tudor promptly
+
+began to raise an army to fight Edward.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Margaret of Anjou
+
+and Prince Edward arrived in England as planned so many months ago.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She knew nothing of Warwick's defeat and her husband's capture.&amp;nbsp; Upon
+
+hearing the news, she was devastated but unbowed.&amp;nbsp; She gathered an
+
+army in the West Country and marched north toward Wales; she was planning
+
+to meet and join forces with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV was no fool and realized
+
+that he must make a quick, decisive strike.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to
+
+meet Margaret's army before she met up with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Edward and Margaret
+
+met south of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471.&amp;nbsp; Margaret was soundly defeated
+
+and her son killed during or after the battle.&amp;nbsp; Captured like her
+
+husband and with their only child killed, Margaret was taken to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Jasper Tudor, unable to reach her in time, was an exile once again - and,
+
+this time, so was his nephew.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;The defeat at Tewkesbury was devastating to the Lancastrian cause.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Only hours after Edward IV returned in triumph to London, Henry VI was
+
+dead in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The circumstances of his death were mysterious
+
+but the execution of his supporter the duke of Somerset was an open warning.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Jasper Tudor had good reason to fear for both his and Henry's safety.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Margaret Beaufort and her husband almost immediately declared allegiance
+
+to Edward to protect themselves.&amp;nbsp; But her son, as one of the few surviving
+
+males with Lancastrian blood, was destined for France.&amp;nbsp; Jasper hoped
+
+that their old ally Louis XI would aid them once again.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before he arrived in France, however, he fought a
+
+battle in Wales at Chepstow.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV was still determined to capture
+
+him and sent Sir Roger Vaughan to do so.&amp;nbsp; Jasper Tudor managed to
+
+defeat Vaughan and executed him.&amp;nbsp; This ruthless act was uncharacteristic
+
+for Jasper but can be easily explained - Vaughan had killed his father,
+
+Owen Tudor, almost ten years before at the battle of Mortimer's Cross.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The satisfaction of this execution was Jasper's only comfort as he fought
+
+his way to the coast.&amp;nbsp; From there, he, his nephew, and a few servants
+
+made their way to France.&amp;nbsp; They ended up landing in Brittany, where
+
+the duke Francis II had long supported them.&amp;nbsp; Francis was desperate
+
+to preserve his duchy's independence from the French state and recognized
+
+Jasper and Henry as powerful diplomatic tools.&amp;nbsp; If Edward would aid
+
+him, then perhaps he would return the Tudors - that was Francis's official
+
+diplomatic message.&amp;nbsp; Edward made several attempts to gain custody
+
+of the Tudors but was unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp; His concern, however, was intermittent
+
+since they were not in England and he was more concerned with his own family
+
+and rule.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; From 1471 to Edward's death twelve years later, Jasper
+
+and Henry remained in Brittany, staying at the castle of Suscinio, traditionally
+
+used as the duke's summer residence.&amp;nbsp; Louis XI of France, meanwhile,
+
+was engaged in more diplomatic rivalry.&amp;nbsp; Resenting Edward's relations
+
+with his enemies, he sought the release of Jasper and Henry into his custody.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He told the duke of Brittany that the Tudors had, after all, intended to
+
+go to France itself - their landing in Brittany had been a mistake of bad
+
+weather.&amp;nbsp; Also, Jasper had been given a pension by Louis during their
+
+earlier stay; consequently, he was a servant of the king and under his
+
+protection.&amp;nbsp; Both men wanted to use the Tudors as diplomatic pawns
+
+but Francis II was unwilling to give up his advantage.&amp;nbsp; The Tudors
+
+stayed in Brittany, under increasingly strict control.&amp;nbsp; There were
+
+reports that Edward IV wanted Henry killed and that Louis XI was going
+
+to kidnap them.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had to console himself with Francis II's promise
+
+that the Tudors were under protective custody.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1470s he
+
+tried a new strategy, with the aid of Henry's mother.&amp;nbsp; She had extracted
+
+a promise from the king that some of her lands would pass to her son on
+
+her death.&amp;nbsp; Edward not only agreed but he also suggested an English
+
+bride - perhaps one of his own daughters - for the exiled earl.&amp;nbsp; Margaret
+
+Beaufort gave her full support to this plan.&amp;nbsp; She wanted her son in
+
+England above all else.&amp;nbsp; Whether Edward intended to keep his promise
+
+is unknown but it was certainly a good idea.&amp;nbsp; By marrying Henry into
+
+his family, he would neutralize this last Lancastrian threat.&amp;nbsp; And,
+
+for a while, it seemed he would be successful.&amp;nbsp; In late 1476, worn
+
+down by ill health and the English ambassadors, Francis II consented to
+
+send Henry to England.&amp;nbsp; Henry developed - or faked - an illness at
+
+the port and was able to elude being sent home.&amp;nbsp; It may be that he
+
+suspected duplicity on Edward's part or was counseled by his uncle.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(It seems evident that Henry, the first Tudor king, shared many qualities
+
+with his granddaughter, Elizabeth I, last of the Tudor monarchs - both
+
+were shaped by perilous upbringings into cautious, careful rulers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In truth, they bore little resemblance to Henry VIII, Edward VI &amp;amp; Mary
+
+I.&amp;nbsp; They were also far more concerned with domestic policy than foreign
+
+entanglements.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since Henry had, by now, grown into a handsome and
+
+affable teenager, he was always welcome at the ducal court.&amp;nbsp; After
+
+avoiding being sent to England, he simply returned to the duke's custody.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There, he continued to be treated fairly - indeed, even generously.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Every now and again, Edward IV and Margaret Beaufort tried to lure him
+
+to England (for different reasons, of course.)&amp;nbsp; Margaret had asked
+
+Edward to let Henry stand as heir to her estates and he agreed (in 1472)
+
+but by 1482, Edward IV decided this - if Henry returned to England and
+
+gained Edward's favor, he would receive Margaret's lands plus other estates.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But if he stayed in France, he would get nothing.&amp;nbsp; Nothing had been
+
+decided when Edward died unexpectedly on 9 April 1483.&amp;nbsp; By this time,
+
+Duke Francis was facing instability in his own lands.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough,
+
+this made Henry and Jasper's position more tenuous.&amp;nbsp; Still, they received
+
+as much support from the duke as he could provide, including generous gifts
+
+of money.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It may be that, upon Edward's death, Henry seriously thought
+
+of returning home.&amp;nbsp; The events which followed the king's demise certainly
+
+set him upon that course.&amp;nbsp; As recounted earlier, Richard duke of Gloucester,
+
+seized the throne from his nephew, Edward V, his brother's 12-year-old
+
+heir.&amp;nbsp; Richard officially seized the throne on 26 June.&amp;nbsp; There
+
+was no immediate effect on Henry and Jasper Tudor.&amp;nbsp; But their protectors,
+
+the French king Louis XI and Duke Francis II, immediately recognized the
+
+possibilities - after all, Richard III's claim was tenuous and he would
+
+need to work out some arrangement regarding other claimants.&amp;nbsp; Jasper
+
+and Henry Tudor would bear even greater pressure on Richard than they had
+
+on Edward.&amp;nbsp; At first, Richard simply tried to establish friendly relations
+
+with the king and duke, without explicitly mentioning the Tudors.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His more immediate concern was the closing of French ports to English exiles
+
+(notably former Queen Elizabeth Woodville's brother and a large section
+
+of the English fleet.)&amp;nbsp; In England, Margaret still wanted her son
+
+to return - though to his rightful position as earl of Richmond, not as
+
+king of England.&amp;nbsp; But events soon changed, with the same rapidity
+
+of Richard's usurpation, and Henry Tudor dreamed of more than an earldom.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III's usurpation was bad enough to most Englishmen,
+
+and especially the nobility.&amp;nbsp; But in 1483, Edward IV's two sons -
+
+held in the Tower - mysteriously died.&amp;nbsp; It was whispered that Richard
+
+had them murdered and secretly buried.&amp;nbsp; Thus was born the legend of
+
+the 'Princes of the Tower'.&amp;nbsp; (What happened remains a matter of conjecture;
+
+mystery novelist and playwright, Josephine Tey, wrote&lt;i&gt; The Daughter of
+
+Time&lt;/i&gt;, a book which convincingly argues for Richard's innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In that case, Henry VII executed the boys - who would be his brothers-in-law
+
+- in order to secure his throne.&amp;nbsp; Morre recently, the lawyer Bertram
+
+Fields examines the case in &lt;i&gt;Royal Blood&lt;/i&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; The deaths of Edward
+
+V and his brother, Richard duke of York, angered the populace and encouraged
+
+the image of Richard III as a deceitful murderer.&amp;nbsp; Since Richard never
+
+officially responded to the rumors, they were believed to be true.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Soon enough, the duke of Buckingham, Henry Stafford, created more chaos.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He led a rebellion against Richard III in October and was captured and
+
+executed in November.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; First of all, it is important to remember that Buckingham,
+
+Richard III and Henry Tudor were the &lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt; surviving male heirsto
+
+the house of Plantagenet.&amp;nbsp; The reasons why Buckingham led a rebellion
+
+against Richard are not clear but several possibilities can be considered
+
+- first, he had as legitimate a claim to tthe throne as Richard and, gauging
+
+popular dissatisfaction with the new king, Buckingham felt he should take
+
+his chances and set himself up as the rival claimant (particularly since
+
+Edward V and Richard of York were supposedly murdered); second, as a rival
+
+claimant, Buckingham undoubtedly felt uneasy about his own safety (particularly
+
+when it was rumored Richard had murdered his two nephews; if he had, it
+
+was possible he would decide to murder Buckingham as well.)&amp;nbsp; These
+
+two reasons alone are sufficient to explain Buckingham's motivations.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later historians, especially Polydore Vergil (Henry VII's official historian)
+
+would later claim Buckingham really intended to defeat Richard and place
+
+Henry Tudor on the throne.&amp;nbsp; But it hardly seems likely; indeed, Buckingham
+
+could legitimately believe he had a more solid claim than Henry.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There had been uprisings against Richard III just
+
+days after his coronation which highlighted popular dissatisfaction.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Meanwhile, Margaret Beaufort had become friends with Edward IV's widow,
+
+Elizabeth Woodville (or Wydeville).&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth heard the rumors of
+
+her sons' deaths in the Tower; she had no way of gauging their truth.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But she was eager to reassert her family's claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; With
+
+her sons supposedly dead, that left her five daughters - in particular,
+
+her eldest Elizabeth of York - to claim the throne.&amp;nbsp; They could do
+
+so only through marriage to a male claimant (such as Henry Tudor.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+So the plan to wed Elizabeth and Henry began in earnest.&amp;nbsp; Both women
+
+knew that such a marriage would imply that Henry Tudor wanted to replace
+
+Richard on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Margaret quickly sent Christopher Urswick,
+
+a young priest from her household, to Brittany.&amp;nbsp; her son, so long
+
+an exile and dependent on others, was to plan a return to England - to
+
+claim two great positions, husband &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; king.&amp;nbsp; Margaret also
+
+sent a large sum of money to her son, raised from loans in London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She advised him to come to Wales as soon as possible (since he would receive
+
+support in Wales, particularly from the duke of Buckingham.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This, of course, lends credence to the idea that
+
+Buckingham wanted to support Henry's claim.&amp;nbsp; But, again, that is conjecture.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Buckingham did write a letter to Henry on 24 September 1483 which stated
+
+he would support the rebellion against Richard, &lt;i&gt;even though &lt;/i&gt;he and
+
+Henry's interests may not be perfectly compatible.&amp;nbsp; What is certain
+
+is that Buckingham suspected his own life was forfeit with Richard III;
+
+he and Henry Tudor could sort out things once Richard was defeated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He told Henry the rebellion would begin on 18 October, thus giving Henry
+
+three weeks notice.&amp;nbsp; He did not mention acknowledging Henry as king
+
+- he also did not mention marriage to Elizzabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; Henry received
+
+Margaret and Buckingham's letters and talked with the duke of Brittany.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He needed further financial support but also relied on Francis's advice.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The duke promised support; another vital link was established.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III had not suspected Buckingham of treachery
+
+- at first.&amp;nbsp; Thus, he had no large arrmy assembled to fight the duke.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But such a massively-planned uprising could not remain secret forever and
+
+Richard was informed on 11 October that a vast rebellion would occur in
+
+a week.&amp;nbsp; He had heard vague descriptions of a plan a few weeks before
+
+and had summoned Buckingham to him.&amp;nbsp; The duke feigned a stomach ache;
+
+a more tersely-worded summons soon followed.&amp;nbsp; The duke again refused
+
+the summons.&amp;nbsp; By then, the rebellion was a week away and Richard had
+
+been informed of Buckingham's involvement and the extent of the rebellion.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Richard hurriedly assembled his army; and though he had been betrayed by
+
+Buckingham, his former friend, he was not bitter - he specifically ordered
+
+his troops to not 'rob, spoil or hurt' any of Buckingham's followers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Richard was prepared to be merciful.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Buckingham's rebellion began - and failed, largely
+
+because his Welsh tenants decided they liked him less than Richard III.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Robbed of this crucial support, he fled to a friend's home but the friend,
+
+Ralph Bannaster, turned him in and, on 31 October, Buckingham was taken
+
+to Sir James Tyrell and Christopher Wellesbourne, staunch supporters of
+
+Richard III.&amp;nbsp; Once Buckingham had been captured, the other rebellions
+
+collapsed.&amp;nbsp; Many of the rebels fled to Brittany, to join Henry Tudor,
+
+now their last hope.&amp;nbsp; Richard III attempted to prevent this mass exodus
+
+of rebels but failed.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, at Plymouth Harbor, Henry heard
+
+the news of Buckingham's execution on 2 November 1483.&amp;nbsp; (He had been
+
+delayed on his way to England because of a storm.)&amp;nbsp; His other rival
+
+for the throne had been killed (Buckingham's son and heir was just six
+
+years old) but Buckingham's failure was hardly encouraging.&amp;nbsp; He returned
+
+to Brittany, once more an exile after twelve years abroad.&amp;nbsp; His position
+
+was perhaps more untenable than before - the uprising had been soundly
+
+defeated and Richard III was once again making friendly overtures to duke
+
+Francis.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's only hope lay with the English exiles now
+
+joining him in Brittany.&amp;nbsp; There were roughly 500 men, among them the
+
+marquess of Dorset.&amp;nbsp; These exiles told him he must reassemble his
+
+allies and attack again, before Richard III became more firmly entrenched
+
+as king - and before the duke ended his hospitality.&amp;nbsp; In December,
+
+Henry gave a speech at Rennes Cathedral meant to boost morale and inspire
+
+his supporters.&amp;nbsp; He promised to marry Elizabeth of York, thus joining
+
+the houses of York and Lancaster together.&amp;nbsp; The assembled men swore
+
+oaths of loyalty to him.&amp;nbsp; Their next task was more difficult - persuading
+
+the duke of Brittany to lend them more money to assemble yet another fleet.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Again, Henry promised to repay the money.&amp;nbsp; He was fortunate that Richard
+
+III had decided to retaliate against Breton and French ships because of
+
+their assistance to Henry and Buckingham.&amp;nbsp; The duke was angered and
+
+agreed to loan Henry more money.&amp;nbsp; So another flotilla was assembled
+
+and final preparations made in mid-spring 1484.&amp;nbsp; But, for some unknown
+
+reason, the exiles did not sail for England.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Instead, they remained at Vannes in Brittany.&amp;nbsp;
+
+By this time, Henry fully realized the enormous stakes of the enterprise.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was particularly moved by the loyalty of the other exiles.&amp;nbsp; Many
+
+were separated from their families and all were wanted men - and they suffered
+
+these injuries to support him.&amp;nbsp; He owed them a great debt and it is
+
+to his credit that, immediately after Bosworth, he rewarded them.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth Woodville's son by her first husband, the marquess of Dorset,
+
+was in Brittany as were her three brothers, Lionel, Edward and Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They were joined by many loyal servants.&amp;nbsp; All of the exiles were undoubtedly
+
+horrified by the supposed murders of Edward V and Richard of York.&amp;nbsp;
+
+While these men schemed with Henry Tudor, the object of their schemes -
+
+Richard III - attempted to nullify their threat.&amp;nbsp; He tried various
+
+tactics, mixing friendly overtures with veiled threats.&amp;nbsp; He knew Margaret
+
+Beaufort had sent messages to her son and plotted in the rebellion but
+
+he couldn't risk alienating her husband, Lord Stanley.&amp;nbsp; So he told
+
+Stanley to watch his wife carefully, dismiss the servants who had relayed
+
+messages, and prevent any contact with Henry and other rebels.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+also gave Stanley possession of Margaret's property for the course of Stanley's
+
+life; after his death, the lands would pass to the crown.&amp;nbsp; Still,
+
+Margaret had every reason to be grateful for her life.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In March of 1484, Richard attempted a reconciliation
+
+with his former sister-in-law, Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; She and her five
+
+daughters had sought sanctuary in Westminster.&amp;nbsp; Richard gathered the
+
+lord mayor of London, all leading aristocrats and various aldermen to his
+
+palace.&amp;nbsp; He announced that - if Elizabeth and her children left sanctuary
+
+- he would protect them; they would be reccognized as his kin and given
+
+a pension and dowries.&amp;nbsp; Most importantly, he publicly promised they
+
+would not be sent to any prisons, including the Tower of London (the site
+
+of their brothers' deaths.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He also attempted to win over the duke of Brittany
+
+again.&amp;nbsp; In this he was aided by the ailing duke's treasurer, Pierre
+
+Landais.&amp;nbsp; Landais believed Brittany's fate would be better served
+
+with an English alliance.&amp;nbsp; It could be, too, that he disliked the
+
+assembled rebels.&amp;nbsp; As a result, Henry asked the French king Charles
+
+VIII for asylum at his court.&amp;nbsp; Charles agreed and, soon enough, Henry
+
+left Brittany for Paris.&amp;nbsp; It was a dangerous decision and, as it was
+
+taken without Francis's permission, would have resulted in his arrest.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But he managed to arrive in Anjou with his pursuers just an hour behind.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(His uncle Jasper had left a few days earlier, ostensibly to visit Francis
+
+at Rennes.&amp;nbsp; Both he and Henry turned away at the last moment and headed
+
+toward Anjou.)&amp;nbsp; There were about 400 rebels left behind.&amp;nbsp; Duke
+
+Francis certainly had every right to send them back to England, to face
+
+certain death.&amp;nbsp; But he did not - sick as he was, he was determined
+
+to undo some of Landais's damage.&amp;nbsp; He allowed the rebels to join Henry
+
+in Paris. He also gave them a large gift of money (about 700 livres) to
+
+pay for their travel (this was in addition to their living allowance he
+
+was also paying!)&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor was touched by his old protector's
+
+kindness and generosity.&amp;nbsp; He sent a letter of thanks, realizing that
+
+the treachery had been Landais's and not the duke's.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the French royal family were very eager
+
+to use Henry as a diplomatic weapon against the English.&amp;nbsp; But the
+
+situation at the French court was confused and problematic; in the end,
+
+Henry relied upon the king's older sister, Anne of Beaujeu, for assistance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her role was of vital importance as Henry planned for the greatest battle
+
+of his life, Bosworth Field.
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;The French court which welcomed Henry Tudor was a curious place.&amp;nbsp;
+
+King Louis XI had died on 30 August 1483, leaving behind a thirteen-year-old
+
+heir who became Charles VIII.&amp;nbsp; As often happened when a minor succeeded
+
+to the throne, a power struggle ensued between the new king's relatives
+
+over the role of regent.&amp;nbsp; Charles's mother, Charlotte of Savoy, was
+
+not a serious contender; she had never been involved in politics and was
+
+seriously ill.&amp;nbsp; (She died on 1 December.)&amp;nbsp; So the struggle was
+
+between Charles's older sister, Anne, and his younger sister's husband,
+
+Louis duc d'Orleans.&amp;nbsp; Anne was twenty-two years old and married to
+
+Pierre, Lord Beaujeu, the heir of the duc d'Bourbon.&amp;nbsp; Anne triumphed
+
+over her brother-in-law Louis and her gained control of the government.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's former patron, Duke Francis II, soon
+
+became involved in this struggle - at least ostensibly.&amp;nbsp; His servant
+
+Pierre Landais (discussed on the previous page) was hated by the Orleans
+
+party who were seeking an alliance with his old enemies - namely, the noblemen
+
+of Brittany who had fled during Landais's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; (Naturally
+
+enough, they had fled from Brittany to France, where they met with the
+
+Orleans party.)&amp;nbsp; On 7 April 1484 these new allies attempted to destroy
+
+Landais, breaking into the ducal palace at Nantes and then going to his
+
+country house.&amp;nbsp; They failed to find Landais, however, and were forced
+
+to flee in shambles.&amp;nbsp; They waited at the town of Ancenis, in Brittany
+
+but near the French border.&amp;nbsp; Landais remained in power and seemed
+
+to bear no ill will toward the Breton-Orleans conspirators.&amp;nbsp; In autumn,
+
+the Orleans party attempted - once again - to make peace between Francis
+
+II and his exiled noblemen.&amp;nbsp; This time, they didn't attempt to kidnap
+
+Landais as part of their plan!&amp;nbsp; Landais was a pragmatist and undoubtedly
+
+wanted to rid himself of the troublesome Breton-Orleans scheming.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So he supported their plan; in doing so, he knew he would anger the French
+
+monarchy.&amp;nbsp; Naturally, he turned to England's King Richard III for
+
+assistance, asking that Richard recognize the Orleans-Breton alliance;
+
+in return, Landais offered to send Henry Tudor to England.&amp;nbsp; (Landais
+
+would then have the support of Burgundy, Orleans, &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; England against
+
+any French designs on Brittany.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry Tudor fled to France where he was
+
+welcomed with open arms.&amp;nbsp; With Henry Tudor gone, Brittany had no olive
+
+branch to offer England; this would weaken the Breton-English alliance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It would also aid Anne of Beaujeu in her struggle against the Orleans party.&amp;nbsp;
+
+When Henry arrived in Anjou, he sent a messenger to Charles VIII, then
+
+at Montargis.&amp;nbsp; The king immediately sent an envoy to greet Henry and
+
+bring him to Chartres.&amp;nbsp; The envoy was given the generous sum of 20000
+
+francs for expenses on the week-long journey.&amp;nbsp; Charles was, of course,
+
+delighted to encourage Henry in his plan to overthrow Richard III - though
+
+less delighted to give him large sums of money on a continual basis, as
+
+Duke Francis had.&amp;nbsp; Also, Charles may have been unnerved by the large
+
+number of Henry's English followers who needed to be housed and fed while
+
+awaiting developments.&amp;nbsp; Charles did give Henry about 3000 francs to
+
+clothe his army and granted permission for Henry to assemble mercenaries
+
+for his army.&amp;nbsp; Henry traveled with the king north to Paris (the court
+
+spent autumn in the beautiful Loire valley); on 4 February 1485, they reached
+
+the French capital.&amp;nbsp; During this journey, Henry finally realized the
+
+necessity of immediate and decisive action.&amp;nbsp; He had spent nearly fourteen
+
+years as an exile in France and Landais's betrayal revealed the instability
+
+of his position.&amp;nbsp; What if Anne of Beaujeu fell from power?&amp;nbsp; Would
+
+he be a pawn for the Orleans cause?&amp;nbsp; Also, it is true that Henry was
+
+in his late twenties, strong and healthy and undoubtedly yearning to be
+
+his own man.&amp;nbsp; Why would he want to live in other people's homes, dependent
+
+on their good will and generosity?
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III was certainly unhappy with events in
+
+France.&amp;nbsp; He sent word to Charles of his displeasure and also tried
+
+to rally English support against Henry.&amp;nbsp; Henry was sending letters
+
+to England during the winter of 1484-5 to inspire potential supporters
+
+(since many were dissatisfied with Richard's rule, for reasons outlined
+
+in previous pages.)&amp;nbsp; Richard was aware of these letters and ordered
+
+the mayors and sheriffs throughout England to arrest anyone receiving or
+
+distributing them.&amp;nbsp; (One of the letters has survived - click here
+
+to read it.)&amp;nbsp; An interesting note about these letters - Henry was
+
+styling himself King of England, a deliberate and flagrant disregard of
+
+Richard's position.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 7 December 1484, Richard responded to the letters
+
+by sending out his own proclamations.&amp;nbsp; He condemned the exiles supporting
+
+Henry in France; he also mocked Henry's use of the royal title.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+also reiterated the ancient animosity between England and France, reminding
+
+the English people that - in exchange for Charles's support - Henry had
+
+supposedly promised to return the English possessions in France and relinquish
+
+the traditional English claim to the French throne.&amp;nbsp; These, of course,
+
+were matters near and dear to all English hearts.&amp;nbsp; From the 12th century
+
+onwards, the English claim to the French throne and territories was a patriotic
+
+dream shared by all Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; The great heroes of the past (most
+
+gloriously, Henry V) had led their countrymen to battle over those claims;
+
+thousands of Englishmen died in those battles.&amp;nbsp; By painting Henry
+
+as a traitor to one of the most precious English dreams (that of possessing
+
+France), Richard hoped to appeal to English patriotism.&amp;nbsp; He also reminded
+
+his subjects that Henry would be invading with mercenaries who would commit
+
+'the most cruel murders, slaughters, robberies and disinheritances that
+
+were ever seen in any Christian Realm.'&amp;nbsp; Once again, Richard appealed
+
+to a time-honored English abhorrence of invasion.&amp;nbsp; He also attended
+
+to more practical matters - ordering sheriffs to prepare troops for muster
+
+and raise cash for military payments.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; I would like to emphasize - once again - the tenuousness
+
+of Henry Tudor's claim.&amp;nbsp; At this point, only he and Richard III were
+
+viable claimants to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's position was
+
+stronger by far (and as will become clear later), the Battle of Bosworth
+
+ended in Henry's favor only because a key nobleman betrayed Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was hardly an auspicious beginning to Henry's rule.&amp;nbsp; Throughout
+
+these pages, I have tried to emphasize the general unpopularity of Richard's
+
+rule - &lt;i&gt;with regard to the disappearance of his nephews&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+disappearance sullied Richard's character and made those Englishmen who
+
+didn't support Henry Tudor less than thrilled about defending Richard III.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In other words, they would simply wait out the conflict without openly
+
+supporting either party.&amp;nbsp; And that is exactly what most of the country
+
+did.&amp;nbsp; Personally, I do not believe Richard III murdered his nephews
+
+but, of course, the mystery will always remain open to interpretation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It is true that Richard III has received a 'raw deal' from historians.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Can we blame this on Shakespeare?&amp;nbsp; :-)&amp;nbsp; Hey, it is a great play
+
+but written during the reign of Henry Tudor's granddaughter.&amp;nbsp; It isn't
+
+likely the playwright wanted to offend the monarch (witness the ending
+
+to All Is True for proof of that - a sympathetic introduction to Katharine
+
+of Aragon which ends with Elizabeth's triumphant birth.)&amp;nbsp; Richard
+
+was a capable and intelligent man and - whatever the truth about his nephews
+
+- had far more experience in government thhan Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He also
+
+reacted to betrayal with an appealing mixture of punishment and forgiveness;
+
+he was far more conciliatory than, say, Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; (During this
+
+time, an embarrassing episode occurred which may have furthered Richard's
+
+resolve to shore up his support against Henry:&amp;nbsp; John de Vere, the
+
+Lancastrian earl of Oxford, was imprisoned at Calais in France; he escaped,
+
+along with two English soldiers, to join Henry Tudor in Paris.&amp;nbsp; Understandably,
+
+this embarrassed Richard; he issued pardons to the English soldiers at
+
+Calais, including de Vere's supporters, but they still rebelled.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the end, Henry's morale went up and Richard's fell drastically.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Oxford episode indicated the lack of loyalty to Richard's regime.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was coupled with the disloyalty of Sir William Stanley, advising Henry
+
+from England.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, these domestic actions were accompanied
+
+by foreign policy initiatives designed to find Richard prominent allies.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In this, he was successful as well.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's old ally, Duke
+
+Francis of Brittany, entered into a seven-year truce with England on 2
+
+March 1485.&amp;nbsp; One of the specific points of the truce was that neither
+
+side would support rebellion against the other, thus allying Richard and
+
+Duke Francis against the French throne.&amp;nbsp; Not surprisingly, Charles
+
+VIII began to fear an English-Breton invasion of France. So he encouraged
+
+Henry Tudor to hasten his plans to invade England.&amp;nbsp; In March 1485,
+
+Richard's queen, Anne Neville, died and this personal heartbreak had to
+
+be shoved aside in the face of Henry Tudor's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; It was soon
+
+rumored that Richard would marry Elizabeth of York or her sister Cecily,
+
+thus regaining the support of Henry's Yorkist allies.&amp;nbsp; Henry, whom
+
+Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort intended to wed Elizabeth, was
+
+upset but could do little.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Richard kept a shrewd eye on
+
+Lord Stanley (I'll let you alert readers figure out the Tudor-Stanley connection
+
+from the earlier pages - here's a clue: who was Margaret Beaufort married
+
+to?)&amp;nbsp; Around July 1485, Stanley asked permission to visit relative
+
+in Lancashire.&amp;nbsp; The king was no fool; he allowed Stanley to leave
+
+London but kept his son and heir, George, Lord Strange, as hostage.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Essentially, Strange remained in Richard's household in order to assure
+
+his father's good behavior.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles VIII was, of course, still encouraging Henry's
+
+planned invasion but still hedging about financial support.&amp;nbsp; When
+
+news came that Richard might marry Elizabeth of York, Henry became frantic.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He cast about for another prominent Yorkist bride, with little success.&amp;nbsp;
+
+More importantly, (with the support of Philippe de Commynes, an influential
+
+diplomat) Henry pressed Charles to request money from the French parliament.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The French king did so on 4 May 1485 and was successful; he returned with
+
+Henry to Paris about a month later.&amp;nbsp; Already, plans to assemble an
+
+invasion fleet were being approved.&amp;nbsp; At Harfleur, near the mouth of
+
+the River Seine, Henry spent about 50000 livres to assemble 4000 men.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of these, 1500 were discharged soldiers from a base at Pont de l'Arche.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The French soldiers were commanded by a nobleman from Savoy called Philibert
+
+de Chandee, who later became a good friend of Henry Tudor's.&amp;nbsp; There
+
+were also Henry's 400 English supporters who had shared his exile.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry placed these men under the command of Richard Guildford.&amp;nbsp; (It
+
+was later rumored that about 1000 Scots joined Henry's force; whether that
+
+number is correct or not, some Scots did fight on Henry's side.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's great enterprise was about to begin.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 1 August 1485, Henry and his followers left Honfleur and sailed down
+
+the Seine into the Channel.&amp;nbsp; On 7 August, they sailed into Milford
+
+Sound near sunset.&amp;nbsp; They actually landed at Mill Bay, inside the Sound.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was the land of Pembrokeshire where Henry had been imprisoned as a
+
+young man.&amp;nbsp; Upon landing, Henry knelt down and whispered, 'Judge me,
+
+Lord, and fight my cause.'&amp;nbsp; He kissed the English soil, crossed himself,
+
+and told his men to follow him - in the name of God and St George.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was no coincidence that he landed in Wales, his father's native land;
+
+it was there that he hoped to gain crucial support for his cause.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;(&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;NOTE:&amp;nbsp; Historical sources regarding
+
+the actual battle at Bosworth are scanty at best.&amp;nbsp; No one who actually
+
+fought at the battle recorded the battle; typically, the chroniclers from
+
+London recorded great events but they were far from the action in 1485.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, the supporters of Richard III didn't want to remember their defeat
+
+- and unlikely to write about in the chargged political climate.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+supporters were concerned with more immediate matters after the battle
+
+- namely, beginning the rule of a very ineexperienced monarch who had not
+
+been to England in fifteen years.&amp;nbsp; And there is another very important
+
+fact - medieval battles are incredibly confusing to describe (just as they
+
+were confusing to fight.)&amp;nbsp; Imagine a Revolutionary War battle - the
+
+British soldiers in matching red coats, marching in perfect cadence to
+
+a fixed point, they shoot, reload and aim with some degree of consistency.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Medieval warfare did not proceed along those lines.&amp;nbsp; In general, it
+
+was chaotic and confusing to the participants - and the chroniclers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So if the following account confuses you a little, you're in good company.&amp;nbsp;
+
+I have tried to be as clear as possible, to the extent of omitting stuff
+
+which is particularly confusing (including Henry's mysterious 'disappearance'
+
+the night before the battle; that will eventually be included in the Primary
+
+Sources section, directly from Polydore Vergil's work.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The most prominent chronicler of the Battle was
+
+Polydore Vergil, Henry VII's official court historian.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+his version is the official Tudor account but we must rely upon it.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In most respects, Vergil had little reason to alter anything since the
+
+Tudor claimant was victorious.)&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Henry's force marched to the nearest inhabited
+
+area, a settlement called Dale.&amp;nbsp; There they spent the night; the next
+
+day (8 August) they left Dale to a castle called Haverfordwest, about 12
+
+miles to the north-east.&amp;nbsp; The townsmen actually welcomed the invaders,
+
+an indication of their nebulous loyalty to Richard III.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+news of Henry's arrival on English soil was only just spreading along the
+
+coast.&amp;nbsp; In this northern part of Pembrokeshire, there were fewer castles
+
+and - again - it was Jasper Tudor's former home.&amp;nbsp; Also, Richard III
+
+had extensive control over south Wales, which shows that Henry's Welsh
+
+support was as nebulous as Richard's English support.&amp;nbsp; Richard's control
+
+over much of Wales also meant that Henry was forced to march north into
+
+the center of Wales.&amp;nbsp; And, of course, it must be recalled that the
+
+Stanleys (his mother's in-laws) controlled much of north Wales and Cheshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Sir William Stanley was Richard III's chief lieutenant in Anglesey, Caernarfonshire,
+
+and Merioneth, cities which made up the northern part of royal holdings
+
+in Wales.&amp;nbsp; (Remember that Sir William was the younger brother of Henry's
+
+stepfather.)&amp;nbsp; Henry may have been in touch with the Stanleys immediately
+
+upon landing in Wales.&amp;nbsp; Oddly enough, a letter Henry sent to another
+
+supporter, John ap Maredudd ab Ieuan ap Mareddud, has survived; it was
+
+written about 8 August, immediately after the landing, and designed to
+
+gain Welsh support.&amp;nbsp; The letter to ap Mareddud can be read by clicking
+
+here.&amp;nbsp; What did ap Mareddud do?&amp;nbsp; We don't know - though it is
+
+true that Henry did have some significant Welsh support.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+it was nowhere near as great as many later remembered.&amp;nbsp; And it is
+
+false to state that
+
+&lt;i&gt;every&lt;/i&gt; Welshman welcomed the return of Owen Tudor's
+
+descendants.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the Tudor dynasty in no way favored Wales
+
+or its native population - so any support from the Welsh was not rewarded.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In 1536, in particular, the Welsh had good cause to resent any support
+
+they had given.&amp;nbsp; After Bosworth, certain laudatory poems and songs
+
+were written - but as these were dedicated to an actual king than a pretender
+
+to the throne, they were naturally fawning.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In reality, Henry did not receive
+
+a rapturous welcome.&amp;nbsp; On 8 August, at Haverfordwest, he received a
+
+crushing blow - John Savage, nephew of Henry's stepfather, and the powerful
+
+Welsh lord, Rhys ap Thomas, were not planning to support his cause.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of course, they had promised otherwise while he was in France but Richard
+
+III suspected both men of disloyalty - and before Henry landed, he made
+
+certain they understood the penalty of treason.&amp;nbsp; With this crushing
+
+news, even the professed loyalty of Pembroke was small consolation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry's march from Havefordwest northeast to Cardigan and there to Machynlleth
+
+(about 100 miles from the Dale settlement) is not documented.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+arrived at Machynlleth on 14 August and wrote a letter to Sir Roger Kynaston,
+
+the guardian of the Grey estates; to pass safely to Shrewsbury, Henry needed
+
+- at the very least - Kynaston's inaction..&amp;nbsp; The guardian didn't need
+
+to declare for him but he could at least not impede his progress. Click
+
+here to read the letter to Kynaston.&amp;nbsp; Whatever Kynaston's decision,
+
+Henry did pass safely through to Shrewsbury.&amp;nbsp; To get to this point,
+
+his force had marched through the mountains of Wales but they had the continual
+
+arrival of good news to cheer them on the lonely journey - supporters were
+
+marching to join them, bringing along much-needed supplies.&amp;nbsp; Among
+
+these supporters was Rhys ap Thomas, who finally decided to honor his previous
+
+promise.&amp;nbsp; Rhys later said he brought almost 2000 men with him; if
+
+true, his force made up a third of Henry's entire army.&amp;nbsp; They were
+
+in time to join Henry at Shrewsbury, the traditional gateway to the English
+
+midlands; they marched along the old Roman road even as supporters sent
+
+along money to pay the mercenary troops.&amp;nbsp; But at Shrewsbury, Henry's
+
+progress was no longer easy.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Shrewsbury was an important
+
+town and had two bailiffs, Roger Knight and Thomas Mitton, both in power
+
+for about two decades.&amp;nbsp; They had prospered under Richard III, notably
+
+from the failure of Buckingham's rebellion (notably, Mitton received Buckingham's
+
+castle and Shrewsbury's tax bill was significantly reduced.)&amp;nbsp; And
+
+one must remember Richard III's admonitions to the English people, specifically
+
+warning them of the dangers of mercenary troops.&amp;nbsp; The people of Shrewsbury
+
+had no desire for foreign troops to plunder and pillage their town.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(Keep in mind that Henry's army was not primarily English.)&amp;nbsp; When
+
+Henry requested permission to march through the streets, Mitton made a
+
+familiar reply - &quot;over my belly.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Henry could not afford to go around
+
+the city so he retreated.&amp;nbsp; At a nearby village, he composed a letter
+
+to the bailiffs, promising that his men would simply march through Shrewsbury
+
+peacefully, without causing any damage or harm.&amp;nbsp; He respected the
+
+oath of loyalty to Richard III and did not expect any of the townspeople
+
+to break it.&amp;nbsp; The letter may not have swayed the bailiffs but the
+
+arrival of Rowland Warburton, a retainer of Sir William Stanley, arrived
+
+and persuaded the bailiffs to let Henry pass.&amp;nbsp; The Stanley support
+
+was impressive enough to sway even Mitton, who lay on the ground so Henry
+
+could step over his belly (thus keeping his former oath.)&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What effect did this 'adventure'
+
+have on Henry?&amp;nbsp; He realized, once again, that his support was not
+
+widespread.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, in the end he relied upon the apathy of the English
+
+population - essentially their decision to not actively support Richard
+
+III.&amp;nbsp; Shrewsbury was the first English town he marched through, a
+
+test of how the average citizen would respond to his invasion.&amp;nbsp; Since
+
+they did not recognize his claim to the throne, Henry had little to celebrate.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In a way, his march was as
+
+much a public relations enterprise as a military endeavor.&amp;nbsp; Everywhere
+
+he went, he attempted to drum up support - and he was often successful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+More men and prominent lords joined the cause, all for various reasons.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At Stafford, Henry met up with Sir William Stanley.&amp;nbsp; Stanley brought
+
+news that Richard III, informed of Henry's march, was camped at Nottingham.&amp;nbsp;
+
+From there, it was just a brief march south to block Henry's path to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In other words, Stanley was urging Henry to hurry if he wanted to reach
+
+the capital.&amp;nbsp; Henry marched to meet Richard, stopping for the night
+
+at Lichfield; as at Shrewsbury, he kept his army outside the walls so as
+
+not to offend the citizens.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now it gets a bit confusing:
+
+&lt;i&gt;Lord&lt;/i&gt;
+
+Stanley, whose son Lord Strange was Richard's 'hostage', was marching with
+
+about 5000 men toward Lichfield (presumably to meet up with Richard III
+
+at Nottingham.)&amp;nbsp; He did not dare meet with Henry Tudor, though he
+
+supported his claim.&amp;nbsp; Ostensibly, Lord Stanley was loyal to Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So he avoided Henry's army though, supposedly, sent a message assuring
+
+him of eventual support.&amp;nbsp; Of course, promises can be easily broken
+
+and Henry was uneasy.&amp;nbsp; He knew Richard had scouts watching Stanley
+
+and held his son hostage.&amp;nbsp; Under such circumstances, Stanley's support
+
+was not completely assured.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Stanley's brother - Sir
+
+William - had met up with Henry's army at Lichfield on 20 August.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Lord Stanley had arrived near Atherstone, close to the actual battlefield.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On this Saturday (20 August, still!), Lord Stanley sent his brother a message
+
+that Richard was near and fighting could begin in just three hours.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This, of course, did not happen.&amp;nbsp; But the Stanleys apparently met
+
+together and decided on a course of action - namely, they would not publicly
+
+declare their support for either Richard or Henry.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday, they
+
+apparently decided upon their battle plans - namely, Lord Stanley's betrayal
+
+of Richard.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lord Stanley was, of course,
+
+Henry's stepfather but his waffling is understandable.&amp;nbsp; But it caused
+
+both Richard III and Henry a great deal of anxiety.&amp;nbsp; Henry secretly
+
+met with the Stanleys on 21 August but, after the meeting, was still unsure
+
+of their unqualified support.&amp;nbsp; Under such circumstances, Henry's nervousness
+
+was greater than the king's.&amp;nbsp; But Richard was far from secure himself.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was at Nottingham when he heard of Henry's arrival in Pembrokeshire
+
+and, from there, his steady march through Wales to the midlands.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As mentioned earlier, Richard had made preparations for this moment in
+
+1484.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered his nobles and gentry to assemble according to
+
+plan.&amp;nbsp; He was undoubtedly unnerved that Henry was receiving some measure
+
+of support and that his march was essentially unimpeded.&amp;nbsp; He called
+
+the dukes of Northumberland and Norfolk to him, as well as the lieutenant
+
+of the Tower of London (where most of the king's weaponry was stored.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+Because Sir William Stanley did not respond to summons, Richard declared
+
+him a traitor.&amp;nbsp; He also intimidated Lord Strange enough for the young
+
+man to confess to some sort of 'conspiracy' to betray the king.&amp;nbsp; This
+
+simply confirmed Richard's fears.&amp;nbsp; He realized as well that Henry
+
+was trying to reach London as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; So he gathered
+
+his own forces to prevent this; he was later called a coward for not confronting
+
+Henry sooner but consider this - Richard wanted to assemble as many supporters
+
+as possible while dragging out the ordeal for Henry's army.&amp;nbsp; The assembled
+
+mercenaries were tired, hungry, and - like Henry - knew the crucial Stanley
+
+support was not secure.&amp;nbsp; Richard's army was a bit larger than Henry's
+
+though exact figures do not exist.&amp;nbsp; They marched south in traditional
+
+square battle formation, Richard and his guard behind two groups of horsemen.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There were about 100 knights and noblemen who had responded to Richard's
+
+summons.&amp;nbsp; Most of these men were from the north, specifically Yorkshire
+
+and Lancashire.&amp;nbsp; Richard marched with these men as the King of England,
+
+wearing his crown and coat-of-arms.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative that every
+
+Englishman who watched the march be reminded the Richard was the king and
+
+Henry just a pretender.&amp;nbsp; He would be crushed just like the duke of
+
+Buckingham.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 21 August (Sunday),
+
+both armies knew battle was near.&amp;nbsp; Richard knew Henry's camp was near
+
+Atherstone; he himself camped at the plain of Redmoor.&amp;nbsp; The next day
+
+the forces would meet on the battlefield, a place later called Bosworth
+
+Field.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;(I wanted to point out an interesting fact about Henry's tactics prior
+
+to Bosworth; by marching toward London, he essentially determined where
+
+the battle would be fought - &lt;i&gt;wherever he and Richard met up on the way
+
+to London&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; So Bosworth Field was not chosen for any purpose other
+
+than the two armies met there.&amp;nbsp; Today, it is impossible to adequately
+
+understand the geography of the battlefield and Richard and Henry's camps
+
+prior to the battle; hundreds of years of building, etc. have altered the
+
+landscape.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;(Also: William Brandon, Henry's standard bearer, was slain at this
+
+battle.&amp;nbsp; His son, Charles, would become Henry VIII's best friend,
+
+husband to Princess Mary Tudor &amp;amp; grandfather of Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His biography is available at Tudor Citizens.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;The actual battle supposedly took place on Redmoor plain, near Richard
+
+III's encampment.&amp;nbsp; Long after the battle, it came to be called the
+
+Battle of Bosworth Field because the town of Market Bosworth lay to the
+
+north of Redmoor plain.&amp;nbsp; Also, a Welsh chronicler asserted that the
+
+battle actually took place at the town.&amp;nbsp; In other words, there is
+
+some debate about where the battle took place - &lt;i&gt;though one can reasonably
+
+assert it occurred at Redmoor plain&lt;/i&gt;.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sunday 22 August began inauspiciously for Richard
+
+III and one of his most powerful allies, the duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Richard
+
+admitted he had slept little and suffered bad dreams; in the superstitious
+
+medieval world this did not bode well.&amp;nbsp; Also, the duke of Norfolk
+
+found a sign outside his quarters which read, 'Jack of Norfolk be not so
+
+bold, For Dykon thy master is bought and sold.'&amp;nbsp; After his sleepless
+
+night, Richard arose earlier than even his chaplain (so there was no morning
+
+mass) and had no breakfast.&amp;nbsp; He insisted on wearing his crown throughout
+
+the day, as he had insisted upon marching to Redmoor clad in his ceremonial
+
+robes and crown.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor had spent a sleepless night as well,
+
+and his morning began with disturbing news.&amp;nbsp; His stepfather, Lord
+
+Stanley, was still officially part of Richard's force.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Stanley's
+
+force waited between Henry and Richard's camps.&amp;nbsp; But when Henry pushed
+
+his stepfather to join him, Stanley still demurred (this on the day of
+
+the battle!)&amp;nbsp; One can imagine Henry's response.&amp;nbsp; Stanley sent
+
+Henry a brief message; he should prepare his army for battle and wait for
+
+Stanley to join him at the appropriate moment.&amp;nbsp; (Note: Richard's archers
+
+were under the command of the duke of Norfolk while Henry's archers were
+
+under the command of John de Vere, the earl of Oxford.&amp;nbsp; The actual
+
+make-up of each army is a matter of debate as well, as is their size.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They each had a number of infantry and cavalry, complemented with cannon
+
+and guns and - of course - the traditional bows and swords.&amp;nbsp; One chronicler
+
+estimated Richard's cannon at 140; Henry had cannon brought from France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As to the actual numbers involved, chroniclers are always prone to exaggeration
+
+and this time was no exception.&amp;nbsp; We know Henry landed in Wales with
+
+about 4000 and was joined by a large number of reinforcements; Richard's
+
+force must have been equal - at least.&amp;nbsp; Sir William Stanley led about
+
+3000 troops.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One more mention of the Stanleys: Richard was less
+
+troubled by their waffling than Henry.&amp;nbsp; After all, Richard would have
+
+been content if they simply stayed out of the battle whereas Henry was
+
+desperate for their support.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, Richard's army had higher
+
+morale - and supposedly larger numbers.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry marched northeast at a leisurely pace toward
+
+Richard's camp.&amp;nbsp; Were his troops wary of attacking first?&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly;
+
+but, in the end, Richard decided to order his attack when Henry's force
+
+passed by a march.&amp;nbsp; At this time, he also realized that Lord Stanley
+
+was not joining him.&amp;nbsp; (He could see Stanley's army motionless on the
+
+field.)&amp;nbsp; Richard ordered his hostage, Lord Strange, beheaded but in
+
+the heat and confusion of battle, the order was not carried out.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The first moments of battle were an indication of the chaos to come.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Immediately, arrows were exchanged and then hand-to-hand combat began.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Swords, pikes, aces, spears....&amp;nbsp; These were the weapons of choice.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(Interesting note: Richard's ally, the duke of Northumberland, waited at
+
+the rear of the army with a well equipped force which never entered battle
+
+for one simple reason - the topography of the battlefield.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard's scouts told him that Henry, too, remained
+
+outside the fighting, observing the battle with a small group of supporters.&amp;nbsp;
+
+By identifying Henry's standard, Richard determined his exact position.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Then he undertook a most courageous and incredible feat - he spurred his
+
+horse to ride directly at Henry, the pretender to his throne.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+knew that if Henry was slain - before Stanley intervention - the battle
+
+would end.&amp;nbsp; On his horse, at full gallop, he slay a great number of
+
+those around Henry (notably his standard bearer, William Brandon, and that
+
+respected soldier, the 'giant' John Cheyne.)&amp;nbsp; Henry, of course, was
+
+innocent of real experience in battle but he did not run - though he also
+
+kept a horse nearby in case the battle was lost.&amp;nbsp; Still, the tide
+
+would have turned against Henry except....&amp;nbsp; the Stanleys finally entered
+
+the battle, on the Tudor side!
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It cannot be emphasized enough that Richard III died
+
+valiantly in battle.&amp;nbsp; Every later chronicler asserted his bravery
+
+and skill.&amp;nbsp; One wrote that, after Stanley's men swarmed around him,
+
+Richard fought 'manfully in the thickest press of his enemies.'&amp;nbsp; According
+
+to Polydore Vergil, 'that day he would make end either of war or life';
+
+he would 'die like a king or win victory in this field.'&amp;nbsp; He was wounded
+
+several times but refused the advice of his few companions to flee.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He also refused the offer of a horse.&amp;nbsp; His heroism was evident to
+
+all.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he could not prevail.&amp;nbsp; His crown was knocked
+
+from his head; his head was struck so many times that the helmet was beaten
+
+into the skull; even after his death, his body continued to be beaten.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Around him lay the bodies of his few companions - Conyers, Brackenbury,
+
+Ratcliffe....&amp;nbsp; There is a legend that his crown landed in a hawthorne
+
+bush; true or not, it was soon enough in Henry Tudor's hands - and not
+
+because of any personal bravery on the part of the first Tudor king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The battle lasted about two hours.&amp;nbsp; Its outcome
+
+- Henry's triumph - was only made possiblee by Stanley's disgraceful betrayal
+
+of his king.&amp;nbsp; Had he waited a few moments longer, Henry may have been
+
+personally killed by Richard.&amp;nbsp; That single action inaugurated the
+
+Tudor dynasty - and it was a shameful inauguration.&amp;nbsp; Whatever his
+
+qualities before the battle, his actions immediately afterwards are not
+
+endearing.&amp;nbsp; Richard III, who had fought so heroically and suffered
+
+an awful death, continued to be humiliated and abused.&amp;nbsp; His body was
+
+slung naked over a horse, arms and legs hanging over the sides; a halter
+
+was tossed around his neck to symbolize his defeat.&amp;nbsp; In this manner,
+
+he was taken to a friary in Leicester where his body lay on view for two
+
+days; it was naked from the waist down except for a scant and cheap black
+
+cloth.&amp;nbsp; He was buried at the friary with no ceremony.&amp;nbsp; The church
+
+no longer exists - Henry's son ordered the dissolution of the monasteries
+
+in the 1530s and Richard's grave was opened and the body thrown out.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later, the coffin was supposedly used as a horse trough and cellar steps
+
+in a nearby manor.&amp;nbsp; Richard III remains the only English king since
+
+1066 to have no burial place.&amp;nbsp; He was also the last English king to
+
+die in battle.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor had now declared himself Henry VII and
+
+Lord Stanley placed Richard's crown upon his stepson's head.&amp;nbsp; His
+
+officers were busy settling old scores, executing old foes and rounding
+
+up the prisoners.&amp;nbsp; In the end, we can reasonably estimate that about
+
+400 men - in total - died that day.&amp;nbsp; Of course, after the battle few
+
+wanted to talk about the actual fighting - those two hours which ended
+
+in betrayal and death for one king and the beginning of one of the most
+
+celebrated dynasties in English history.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;On a personal note....&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I do want to stress that Henry Tudor did nto participate
+
+in the fighting - and, in fact, he kept a horse nearby so he could flee
+
+if the battle was lost.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he planned to 'turn tail
+
+and run', as the clichÃ© goes.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;It might seem odd that a king who supposedly won his crown in 
+  battle was actually quite cowardly on the battlefield, and didn't participate 
+  - but it's the truth.&amp;nbsp; Richard III only lost because Lord Stanley 
+  disgracefully betrayed his king.&amp;nbsp; And he did so after Richard had already 
+  forgiven him numerous offenses (many bordering on treason), and had treated 
+  him kindly.&amp;nbsp; Henry may have claimed a crown that day, but he claimed no 
+  glory.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;You may visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.r3.org&quot;&gt;Richard
+
+III Society&lt;/a&gt; site for the other side of the story.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Henry Tudor as King
+
+&lt;p&gt;'His [Henry VII] body was slender but well built and strong; his height
+
+above the average.&amp;nbsp; His appearance was remarkably attractive and his
+
+face was cheerful especially when speaking; his eyes were small and blue;
+
+his teeth few, poor and blackish; his hair was thin and grey; his complexion
+
+pale'.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Polydore Vergil, from the &lt;i&gt;Anglica Historia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Many historians have long argued that Bosworth Field marked
+
+the end of medieval England, and the beginning of more modern government.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This assumes at least some drastic changes occurred during the 24 years
+
+Henry ruled England.&amp;nbsp; However, no such changes occurred.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+maintained the government of his predecessors; he simply had a more efficient
+
+administration.
+
+&lt;p&gt;This should detract from his formidable accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; Despite
+
+his very questionable claim to the throne, Henry proved himself to be an
+
+able and enthusiastic king.&amp;nbsp; He devoted himself to the minutiae of
+
+government, personally initialing household account books.&amp;nbsp; He was
+
+quite miserly, which greatly benefited his spendthrift son Henry VIII,
+
+but this was understandable - the first Tudor king knew financial success
+
+would be the life or death of his new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Like all monarchs,
+
+he needed money - and often badly.&amp;nbsp; But he needed parliament's permission
+
+to raise taxes or create new ones.&amp;nbsp; Yet Henry knew that parliament
+
+would be opposed to giving a new - and unpopular king - more sources of
+
+revenue, particularly since England's economy was not prosperous.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And so Henry only called parliament seven times during his reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Instead of creating new methods to raise money, he cannily exploited the
+
+existing sources.&amp;nbsp; Every loophole that existed was stretched wide
+
+- Henry sought every penny he could from eevery source of revenue.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And he protected the money fanatically.&amp;nbsp; Few monarchs lived so frugally,
+
+and as Francis Bacon noted, 'towards his queen [Elizabeth of York] he was
+
+nothing uxorious, nor scarce indulgent....'
+
+&lt;br&gt;For Henry VII, money equaled security.&amp;nbsp; And so rights of Wardship,
+
+Marriage, Promotions, and Death, forced loans and benvolences, and trade
+
+dues were all tools to gain financial security.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Upon becoming king, Henry's immediate problem was the same as his Yorkist
+
+predecessors - the legitimacy of his claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; Bosworth
+
+Field had not ended the struggle for England's crown, and Henry faced considerable
+
+unrest throughout the early years of his reign.&amp;nbsp; The Northerners (who
+
+never lost their distrust of the Tudors) had supported Richard III, and
+
+did not welcome a Welsh king.&amp;nbsp; And Yorkist support continued in Ireland
+
+(where Lambert Simnel was crowned Edward VI 1487), and in Europe (where
+
+Edward IV and Richard III's sister Margaret lived on as the influential
+
+duchess of Burgundy.)&amp;nbsp; Also, because Henry's claim to the throne was
+
+so weak, he inevitably had to work harder to create the impression of royal
+
+authority.&amp;nbsp; By all accounts, he lacked the majesty, or charisma, of
+
+his son Henry VIII and granddaughter Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; But charisma was
+
+perhaps a negligible quality during those early years; more important were
+
+hard work, dedication, and discipline.&amp;nbsp; And Henry possessed those
+
+qualities in abundance.
+
+&lt;p&gt;First, Henry benefited directly from the Wars of the Roses - heirs to
+
+many of the old noble families were killed during the battles.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+simply appropriated their lands and revenue.&amp;nbsp; Those that had supported
+
+Richard III (those that survived, that is) were attainted and their estates
+
+confiscated.&amp;nbsp; He also created a council 'Learned in the Law' in 1495
+
+to deal with enforcement of already-existing taxes, particularly those
+
+owed by the nobility.&amp;nbsp; Henry also forbid nobles to retain their own
+
+armies.&amp;nbsp; A small number of attendants was acceptable, but Henry did
+
+not want any lord to have more power than the king.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had
+
+attempted the same maneuver, with less success.&amp;nbsp; Henry was aided by
+
+a simple fact - as king, he owned most of the gunpowder in the country.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Therefore, he simply blew up the castles and keeps of recalcitrant barons.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was quite an effective policy, though Henry did not curb the power and
+
+influence of all nobles.&amp;nbsp; But it is worth noting that the English
+
+nobility, already in decline during the Wars of the Roses, fell from influence
+
+rapidly under the Tudors - under Elizabeth I, for instance, England had
+
+just one duke (and he was executed for treason.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry did continue the Yorkist tradition of promoting government officers
+
+from the middle class (primarily clerics and lawyers.)&amp;nbsp; But he did
+
+not create the middle class government that many historians propose; nobles
+
+still retained the most powerful positions.&amp;nbsp; Henry kept many of Edward
+
+IV and Richard III's councilors, and these were either from the aristocracy,
+
+or related through marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it should be noted that the middle
+
+class was growing in power and influence, and carefully making its way
+
+through the corridors of power.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry also revived the powers of the Justices of the Peace, first introduced
+
+by Henry II.&amp;nbsp; They administered the king's justice throughout England,
+
+and were supposedly free of local prejudices.&amp;nbsp; His Yorkist predecessors
+
+had appointed a Council of the North and thus allowed the great border
+
+families of Neville, Dacre, Scrope, and Percy to rule as virtually independent
+
+princes with their own armies.&amp;nbsp; This was necessary because the Scottish
+
+border was notoriously difficult to maintain; raids from the north were
+
+all too common, and the Yorkists had needed the Northern lords to protect
+
+English interests.&amp;nbsp; When Edward IV was king, Richard had been 'Lord
+
+of the North', having inherited the vast Neville estates through his wife.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry was not so inclined - he did not want the Northern families to be
+
+too powerful; after all, they could turn that power against their king.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But he also knew the North needed a strong leader, a servant of the crown.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And so he released the last Percy heir, the earl of Northumberland, from
+
+the Tower of London and appointed him Lord Warden of the East and Middle
+
+Marches.&amp;nbsp; But Henry carefully trimmed Percy's powers, and only allowed
+
+the council to meet sporadically.&amp;nbsp; He successfully subdued it into
+
+becoming a mere extension of his own London-based authority.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry also attempted to quell the Scottish problem, and undercut the
+
+Auld Alliance (the alliance between France and Scotland), by marrying his
+
+eldest daughter Margaret to the king of Scots in 1503.&amp;nbsp; He planned
+
+to marry his youngest daughter, Mary, to Charles, the prince of Castile.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His eldest son and heir apparent, Prince Arthur, was wed to the youngest
+
+daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, the powerful 'Catholic Kings' of Spain.&amp;nbsp;
+
+With these marriage alliances, Henry hoped to protect his domestic interests;
+
+he did not want to engage in costly foreign wars since the establishment
+
+of his own dynasty was more important, but he needed foreign allies.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Marriage was less costly than war, and - Henry hoped - more effective.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The matches were impressive, particularly the match with Spain since it
+
+meant that the most powerful European monarchs recognized his shaky claim
+
+to the throne.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082556&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082556&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,1511 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">53816</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">King Henry VIII (1491-1547): Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Six Wives of Henry VIII The Reformation</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">King Henry VIII (1491-1547): Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">King Henry VIII: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2063.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8main.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8two.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">fitzroy.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;King Henry VIII&quot; height=52 width=315&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8main.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of King Henry VIII by an unknown artist&quot; BORDER=2 height=348 width=250&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#One&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+    View portraits of King Henry VIII at
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#One&quot;&gt;A
+
+brief discussion of his personality and historical importance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; 
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Two&quot;&gt;Henry Tudor, duke of York: 1491-1502&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Three&quot;&gt;Heir
+
+apparent: 1502-1509&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Four&quot;&gt;1509-1526:
+
+Katharine of Aragon, Cardinal Wolsey &amp;amp; Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Five&quot;&gt;1526-1536:
+
+Anne Boleyn and the Henrician Reformation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Six&quot;&gt;1536-1546:
+
+Four wives, Thomas Cromwell &amp;amp; foreign policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Seven&quot;&gt;Death
+
+and disorder: Henry's last months and a discussion of his illness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Eight&quot;&gt;The
+
+English nobility during Henry's reign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Nine&quot;&gt;Henry: 
+    lapsed Catholic or Protestant reformer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Ten&quot;&gt;Notable
+
+Dates and Events&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Eleven&quot;&gt;Bibliography
+
+and Further Reading&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Henry's wives:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;b&gt;Henry's children:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;
+      King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;'My, you ought to seen old Henry the Eight when he was in bloom.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He &lt;i&gt;was&lt;/i&gt; a blossom.&amp;nbsp; He used to marry a new wife every day, and
+
+chop off her head next morning.&amp;nbsp; And he would do it just as indifferent
+
+as if he was ordering up eggs.&amp;nbsp; 'Fetch up Nell Gwynn,' he says.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They fetch her up.&amp;nbsp; Next morning, 'Chop off her head!'&amp;nbsp; And they
+
+chop it off.&amp;nbsp; 'Fetch up Jane Shore,' he says; and up she comes.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Next morning, 'Chop off her head' - and they chop it off.&amp;nbsp; 'Ring up
+
+Fair Rosamun.'&amp;nbsp; Fair Rosamun answers the bell.&amp;nbsp; Next morning,
+
+'Chop off her head.'&amp;nbsp; And he made every one of them tell him a tale
+
+every night; and he kept that up till he had hogged a thousand and one
+
+tales that way, and then he put them all in a book, and called it Domesday
+
+Book - which was a good name and stated the case.&amp;nbsp; You don't know
+
+kings, Jim, but I know them; and this old rip of ourn is one of the cleanest
+
+I've struck in history.&amp;nbsp; Well, Henry he takes a notion he wants to
+
+get up some trouble with this country.&amp;nbsp; How does he go at it - give
+
+notice? - give the country a show?&amp;nbsp; No.&amp;nbsp; All of a sudden he heaves
+
+all the tea in Boston Harbor overboard, and whacks out a declaration of
+
+independence, and dares them to come on.&amp;nbsp; That was &lt;i&gt;his&lt;/i&gt; style
+
+- he never give anybody a chance.&amp;nbsp; He  had suspicions of his father,
+
+the Duke of Wellington.&amp;nbsp; Well, what did he do? - ask him to show up?&amp;nbsp;
+
+No - drownded him in a butt of mamsey, like a cat.&amp;nbsp; Spose people left
+
+money laying around where he was - what did he do?&amp;nbsp; He collared it.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Spose he contracted to do a thing; and you paid him, and didn't set down
+
+there and see that he done it - what did he do?&amp;nbsp; He always done the
+
+other thing.&amp;nbsp; Spose he opened his mouth - what then?&amp;nbsp; If he didn't
+
+shut it up powerful quick, he'd lose a lie, every time.&amp;nbsp; That's the
+
+kind of a bug Henry was....&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;All I say is, kings is kings, and you got to make allowances.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Take them all around, they're a mighty ornery lot.&amp;nbsp; It's the way they're
+
+raised.'&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;from Mark Twain's &lt;i&gt;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;One&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;I have no fear but when you
+
+heard that our Prince, now Henry the Eighth, whom we may call our Octavius,
+
+had succeeded to his father's throne, all your melancholy left you at once.&amp;nbsp;
+
+What may you not promise yourself from a Prince with whose extraordinary
+
+and almost Divine character you are acquainted?&amp;nbsp; When you know what
+
+a hero he now shows himself, how wisely he behaves, what a lover he is
+
+of justice and goodness, what affection he bears to the learned I will
+
+venture to swear that you will need no wings to make you fly to behold
+
+this new and auspicious star.&amp;nbsp; If you could see how all the world
+
+here is rejoicing in the possession of so great a Prince, how his life
+
+is all their desire, you could not contain your tears for joy.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+heavens laugh, the earth exults, all things are full of milk, of honey,
+
+of nectar!&amp;nbsp; Avarice is expelled the country.&amp;nbsp; Liberality scatters
+
+wealth with bounteous hand.&amp;nbsp; Our King does not desire gold or gems
+
+or precious metals, but virtue, glory, immortality.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;font size=2&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lord Mountjoy to Erasmus&lt;/i&gt;, 1509&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;A brief discussion of his personality and historical
+
+importance&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; How can one adequately describe Henry's personality?&amp;nbsp;
+
+Imagine yourself as Henry VIII, the second son suddenly yanked into the
+
+spotlight by your older brother's death. Sheltered and smothered by a father
+
+suddenly aware that he has just one heir left; handsome and intelligent
+
+and, by turns, both recklessly indulged and then denied.&amp;nbsp; Any of us
+
+would have emerged as a mass of contradictions and frustrations.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So Henry VIII, crowned king at the prime of his life, just eighteen years
+
+old and physically magnificent with more enthusiasm and energy than most
+
+of his contemporaries, became a conflicted and confused man.&amp;nbsp; But
+
+it is a shame to let the last twenty years of his life color the interpretation
+
+of his entire life.&amp;nbsp; One should not see him as simply an ogre king
+
+who beheaded two wives, divorced two others, and rejected another in one
+
+of the most humiliating ways possible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His personality was quite amazing; his intelligence,
+
+learning, and curiosity impressed even the world-weary ambassadors who
+
+littered his court.&amp;nbsp; His thirst for knowledge was insatiable, though
+
+it never became the near-mania that haunted Philip II.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII
+
+didn't spend his declining years surrounded by slips of paper detailing
+
+the most minute occurrences in his realm.&amp;nbsp; But he did spend his entire
+
+reign reading dispatches, scribbling notations, meeting with diplomats
+
+and politicians.&amp;nbsp; Very little occurred in England that escaped his
+
+attention; indeed, very little occurred in Europe that escaped Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He prided himself on this and well he should; the Spanish ambassador reported
+
+that Henry knew of the fall of Cadiz before the Holy Roman Emperor.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He was usually genial company.&amp;nbsp; He loved music
+
+and wrote his own.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed dancing and entertainment.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+held countless banquets and tournaments.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed all physical
+
+activities and excelled at most of them.&amp;nbsp; Hunting, archery, tennis,
+
+jousting - the king made his court into an endless round of competition
+
+and celebration.&amp;nbsp; When he grew older, these former pleasures became
+
+torments; like most former athletes, Henry became fat as he aged and the
+
+once-loved pastimes became bitter reminders of the ravages of time.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And he ruled over a country where almost half the population was 18 years
+
+old or younger!&amp;nbsp; Youth was everywhere, staring the old king in his
+
+face.&amp;nbsp; We can imagine the effects.&amp;nbsp; Quite naturally, he sought
+
+reassurances - from women, his courtiers, his council.&amp;nbsp; Affairs could
+
+distract him, but love affairs were never his grand passion.&amp;nbsp; Despite
+
+his licentious reputation, Henry VIII was really a 16th century sexual
+
+prude; among his European contemporaries, he philandered the least.&amp;nbsp;
+
+State affairs indulged his taste for war and glory; family affairs gnawed
+
+at his conscience and pride.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII did not want distractions.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He wanted a grand mission, a defining statement.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he got
+
+his wish, though in the most improbable way possible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He began life as a second son, destined for the
+
+church.&amp;nbsp; It was the dream of Henry VII for his eldest son, Arthur,
+
+to be king and for his second son, Henry, to be the highest churchman in
+
+England.&amp;nbsp; And so, for the first ten years of his life, Henry was a
+
+student of theology.&amp;nbsp; And for the next thirty years of his life, he
+
+remained a dutiful son of the church.&amp;nbsp; It is ironic, then, that his
+
+most significant historical achievement was the destruction of the Roman
+
+Catholic faith in England.&amp;nbsp; The impact of the Henrician reformation
+
+forever altered the course of English history.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII, who had
+
+indulged in endless diplomatic squabbles and foreign wars, left no grand
+
+achievement beyond his own borders.&amp;nbsp; Vast amounts of money were spent
+
+on these foreign entanglements - and many lives lost - but, in the end,
+
+nothing changed in the European balance of power.&amp;nbsp; England, constantly
+
+pulled between the two great continental powers of France and the Holy
+
+Roman Empire, nearly bankrupted itself in an attempt to become respected
+
+and feared.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Why did Henry ultimately fail in those tasks normally
+
+reserved for monarchs?&amp;nbsp; Ultimately, he was a victim of his times.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The 16th century was a confusing mess of changing loyalties, betrayals,
+
+near-constant fighting, and most importantly, a rising skepticism of that
+
+great institution of the fading medieval world, the Roman Catholic church.&amp;nbsp;
+
+With the advent of the printing press a century before, literacy and intellectual
+
+debate grew rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The High Renaissance in Italy occurred during
+
+the first 20 years of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; It was a time of unparalleled
+
+scientific experiment, intellectual fervor, and spirited debate.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In such a time, traditional views of kingship were bound to change for
+
+both the ruler and those he ruled.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (As evidence of this confusion, one need only remember
+
+that Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor crowned by the Pope, led the brutal
+
+sack of Rome in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Charles, supposedly the anointed defender of
+
+the papacy, actually ordered his imperial army to loot, pillage, and kill
+
+their way through Rome and the Vatican.&amp;nbsp; The pope ended up fleeing
+
+to relative safety in his nightshirt.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While reading any biography of Henry VIII, one must
+
+remember the flavor of his times and judge him, if at all, by sixteenth-century
+
+standards.&amp;nbsp; It's always amusing to read descriptions of Henry as the
+
+lustful tyrant torn between bedding and beheading innocent women; in truth,
+
+he blushed at dirty jokes and was more faithful than many 20th century
+
+husbands.&amp;nbsp; He was married to Katharine of Aragon for over twenty years
+
+and had just a handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He waited years to physically
+
+consummate his relationship with Anne Boleyn, and despite being in the
+
+prime of his life, remained faithful to her until marriage.&amp;nbsp; Was this
+
+sexual prudery a result of his early church training?&amp;nbsp; Perhaps.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Whatever the case, it was a hallmark of his life.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was
+
+always an incurable romantic.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His personal and political decisions were always
+
+grandiose, melodramatic, and played for great effect.&amp;nbsp; He loved pomp
+
+and pageantry, even as he loathed to deal with the consequences of his
+
+actions.&amp;nbsp; Like his father, he was caught in the transition from medieval
+
+England to renaissance England.&amp;nbsp; And like his father, he was well-versed
+
+in English history and desperate to continue the Tudor dynasty, to secure
+
+his claims to Ireland, Scotland, and France, to raise England to the status
+
+of its continental neighbors, and to expand his God-given right to rule
+
+all Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; When reading about Henry's political and dynastic
+
+ambitions, one is always struck by the wide scope of his desires.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Though most came to naught in the end, he actually planned invasions of
+
+France, plotted to join Charles V's invasion of Italy, and intended to
+
+seize the Scottish throne.&amp;nbsp; The word 'ambitious' hardly does Great
+
+Harry justice.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His political ambitions failed and he bequeathed
+
+a woeful mess to his nine-year-old heir, Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; His greatest
+
+achievement was a dubious one, and one for which he was often eager to
+
+distance himself - the Henrician reformation, the end of Roman Catholicism
+
+in England and the birth of the Anglican church.&amp;nbsp; The king, for all
+
+his contradictions and failures, helped destroy the greatest institution
+
+in medieval Europe.&amp;nbsp; Once Germany and England fell to the new heresy,
+
+its spread across Europe was inevitable and invincible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the biography of Henry at this site, I hope to
+
+capture both the king's personality and assess his importance to history.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry VIII's reign was as tumultuous as the king himself.&amp;nbsp; If nothing
+
+else, it makes for entertaining reading.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Henry Tudor, duke of York: 1491-1502&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The second Henry Tudor was born on 28 June 1491 at Greenwich
+
+Palace in London.&amp;nbsp; He was the third child of the first Tudor monarch,
+
+Henry VII, and his wife, Elizabeth Plantagenet, daughter of the Yorkist
+
+king, Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; At the time of her second son's birth, Queen Elizabeth
+
+was just 25 years old; her husband was 34, and had been king for almost
+
+six years.&amp;nbsp; Those six years had been difficult ones.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+marriage to Elizabeth had helped amass Yorkist support for his rule, but
+
+the English people were hardly enthusiastic about Henry, even as they had
+
+been noticeably ambivalent about his predecessor, Elizabeth's uncle, Richard
+
+III.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was popular with the common people; her young life
+
+had all the romance and tragedy necessary for sympathetic gossip and she
+
+was a classical fair beauty, possessing all the female virtues necessary
+
+for a queen.&amp;nbsp; She was quiet, demure, and charming; she was also content
+
+to allow her formidable mother-in-law, Margaret Beaufort, assume a position
+
+of unprecedented influence over the king.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth's emotional attachment to her husband has been much-debated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In truth, she had known all her&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8two.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;sketch of Henry VIII as a toddler&quot; BORDER=1 height=214 width=150 align=right&gt; life that she would never marry a man of
+
+her own choice.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her mother, Elizabeth Woodville, conspired
+
+with Margaret Beaufort for Elizabeth to marry Henry Tudor, exiled son of
+
+Henry VI's half-brother.&amp;nbsp; Henry was, by all accounts, grateful for
+
+the match.&amp;nbsp; He appreciated its political implications.&amp;nbsp; He also
+
+respected his new queen and was faithful to his marriage vows, an unusual
+
+trait in a king.&amp;nbsp; Upon her marriage, Elizabeth entered a semi-retirement
+
+- she was queen and her duty was to produce as many heirs as possible.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Nine months after her marriage, she gave birth to her first child at St Swithin's Priory in Winchester, a prince named Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Henry and
+
+Elizabeth had wed on 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey in London; Prince
+
+Arthur was born 20 September 1486.&amp;nbsp; Three years later, Elizabeth gave
+
+birth to their second child, a princess called Margaret after Henry VII's
+
+mother.&amp;nbsp; She was born on 28 November 1489 at Westminster Palace in
+
+London.&amp;nbsp; For the new king, the birth of a healthy second child, and
+
+his wife's rapid recovery, were good omens.&amp;nbsp; Even as he attempted
+
+to enforce his rule in the always troublesome northern England which had
+
+been Richard III's base of support, Henry VII could rest assured that his
+
+dynasty was becoming secure.&amp;nbsp; But it was only on 28 June 1491, when
+
+another healthy prince was born, this time at Greenwich Palace, that Henry
+
+VII could breathe a sigh of relief.&amp;nbsp; This second son was a necessary
+
+insurance policy for the new Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Childhood mortality was
+
+high and diseases such as small pox, the sweating sickness, and the plague
+
+were rife throughout England.&amp;nbsp; A king needed as many healthy heirs
+
+as possible, and the birth of a second son was an occasion for celebration.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 27 February 1490, Prince Arthur was titled prince
+
+of Wales at Westminster Palace in London; this was the real beginning of
+
+a tradition that continues to this day.&amp;nbsp; And in 1494, Arthur's baby
+
+brother was titled duke of York, the traditional title of the king's brother.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At this early age, all we know of Prince Henry was that he was considered
+
+a handsome and precocious toddler, but one would expect such descriptions
+
+of the king's son.&amp;nbsp; He did not share his brother's fair coloring or
+
+slight build.&amp;nbsp; Prince Henry was a sturdy, strawberry-blond boy noted
+
+for his energy and temper.&amp;nbsp; Just a year after his birth, his mother
+
+bore another daughter; this child was called Elizabeth and she died three
+
+years later.&amp;nbsp; It was the first in a series of tragedies for the young
+
+queen.&amp;nbsp; She and Henry VII were considered good and affectionate parents,
+
+but they never lost sight of the political importance of their children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Together they decided that Prince Henry, like most second sons, was destined
+
+for the church, and his early schooling was planned accordingly.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This strong emphasis upon theology and its esoteric debates remained with
+
+Henry for the rest of his life and made him feel uniquely qualified to
+
+interpret religious law during the 1520s.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Heir apparent: 1502-1509&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's position as the second son lasted only until 2 April
+
+1502, just a few months before his eleventh birthday.&amp;nbsp; It was on that
+
+day that his brother Arthur died at Ludlow Castle, the government seat
+
+of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The insecurity of the Tudor succession was
+
+suddenly unavoidable.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth of York, despite repeated pregnancies,
+
+had not borne another healthy son; after Henry's birth, there was just
+
+one more male child - a son called Edmund, born in 1499 and dead just a
+
+year later.&amp;nbsp; The queen did become pregnant shortly after Arthur's
+
+death but this eighth pregnancy proved to be her last.&amp;nbsp; The child,
+
+called Katherine, was born and died on 2 February 1503.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
+
+contracted an infection and died a few days later, on 11 February, her
+
+thirty-seventh birthday.&amp;nbsp; So in the short space of a year, Henry lost
+
+both his older brother and mother.&amp;nbsp; But the effects of these losses
+
+was felt even more keenly by Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; His reign had proved to be
+
+neither peaceful or happy.&amp;nbsp; He was beset by worries - constant diplomatic
+
+maneuvering, subjects who mocked him as a cold-hearted, tax-hungry miser,
+
+and now he had lost his son and wife.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Arthur's death was more than a personal tragedy;
+
+it was a political tragedy as well.&amp;nbsp; The young prince had been married
+
+to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
+
+Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; on 14 November 1501 at St.Paul's Cathedral, London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The daughter of the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon and
+
+Isabella of Castile, Katharine's marriage to the Tudor heir had marked
+
+the high point of Henry VII's foreign diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; His grip on the
+
+English throne had long been considered both illegitimate and untenable
+
+by most European powers, except in cases where it suited their interests
+
+to pretend otherwise.&amp;nbsp; But a bond of marriage between the house of
+
+Tudor and the ruling dynasty of Spain gave Henry's rule a stamp of approval.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was now allied with one of the most powerful ruling families in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Prince Henry met his sister-in-law and future wife on this momentous occasion,
+
+heading the procession that led her to the cathedral.&amp;nbsp; Later, he officially
+
+introduced her to the citizens of London.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With Arthur's death, his teenage wife was trapped
+
+in England while Henry VII squabbled with her father over the remaining
+
+payments on her dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was perhaps even then mulling over
+
+the idea of not letting the all-important Spanish alliance go to waste.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Soon enough he was openly proposing that Katharine marry young Prince Henry,
+
+now the heir apparent and five years her junior.&amp;nbsp; What did young Prince
+
+Henry know of these plans?&amp;nbsp; Probably very little.&amp;nbsp; After Arthur's
+
+death, Henry VII became somewhat paranoid and tried desperately to protect
+
+his only son from any injury or illness.&amp;nbsp; People who wished to visit
+
+the young prince had to receive permission from Henry VII, and this remained
+
+the case well into the boy's adolescence.&amp;nbsp; Such strict rules may have
+
+irked the heir but they did not interfere with his continuing education.&amp;nbsp;
+
+While his older brother was in Wales learning the intricacies of government,
+
+Henry received a primarily classical education, mastering Latin and French
+
+and becoming an excellent and exuberant athlete.&amp;nbsp; Contemporary sources
+
+make it clear that he was a happy child, fond of sports and spectacle,
+
+and equally proud of his intellectual accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; In short,
+
+he possessed all the personality and charm his father noticeably lacked.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Both his physical appearance and character were similar to those of his
+
+Plantagenet grandfather Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked upon
+
+by those Englishmen who had lived through the last years of the Wars of
+
+the Roses.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Prince Henry, his father spent the last
+
+years of his reign establishing good relationships with other monarchs
+
+and avoiding expensive war; also, his fondness for extorting money from
+
+an unwilling populace never wavered.&amp;nbsp; He left his son a king's greatest
+
+gift - a healthy treasury.&amp;nbsp; Ironically, one of Henry VIII's first
+
+acts as king was to execute his father's most productive, and hence most
+
+notorious, tax collectors.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VII never really decided whether
+
+he wanted to marry Prince Henry to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He kept the
+
+young princess in England for seven years while he toyed with the idea.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her living conditions steadily deteriorated; she was miserably unhappy,
+
+many of her Spanish attendants were sent home, she lacked money for even
+
+basic necessities.&amp;nbsp; Food and adequate clothing were constant concerns.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She struggled to bear her hardships with the serene and regal dignity that
+
+was ingrained in her character as a princess of Spain, and such calm in
+
+the face of deprivation impressed young Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; It is certainly
+
+true that even years later, in the midst of an acrimonious separation,
+
+he never lost his respect for Katharine.&amp;nbsp; This respect was always
+
+tinged with a bit of fear.&amp;nbsp; He was keenly aware of her great ancestry
+
+and extensive education, her self-deprecating wit and complete mastery
+
+of all feminine tasks.&amp;nbsp; Even as queen of England, she took particular
+
+pride in sewing and mending Henry's shirts.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+They had little contact during the later years of Henry VII's reign, only
+
+meeting occasionally at formal&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII, c1509&quot; BORDER=1 height=194 width=125 align=right&gt; events.&amp;nbsp; Henry was formally promised
+
+in marriage to Katharine on 23 June 1503; the treaty stated that he would
+
+marry Katharine on his fifteenth birthday, 28 June 1505, and that her parents
+
+send over 100,000 crowns worth of plate and jewels in addition to the dowry
+
+she had given when married to Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was a stickler
+
+on the dowry issue, refusing to allow the marriage to be solemnized, much
+
+less celebrated and consummated, until the money arrived.&amp;nbsp; But the
+
+Spaniards were as loathe to part with money as Henry.&amp;nbsp; So 1505 came
+
+and went with no marriage though Prince Henry referred in letters to Katharine
+
+as his 'most dear and well-beloved consort, the princess my wife'.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But his father was still king, and his father refused to allow the marriage.&amp;nbsp;
+
+To strengthen his bargaining power with the Spaniards, he had Prince Henry
+
+make a formal protest to Richard Fox, the bishop of Winchester, disowning
+
+the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; Both parties prevaricated - until 1509, when
+
+Henry VII suddenly died at the age of 52, and his headstrong son, chafing
+
+at his father's authority, was free to make his own decisions.&amp;nbsp; To
+
+the surprise of all, including the Spaniards, he promptly announced he
+
+would marry Katharine and crown her queen of England.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After years of being shut away from the world, he
+
+was now king.&amp;nbsp; All of the boundless energy and enthusiasm of his character
+
+was unleashed.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps out of chivalry, or adolescent affection,
+
+or, as he later claimed, out of respect for his father's wishes, he wed
+
+his late brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; In light of future events, it is worth noting
+
+that the dowry had not been the only sticking-point in the marriage plans
+
+- there was the not insignificant fact that Katharine had been married
+
+to Henry's brother, and her marriage to Henry would be regarded as incestuous
+
+and unacceptable to the church.&amp;nbsp; As Henry VIII would later argue,
+
+&lt;i&gt;Leviticus&lt;/i&gt;
+
+clearly stated that a man was forbidden to marry his brother's widow.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For her part, Katharine claimed, and her duenna, Dona Elvira, agreed, that
+
+her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated.&amp;nbsp; The young prince
+
+of Wales had been suffering from consumption for months, even before the
+
+wedding, and their wedding night had passed uneventfully.&amp;nbsp; If this
+
+was true, and it seems to have been (until it was in Henry VIII's interests
+
+for it not to be), there was no barrier to her union with Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Both the English and Spanish courts sought the requisite papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was granted and the path to marriage was clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever
+
+set eyes on; above the usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his
+
+leg, his complexion very fair and bright, auburn hair combed straight and
+
+short, in the French fashion, and a round face so very beautiful that it
+
+would become a pretty woman, his throat being rather long and thick....&amp;nbsp;
+
+He will enter his twenty-fifth year the month after next.&amp;nbsp; He speaks
+
+French, English and Latin, and a little Italian, plays well on the lute
+
+and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws the bow with greater strength
+
+than any man in England and jousts marvelously....&amp;nbsp; a most accomplished
+
+Prince.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;the Venetian diplomat Pasqualigo in a dispatch&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;, 1515&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;1509-1526: Katharine of Aragon, Cardinal Wolsey
+
+and Princess Mary&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 23 June 1509.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had married Katharine on 11 June at Grey Friars Church in Greenwich
+
+and she shared his coronation.&amp;nbsp; It was a splendid event and continued
+
+throughout midsummer with much celebration and spectacle.&amp;nbsp; There is
+
+an account of the coronation at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.&amp;nbsp; It was soon clear that the young king, who turned
+
+18 just a few days after his coronation, had little interest in the day-to-day
+
+business of government.&amp;nbsp; While it is true that Henry was a vocal participant
+
+at council meetings, the early years of his reign were devoted more to
+
+enjoyment than the drudgery of administration.&amp;nbsp; He was content to
+
+allow trusted nobles and ecclesiastics to rule in his name - William Warham,
+
+archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey and later 2d duke
+
+of Norfolk, Bishop Richard Foxe, and, beginning around 1514, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, one of the first acts of Henry's
+
+reign was a particularly brutal one, especially designed to benefit his
+
+popularity.&amp;nbsp; He ordered the executions of his father's most productive
+
+and hated tax collectors, Edmund Dudley and Sir Richard Empson.&amp;nbsp; It
+
+was a bloody beginning for his reign and a taste of things to come.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Certainly it pleased the English people for most tax collectors were hated,
+
+and Dudley and Empson had been particularly ruthless.&amp;nbsp; But their efficiency
+
+had the complete support of King Henry VII, whose orders they followed.&amp;nbsp;
+
+A problem had emerged for the new king - how could he execute the tax collectors
+
+when their only crime was to obey their king?&amp;nbsp; He resorted, for the
+
+first but not the last time, to judicial murder, charging the men with
+
+'constructive treason'.&amp;nbsp; It was a wholly fictitious charge which no
+
+one fully understood, even those at the trial.&amp;nbsp; This cold-blooded
+
+act pleased the people and demonstrated Henry's desire for popular approval.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But it also revealed a ruthlessness to his character that grew more pronounced
+
+as the years passed.&amp;nbsp; Many historians argue that Henry grew tyrannical
+
+only after Katharine of Aragon failed to provide an heir but the evidence
+
+proves otherwise.&amp;nbsp; If someone could not be legally executed, the king
+
+simply invented a new charge.&amp;nbsp; For example, in 1513, before leaving
+
+for war in France, he executed Edmund de la Pole, his Plantagenet cousin
+
+held prisoner in the Tower since Henry VII's reign.&amp;nbsp; A benign spirit,
+
+locked away for most of his life, Edmund was no threat to anyone.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But Henry executed him to remind his subjects that, though he would be
+
+in France, any challenge to his authority would be met with grave displeasure.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His marriage to Katharine was very happy, at least
+
+during these early years.&amp;nbsp; She had a more reserved character than
+
+her husband and blushed at his ribald jests, but she entered into the spirit
+
+of frivolity which pervaded their court.&amp;nbsp; There was dancing and music,
+
+for Henry was a splendid dancer and musician; he composed songs and wrote
+
+poetry, most of which has survived and is quite lovely.&amp;nbsp; He also enjoyed
+
+hunting, sometimes tiring ten horses during a single hunt, and jousting;
+
+by all accounts, he was the greatest athlete at the court.&amp;nbsp; And he
+
+was a dedicated and affectionate husband.&amp;nbsp; Everything he built was
+
+decorated with an intertwined H and K, and Katharine's pomegranates were
+
+carved next to Tudor roses.&amp;nbsp; He called himself the 'Knight of the
+
+Loyal Heart' and bowed before his queen after each grueling tournament.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He also involved Katharine in the seemingly endless visits of foreign dignitaries,
+
+inviting the ambassadors to her apartments and openly seeking her advice
+
+and opinion.&amp;nbsp; It was clear that they loved and respected one another,
+
+and those early years made his eventual disinterest all the more painful
+
+for the queen to bear.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+Katharine bore their first child on 31 January 1510, just six months after
+
+their coronation.&amp;nbsp; It was a girl, born too early to survive.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The next birth, on 1 January 1511, was a far happier occasion.&amp;nbsp; It
+
+was a boy, called Henry after his father and titled duke of Cornwall.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The delighted father planned celebrations to rival his&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon, c1525 by Horenbout&quot; height=168 width=166 align=right&gt; coronation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The boy was apparently healthy yet died about two months later.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+cause was unknown, but it was an age of high infant mortality.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+young parents were devastated.&amp;nbsp; Henry consoled himself by waging war
+
+against France, courtesy of his father-in-law Ferdinand of Aragon, and
+
+Katharine's fierce piety led her to kneel for hours on cold stone floors
+
+in prayer.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's attempts to gain glory on the battlefield
+
+were misplaced.&amp;nbsp; In June 1512, the marquess of Dorset sailed out of
+
+Southampton, bound for Gascony with 12,000 troops.&amp;nbsp; They reached the
+
+port of Fuentarrabia, where they were to join the Spanish and attack Bayonne.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But the Spanish troops never arrived.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, without consulting
+
+his son-in-law, attacked and seized Navarre instead and then declared the
+
+'Holy War' over.&amp;nbsp; He had essentially used Henry's troops as bait;
+
+when the French went off to fight the English, Ferdinand seized his chance
+
+and attacked Navarre.&amp;nbsp; To top off his treachery, he also openly criticized
+
+the English soldiers who, without receiving his permission, had sailed
+
+home after waiting four months at Fuentarrabia.&amp;nbsp; Henry was too embarrassed
+
+by his soldiers' mutiny to call his father-in-law's bluff.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Desperate to erase the memory of that military blunder,
+
+he planned a grand campaign for the spring of 1513.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors
+
+even secured the support of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+joined the 'Holy Alliance' of England and Spain to attack France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But once again Ferdinand's self-interest ruled the day.&amp;nbsp; He went behind
+
+his allies' backs to make a secret truce with Louis XII of France, and
+
+so he kept Navarre peacefully.&amp;nbsp; This happened in March 1513 and suitably
+
+angered Henry.&amp;nbsp; But the English king had learned a lesson from his
+
+previous blunder.&amp;nbsp; His forces were launched from England's only possession
+
+on the continent, Calais in northern France.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish would not
+
+be involved.&amp;nbsp; On 1 August 1513, about a month after he left England,
+
+Henry besieged the town of Therouanne.&amp;nbsp; Two centuries before, Edward
+
+III had seized that city after the great battle of Crecy.&amp;nbsp; With Maximilian
+
+by his side (actually as his subordinate; he allowed Henry command of his
+
+troops in exchange for paying their salaries), Henry won a victory within
+
+a fortnight.&amp;nbsp; The capture of a duke, marquis, and vice-admiral fleeing
+
+the scene helped raise substantial ransoms.&amp;nbsp; He gave the town to Maximilian
+
+as a gift and the emperor ordered it razed to the ground.&amp;nbsp; Their next
+
+battle was one month later at Tournai.&amp;nbsp; It surrendered after eight
+
+days and Henry decided it would become another English stronghold within
+
+France.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He had left Katharine in charge at home, officially
+
+titled Governor of the Realm and Captain-General of the Armed Forces, an
+
+honor never allowed his other wives.&amp;nbsp; She had been resoundingly successful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+France and Scotland had an 'Auld Alliance' against England, and&amp;nbsp; James
+
+IV of Scotland, married to Henry's sister Margaret Tudor, had responded
+
+to English aggression against his ally.&amp;nbsp; He led his armies into northern
+
+England.&amp;nbsp; Thomas Howard, the earl of Surrey, took the few English
+
+troops left in the nation to meet him.&amp;nbsp; The armies clashed at Flodden
+
+Edge, between Berwick and the Cheviots.&amp;nbsp; Three hours of fighting ended
+
+the Scottish threat.&amp;nbsp; The evening of 9 September 1513 saw over 10,000
+
+Scots dead, including most of their aristocracy.&amp;nbsp; James IV himself
+
+was killed.&amp;nbsp; Had Henry's attention been focused on his own country,
+
+he could have seized a golden opportunity - with James dead and the high
+
+nobility of Scotland destroyed, he could have marched into Edinburgh and
+
+seized his sister Margaret and her infant son, now King James V.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But instead he remained enthralled with dreams of European conquest, perhaps
+
+comparing himself to his hero, Henry V.&amp;nbsp; And these dreams were encouraged
+
+by news that the Pope had, in secret, promised to recognize Henry as king
+
+of France if he could physically seize possession of the country.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This generous offer had been inspired by French meddling in papal affairs.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this triumphant time, Katharine lost another
+
+child.&amp;nbsp; In November 1513, another prince, also called Henry, duke
+
+of Cornwall, was born and soon died.&amp;nbsp; It was the third miscarriage
+
+in as many years.&amp;nbsp; Was Henry worried?&amp;nbsp; He was still young, as
+
+was Katharine, and had been king for just five years.&amp;nbsp; He was naturally
+
+optimistic, though undoubtedly disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Once again, the queen
+
+was on her knees in prayer.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she felt the losses more keenly.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In letters to her father, she blamed herself.&amp;nbsp; She clearly saw the
+
+dead children as a reproof of some sort, a failure to fulfill the most
+
+basic feminine role.&amp;nbsp; But she was able to send Henry the bloody coat
+
+of the Scottish king; it may have been some consolation.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, in 1514, as &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; extended his control of government, Katharine had reason
+
+to become wary.&amp;nbsp; The golden happiness of the first years with Henry
+
+was wearing thin.&amp;nbsp; Her father had betrayed her husband openly and
+
+scornfully, treating them both as little more than foolish children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She had been her father's best ambassador, heedlessly pressing his claims
+
+upon Henry, using the natural affection between husband and wife to urge
+
+alliances with Spain.&amp;nbsp; She felt the sting of her father's betrayals.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had lied to her, misled her, and tricked her into betraying her husband.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was clear that her primary loyalty must be to Henry and the English
+
+people; she would never trust Ferdinand again.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, the king
+
+returned home and his councilors told him that Henry VII's great treasury
+
+was fast running low.&amp;nbsp; War with France was too costly to continue.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry had seized Tournai and made the competent Thomas Wolsey its bishop,
+
+but more extensive campaigning was out of the question.&amp;nbsp; In this,
+
+the king surprisingly agreed.&amp;nbsp; He had won his share of glory - at
+
+least for now - and it would be enough.&amp;nbsp; And Ferdinand's betrayal
+
+had been met with a suitable reply.&amp;nbsp; Henry's younger sister
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;,
+
+the most beautiful of the Tudor children, had been betrothed to Ferdinand's
+
+nephew, the duke of Burgundy, but now Henry made peace with France and
+
+promised Mary to Louis XII, three times her age and suffering from gout.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+new desire for peace with France, England's traditional enemy, was encouraged
+
+by Spanish duplicity.&amp;nbsp; But it&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&quot; height=234 width=150 align=right&gt; was also due to the growing influence
+
+of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; Derisively called 'Master Almoner' by those jealous of
+
+his influence, Wolsey came from a humble background and, like most talented
+
+and ambitious men from poor families, he used the church to advance in
+
+society.&amp;nbsp; He attended Oxford and showed such promise that he was made
+
+bursar of Magdalen College and then chaplain to Archbishop Deane.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In 1507, in his thirties and now well-connected, he became chaplain to
+
+Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry VIII's accession, Wolsey received a seat on
+
+the council and was made king's almoner.&amp;nbsp; This position allowed him
+
+personal contact with the young, impressionable monarch.&amp;nbsp; He accompanied
+
+Henry to France during the successful campaigns of 1513, where he was made
+
+bishop of Tournai, and their close relationship grew stronger.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+appreciated Wolsey's dedication to administrative detail and hard work.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And both Warham and Fox, the two senior councilors Henry inherited from
+
+his father, regarded Wolsey as their protÃ©gÃ©.&amp;nbsp; They
+
+were quite happy to retire to their dioceses, leaving the younger man to
+
+deal with the headstrong and rash young king.&amp;nbsp; One can easily sympathize
+
+with Warham and Fox since Henry VIII's personality was quite different
+
+from his father's.&amp;nbsp; The most obvious difference was that he spent
+
+money with the same passion his father had collected it.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that Henry VIII
+
+never completely abandoned his power to Wolsey, though court gossip believed
+
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; He carefully read the Cardinal's dispatches and proved
+
+himself well-informed about domestic and foreign affairs when dealing with
+
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry possessed a lifelong love of keeping his
+
+subjects, noble or common, on their toes; he enjoyed indulging his taste
+
+for surprises.&amp;nbsp; In banquets, this showed itself in his passion for
+
+elaborate costumes in which his identity was hidden.&amp;nbsp; His subjects
+
+would guess which costume hid their king, to the delight of all.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Once, he and several courtiers dressed as Robin Hood and his band of outlaws
+
+and then broke into Katharine of Aragon's apartments.&amp;nbsp; The queen,
+
+used to such antics, wisely played along but several of her ladies were
+
+terrified.&amp;nbsp; At the
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section, you can read about Henry's first meeting with his
+
+fourth wife, Anne of Cleves; he disguised himself at their first meeting,
+
+to the amusement of his nobles and the confusion of the lady.&amp;nbsp; At
+
+times, this love of surprise - of keeping those close to him on an uneven
+
+keel - was downright cruel.&amp;nbsp; He would later allow his councilors to
+
+plan Thomas Cranmer's arrest, only to tell the archbishop their plan in
+
+secret.&amp;nbsp; When the soldiers arrived, they were openly embarrassed and
+
+thwarted when Cranmer revealed his knowledge of the plan and the king's
+
+pardon.&amp;nbsp; And his sixth and final wife, Katharine Parr, was likewise
+
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; Walking in her garden with Henry, she was accosted by
+
+soldiers intending to arrest her.&amp;nbsp; Their warrant had been signed by
+
+Henry himself.&amp;nbsp; But when they attempted to seize the queen, Henry
+
+cursed them, beat several of them about the head and shoulders, and demanded
+
+they beg Katharine's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine the guards' confusion.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; All of these instances serve to illustrate Henry's
+
+desire to remain in control, to hold absolute power in his hands always.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As king, he could give orders but it was also his privilege to immediately
+
+change his mind without bothering to consult anyone.&amp;nbsp; His will was
+
+law.&amp;nbsp; And so he demonstrated his power by doing exactly as he liked,
+
+oftimes choosing the perfect moment to throw everyone off guard and demonstrate
+
+his complete authority.&amp;nbsp; It may have seemed irrational to his contemporaries,
+
+and also to us, but it was quite an effective policy.&amp;nbsp; It meant that
+
+no one ever really knew where they stood with the king.&amp;nbsp; And so, not
+
+knowing his true feelings, they were all the more eager to sycophantically
+
+fawn over him and seek his approval.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This strain of the king's character was perhaps
+
+a bit more light-hearted in the early years of his reign but, like most
+
+of Henry's good qualities, it soon developed an ugly cast.&amp;nbsp; His mutability
+
+was certainly recognized by Wolsey, and famously by Sir Thomas More, and
+
+later led to the Cardinal's downfall.&amp;nbsp; But in the early years of their
+
+relationship, as Wolsey's genius for administration and diplomacy led him
+
+to amass great titles and wealth, the men got along amazingly well.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This continued for over a dozen years.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, Wolsey was titled
+
+archbishop of York, and in 1515 he became a cardinal and lord chancellor,
+
+and in 1518 he was made papal legate.&amp;nbsp; As archbishop of York, he lived
+
+at York Palace and to most outside observers this was the real seat of
+
+government power.&amp;nbsp; Messengers rode constantly between York and Henry's
+
+palaces.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For a long while, both Wolsey and Henry were focused
+
+on foreign affairs.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was a Francophile and desired peace between
+
+the traditional enemies.&amp;nbsp; He used Ferdinand's treacherous behavior
+
+to encourage a marriage between Henry's sister and Louis XII.&amp;nbsp; This
+
+pro-France policy naturally placed him at odds with Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Though she recognized her father's treachery and protected her marriage
+
+by no longer pressing Spanish claims, she was still the daughter of the
+
+Spanish king.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey didn't trust her, which certainly wasn't surprising.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Katharine developed a natural antipathy to the Cardinal as well.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She was a deeply pious woman, growing more so as she aged.&amp;nbsp; She thought
+
+Wolsey far too worldly to be a man of the church.&amp;nbsp; She favored councilors
+
+like &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+
+More&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2ffisher.html&quot;&gt;John
+
+Fisher&lt;/a&gt;, bishop of Rochester, men whose dedication to the church was
+
+as passionate as her own.&amp;nbsp; She was also peeved that her role as Henry's
+
+confidante and advisor was slowly stolen away by Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+
+was jealous of the Cardinal's influence with her husband, particularly
+
+since it meant a subsequent decline in her own influence.&amp;nbsp; The king
+
+no longer brought foreign ambassadors to her rooms and he no longer sought
+
+her opinions.&amp;nbsp; It was as if her father's betrayals implicated her.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Wolsey was the consummate diplomat, skilled at flattering the queen when
+
+they met, but their mutual dislike was open knowledge at court.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In December 1514, Katharine suffered another miscarriage;
+
+it was her fourth, and the third son.&amp;nbsp; It was particularly galling
+
+for her since earlier that year Henry had taken his first public mistress.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was not a lecher, and certainly less victimized by lust than his fellow
+
+monarchs, particularly Francis I of France.&amp;nbsp; But kings take mistresses
+
+and around New Years' 1514, Henry's eye was caught by &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth
+
+Blount&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She was the cousin of Lord Mountjoy and one of Katharine's
+
+ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Bessie was pretty and vivacious, and quite happy
+
+to bask in the king's attention.&amp;nbsp; And she had his attention for several
+
+years, which once more proves Henry's monogamous streak.&amp;nbsp; And he did
+
+not neglect his wife.&amp;nbsp; On 18 February 1516, Katharine and Henry's
+
+luck changed.&amp;nbsp; Their only surviving child, a princess called Mary,
+
+was born.&amp;nbsp; She was healthy and survived the difficult early months
+
+of infancy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was proud, if disappointed, and told an ambassador:
+
+'We are both young.&amp;nbsp; If it was a daughter this time, by the grace
+
+of God the sons will follow.'
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One can easily understand Henry's disappointment.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was a good father to Mary in those early years, proudly carrying her
+
+about and showing her off to visitors.&amp;nbsp; But he was perhaps aware that
+
+time was running out for a male heir to be born.&amp;nbsp; There are indications
+
+that he explored the idea of divorcing Katharine as early as 1518.&amp;nbsp;
+
+An English courtier had supposedly visited the Vatican on an exploratory
+
+mission earlier that year.&amp;nbsp; And gossip about Katharine's miscarriages
+
+had spread through the English court as early as 1514.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was still affectionate towards Katharine,
+
+and they remained intimate for several years after Mary's birth, as evidenced
+
+by other pregnancies.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps the bloom of the relationship had
+
+gone.&amp;nbsp; His wife looked older than her years, her body worn out by
+
+ceaseless pregnancies and births.&amp;nbsp; She was by nature a reserved and
+
+serious person; her mind dwelt constantly upon the failure of her most
+
+important duty as queen.&amp;nbsp; On 10 November 1518, her last child - another
+
+daughter - was born, and died.&amp;nbsp; Special doctors summoned from Spain
+
+arrived to help the queen conceive again.&amp;nbsp; They were unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry publicly vowed to lead a crusade against the&amp;nbsp;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/fitzroy.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;miniature portrait of Henry Fitzroy, Henry VIII's illegitimate son&quot; height=203 width=208 align=LEFT&gt;Turks
+
+if God granted him a son.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But it was not to be, at least not with Katharine
+
+of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; In 1519, Elizabeth Blount, his young mistress, bore him
+
+a healthy son.&amp;nbsp; Henry was ecstatic.&amp;nbsp; Here at last was proof that
+
+the king could father sons.&amp;nbsp; Henry named the boy after himself, giving
+
+him the last name 'Fitzroy', the traditional surname of royal bastards.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He would soon lavish so many titles upon the boy that Katharine felt it
+
+necessary to remind him that Princess Mary was his heir.&amp;nbsp; Henry publicly
+
+chastised her and, in a fit of spite, sent several of her favorite attendants
+
+back to Spain.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now we come to an important moment in what came
+
+to be called 'the king's great matter' (Henry's attempt to annul his marriage
+
+to Katharine.)&amp;nbsp; Fitzroy's birth proved Henry could have a son, and
+
+no one could deny Katharine's fertility.&amp;nbsp; It is doubtful Henry ever
+
+blamed her for the failure to produce a male heir after witnessing the
+
+endless cycle of pregnancies and prayer.&amp;nbsp; Yet why had he and Katharine
+
+been unable to produce a living son between them?&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough,
+
+the king's mind turned to God.&amp;nbsp; It must be God's will that they had
+
+no male heir.&amp;nbsp; But what had he done to offend God?&amp;nbsp; Henry searched
+
+for an answer and soon found it quite easily.&amp;nbsp; In the Bible, &lt;i&gt;Leviticus
+
+&lt;/i&gt;XVIII,
+
+16 clearly stated 'Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother's wife: 
+it is thy brother's nakedness'.&amp;nbsp; And, later, in chapter XX, 'If a man shall 
+take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's 
+nakedness; they shall be childless'.&amp;nbsp; What could be more clear?&amp;nbsp; The 
+Bible itself condemned his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; The pope's dispensation 
+was meaningless.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And so began one of the most fascinating decades in English 
+history.&lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;1526-1536: Anne Boleyn and the Henrician Reformation&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;This section, along with the remainder of the biography, is
+
+    not available as of March 2004.
+
+&lt;br&gt;I will post its completion soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Portraits
+
+of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Henry's wives:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;b&gt;Henry's children:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;
+      King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Test your knowledge
+
+of Henry VIII's life at Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082557&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082557&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5646</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: A contemporary description of Queen Mary I, 1557</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH278c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marydesc.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marydesc.gif&quot; width=&quot;405&quot; height=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This 
+      description of Queen Mary I was written by Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian 
+      ambassador to her court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;He mentions Mary's 
+      infamous menstrual problems, the cause of great physical and psychological 
+      stress for the queen, as well as her near-sightedness.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+She
+is of low rather than of middling stature, but, although short, she has
+not personal defect in her limbs, nor is any part of her body deformed.&amp;nbsp;
+She is of spare and delicate frame, quite unlike her father, who was tall
+and stout; nor does she resemble her mother, who, if not tall, was nevertheless
+bulky.&amp;nbsp; Her face is well formed, as shown by her features and lineaments,
+and as seen by her portraits.&amp;nbsp; When younger she was considered, not
+merely tolerably handsome, but of beauty exceeding mediocrity.&amp;nbsp; At
+present, with the exception of some wrinkles, caused more by anxieties
+than by age, which makes her appear some years older, her aspect, for the
+rest, is very grave.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are so piercing that they inspire not
+only respect, but fear in those on whom she fixes them, although she is
+very shortsighted, being unable to read or do anything else unless she
+has her sight quite close to what she wishes to peruse or to see distinctly.&amp;nbsp;
+Her voice is rough and loud, almost like a man's, so that when she peaks
+she is always heard a long way off.&amp;nbsp; In short, she is a seemly woman,
+and never to be loathed for ugliness, even at her present age, without
+considering her degree of queen.&amp;nbsp; But whatever may be the amount deducted
+from her physical endowments, as much more may with truth, and without
+flattery, be added to those of her mind, as, besides the facility and quickness
+of her understanding, which comprehends whatever is intelligible to others,
+even to those who are not of her own sex (a marvellous gift for a woman),
+she is skilled in five languages, not merely understanding, but speaking
+four of them fluently - English, Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian, in
+which last, however, she does not venture to converse, although it is well
+known to her; but the replies she gives in Latin, and her very intelligent
+remarks made in that tongue surprise everybody....
+&lt;br&gt;Besides woman's work, such as embroidery of every sort with the needle,
+she also practices music, playing especially on the clavichord and on the
+lute so excellently that, when intent on it...she surprised the best performers,
+both by the rapidity of her hand and by her style of playing.&amp;nbsp; Such
+are her virtues and external accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; Internally, with the
+exception of certain trifles, in which, to say the truth, she is like other
+women, being sudden and passionate, and close and miserly, rather more
+so than would become a bountiful and generous queen, she in other respects
+has no notable imperfections; whilst in certain things she is singular
+and without an equal, for not only is she brave and valiant, unlike other
+timid and spiritless women, but she courageous and resolute that neither
+in adversity nor peril did she ever even display or commit any act of cowardice
+or pusillanimity, maintaining always, on the contrary, a wonderful grandeur
+and dignity, knowing what became the dignity of a sovereign as well as
+any of the most consummate statesmen in her service; so that from her way
+of proceeding and from the method observed by her (and in which she still
+perseveres), it cannot be denied that she shows herself to have been born
+of truly royal lineage.
+&lt;p&gt;[She is also subject to] a very deep melancholy, much greater than that
+to which she is constitutionally liable, from menstrous retention and suffocation
+of the matrix to which, for many years, she has been often subject, so
+that the remedy of tears and weeping, to which from childhood she has been
+accustomed, and still often used by her, is not sufficient; she requires
+to be blooded either from the foot or elsewhere, which keeps her always
+pale and emaciated.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082606&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082606&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2839</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Queen Mary I's speech at the Guildhall, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH27a7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryspee.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryspee.gif&quot; width=&quot;529&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Mary's famous speech rallying her subjects was recorded by John Foxe in &lt;i&gt;The Actes and Monuments
+of these latter and perillous dayes&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The first year 
+      of Mary's reign witnessed a Protestant rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The uprising was sparked by her impending marriage to Philip II of Spain.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+'I am your Queen, to whom at my coronation, when I was wedded to the
+realm and laws of the same (the spousal ring whereof I have on my finger,
+which never hitherto was, not hereafter shall be, left off), you promised
+your allegiance and obedience to me....&amp;nbsp; And I say to you, on the
+word of a Prince, I cannot tell how naturally the mother loveth the child,
+for I was never the mother of any; but certainly, if a Prince and Governor
+may as naturally and earnestly love her subjects as the mother doth love
+the child, then assure yourselves that I, being your lady and mistress,
+do as earnestly and tenderly love and favour you.&amp;nbsp; And I, thus loving
+you, cannot but think that ye as heartily and faithfully love me; and then
+I doubt not but we shall give these rebels a short and speedy overthrow'.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28412</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">museum art reproductions right to display public domain images Bridgeman vs Corel copyright</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">right to display public domain images Bridgeman vs Corel copyright</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Right to Display Public Domain Images: Copyright and fair use, Bridgeman vs Corel, museums vs the public, etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">copyrightba.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">copyrightelizabeth.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/copyrightba.gif&quot; width=&quot;422&quot; height=&quot;162&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I created this page in 1999 as a common sense 
+      &lt;I&gt;introduction&lt;/I&gt; to copyright terms.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses the Bridgeman vs 
+    Corel decision and public domain issues.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The issue of copyright was most 
+      eloquently discussed - and the concept of public domain most eloquently 
+      defended - by the historian Thomas Macaulay in 1841.&amp;nbsp; Please
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.baen.com%2flibrary%2fpalaver4.htm&quot;&gt;read his speeches&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;updated 1 
+      October 2004:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; I had to share this news with public domain 
+      advocates.&amp;nbsp; I was reading through some of the Congressional speeches 
+      regarding copyright and came across this gem - Congresswoman Mary Bono 
+      (whose late husband pushed through one of the most disastrous copyright 
+      laws ever) was reminded that the US Constitution prohibits perpetual 
+      intellectual property rights.&amp;nbsp; Her response?&amp;nbsp; The copyright term 
+      should be &amp;quot;forever minus one day&amp;quot;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I'm serious.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If that doesn't offend and alarm you, 
+      what will?&amp;nbsp; If she had her way, you wouldn't be able to read The 
+      Bible for free.&amp;nbsp; Please consider this issue when you vote.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      is one of the great unreported stories in the US, Europe and now, sadly, 
+      Australia.&amp;nbsp; Yes, the Aussies signed (August 2004) a free-trade 
+      agreement with the US which required that Australia accept our draconian 
+      copyright laws.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=4&gt;Definition of terms used on this 
+      page -&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;COPYRIGHT - &lt;/B&gt;The legal right given to a writer, composer, artist, 
+      or a distributor to exclusive production, sale, or distribution of their 
+      work. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does COPYRIGHT exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It allows artists to profit 
+      from their work.&amp;nbsp; Profit, in turn, creates an incentive to work and 
+      distribute the work.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;PUBLIC DOMAIN&lt;/B&gt; - the status of publications, products, and 
+      processes that are not protected under patent or copyright.&amp;nbsp; All 
+      images at this site are in the public domain, and have been for several 
+      hundred years. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does PUBLIC DOMAIN exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It exists to 
+      allow the free exchange of knowledge.&amp;nbsp; If it did not, museums would 
+      be allowed to keep images under perpetual copyright, thus denying everyone 
+      the opportunity to view, critique, or otherwise examine works. &lt;BR&gt;Please 
+      note that most 20th century works of art are not yet considered part of 
+      the PUBLIC DOMAIN. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Click
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.unc.edu%2f%7eunclng%2fpublic-d.htm&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to view a chart of 
+      when works pass into the public domain.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;FAIR USE&lt;/B&gt; - Fair use is a limitation on the exclusive rights of 
+      the copyright owner; in other words, it allows reasonable public access to 
+      copyrighted works. &lt;BR&gt;The idea is an important part of the English 
+      common-law tradition. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does FAIR USE exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;FAIR USE 
+      allows people to use images and written works without compensating the 
+      original writer/creator, as long as they act in good faith and do not 
+      profit from reproducing the work.&amp;nbsp; Education, parody, criticism, news 
+      reporting, etc are all examples of fair use. &lt;BR&gt;The idea of FAIR USE has 
+      guided the use of reproductions of works for years.&amp;nbsp; In most cases, 
+      the lack of commercial gain is necessary for a claim of fair use.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      you are a non-profit website designed for educational purposes, you are in 
+      the perfect position to claim FAIR USE of images which are already in the 
+      PUBLIC DOMAIN. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/copyrightelizabeth.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;Wm Scrots's portrait of 13 year old Princess Elizabeth, c1546&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;334&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Yes, we live in a world where the Scrots portrait 
+      of the future Queen Elizabeth I is considered to be under copyright - but 
+      Elizabeth's own letters / speeches / poetry have been in the public domain 
+      for centuries....&amp;nbsp; Funny.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;For a long time, the FAIR USE doctrine occupied a grey area of law, 
+      usually decided on a case-by-case basis.&amp;nbsp; Typically, if someone were 
+      profiting from another person's work which was not in the PUBLIC DOMAIN, 
+      it was not considered fair use.&amp;nbsp; Museums typically did not sue 
+      non-profit websites which reproduced images for educational 
+      purposes.&amp;nbsp; If they had, the court would have forced them to prove a 
+      substantial loss of profit from the use.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, such proof 
+      would not exist and the court would not look favorably upon such a 
+      vindictive case, particularly since the images were already in the public 
+      domain. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;However, on 18th February 1999, the grey area was cleared 
+      considerably.&amp;nbsp; Fair Use was no longer a murky legal issue to be 
+      debated by webmasters and museums.&amp;nbsp; The United States District Court 
+      for the Southern District of New York decided the following case -
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd., Plaintiff, - versus - Corel 
+      Corporation, et ano., Defendants.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;97 Civ. 6232 
+      (LAK)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Their decision was one of the most important copyright decision 
+      affecting museums ever filed.&amp;nbsp; The decision was based on both US and 
+      UK copyright law.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHO WAS INVOLVED IN THE CASE &amp;amp; WHAT WAS IT ABOUT?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The 
+      Bridgeman Art Library had made photographic reproductions of famous works 
+      of art from museums around the world (works already in the public 
+      domain.)&amp;nbsp; The Corel Corporation used those reproductions for an 
+      educational CD-ROM without paying Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; Bridgeman claimed 
+      copyright infringement. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHAT DID THE COURT DECIDE?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The Court ruled that 
+      reproductions of images in the public domain are not protected by 
+      copyright if the reproductions are slavish or lacking in originality.
+      &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In their opinion, the Court noted:&amp;nbsp; ''There is little doubt that many 
+      photographs, probably the overwhelming majority, reflect at least the 
+      modest amount of originality required for copyright protection....&amp;nbsp; 
+      But 'slavish copying', although doubtless requiring technical skill and 
+      effort, does not qualify.'' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;In other words, an exact reproduction of an image in the public 
+      domain does not possess creativity itself.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, the 
+      reproduction is not protected under copyright law.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It's important to me because it 
+      allows me to share the beautiful images at my sites.&amp;nbsp; But it's 
+      important to everyone because it means that museums cannot assert 
+      perpetual copyright to works.&amp;nbsp; In other words, museums cannot take a 
+      picture of an old painting about to become part of the public domain, 
+      claim a new copyright through the reproduction, and do the same process 
+      over and over so that the painting never truly enters the public 
+      domain.&amp;nbsp; They would simply be taking the work from one private domain 
+      to another, thus invalidating the spirit of copyright law. &lt;BR&gt;In short, 
+      simply transferring an exact image from one medium to another does not 
+      create a new copyright. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHAT DOES THE DECISION COVER?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This decision concerns only 
+      reproductions of two-dimensional works (like paintings or drawings.)&amp;nbsp; 
+      Reproductions of three-dimensional works, such as sculpture, possess the 
+      necessary creativity for a separate copyright - after all, the 
+      photographer must choose an angle to shoot from, lighting, backdrop, 
+      etc&amp;nbsp; In other words, he is not merely reproducing an exact image.
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Also, please note that a non-exact reproduction of 
+      an image is not covered.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;This is an important point - only EXACT COPIES of the paintings are 
+      affected by the decision.&amp;nbsp; The decision is based upon the correct 
+      premise that 'slavish copies' do not possess any originality or creativity 
+      of their own, and are thus ineligible for copyright. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The Court explained this point further: &lt;BR&gt;''There has been no 
+      independent creation, no distinguishable variation from pre-existing 
+      works, nothing recognizably the author's own contribution''....&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;This merely reflected an earlier ruling by the Supreme Court which 
+      stated that &quot;sweat of the brow&quot; (for example, the act of reproducing a 
+      work) is not the &quot;creative spark&quot; which deserves copyright.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;THE ENTIRE TEXT OF THE COURT'S RULING IS AVAILABLE ONLINE at the 
+      First Amendment Law Library -&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.constitution.org%2f1ll%2fcourt%2ffed%2fbridgman.html&quot;&gt;http://www.constitution.org/1ll/court/fed/bridgman.html&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I encourage visitors to read the decision.&amp;nbsp; Judge Kaplan is 
+      remarkably concise, particularly when compared to other jurists.&amp;nbsp; 
+      (Note: the original decision has been replaced by Judge Kaplan's 
+      memorandum opinion after Bridgeman moved for reargument and 
+      reconsideration following his summary judgment.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;It is interesting to note that many museums, and the American 
+      Association of Museums, were unhappy that Bridgeman brought the case 
+      against Corel, surmising (correctly, it turned out) that the Court would 
+      not rule in their favor.&amp;nbsp; In fact, the Court quoted a former general 
+      counsel from the Museum of Modern Art, New York in rendering its decision&lt;FONT size=4&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      Museum directors, like everyone else, knew that exact reproductions did 
+      not possess the necessary creativity to have their own copyright.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After all, if such a standard did exist, I could copy out John Keats's 
+      poetry word-for-word and then claim I was entitled to a copyright to the 
+      poems.&amp;nbsp; Such an idea is ludicrous.&amp;nbsp; Keats's poetry 
+      is in the public domain.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And if his original poems are in the public domain, why aren't 
+      portraits of him painted at the same time?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Exactly.&amp;nbsp; They are - museums would just prefer otherwise.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=4 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In closing, I would like to point out three things - 
+      &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;First, the Bridgeman vs Corel decision will not bankrupt 
+      museums.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt; It is true that museums make money selling 
+      reproductions of the images in their collections.&amp;nbsp; However, 
+      commercial publishers will still want a high quality reproduction of the 
+      image which can only truly be provided by the museum which controls access 
+      to the painting; publishers don't care much about copyright, only the 
+      best-looking image.&amp;nbsp; Webmasters, at best, can only scan reproductions 
+      and even the best scanner cannot capture the quality of a museum-approved 
+      reproduction.&amp;nbsp; And webmasters are not selling reproductions which 
+      claim to be made by the museums which own the original work; that would be 
+      fraudulent and illegal.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Second, most museums hold their collections in the public trust and 
+      exist primarily as educational/cultural facilities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;The public domain 
+      images in their collections are exactly that - in the public domain, and 
+      we are the public.&amp;nbsp; Most museums also receive money and special tax 
+      breaks from the cities/states/countries in which they are located.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Why?&amp;nbsp; Because they are public institutions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Third - and perhaps most importantly - copyrights and public domain 
+      and fair use are all terms which exist together for a reason. 
+      &lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Copyrights are necessary because&lt;/B&gt; they allow artists/writers 
+      to profit from their own work.&amp;nbsp; And profit, of course, provides 
+      incentive to create more work. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Public Domain is necessary 
+      because&lt;/B&gt; it allows for the free exchange of ideas, a necessary part of 
+      life in a free society. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Fair Use is necessary because&lt;/B&gt; it allows 
+      the public some access to copyrighted work, as long as they do not profit 
+      from it.&amp;nbsp; After all, you should not be allowed to essentially steal 
+      money for another person's hard work.&amp;nbsp; However, fair use allows news 
+      reporting, book reviews, research reports, educational works, etc to 
+      discuss the work. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Or, as the US Supreme Court put it:&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&quot;Creative work is to 
+      be encouraged and rewarded, but private motivation must ultimately serve 
+      the cause of promoting broad public availability of literature, music, and 
+      the other arts. The immediate effect of our copyright law is to secure a 
+      fair return for an &quot;author's&quot; creative labor. But the ultimate aim is, by 
+      this incentive, to stimulate artistic creativity for the general public 
+      good.&quot;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Or, as I put it:&lt;br&gt;Why should a museum's 
+      copyright exceed the artist's personal copyright?&amp;nbsp; Yes, that's right 
+      - artists and their descendants do not receive money from museums making 
+      reproductions of their works.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; Because the works are in 
+      the public domain.&amp;nbsp; Copyright has passed for the artist!&amp;nbsp; They 
+      can no longer profit from their work.&amp;nbsp; Yet museums are claiming they 
+      possess an endless copyright of the work simply because they own the 
+      original (which is in the public domain.)&amp;nbsp; If it sounds absurd, well, 
+      it is absurd.&amp;nbsp; It's absurd and offensive and illegal.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Take a moment to imagine Van Gogh's heirs suing 
+      over all those coffee mugs with his famous sunflowers, or the endless 
+      posters of his starry skies.&amp;nbsp; Exactly.&amp;nbsp; You would laugh at the 
+      news.&amp;nbsp; Now take a moment to laugh at museums.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In a perfect world, the artist profits from their work for a very 
+      lengthy period of time and then the work becomes part of our cultural 
+      heritage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In our imperfect world, however, museums often attempt to 
+      intimidate webmasters and others into either paying large sums for 
+      reproduction rights, or to remove the images entirely.&amp;nbsp; They count 
+      upon webmasters having neither the legal knowledge to defend their rights 
+      or having money to hire legal counsel.&amp;nbsp; Most museums, of course, have 
+      large budgets and numerous attorneys.&amp;nbsp; And they know it's far easier 
+      to intimidate the 'little guy' rather than a wealthy company which can tie 
+      a case up in court for many expensive years.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;They also know that 
+      Bridgeman vs Corel has clarified the formerly vague concept of fair 
+      use.&amp;nbsp; Before, they could shape fair use to their own needs.&amp;nbsp; Now, 
+      however, fair use has been quite clearly defined. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;It is important to 
+      remember that museums were first created in the 18th century to allow the 
+      public free access to their cultural treasures, not to make money selling 
+      t-shirts, mugs, posters, etc&amp;nbsp; I understand that they wish to raise 
+      funds for their work, but - as I explained earlier - Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      will not bankrupt museums.&amp;nbsp; After all, in the early 1980s, the movie 
+      industry believed VCRs would destroy Hollywood.&amp;nbsp; Obviously, that 
+      hasn't happened.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In light of the Bridgeman vs Corel decision, museums 
+      have decided to focus on controlling access rather than subverting the 
+      concept of public domain.&amp;nbsp; This, too, has led to some rather 
+      questionable practices.&amp;nbsp; Think about it for a moment - if a unique 
+      work of art is in the public domain and the museum willfully disallows 
+      access to the work (for reproduction purposes), aren't they guilty of 
+      creating a monopoly?&amp;nbsp; And of attempting to create an illegal 
+      perpetual copyright?&amp;nbsp; Just a few points to ponder, among many others.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I have (very quickly) created this page to help webmasters understand 
+      their rights.&amp;nbsp; I apologize if something is explained badly, or not at 
+      all.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Please keep in mind that the all-important Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      decision applies only to exact reproductions of two-dimensional works of 
+      art already in the public domain.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;And so drawings of 
+      Winnie-the-Pooh, for example, which are still under copyright, cannot be 
+      reproduced on your webpage; neither can a book written in 1970, or a song 
+      recorded in 1950, or painting made in 1945.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately, copyright 
+      extensions are a fact of life throughout most of the world.&amp;nbsp; In the 
+      US, for example, copyright has been extended 11 times in the last 40 
+      years.&amp;nbsp; However, all works prior to the 20th century are in the 
+      public domain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.unc.edu%2f%7eunclng%2fpublic-d.htm&quot;&gt;
+      Check the charts&lt;/a&gt; for 20th century works.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Remember - when in doubt, ask.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.nolo.com&quot;&gt;Nolo.com&lt;/A&gt; has a great legal advice section.
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And give thanks to the US District Court for the 
+      Southern District of New York.&amp;nbsp; In our age of increasing mergers 
+      between large, global multi-media companies and the pre-eminence of a few 
+      large museums, it's possible that - one day - a handful of 
+      companies/museums could control access to most of the great works of art 
+      in human history.&amp;nbsp; Public domain guarantees us access to those works, 
+      and without it we would be....&amp;nbsp; Well, we would be stuck at the table 
+      of mediocrity, denied our right to explore the best parts of our heritage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Updates and Links&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;For now (October 2004), the Bridgeman decision 
+      stands.&amp;nbsp; If anything changes, I will post it here.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Please note that 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.iht.com%2farticles%2f114102.html&quot;&gt;recent EU-sponsored 
+      copyright changes&lt;/a&gt; further extend copyright terms of 20th century works.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Books, music, etc which might have been scheduled to pass into the public 
+      domain are now protected for several more decades.&amp;nbsp; (Yet another 
+      sell-out to the growing 'content industry'....)&amp;nbsp; If you live in 
+      Europe, please research the new terms.&amp;nbsp; If the above link has 
+      expired, simply type 'EU copyright law 2003' into a search engine and 
+      start exploring.&amp;nbsp; Though most articles focus on digital music and 
+      film, the law applies to all creative works.&amp;nbsp; It's even worse than the DMCA.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Egads!&amp;nbsp; I never thought a law could be worse than the DMCA.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Please
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.cni.org%2fHforums%2fcni-copyright%2f1999-02%2f0084.html&quot;&gt;click 
+      here&lt;/a&gt; to read an interesting 'question and answer' about Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Professor Ochoa's response is reasonable and apt, particularly this 
+      comment: 'Where the public does not have access to the original painting, 
+      the ONLY way it has to reproduce the painting itself is to reproduce a 
+      reproduction of it. Unless we hold that the Bridgeman photographs can be 
+      freely copied, the painting, as a practical matter, is not in the public 
+      domain.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;In other words, unless museums are willing to allow 
+      people to photograph the original work, the paintings are not truly in the 
+      public domain.&amp;nbsp; I do disagree with his closing comment, in which he 
+      attempts to distinguish between US copyright law and other nations.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The concepts of 'fair use' and 'public domain' are recognized on an 
+      international level.&amp;nbsp; Also, is a person making a slavish photographic 
+      reproduction of a work of art truly the &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt; of the photograph?&amp;nbsp; 
+      This point was discussed in the Bridgeman decision.&amp;nbsp; The term &lt;i&gt;
+      copyist&lt;/i&gt; is far more appropriate, despite the amount of work involved 
+      in taking the photograph.&amp;nbsp; An apt comparison is this (earlier 
+      discussed with the example of Keats's poetry) - if a 
+      photographer who merely reproduces a work of art is the &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt; of 
+      the reproduction, then someone who copies a novel out word-for-word is 
+      also its &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Clearly, this cannot be the case.&amp;nbsp; Yet 
+      the amount of work required to photograph the painting is the same as the 
+      work involved in copying out a book by hand.&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;In other words, &lt;i&gt;
+      labor&lt;/i&gt; does not imply originality, or a creative spark.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; You 
+      can take three minutes or three days to make a reproduction.&amp;nbsp; You can 
+      use a camera or Martian technology.&amp;nbsp; It doesn't matter.&amp;nbsp; You are 
+      merely copying the work.&amp;nbsp; If it 
+      seems as though I'm being simplistic here, rest assured that I am - and it 
+      is deliberate.&amp;nbsp; This issue is very simple and analogies help reveal 
+      the simplicity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;In any case, Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      was not concerned with the &lt;i&gt;processes&lt;/i&gt; of reproduction 
+      since those are covered by patent law.&amp;nbsp; It was concerned with 
+      copyright.&amp;nbsp; Copyright exists to reward the creative spark / 
+      originality.&amp;nbsp; It does not exist to reward labor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;You may wonder why I'm going on 
+      and on about the photography angle.&amp;nbsp; It's because museums have made 
+      it their new argument for copyright protection and against Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They claim the court did not fully understand or appreciate the labor 
+      involved in making photographic reproductions.&amp;nbsp; But they are being 
+      disingenuous, as my above paragraph demonstrates.&amp;nbsp; Also, Judge Kaplan 
+      most assuredly considered the labor involved.&amp;nbsp; No one is denying that 
+      photographers labor to create the reproduction.&amp;nbsp; But why should that 
+      work be used to create a perpetual copyright for something in the public 
+      domain?!&amp;nbsp; Museums are mute on that point.&amp;nbsp; The photographers are 
+      paid for their labor.&amp;nbsp; The museums deny the public access to the 
+      works and therefore control the 'licensing' of the best reproductions.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They are paid for the licenses.&amp;nbsp; Who suffers in this situation?&amp;nbsp; 
+      The public!&amp;nbsp; By law, we should be able to go to a museum and demand 
+      access to a painting in the public domain so we can take photographs.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But museums won't let us!&amp;nbsp; I know this because I've tried it.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Museums simply don't want competition for their 'officially-licensed' 
+      merchandise.&amp;nbsp; It's all about profit, - if they were concerned with 
+      'artistic integrity', they would allow the public right of access or 
+      provide an approved, high-quality reproduction to anyone who asked.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Don't hold your breath waiting for that to happen....&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;If the concept of public domain 
+      is to have any meaning at all, then exact photographic reproductions 
+      cannot be given copyright.&amp;nbsp; It's a matter of principle - and common 
+      sense - and public interest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhomepages.law.asu.edu%2f%7edkarjala%2fOpposingCopyrightExtension&quot;&gt;Opposing Copyright Extension, 
+      Protecting the Public Domain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The best source 
+      on the internet.&amp;nbsp; It contains information on the disastrous Jan 2003 Eldred 
+      ruling by the US Supreme Court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2f&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;to EnglishHistory.net&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082656&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082656&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5902</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Edward VI's journal, 1549-51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed1.gif&quot; width=&quot;489&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;In the 
+      first journal entry to the right Edward VI records the results of an unsuccessful
+war in Scotland, civil disturbances in England and the execution of the 
+      Protector's brother who was also the king's uncle.&amp;nbsp; It ends with the 
+      Protector's fall from power.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;In the second 
+      journal entry Edward discusses a religious dispute with his older 
+      half-sister Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; She was under renewed pressure to end the 
+      illegal Mass in her household.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1549&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime in England rose great stirs, likely to increase much
+if it had not been well foreseen.&amp;nbsp; The council, about nineteen of
+them, were gathered in London, thinking to meet with the Lord Protector
+and to make him amend some of his disorders.&amp;nbsp; He, fearing his position,
+caused the secretary in my name to be sent to the lords to know for what
+cause they gathered their powers together and, if they meant to talk with
+him, to say that they should come in a peaceable manner.&amp;nbsp; The next
+morning, being 6 October and Saturday, he commanded the armour to be brought
+out of the armoury of Hampton Court, about 500 harnesses, to arm both his
+and my men with it, the gates of the house to be fortified, and people
+to be raised.&amp;nbsp; People came abundantly to the house.&amp;nbsp; That night
+with all the people at nine or ten o'clock at night I went to Windsor,
+and there watch and ward was kept every night.&amp;nbsp; The lords sat in the
+open places of London, calling gentlemen before them and declaring the
+causes of accusing the lord protector, and caused the same to be proclaimed.
+&lt;p&gt;After which time few came to Windsor, but only the men of my own guard
+who the lords willed, fearing the rage of the people so lately quieted.&amp;nbsp;
+Then the protector began to treat by letters, sending Sir Philip Hoby,
+lately come from his embassy in Flanders to see his family, who brought
+on his return a very gentle letter to the protector which he delivered
+to him, another to me, another to my household, to declare his faults,
+ambition, vainglory, entering into rash wars in my youth, negligence about
+Newhaven, enriching himself from my treasure, following his own opinions,
+and doing all by his own authority etc., which letters were openly read,
+and immediately the lords came to Windsor, took him and brought him through
+Holborn to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards I came to Hampton Court where they
+appointed by my consent six lords of the council to be attendant on me,
+at least two, and four knights.&amp;nbsp; Lords - the marquis of Northampton,
+the earls of Warwick and Arundel, lords Russell, Sr John and Wentworth.&amp;nbsp;
+Knights - Sir Andrew Dudley, Sir Edward Rogers, Sir Thomas Darcy, Sir Thomas
+Wroth.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards I came through London to Westminster.&amp;nbsp; Lord
+Warwick was made admiral of England.&amp;nbsp; Sir Thomas Cheney was sent to
+the emperor for relief, which he could not obtain.&amp;nbsp; Mr Nicholas Wootton
+was made secretary.&amp;nbsp; The lord protector, by his own agreement and
+submission, lost his protectorship, treasureship, marshalship, all his
+movables and nearly 2,000 pds of lands, by act of Parliament.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1551&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;The lady Mary, my sister, came to me to Westminster, where after greetings
+she was called with my council into a chamber where it was declared how
+long I had suffered her mass, in hope of her reconciliation, and how now,
+there being no hope as I saw by her letters, unless I saw some speedy amendment
+I could not bear it.&amp;nbsp; She answered that her soul was God's and her
+faith she would not change, nor hide her opinion with dissembled doings.&amp;nbsp;
+It was said I did not constrain her faith but willed her only as a subject
+to obey.&amp;nbsp; And that her example might lead to too much inconvenience.
+&lt;p&gt;On 19 March the emperor's ambassador came with a short message from
+his master of threatened war, if I would not allow his cousin the princess
+to use her mass.&amp;nbsp; No answer was given to this at the time.
+&lt;p&gt;The following day the bishops of Canterbury, London and Rochester, Thomas
+Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley and John Scory, concluded that to give licence
+to sin was sin; to allow and wink at it for a time might be born as long
+as all possible haste was used.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082603&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082603&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,1139 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">56373</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">16th century England Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">16th century England Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">faqnew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">imagesbw.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry7faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8faq1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz2faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table height=&quot;601&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;71%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;71%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;71%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;br&gt;      
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/faqnew.gif&quot; width=&quot;621&quot;
+ height=&quot;129&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Simply click on
+a question and you will be taken to the answer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/imagesbw.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;black-and-white version of the van de Passe etching of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;313&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Top&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;General
+Questions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#One&quot;&gt;Who were the
+Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Two&quot;&gt;When did they rule
+England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Three&quot;&gt;Why are they so
+famous?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Four&quot;&gt;What did they
+accomplish?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Five&quot;&gt;Can you give me a
+brief history of Tudor England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Tree&quot;&gt;Where can I view
+the Tudor family tree?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Six&quot;&gt;Where can I look
+at portraits of the Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Rose&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;What is the 'Tudor Rose'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-nine&quot;&gt;Does this
+website have a search engine?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fifty&quot;&gt;I am quoting
+from this website for my paper / report.&amp;nbsp; How do I correctly cite
+the source?&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Update&quot;&gt;When
+was the site last updated?&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Specific Questions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Seven&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Was Henry VII really a miser?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eight&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Did Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Nine&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Did Prince Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Ten&quot;&gt;Why did Henry VIII
+have six wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Ten-a&quot;&gt;Who were the six
+wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven&quot;&gt;Did Henry VIII
+really murder all his wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-a&quot;&gt;What was the
+'King's Great Matter'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;What was the
+Reformation?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twelve&quot;&gt;How did Henry
+VIII die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirteen&quot;&gt;How did
+Katharine of Aragon die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirteena&quot;&gt;Why do you
+spell Katharine's name as you do?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; (And why do you spell
+Catherine Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourteen&quot;&gt;Was Anne
+Boleyn really a witch?&amp;nbsp; Did she have an extra finger?&amp;nbsp; Did
+she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
+brother?&amp;nbsp; How many times was she pregnant as Queen?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fifteen&quot;&gt;Where is Anne
+Boleyn buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Sixteen&quot;&gt;Did Jane
+Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Seventeen&quot;&gt;Was Anne of
+Cleves really that ugly?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eighteen&quot;&gt;What happened
+to Anne of Cleves after Henry divorced her?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Nineteen&quot;&gt;Did Catherine
+Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty&quot;&gt;Where is
+Catherine Howard buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-one&quot;&gt;How many
+times was Katharine Parr married?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-two&quot;&gt;Was
+Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-three&quot;&gt;What
+happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-four&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII execute a lot of people?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-five&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-six&quot;&gt;How did
+Edward VI die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Six-a&quot;&gt;Who is the 'Nine
+Days Queen'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-seven&quot;&gt;Did Lady
+Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-eight&quot;&gt;Did Lady
+Jane Grey love her husband?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;Where is
+Lady Jane Grey buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty&quot;&gt;Why is Mary I
+called 'Bloody Mary'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-a&quot;&gt;Are there two
+Mary Tudors at this site?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-one&quot;&gt;Did Mary I
+really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-two&quot;&gt;Was Mary I
+ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-three&quot;&gt;What were
+Mary I's last words?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-four&quot;&gt;Where is
+Mary I buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-five&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-six&quot;&gt;How smart
+was Elizabeth I?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-seven&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-eight&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'?&amp;nbsp; Did she have secret lovers
+and/or children?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-nine&quot;&gt;Why is the
+1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty&quot;&gt;Why are there
+so many portraits of Elizabeth I?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-one&quot;&gt;Where is
+Elizabeth I buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-two&quot;&gt;Why was
+Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-two-a&quot;&gt;How long
+was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-three&quot;&gt;Are Mary,
+queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-four&quot;&gt;Why did
+Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-five&quot;&gt;Was Mary,
+queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-six&quot;&gt;Where is
+Mary, queen of Scots buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt;Why
+is Mary, queen of Scots's last name sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and
+other times 'Stuart'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-seven&quot;&gt;Why did
+Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-eight&quot;&gt;What
+dynasty followed the Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who were the
+Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors were a Welsh-English
+family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor was the
+son of Margaret Beaufort, who was descended from King Edward III
+through an illegitimate line, and Edmund Tudor, the son of Princess
+Catherine of Valois and her second husband, Owen Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Through
+Catherine of Valois, Jasper was the half-brother of the last
+Lancastrian king, Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; The Yorkist branch of the Plantagenet
+dynasty would eventually seize the throne from the incompetent Henry
+VI, but their reign ended when Richard III was killed at the battle of
+Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor then claimed the
+throne as King Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; He promptly married Elizabeth of York,
+daughter of the only successful Yorkist king, Edward IV, and niece of
+Richard III.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VII and Elizabeth of York's
+second son, three of their grandchildren and one of their
+great-grandchildren, would rule England as part of the Tudor
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; When their rule ended, the throne passed to the Scottish
+branch of their family - James I was the great-grandson of their
+daughter, Margaret Tudor.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealog.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+for more information.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;When did
+they rule England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors ruled England from 1485
+to 1603.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why are
+they so famous?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors are famous because their
+dynasty was full of colorful characters and big events.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII and his six wives.... the English reformation.... the tragic tale
+of Lady Jane Grey.... the great intelligence of Elizabeth I and the
+artistic accomplishments of her reign....&amp;nbsp; During the sixteenth
+century, England emerged from the medieval world.&amp;nbsp; It was a time
+of great change, most notably it marked the end of the Catholic church
+in England.&amp;nbsp; There was an attendant rise in nationalism, a new
+spirit of confidence and patriotism swept the country.&amp;nbsp; Great
+naval exploits began the great English seafaring tradition.&amp;nbsp;
+Whether as pirates or officers or explorers, Elizabethan sailors
+controlled the seas.&amp;nbsp; And besides the political and religious
+changes, the Tudors themselves were interesting and complex people.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What did
+they accomplish?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors were able to establish
+England as a world power.&amp;nbsp; They did so by positioning their
+country as a peace-maker between the dueling powers of France and
+Spain/the Holy Roman Empire.&amp;nbsp; They also gave England a century of
+dynastic stability.&amp;nbsp; With the exception of Lady Jane Grey's brief
+reign and Catholic attempts to place Mary, queen of Scots on Elizabeth
+I's throne, most Tudor monarchs came to the throne - and remained on
+the throne - unchallenged.&amp;nbsp; This lengthy period of peace allowed
+England a much-needed respite from the Lancastrian-Yorkist wars.&amp;nbsp;
+Government ran more efficiently; royal power replaced that of
+aristocrats and there was a uniform system of justice and taxation
+throughout the country.&amp;nbsp; And, as always in times of peace, the
+arts flourished.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Can you
+give me a brief history of Tudor England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Tudor England began when Henry VII
+became king in 1485.&amp;nbsp; There were five Tudor monarchs, not counting
+Lady Jane Grey who ruled for just nine days.&amp;nbsp; The monarchs were,
+in order, Henry VII (ruled from 1485 to 1509), his son Henry VIII
+(ruled from 1509 to 1547), Edward VI, son of Henry VIII (ruled from
+1547 to 1553), Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1553 to
+1558), and Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1558 to
+1603.)&amp;nbsp; The most powerful Tudor monarchs were Henry VIII and
+Elizabeth I, though she was far more beloved of the English
+people.&amp;nbsp; Both were powerful personalities who were able to control
+their squabbling councilors and answer the demands of an increasingly
+vocal Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Under Henry VII, the English government came to
+be more stabilized and centralized.&amp;nbsp; Under Henry VIII, English
+authority was tested on the Continent, though even military victories
+were too costly to maintain.&amp;nbsp; A great victory over Scotland early
+in his reign (1513) was most notable; the attendant confusion of its
+northern neighbor was beneficial for England.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII's
+desperate quest for a legitimate heir led to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt;; this was the end of the Catholic church's authority in
+England.&amp;nbsp; The king, unable to obtain an annulment, declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; He also sold or
+destroyed most church property in England.&amp;nbsp; His son, Edward VI,
+was just a child when he inherited the throne but already known for his
+piety and serious nature.&amp;nbsp; His councilors continued to strengthen
+the Protestant state, but their plans were dashed when Edward died at
+16 years of age.&amp;nbsp; An attempt to place his Protestant cousin, Lady
+Jane Grey, on the throne instead of the Catholic Princess Mary
+failed.&amp;nbsp; Mary was declared queen to great acclaim; she was
+originally very popular even with the Protestants.&amp;nbsp; But a policy
+of religious persecution, a hated marriage with Philip of Spain, and
+bad agricultural conditions (as well as the debt she had inherited from
+her father and brother) soon made Mary broken-hearted and
+disliked.&amp;nbsp; She was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth, who
+was a religious pragmatist and passionately devoted to her
+country.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's policy of toleration was extended to both
+the religious and political spheres.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, she avoided
+extremism at all costs.&amp;nbsp; She often prevaricated over major
+decisions, unwilling to commit to an action before all diplomatic
+attempts failed.&amp;nbsp; This infuriated many of her advisors, but it
+also gave her country the religious and political peace it needed to
+thrive.&amp;nbsp; Her reign was marked by the great victory over the
+Spanish Armada in 1588, the artistic achievements of men such as
+Shakespeare and Bacon, and English exploration and colonization of
+North America.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Tree&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Where can I view the
+Tudor family tree?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+site.&amp;nbsp; It has a graphic image of the family tree and a more
+detailed text genealogy.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where can I
+look at portraits of the Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;You can visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Images&lt;/a&gt; section of my
+site.&amp;nbsp; You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;
+and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;Tudor-portraits.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Rose&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;What
+is the 'Tudor Rose'?&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The Tudor
+Rose is the most famous symbol of the Tudor dynasty. &amp;nbsp;You can see
+a beautiful example of it on &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;the main page&lt;/a&gt;.
+&amp;nbsp;It shows the petals of a red rose enfolding the petals of a white
+rose. &amp;nbsp;The red rose was the symbol of the House of Lancaster and
+the white rose was the symbol of the House of York. &amp;nbsp;Henry VII was
+the first Tudor king and a Lancastrian. &amp;nbsp;He married Princess
+Elizabeth of York. &amp;nbsp; Their marriage was the literal union of both
+houses, symbolized by the new 'Tudor Rose'. &amp;nbsp;Also, the Wars of the
+Roses were thus called because they represented the 15th century
+struggle between Lancaster and York for the throne of England. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;225&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Henry Tudor while he was exiled in France&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry7faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;sketch of the
+future King Henry VII while he was exiled in France&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was Henry
+VII really a miser?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VII, the first Tudor king, was
+tight-fisted with money.&amp;nbsp; His tax inspectors were notorious and
+despised.&amp;nbsp; However, the English treasury was nearly empty after
+years of wars.&amp;nbsp; Henry was determined to create a stable government
+and all governments need money to run.&amp;nbsp; It became something of an
+obsession with him, particularly in his later years.&amp;nbsp; But to his
+credit, he left a healthy treasury to his son and heir, Henry VIII -
+which the latter promptly spent.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Henry VII, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry7.html&quot;&gt;visit his
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Many authors have argued that
+Elizabeth hated Henry because he took the throne from her family and
+she was forced to marry him.&amp;nbsp; But all the contemporary accounts I
+have read indicate they had a pleasant enough marriage.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+never had an affair and he genuinely mourned her death in 1503.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth's life as queen was primarily domestic.&amp;nbsp; Her motto
+'Humble and Reverent' sums up her character.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Prince
+Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This question was very important
+during Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; He said his marriage to Katharine
+should be annulled because she had been his brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; He
+disregarded the papal dispensation which had given them permission to
+wed in 1509 by arguing that the Pope could not disregard the Bible
+itself.&amp;nbsp; There are passages in Leviticus which specifically forbid
+a man taking his brother's wife as his own.&amp;nbsp; Katharine swore that
+she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage, as did her duenna.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;I have to support Katharine of
+Aragon on this one; her marriage to Arthur probably wasn't
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; They were both young and Arthur was already very
+ill.&amp;nbsp; Also, Katharine was deeply pious; it is difficult to believe
+she would lie to a papal legate about such a thing.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;204&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of King Henry VIII, c1542&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8faq1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of King
+Henry VIII, c1542&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Ten&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why did
+Henry VIII have six wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry had six wives because....&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;He had the first wife because he was
+betrothed to her by his father.&amp;nbsp; He had the second wife because he
+fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; He had the
+third wife because he still needed a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He had the fourth
+wife because of diplomatic reasons.&amp;nbsp; He had the fifth wife because
+he fell in love again.&amp;nbsp; He had the sixth wife because he was old
+and sick and grouchy and needed a companion and nurse who wouldn't give
+him too much trouble.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;To learn
+more about Henry VIII's six wives, visit their website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Ten-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who were
+the six wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;They were (in order) Katharine of
+Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and
+Katharine Parr.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII really murder all his wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, only two of the six wives were
+executed - the second wife, Anne Boleyn, and the fifth wife, Catherine
+Howard.&amp;nbsp; His first wife died of natural causes.&amp;nbsp; His third
+wife died from childbirth complications.&amp;nbsp; His fourth wife was
+divorced and outlived him.&amp;nbsp; And the sixth wife outlived him as
+well.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+was the 'King's Great Matter'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This refers to Henry VIII's attempts
+to annul his marriage Katharine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp;
+It consumed several years of his reign. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It also involved the dissolution of all Catholic
+monasteries in England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven-b&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+was the Reformation?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Reformation refers to a period
+in the early 16th century in which the Roman Catholic Church was
+challenged by a new form of Christianity collectively known as
+Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic Church was both a religious and
+political institution; by the 16th century, corruption was widespread
+and many Christians were disappointed in the excesses and abuses of
+church leaders.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Reformation began in 1517 when a
+German priest named Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the
+door of a royal church in Wittenberg.&amp;nbsp; Luther did not want to
+start a new religion; he merely wanted to reform the papacy.&amp;nbsp;
+However, a few years later, Pope Leo X excommunicated him.&amp;nbsp;
+Luther's main philosophical idea was 'justification by faith', the idea
+that salvation is granted as a gift through God's grace and not through
+a priestly intermediary.&amp;nbsp; He also advocated marriage for the
+clergy.&amp;nbsp; His ideas were revolutionary and scandalous, but also
+very popular.&amp;nbsp; They represented an attempt to bring religious
+faith back to the people and end long-standing corruption within the
+church.&amp;nbsp; But the doctrine of 'justification by faith' also sharply
+curtailed the church's power over spirituality, making it a matter of
+personal debate and belief.&amp;nbsp; As Lady Jane Grey, the Nine Days'
+Queen of England, wrote of her Protestant faith in 1554, 'I ground my
+faith upon God's word, and not upon the church....&amp;nbsp; The faith of
+the church must be tried by God's word, and not God's word by the
+church; neither yet my faith.'&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In England, the Reformation was
+mainly associated with Henry VIII's attempts to annul his marriage to
+Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; When the papacy refused to annul their union
+due to the political pressure of Katharine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor
+Charles V, Henry was outraged.&amp;nbsp; He spent several years attempting
+to persuade the pope to change his mind.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he simply
+declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and confiscated
+all church lands and money in his country.&amp;nbsp; This is known to
+history as 'the dissolution of the monasteries.' &amp;nbsp;However, Henry
+VIII remained a spiritual Catholic; he disliked Luther's ideas and was
+never a Protestant himself.&amp;nbsp; He simply rejected Roman Catholic
+influence in England.&amp;nbsp; But he had unwittingly opened up the door
+to dramatic changes.&amp;nbsp; From 1533 onwards, the influence of the
+Roman Catholic Church in England declined while the new ideas of the
+Reformation began to slowly gain adherents.&amp;nbsp; The resulting
+religious convulsions would consume most of Europe for the entire
+century.&amp;nbsp; In Tudor England, the conflict between the old faith and
+the new consumed its rulers.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was a lapsed Catholic;
+his successor Edward VI was a devout Protestant; his successor Mary I
+was a devout Catholic; her successor Elizabeth I was, understandably
+enough, a religious pragmatist.&amp;nbsp; However, she came into conflict
+with her Catholic cousin, Mary, queen of Scots.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twelve&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How did
+Henry VIII die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry had been in ill health for
+some time.&amp;nbsp; He was obese and this led to many complications in his
+health, such as fevers, headaches and ulcers.&amp;nbsp; He died on 28
+January 1547 after suffering through a bad fever; he was bled during
+his illness, which undoubtedly contributed to his death.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;To learn
+more about Henry VIII's life, visit his website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How did
+Katharine of Aragon die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Contrary to rumor, Katharine was not
+poisoned by Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; If he had been that ruthless, he would
+have killed her years before and saved himself the whole trouble of his
+'Great Matter'.&amp;nbsp; Most historians believe she died of cancer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Katharine of Aragon, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirteena&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; Why do you spell
+Katharine's name as you do?&amp;nbsp; (And why do you spell Catherine
+Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+I spell Katharine of Aragon's name as it is spelled on her tomb at
+Peterborough.&amp;nbsp; I chose to spell Catherine Howard's with a 'C'
+because it's spelled thus by LB Smith in his biography of Henry VIII's
+fifth queen.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr's name is spelled that way to differentiate 
+      her from the wife who preceded her.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Anne Boleyn really a witch?&amp;nbsp; Did she have an extra finger?&amp;nbsp;
+Did she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
+brother?&amp;nbsp; How many times was she pregnant as Queen?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, Anne Boleyn was not a
+witch.&amp;nbsp; Yes, she did have a small growth on one hand which some
+have called an extra finger.&amp;nbsp; No, she did not commit adultery or
+have an incestuous affair with her brother.&amp;nbsp; Even her enemies
+admitted the charges were false, simply used as excuses to execute
+her.&amp;nbsp; She was pregnant at least three times, but only gave birth
+to one living child - a baby girl who would grow up to be Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Anne Boleyn, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fifteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is
+Anne Boleyn buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn is buried at the chapel
+of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; She is not buried
+in a regular coffin, however, since one was not provided; instead, her
+body was forced into an old arrow chest.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;165&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait
+of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Sixteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Jane
+Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This rumor has been around for a
+long time, but it's not true.&amp;nbsp; Jane actually lived several days
+after the birth of her son, Edward, and was able to greet
+well-wishers.&amp;nbsp; But she soon succumbed to a violent fever and
+died.&amp;nbsp; Most historians believe she died from puerperal sepsis, an
+infection which killed many new mothers.&amp;nbsp; Keep in mind that, even
+today, childbirth is a dangerous and bloody business.&amp;nbsp; In the 16th
+century, standards of hygiene were very lax.&amp;nbsp; Puerperal sepsis
+caused severe fevers and delusions; it was almost always fatal.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's sixth wife, Katharine
+Parr, would also die from it.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Jane Seymour, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Seventeen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Anne of Cleves really that ugly?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;It's ironic to me that, of all of
+Henry's six wives, the one who is most attractive to modern eyes is the
+one he divorced for being a 'Flanders mare'.&amp;nbsp; You can &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.htmll&quot;&gt;look at portraits of
+Anne&lt;/a&gt; (one is below this answer) and decide for yourself.&amp;nbsp; It
+was probably a simple case of 'chemistry', or a lack thereof.&amp;nbsp; You
+want to kiss some people and you don't want to kiss others - why?&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VIII simply wasn't attracted to her but that doesn't mean she was
+ugly; it simply means she wasn't his type.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Anne of Cleves, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;163&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait
+of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eighteen&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What happened to Anne of
+Cleves after Henry divorced her?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Anne remained in England, where she
+was treated with great respect and honor.&amp;nbsp; Henry called her his
+'sister' and she was given lots of money and lands in their divorce
+settlement.&amp;nbsp; She came to court regularly and enjoyed the life of
+an independent, wealthy woman.&amp;nbsp; She also became quite fond of
+English beer.&amp;nbsp; I think we can agree that she was probably the
+happiest of the six wives.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Nineteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Catherine Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Probably.&amp;nbsp; You can read her
+letter to Thomas Culpeper &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Catherine Howard, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is
+Catherine Howard buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She is buried at the chapel of St
+Peter ad Vincula, along with her cousin Anne Boleyn and other victims
+of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+many times was Katharine Parr married?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Katharine was married four
+times.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was her third husband.&amp;nbsp; She had one child
+with her fourth husband, and died of puerperal sepsis shortly
+afterwards.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Katharine Parr, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Almost, but her quick wit and
+instinct for survival saved her.&amp;nbsp; Religious conservatives at
+Henry's court attempted to persuade the king his wife was a
+heretic.&amp;nbsp; After being lectured one too many times on religious
+matters by Katharine, Henry was inclined to agree.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+warned of the plot and, without letting on to the king, told him she
+was grateful to talk about such matters with him so he could guide her
+in the correct direction.&amp;nbsp; His ego soothed, the king again favored
+her.&amp;nbsp; When guards came to arrest Katharine, Henry personally
+berated them and protected her.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Margaret married the king of
+Scotland, James IV, and upon his death, she married the earl of
+Angus.&amp;nbsp; Mary wed the king of France and, upon his death, she wed
+the duke of Suffolk.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary Tudor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; To learn more about Margaret Tudor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;visit
+her website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Henry VIII execute a lot of people?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;He executed a lot of people on
+trumped-up charges, or what is commonly termed 'judicial murder'.&amp;nbsp;
+He was very capricious and tyrannical, particularly as he grew
+older.&amp;nbsp; He was also sensitive to other claims on the Tudor throne;
+for that reason, he imprisoned or executed most of his Plantagenet
+relatives.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Henry VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes.&amp;nbsp; Other queens were
+divorced for a lot less.&amp;nbsp; The annulment would have been granted if
+Katharine's nephew had not been Holy Roman Emperor.&amp;nbsp; His position
+gave him great influence over papal policy.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+did Edward VI die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Edward died of tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp;
+Recently, historians and doctors suggested that it may have been
+complicated by measles.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;To learn more about Edward VI, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;visit his
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Six-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who is the
+'Nine Days Queen'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The description refers to Lady Jane
+Grey, the Tudor cousin who ruled England for just nine days in
+1553.&amp;nbsp; She was later executed by Mary I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Lady Jane Grey, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;visit
+her website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Lady Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, she did not.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Lady Jane Grey love her husband?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, quite the contrary.&amp;nbsp; By all
+accounts, she disliked Guildford and refused to have him crowned king,
+though she appreciated his newfound maturity and composure upon their
+imprisonment.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is Lady Jane Grey buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;At the chapel of St Peter ad
+Vincula, alongside Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.&amp;nbsp; As at Anne's
+execution, there was no coffin provided for Jane's corpse.&amp;nbsp; Her
+body lay beside the block for several hours before someone finally
+found a coffin.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img height=&quot;213&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Mary Tudor as princess of England, by Master John, 1544&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of
+Princess Mary Tudor in 1544, by Master John&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why is
+Mary I called 'Bloody Mary'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Several hundred Protestants were
+burned as heretics during her reign.&amp;nbsp; Hence, she is called 'Bloody
+Mary'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary I, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Are
+there two Mary Tudors at this site?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, one is Mary Tudor, sister of
+Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; The other is Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Mary I really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Mary I ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She thought she was pregnant - she hoped she
+was - but it was probably an 'hysterical pregnancy'.&amp;nbsp; Her
+menstrual cycle was always irregular and she had a distended stomach,
+possibly from a tumor.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+were Mary's last words?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;It is rumored she said that if her
+body was cut open, the words 'Calais' and 'Philip' would be found
+engraved upon her heart.&amp;nbsp; It is an apocryphal story.&amp;nbsp; Calais
+was the last English outpost on the continent, lost during her reign,
+and Philip was the beloved husband who had abandoned her.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Mary I buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey, beside her
+half-sister, Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She was truly a great queen.&amp;nbsp;
+Though she had good ministers, chief among them William Cecil,
+Elizabeth - like her father - was always in charge.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Elizabeth I, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;217&quot;
+ alt=&quot;the Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz2faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The Armada Portrait
+of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+smart was Elizabeth I?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Very smart.&amp;nbsp; She was
+undoubtedly one of the most (if not the most) intelligent monarchs to
+rule England.&amp;nbsp; She was always a dedicated scholar and genuinely
+loved to study and learn.&amp;nbsp; Her tutor Roger Ascham, and indeed
+everyone who met her, recognized and commented upon her
+intelligence.&amp;nbsp; Of course, this was believed to be a 'masculine'
+trait and only acceptable because of her special position as queen.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Probably not.&amp;nbsp; She used
+marriage negotiations as political tools, and she personally loved
+Robert Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But she was never enthusiastic about the prospect
+of marriage.&amp;nbsp; And who can blame her?&amp;nbsp; After the disastrous
+examples of her father and half-sister, Elizabeth had no reason to
+equate marriage with personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; She also realized that
+any marriage would end her authority as queen in her own right.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'?&amp;nbsp; Did she have secret lovers
+and/or children?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She was probably a virgin.&amp;nbsp;
+It's difficult to imagine any secret affair remaining secret for
+long.&amp;nbsp; And birth control was tricky and untrustworthy in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; She knew that any affair would risk a pregnancy - and
+that would destroy her life.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, it is worth noting
+Elizabeth's own strict and methodical character, and the disdain she
+showed for women who could not control their feelings or appreciate the
+consequences of their actions.&amp;nbsp; Consider her opinions of her two
+cousins, Mary, queen of Scots and Catherine Grey.&amp;nbsp; Both rushed
+into hasty, inappropriate and passionate unions and both had disastrous
+results.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth looked down upon them both, remarking that
+they would do well to remember their high positions in life and its
+attendant responsibilities.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She lamented her lost opportunities
+for love and a family of her own.&amp;nbsp; But she was queen and it was an
+exalted and lonely position.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, she never had children.&amp;nbsp;
+It's fun to read theories that she was the mother of Bacon - or
+Shakespeare - or was even Shakespeare himself.... but could she really
+keep a pregnancy secret?&amp;nbsp; Foreign ambassadors paid her servants to
+learn every intimate detail of her life.&amp;nbsp; Upon hearing some gossip
+about her relationship with Dudley, Elizabeth observed that a thousand
+eyes were always upon her so how could she do anything scandalous?&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+is the 1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because England was a small nation
+with a little navy and they were facing the greatest power in the
+world.&amp;nbsp; And they defeated it, with help from Mother Nature.&amp;nbsp;
+It marked the beginning of England's mastery of the seas.&amp;nbsp; The
+great history of the English navy began, as did serious English
+exploration and colonization.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why are
+there so many portraits of Elizabeth I?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because she ruled for such a long
+time (45 years) and because she understood the value of
+propaganda.&amp;nbsp; Her portraits were iconographic; they represented the
+queen in all her majesty, triumphant and beautiful.&amp;nbsp; They
+symbolized the confidence and pride of her nation.&amp;nbsp; It was also a
+sign of loyalty to have portraits of the queen in your house.&amp;nbsp;
+Many nobles commissioned portraits, or copies of official portraits.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To view portraits of Elizabeth I, with
+commentary, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;visit
+the Elizabethan Images webpage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Elizabeth I buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey, beside her
+half-sister Mary I.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Mary fled to England after losing a
+battle against her Scottish foes.&amp;nbsp; She was seeking Elizabeth's aid
+in restoring her to the throne of Scotland.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary, queen of Scots, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+long was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Mary was imprisoned from 1568 to
+1587.&amp;nbsp; She was just 25 years old when she arrived in England and
+44 years old when she was executed.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;244&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, c1558&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of Mary,
+queen of Scots, c1558&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Are
+Mary, queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was Henry
+VIII's sister.&amp;nbsp; Mary, queen of Scots was the granddaughter of
+Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII's sister.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+did Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because she was conniving to have
+Elizabeth assassinated and herself made queen of England.&amp;nbsp; In
+fairness to Mary, she only began plotting after being imprisoned for
+several years and it was clear she would never be released.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Mary, queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, probably.&amp;nbsp; She even
+admitted to plotting against Elizabeth, but said it was only to gain
+her freedom.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Mary, queen of Scots buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her body
+was moved there by her son, James, who became king of England in 1603.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Why is Mary, queen of Scots's last name
+sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and other times 'Stuart'?&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In Scotland, her family name was
+spelled 'Stewart'.&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was half-French and spent her
+formative years in France.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, she adopted the French
+spelling of Stewart, which was 'Stuart'.&amp;nbsp; (She also signed her
+name 'Marie', which was the French spelling of her first name.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+did Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;James was Elizabeth's closest male
+relative.&amp;nbsp; He was part Tudor as well, being the great-grandson of
+Margaret Tudor, eldest daughter of the first Tudor king, Henry VII.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+dynasty followed the Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Stuart dynasty followed the
+Tudors, so called because their family name was Stuart/Stewart.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Does
+this website have a search engine?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, it does.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsearch.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/a&gt; to
+visit the Tudor England search engine.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fifty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;I am
+quoting from this website for my paper / report.&amp;nbsp; How do I
+correctly cite the source?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The correct format is based upon
+both the Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Here is an example:&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Hanson, Marilee. &quot;Contemporary
+Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&quot; &lt;i&gt;EnglishHistory.net.&lt;/i&gt; 2004.
+http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004).&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Please note: you must use
+the year and date you read the source.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Update&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;When
+was the site last updated?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Please visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;Site
+News&lt;/a&gt; page for the last update. &amp;nbsp;I don't post routine
+maintenance there, only significant additions to the website.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;center&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082531&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082531&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,746 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">42806</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Anne Boleyn queen of England wife of King Henry VIII mother of Queen Elizabeth I The Six Wives of King Henry VIII biography images letters primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Anne Boleyn queen of England mother of Queen Elizabeth I wife of King Henry VIII The Six Wives of King Henry VIII biography images letters primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne Boleyn: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2d24.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyncardinalbig.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynmainjpg.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynstrong.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8boleyn.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsketch2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'[A] woman who is the scandal of 
+      Christendom.'&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon describes her
+rival, 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyncardinalbig.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;352&quot; height=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynmainjpg.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;the most famous portrait of Anne Boleyn; at the NPG, London&quot;
+ width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;357&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Anne Boleyn by an unknown 
+      artist, late 16th century&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br&gt;Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous queens
+in English history, though she ruled for just three years.&amp;nbsp; The
+daughter of an ambitious knight and niece of the duke of Norfolk, Anne
+spent her adolescence in France.&amp;nbsp; When she returned to England,
+her wit and style were her greatest charms.&amp;nbsp; She had a circle of
+admirers and became secretly engaged to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; She also
+entered the service of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; But she soon caught
+the eye of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Percy from court and tried to
+make Anne his mistress.&amp;nbsp; She refused.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, had
+been the king's mistress and gained little from it but scandal.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hopes with Percy dashed, Anne demanded that the king marry
+her.&amp;nbsp; She waited nearly seven years for Henry to obtain an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; It finally took an irrevocable breach with the Holy
+See before they wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; But she was unable to give Henry the
+son he desperately needed and their marriage ended tragically for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was executed on patently false charges of witchcraft,
+incest and adultery on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Elizabeth,
+would become England's greatest queen.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;The
+romance between Anne &amp;amp; Henry Percy,&lt;/a&gt; c1523&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Eyewitness accounts of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;her coronation in
+1533&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;her
+execution in 1536&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-lastdays.html&quot;&gt;An
+account of Anne's last days&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne's
+last words&lt;/a&gt;, 19 May 1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;Another
+account of her execution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Understandably, it also 
+          discusses Anne Boleyn as well as Henry VIII's rumored affair with her 
+          sister Mary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;Contemporary
+descriptions of Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+VIII's love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;Poetry
+about Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Anne's daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Read about Anne's sister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2ffiveanne.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;The
+Boleyn-Howard connection&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne's relationship to Henry VIII's fifth wife&lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne Boleyn's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Links&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fboleynfamily&quot;&gt;The Boleyns&lt;/a&gt;: A 
+        website dedicated to the entire Boleyn family, with particular emphasis 
+        upon Anne.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjack-of-all-trades.ca%2fmeandmine&quot;&gt;Me and Mine&lt;/a&gt;: 
+        Biography and images of Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Anne Boleyn enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fine-eyes.net%2fanneboleyn%2findextwo.html&quot;&gt;Mistress
+Anne: The Official Anne Boleyn Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fsearch%3fquery%3dAnne%2bBoleyn&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn at Yahoo! Groups&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; There are numerous groups
+dedicated to Anne.&amp;nbsp; I think you need a Yahoo! ID to join.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&amp;nbsp; It does
+not focus exclusively on Anne.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; September 2004&lt;br&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 
+        The Most Happy&lt;/b&gt; by Eric Ives has just been published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f026-3687195-0558069&quot;&gt;
+        in the UK&lt;/a&gt; and
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f002-7093489-7046463%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;
+        US&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I will be posting a lengthy review soon.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Professor Ives had previously written the definitive 
+        biography of Anne in 1986; this work incorporates new research.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/b&gt; by Joanna Denny
+        was published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-9295844-3953254&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt; 
+        in April 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait of Anne Boleyn is a late
+16th copy of a lost original.&amp;nbsp; It can be viewed at the National Portrait
+Gallery, London.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is of middling stature, with a swarthy
+complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised, and in fact
+has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her eyes, which are
+black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who served the
+Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen, and the
+King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;the Venetian ambassador describes Anne, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn's birthdate is unknown; even the year is widely
+debated.&amp;nbsp; General opinion now favors 1501 or 1502, though some
+historians persuasively argue for 1507.&amp;nbsp; She was probably born at
+Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir Thomas Boleyn, a
+minor courtier with a talent for foreign languages; he was of London
+merchant stock and eager to advance in the world.&amp;nbsp; Like most men,
+he chose to marry well.&amp;nbsp; His bride was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+of the second duke of Norfolk and sister of the third duke.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had two surviving siblings, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and George.&amp;nbsp; Their birthdates are also unknown, as is the order of their 
+  births.&amp;nbsp; We only know that all three Boleyn siblings were close in age.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1514, Henry VIII married his youngest sister, Mary, to the aged king of France.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+accompanied the Tudor princess as a very&lt;img
+ height=&quot;232&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsmall.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; young lady-in-waiting; she remained in France after the French king died and
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;
+returned home.&amp;nbsp; Anne gained the subsequent honor of being educated
+under the watchful eye of the new French queen Claude.&amp;nbsp; This
+education had a uniquely French emphasis upon fashion and flirtation,
+though more intellectual skills were not neglected.&amp;nbsp; Anne became
+an accomplished musician, singer and dancer.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1521 or early 1522, with war between England and France
+imminent, Anne returned home.&amp;nbsp; When she first caught Henry VIII's
+eye is unknown.&amp;nbsp; He was originally attracted to her sister, Mary
+who came to court before Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was the king's mistress in the
+early 1520s and, as a mark of favor, her father was elevated to the
+peerage as viscount Rochfort/Rochford in 1525.&amp;nbsp; Mary herself would leave 
+  court with only a dull marriage, and possibly the king's illegitimate son, as 
+  her reward.&amp;nbsp; Anne learned much from her sister's example.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her first years at court were spent in service to Henry VIII's
+first wife, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She became quite popular among
+the younger men.&amp;nbsp; She was not considered a great beauty; her
+sister occupied that position in the family, but even Mary was merely
+deemed 'pretty'.&amp;nbsp; Hostile chroniclers &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;described Anne&lt;/a&gt;
+as plain, sallow, and possessing two distinct flaws - a large mole on
+the side of her neck and an extra finger on her left hand.&amp;nbsp; Such
+praise as she received focused on her style, her wit and charm; she was
+quick-tempered and spirited.&amp;nbsp; Her most remarkable physical
+attributes were her large dark eyes and long black hair.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's attraction was focused upon her sharp and teasing
+manner, and her oft-stated unavailability.&amp;nbsp; What he couldn't have,
+he pined for all the more.&amp;nbsp; This was especially difficult for a
+king used to having his own way in everything.&amp;nbsp; Anne was also
+seriously involved with &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Henry Percy&lt;/a&gt;,
+the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland; there were rumors of an
+engagement and declarations of true love.&amp;nbsp; The king ordered his
+great minister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, to end the match.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey did so, thus ensuring
+Percy's unhappy marriage to the earl of Shrewsbury's daughter and
+Anne's great enmity.&amp;nbsp; It was safer to blame the Cardinal than his
+king.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's jealousy revealed the depth of his feelings,
+and Anne quite naturally thought - if she could not be an earl's wife,
+why not try for the crown of England? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When Anne avoided Henry's company, was sullen and evasive to him,
+he sent her from court; he hoped that a few months in the country would
+persuade her of his charms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work.&amp;nbsp; Anne was
+already playing a far more serious game than the king.&amp;nbsp; Later,
+after she had been arrested, Henry would claim he had been 'bewitched'
+and the term wasn't used lightly in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps
+it was simply the contrast between her vivacity and Katharine's
+solemnity; or perhaps the king mistook the inexplicable ardor of true
+love for something more ominous, long after that love had faded.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is impossible to fully explain the mystery of attraction
+between two people.&amp;nbsp; How Anne was able to capture and maintain the
+king's attention for such a long while, despite great obstacles and the
+constant presence of malicious gossip, cannot be explained.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was headstrong and querulous.&amp;nbsp; But for several years, he remained
+faithful to his feelings for Anne - and his attendant desire for a
+legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;166&quot; height=&quot;168&quot;&gt;One cannot separate the king's desire for a
+son, indeed its very necessity, from his personal desire for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; The two interests merged perfectly in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+discovered the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;invalidity
+of his marriage&lt;/a&gt; to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Now it was possible to annul
+his marriage and secure his two fondest hopes - Anne's hand in marriage
+and the long-desired heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; Cardinal Wolsey had long advocated an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; For that reason, he disliked the Spanish
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He now set about securing his monarch's annulment
+with the intention of marrying Henry to a French princess.&amp;nbsp; And if
+not a French princess, perhaps a great lady of the English court.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey did not like Anne, and she despised him.&amp;nbsp; It was Wolsey who
+had delivered the king's orders to Henry Percy, driving her suitor from
+court.&amp;nbsp; She never forgot that injury to her heart.&amp;nbsp; And while
+she could not revenge herself upon the king, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;she could work
+against&lt;/a&gt; his Lord Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; His protÃ©gÃ© and successor &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; became a close ally. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Anne alone did not cause Wolsey's fall from grace, though she
+took the blame for it.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, 'Nan Bullen', as the common people
+derisively called her, became the scapegoat for all the king's
+unpopular decisions.&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that no one
+- not Wolsey, not Cromwell, and certainly not Anne Boleyn - ever
+controlled Henry VIII, or made him do other than exactly what he
+wanted.&amp;nbsp; He was a king who thoroughly knew and enjoyed his
+position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas
+More&lt;/a&gt; would aptly point this out to his son-in-law, William Roper -
+'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold
+him.'&amp;nbsp; And later, when Roper commented upon the king's affection
+for More, the philosopher replied that if his head would win the king a
+castle in France, then Henry would not hesitate to chop it off.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But most people found it easier to hate Anne than to hate their
+monarch.&amp;nbsp; As the king's desire for an annulment became the gossip
+of all Europe, she was roundly criticized and condemned.&amp;nbsp; And she
+was not popular at the English court either.&amp;nbsp; Both her unique
+situation and her oft times abrasive personality offended many.&amp;nbsp;
+And Katharine's solemn piety had impressed the English court for three
+decades; her supporters were numerous, though not inclined to face the
+king's formidable wrath.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Anne was sustained only by the
+king's affection and she knew his mercurial temper.&amp;nbsp; It is
+possible that she was as surprised by his faithfulness as everyone
+else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As the struggle for an annulment proceeded and the pope
+prevaricated between Henry and Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman
+Emperor Charles V, Anne's position at the English court became steadily
+more prominent.&amp;nbsp; There were at first little signs.&amp;nbsp; The king
+would eat alone with her; she received expensive gifts; she began to
+dress in the most fashionable and expensive gowns; the king paid her
+gambling debts since Anne, like most courtiers, enjoyed cards and dice.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king was not too outlandish at first; he had no desire to
+prejudice the pope against his case by flaunting a new love.&amp;nbsp; But
+as the delays mounted, and rumors of his new love spread, Henry
+realized there was no purpose in hiding the truth.&amp;nbsp; By 1530, Anne
+was openly honored by the king at court.&amp;nbsp; She was accorded
+precedence over all other ladies, and she sat with the king at
+banquets and hunts while Katharine was virtually ignored.&amp;nbsp; The
+pretense of his first marriage was allowed to continue; Katharine
+continued to personally mend his shirts and send him gifts and
+notes.&amp;nbsp; But it was an untenable situation.&amp;nbsp; It grated on both
+women.&amp;nbsp; Anne perhaps taxed the king with it.&amp;nbsp; To placate her,
+she was titled marquess of Pembroke on 4 September 1532 at Windsor
+Castle; she wore a beautiful crimson gown and her hair hung
+loose.&amp;nbsp; Now elevated to the peerage in her own right, she had
+wealth and lands of her own.&amp;nbsp; But when she accompanied him to
+France on a state visit a short while later, the ladies of the French
+court refused to meet with her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is believed that her elevation to the peerage marked the
+physical consummation of Anne and Henry's relationship.&amp;nbsp; She would
+give birth to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+just a year later, and there were rumors of a secret marriage in late
+1532.&amp;nbsp; It is possible that she became pregnant after just a few
+months and a second, legitimate wedding became a necessity.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;The king had his fondest wish within his
+grasp.&amp;nbsp; Anne was pregnant with his long-awaited son, or so he
+thought, and this son must be legitimate.&amp;nbsp; He could no longer wait
+upon the pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry rejected the authority of the Holy See and
+Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, annulled his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Anne married again in January 1533 in a
+small ceremony.&amp;nbsp; But though they were now husband and wife, few
+recognized the fact.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;Her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; was a lavish affair; the king spared no expense.&amp;nbsp;
+But the people of London were noticeably unimpressed.&amp;nbsp; They cried
+out 'HA! HA!' mockingly as tapestries decorated with Henry and Anne's
+entwined initials passed by.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked, 'How liked you the look
+of the City?'&amp;nbsp; Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough -
+but I saw a great many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so her coronation was yet another reminder of her complete
+dependency upon the king.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne enjoyed her triumph as much as she could.&amp;nbsp; She ordered
+new blue and purple livery for her servants and set about replacing
+Katharine's badge of pomegranates with her own falcon symbol.&amp;nbsp; She
+chose as her motto, 'The Most Happy', in stark contrast to her
+predecessor.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had been 'Humble and Loyal'; Henry's
+mother, Elizabeth of York had chosen 'Humble and Reverent'.&amp;nbsp; But
+humility was not a marked characteristic of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was pious, though not as rigid and inflexible as Katharine of
+Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Anne's sympathies naturally lay with the progressive
+thought now challenging Catholic orthodoxy; with Henry's rejection of the papacy and his
+creation of a new Church of England, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt; had come to England.&amp;nbsp; It was not as revolutionary
+as Luther's movement in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually remained a devout
+Catholic, only denying what he now regarded as the illegitimate
+authority of the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Anne knew that her marriage and future
+children would never be recognized as legitimate by Catholic
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; She had to support the new church, otherwise she was no more than 
+  the king's mistress.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And this new emphasis upon debating even the most esoteric bits of
+theology appealed to her nature.&amp;nbsp; She was always curious and open
+to new ideas; she never blindly accepted&lt;img height=&quot;175&quot;
+ alt=&quot;The above portrait is of Anne Boleyn, painted by Lucas Horenbout; dated 1525-27.  Sir Roy Strong identified the portrait.  Anne wears a necklace with her falcon badge.&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynstrong.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; anything.&amp;nbsp; But this is not to deny her
+deep faith.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she was close friends with Thomas Cranmer
+and she also sponsored various religious books.&amp;nbsp; She had none of
+the hard-fought pragmatism of her daughter, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Religious faith was a
+vital part of Anne's life, as it was for every person in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She entered confinement for the birth of her first child on 26
+August 1533.&amp;nbsp; The child was born on 7 September 1533.&amp;nbsp; The
+physicians and astrologers had been mistaken; it was not a
+prince.&amp;nbsp; But the healthy baby girl called Elizabeth was not the
+disappointment most assumed, nor did she immediately cause her mother's
+downfall.&amp;nbsp; The birth had been very easy and quick.&amp;nbsp; 'There
+was good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth,' Anne wrote to
+Lord Cobham that very day.&amp;nbsp; The queen recovered quickly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had every reason to believe that strong princes would
+follow.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Anne miscarried two sons that he began
+to question the validity of his second marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's christening was a grand affair, though the king did
+not attend.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked-upon, but Henry
+confounded all by his continuing affection for Anne.&amp;nbsp; He also
+promptly declared Elizabeth his heir, thus according her precedence
+over her 17 year old half-sister, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Anne could
+breathe a sigh of relief, recover, and become pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Immediately after Elizabeth's christening, Henry wrote to Mary and
+demanded that she relinquish her title of Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The
+title belonged to his heiress.&amp;nbsp; He also demanded that she
+acknowledge the validity of his new marriage and legitimacy of her
+half-sister.&amp;nbsp; But Mary could be as obstinate as her mother; she refused.&amp;nbsp; Enraged, Henry evicted Mary from her
+home, the manor Beaulieu, so he could give it to Anne's brother, George.&amp;nbsp; In December, 
+  she was moved into Elizabeth's household
+under the care of Lady Anne Shelton, a sister of Anne's father.&amp;nbsp;
+It was an understandably miserable time for Mary.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her
+respects to the baby Princess, she said that she knew of no Princess of
+England but herself and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry was infuriated and Anne encouraged the estrangement.&amp;nbsp;
+Her daughter's status depended upon Mary remaining out of favor.&amp;nbsp;
+In the two and a half years she lived after Elizabeth's birth, Anne
+proved herself a devoted mother.&amp;nbsp; Soon after the birth, Elizabeth
+had to be moved from London, for purposes of health; London was rife
+with a variety of illnesses - sweating sickness, smallpox, and
+plague.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and Mary were sent to Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; Both
+Henry and Anne visited their daughter often, occasionally taking her
+back with them to Greenwich or the palace at Eltham.&amp;nbsp; During these
+visits, Mary was kept alone in her room.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;186&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8boleyn.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;150&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There are account books and
+letters which reveal certain facts about Elizabeth's early
+childhood:&amp;nbsp; bills for an orange satin gown and russet velvet
+kirtle, for the king's heir had to be fashionably dressed; a letter in
+late 1535, after her second birthday, from the wet nurse asking
+permission to wean her; a plan of study in classical languages, for
+Anne was determined her daughter would be as educated as Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The conflict with Mary dominated a great deal of Henry and Anne's
+thoughts.&amp;nbsp; In January 1534, the king's new chief minister, Thomas
+Cromwell, went to visit Mary at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; He urged her to
+renounce her title and warned her that her behavior would lead to her
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she simply wanted her father's blessing
+and the honor of kissing his hand.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell chastised her,
+she left the room.&amp;nbsp; Mary, and indeed most of England, believed
+Anne to be the cause of Henry's disgust with his eldest child.&amp;nbsp; In
+truth, Henry had far more to do with it than Anne; this was proven
+after Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed that she would regain her
+favor with the wicked stepmother out of the way but she was proven
+terribly wrong.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, under threat of her life, she &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;wrote the letter&lt;/a&gt;
+her father had long desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;He and Anne also tried a gentler course with Mary; their goal was
+to show that she had brought Henry's displeasure upon herself and that
+he and Anne were quite willing - under reasonable conditions - to
+receive her.&amp;nbsp; At their next visit to Hatfield, Anne arranged to
+see her stepdaughter.&amp;nbsp; She invited Mary to come to court and
+'visit me as Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Mary responded with a cruel insult - 'I know
+no Queen in England but my mother.&amp;nbsp; But if you, Madam, as my
+father's mistress, will intercede for me with him, I should be
+grateful.'&amp;nbsp; Anne did not lose her temper; she pointed out the
+absurdity of the request and repeated her offer.&amp;nbsp; Mary then
+refused to answer and Anne left in a rage.&amp;nbsp; From then on, she made
+no attempts to gain Mary's friendship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The problem with Mary highlights the untenable positions Anne and
+Elizabeth occupied in English politics.&amp;nbsp; Many of Henry's subjects
+did not know who to call Princess, who was the rightful heir, and who
+was the true wife.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon lived on, still calling
+herself Queen, and Mary, encouraged by the spiteful Imperial ambassador
+Eustace Chapuys, still called herself Princess.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+Chapuys, who openly despised Anne, told Mary that Anne was planning to
+have her murdered.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible lie but one that Mary, in
+her hysterical state, was inclined to believe.&amp;nbsp; When word came
+that she and Elizabeth's household was moving from Hatfield to The
+More, she refused to go.&amp;nbsp; She believed she would be moved and
+quietly murdered.&amp;nbsp; Guards had to actually seize her and throw her
+into her litter.&amp;nbsp; Her distress naturally made her ill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, meanwhile, was too young to notice any of this.&amp;nbsp;
+But such events helped cement the lifelong hatred Mary would have for
+her half-sister.&amp;nbsp; Her Spanish friends continued to spread rumors
+about Anne and Elizabeth, saying the infant princess was physically
+deformed and monstrous in appearance.&amp;nbsp; To dispel this, in April
+1534, Henry showed the naked infant to several continental
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; In that same month, Anne announced she was once
+again pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Nothing could have pleased Henry more.&amp;nbsp; She
+may have had a miscarriage in February for there were rumors she was
+pregnant in January but nothing came of it; given the heightened
+circumstances, it is unlikely she could have hidden her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Even a suspicion of pregnancy was sure to become
+gossip.&amp;nbsp; But the main source of this miscarriage is Chapuys,
+hardly an impartial observer.&amp;nbsp; At any rate, she was definitely
+pregnant again in April 1534.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The elated king took his wife to the medieval palace at Eltham;
+there, they sent for the princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry was often seen
+carrying her about and playing with her.&amp;nbsp; The king&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsketch2.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot;
+ width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;206&quot;&gt; and queen soon returned to Greenwich and
+then Henry left on a progress, leaving Anne at the palace.&amp;nbsp; This
+was probably out of concern for her health and lends some credence to
+the belief she miscarried in February.&amp;nbsp; If she had, Henry would
+show special concern for her health, and this he did.&amp;nbsp; He was
+supposed to meet Francis I of France in June at Calais to sign a treaty
+but decided not to, writing that Katharine and Mary, 'bearing no small
+grudge against his most entirely beloved Queen Anne, might perchance in
+his absence take occasion to practice matters of no small peril to his
+royal person, realm, and subjects.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;His extra attention to Anne did not help her health.&amp;nbsp; In
+September 1534, she miscarried a six-month-old fetus; it was old enough
+for features to be discerned - it was a boy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was bitterly
+disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Anne was likewise.&amp;nbsp; She was also angry for
+Henry had begun a casual affair that summer.&amp;nbsp; She reproached him
+and Henry replied, 'You have good reason to be content with what I have
+done for you - and I would not do it again, if the thing were to
+begin.&amp;nbsp; Consider from what you have come.'&amp;nbsp; The scene was
+furious and overheard by her attendants.&amp;nbsp; But it was a passing
+storm.&amp;nbsp; Henry was already tired of his new mistress and, within
+days, Chapuys was sadly writing to Charles V of Henry's continued
+affection.&amp;nbsp; But there were signs that things were not progressing
+smoothly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;For example, Henry had hoped to cement his relationship with
+Francis I by betrothing Elizabeth to Francis's son, the Duc
+d'Angouleme.&amp;nbsp; After Anne suffered two miscarriages, as the French
+ambassador reported to Francis, the French king grew wary of such a
+betrothal.&amp;nbsp; To him, it must have seemed that Anne's position was
+weakening; after all, Henry had dismissed one wife because she had no
+sons - would he do the same to Anne?&amp;nbsp; And, if he did, then what
+good was a marriage to Elizabeth?&amp;nbsp; Of course, it was in France's
+interests to promote Anne for Katharine of Aragon and her daughter were
+Charles V's pawns.&amp;nbsp; But his doubts highlight the
+instability of Anne's position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This undoubtedly affected her mental and physical health.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was never the mercenary adulterer of legend.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he
+was remarkably conventional in his sexual appetites, unlike his French
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Any affairs would have been widely reported and yet,
+during his long marriage to Katharine of Aragon, there were just a
+handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed being around attractive
+women.&amp;nbsp; He was flirtatious and would joke with them, compliment
+them, but only rarely did he enter into a physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But for Anne, any occasional fling was devastating, especially if
+it followed upon her miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; Such behavior was said to
+indicate his displeasure with her; this she could not afford.&amp;nbsp;
+They were occasionally estranged and the effect was to increase her
+already-noticeable anxiety.&amp;nbsp; In late 1534 Anne, accompanied by the
+duke of Suffolk, her uncle Norfolk, and other courtiers, visited
+Richmond Palace, where both Elizabeth and Mary resided.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+entered her daughter's rooms only to realize that the two dukes had
+left her.&amp;nbsp; They were paying court to Mary and remained with her
+until Anne had left.&amp;nbsp; Still, this slight could be forgotten when
+the Treason Act was passed in November.&amp;nbsp; It was now a capital
+crime to deny the legitimacy of her marriage or children.&amp;nbsp; By
+December, she and Henry had made up yet again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;A scandal occurred shortly thereafter which added further damage to Anne's 
+  reputation.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, who had been Henry's mistress years 
+  before, married Sir William Stafford without her family or the king's 
+  permission.&amp;nbsp; Because Stafford was poor, Mary's father was angry and cut 
+  off her allowance.&amp;nbsp; She appealed to the king and Anne but they would not 
+  help.&amp;nbsp; (Mary did not attend court during Anne's reign, since her presence 
+  would have been an embarrassment for the king and queen.)&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;194&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;139&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Always fascinated with rumors surrounding his
+English 'brother', Francis I decided to hedge his bets in the mercurial
+Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would remain friendly with Anne
+and also with Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; And so he instructed his new
+ambassador, Admiral Chabot, to ignore Anne when he arrived at
+court.&amp;nbsp; Chabot was received by Henry and two days passed without
+any mention of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked if Chabot wanted to visit
+her.&amp;nbsp; The ambassador replied, 'As it pleases Your Highness' and
+then asked permission to visit Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused, but Chabot
+made certain everyone knew of his request.&amp;nbsp; He also told courtiers
+that Francis wanted to marry the Dauphin to Mary; when Henry reminded
+him of the union with Elizabeth, the ambassador said nothing.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, Francis did enrage Charles V by acknowledging Elizabeth's
+legitimacy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a tedious and frightening dance for Anne.&amp;nbsp; During the
+two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth, she was rarely secure,
+certain of her position and the king's affections.&amp;nbsp; Her little
+daughter received every favor she could bestow; Anne insisted Henry
+favor Elizabeth because it strengthened her position.&amp;nbsp; But she was
+surrounded by fair-weather friends who, at the slightest sign of
+Henry's disfavor, ignored her.&amp;nbsp; She only trusted her brother,
+George, whose wife, Jane Rochford, was a viper in their nest.&amp;nbsp;
+Meanwhile, Henry was again flirting openly with another woman.&amp;nbsp;
+This time it was Anne's cousin and lady-in-waiting, Madge
+Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Anne still had influence over her husband, but knew only
+one way to make his favor permanent.&amp;nbsp; She must bear a son.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry would never dismiss the mother of his long-awaited heir.&amp;nbsp;
+Her enemies would at last be silenced.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Henry's health had begun to worsen.&amp;nbsp; The first
+signs of the illness which would kill him appeared (occluded sinus on
+his leg).&amp;nbsp; Headaches became frequent and severe.&amp;nbsp; The king
+was a hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; Now unable to indulge his love of sports, he
+instead indulged his fear of pain and illness.&amp;nbsp; And he was
+frequently impotent.&amp;nbsp; He was in his mid-forties and increasingly
+obese; this, combined with his other ailments, made his continued
+virility questionable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly his 'mistresses' did not
+conceive.&amp;nbsp; But the continued lack of an heir and Anne's
+miscarriages must have reminded him of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; How could it
+not?&amp;nbsp; Like most of his contemporaries, the king blamed his wife
+when she did not conceive or carry to term.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And, like Francis I, Thomas Cromwell - that influential and
+brilliant man - was keeping his options open as well.&amp;nbsp; He visited
+Mary and was rumored to promise support for her reinstatement.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne was terrified at this loss of her one-time supporter who was also
+the king's most trusted advisor.&amp;nbsp; But Anne had one last chance,
+and in June 1535, became pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; She lost that child as
+well, in January 1536; she was reported to have said, 'I have
+miscarried of my savior.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When her destruction came, it was rapid and unbelievable.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had always been one to plot against people while he pretended
+affection.&amp;nbsp; Anne suffered the same fate as Katharine.&amp;nbsp; She
+knew he was dissatisfied with her but he maintained their lifestyle
+together.&amp;nbsp; And all the while, he was seeking the best way to
+destroy her.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon died in January as well, just a
+few days before Anne's miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; These events, taken together,
+pushed Henry into action.&amp;nbsp; While Katharine had lived, most of
+Europe, and many Englishmen, had regarded her as his rightful wife, not
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Now he was rid of Katharine; if he were to rid himself of
+Anne, he could marry again - and this third marriage would never be
+tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;decision
+to thoroughly destroy Anne&lt;/a&gt; baffled even her enemies.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a possible way out which would spare Anne's life.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+admitted an affair with her sister,&lt;img height=&quot;194&quot;
+ alt=&quot;an 18th century portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;144&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; Mary.&amp;nbsp; He could have argued that was as
+damning as Katharine's marriage to his brother.&amp;nbsp; But he chose a
+more direct route.&amp;nbsp; He had her arrested, charged with adultery,
+witchcraft, and incest; the charges were ludicrous even to her
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her brother George was arrested as well.&amp;nbsp; His
+despised wife, Jane Rochford, testified about an incestuous love
+affair.&amp;nbsp; Whether anyone believed her was irrelevant.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII wanted Anne convicted and killed.&amp;nbsp; George would also lose his
+life, as did three of their friends.&amp;nbsp; Only one had confessed to
+the charge, and that was under torture; it was still enough to convict
+them all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As queen of England, Anne was tried by her peers; the main charge
+was adultery, and this was an act of treason for a queen.&amp;nbsp; No
+member of the nobility would help her; her craven uncle Norfolk
+pronounced the death sentence.&amp;nbsp; Poor Henry Percy, her first love,
+swooned during the trial and had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; As
+a concession to her former position, she was not beheaded by a clumsy
+axe.&amp;nbsp; A skilled swordsman was brought over from France.&amp;nbsp; She
+was assured that there would be little pain; she replied, with typical
+spirit, 'I have heard that the executioner is very good.&amp;nbsp; And I
+have a little neck.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have chosen me from low estate to be your
+queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you
+found me worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy
+or bad counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me;
+neither let that stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart
+towards your good grace ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the
+infant princess your daughter.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt;
+to King Henry VIII, 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;its authenticity
+is debated&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She had prayed for exile, to end her days in a nunnery, but now
+faced a more tragic fate.&amp;nbsp; She met it with bravery and wit.&amp;nbsp;
+She was brought to the scaffold at 8 o'clock in the morning on 19 May
+1536.&amp;nbsp; It was a heretofore unknown spectacle, the first public
+execution of an English queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne, who had defended herself so
+ably at her trial, chose her last words carefully:&amp;nbsp; 'Good
+Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law,
+and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak
+anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray
+God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler
+nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a
+good, a gentle and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle
+of my cause, I require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my
+leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to
+pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my
+soul.'&amp;nbsp; She was then blindfolded and knelt at the block.&amp;nbsp; She
+repeated several times, 'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu
+receive my soul.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a sardonic message to the king.&amp;nbsp; Even now he waited
+impatiently to hear the Tower cannon mark Anne's death.&amp;nbsp; He wished
+to marry Anne's lady-in-waiting, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They wed ten days after the execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth was just three and a half when her mother died.&amp;nbsp;
+She was a precocious child, though; when her governess visited her just
+days after the execution, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+asked, 'Why, Governor, how hap it yesterday Lady Princess, and today
+but Lady Elizabeth?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was buried in an old arrow box since no coffin was
+provided.&amp;nbsp; But the box was too short; her head was tucked beside
+her.&amp;nbsp; The remains were taken to St Peter ad Vincula, the church of
+the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; It was later rumored that her few remaining
+friends smuggled her body to a more suitable grave and she is buried
+under a plain slab in a Norfolk church.&amp;nbsp; The church is said to be
+haunted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And if any person will meddle of my
+cause, I require them to judge the best.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This page receives 15,000+ unique visitors per 
+month.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082567&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082567&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3ab4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;LAST YEARS AND DEATH: 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE death of Mary Stuart did something to simplify parties 
+    in Scotland; and, if her son had possessed the qualities of a ruler, he 
+    would have had a better chance of reducing his kingdom to order than any of 
+    his predecessors, because a middle class was at length rising into 
+    importance. As far as knowledge and discernment went, he was an able 
+    politician, and on several occasions he showed not only skill in his 
+    combinations, but--what he is not generally credited with by those who study 
+    only his career in England -- considerable energy and courage. But he was 
+    wanting in perseverance, and a slave to idle pleasures. He had always some 
+    favourite upon whom he lavished any money that came into his hands. What was 
+    needed in his own interest and that of his country was that he should 
+    exercise rigid economy, develop all the forces that made for order, ally 
+    himself with the burghs and lower barons, cultivate good relations with the 
+    Kirk, industriously attend to all the details of government, and seize every 
+    opportunity to humble the great nobles of whatever party or creed. Instead 
+    of this, he tried to maintain himself by balancing rival parties, and 
+    employing one nobleman to execute his vengeance on another. Instead of 
+    honestly and zealously seconding the policy of Elizabeth, and so deserving 
+    her confidence and support, which would have been of the utmost value to 
+    him, he tried to levy blackmail on her by coquetting with Spain and the 
+    Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth is accused of deliberately encouraging Scottish 
+    factions in order to keep the northern kingdom weak. She certainly supported 
+    Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, a turbulent and unprincipled man, while he was 
+    the antagonist of the Catholic nobles who were inviting the Spaniard. But it 
+    is plain that she desired nothing so much as to see James crush all 
+    aristocratic disorder, and make himself master of his kingdom. Her 
+    exhortations to him on this subject are full of wisdom, and expressed in 
+    most stirring language. But they only produced petitions for money. 
+    Notwithstanding her own difficulties, she long allowed him Â£3000 a year, 
+    which, in 1600, was increased to Â£6000. But ten times that amount would have 
+    done him no good, because he would immediately have squandered it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;As Elizabeth grew old, James naturally became absorbed in 
+    the prospect of his succession to the English crown. All Scotchmen shared 
+    his eagerness. In England, feeling was almost unanimous in his favour, 
+    though some of the Catholics continued to talk of the Infanta or Arabella 
+    Stuart the niece of Darnley. By teasing Elizabeth to recognise his title, 
+    intriguing with her courtiers, and calling on his own subjects to furnish 
+    him with the means of asserting his rights, James irritated the English 
+    Queen. But she had always intended that he should succeed her, and she did 
+    nothing to prejudice his claim. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two leading men at the English court--Cecil and 
+    Raleigh--who had been united in their hostility to Essex, were now secretly 
+    competing for the favour of James. Each warned the Scottish King against the 
+    other, and represented himself as the only trustworthy adviser. Cecil, from 
+    his confidential relations with the Queen, had the most difficult game to 
+    play, and it was not till her health was evidently failing that he ventured 
+    to open private communications with James. Even then he did not dare to 
+    correspond with him directly, but it was understood that everything written 
+    by Lord Henry Howard (brother of the last Duke of Norfolk) was to be taken 
+    as written by Cecil. To make up for his previous backwardness, he lent James 
+    Â£10,000--a pledge of fidelity which it was out of his rival's power to 
+    emulate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The long career of Elizabeth was now drawing to its close. 
+    Her sun might seem to be going down in calm splendour. She had triumphed 
+    over all her enemies. She might say with Virgil's heroine-- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Vixi, et quem dederat cursum fortuna, peregi;&lt;br&gt;
+      Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The mighty Philip had gone to his grave five years before 
+    her (1598), a beaten man, having failed in Holland, failed in France, failed 
+    against England. Of the three great champions who withstood him, Elizabeth, 
+    if not the most distinguished by high qualities, had yet, perhaps, the 
+    largest share in saving Europe from the retrograde tyranny which menaced it. 
+    The glorious resistance of William of Orange covered only sixteen years 
+    (1568-84). That of Henry IV can hardly be said to have had any European 
+    importance before his accession to the French throne, from which date to the 
+    peace of Vervins and the death of Philip is a period of nine years 
+    (1589-98). But the whole of Elizabeth's long reign was spent in abating the 
+    power of Spain. It was the persistent, never-relaxing pressure from an 
+    unassailable enemy which wore out Philip, as it afterwards wore out 
+    Bonaparte. Elizabeth had found England weak and distracted: she was leaving 
+    it united and powerful. Nor was she of those to whom their due meed of 
+    praise is denied during life, and accorded only by the tardy justice of 
+    posterity. Her wisdom and courage were the admiration not of her own people 
+    alone, but of all Europe. &amp;quot;Her very enemies,&amp;quot; says a French historian, 
+    &amp;quot;proclaimed her the most glorious and fortunate of all women who ever wore a 
+    crown.&amp;quot; From the point of view of public life, little or nothing was 
+    wanting--so Bacon thought--to fill up the full measure of her felicity. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet it seems that the last months of her life were clouded 
+    by melancholy, and deformed by a querulous ill-temper. Some have suggested 
+    that she suffered from remorse for her severity to Essex; others that she 
+    felt herself out of sympathy with the Puritan tendencies of the time. It is 
+    not necessary to resort to these unfounded or far-fetched suppositions to 
+    account for her gloom. If we turn from her public to her private life, what 
+    situation could be more profoundly pitiable? Honour and obedience, indeed, 
+    still surrounded her. But that which also should accompany old age, love and 
+    troops of friends, she might not look to have. Near relations she had none. 
+    Alone she had chosen to live, and alone she must die. As her time 
+    approached, she was haunted by the consciousness that, among all those who 
+    treated her with so much reverence, there was not one who had any reason to 
+    be attached to her or to care that her life should be prolonged. Those who 
+    have not loved when they were young must not expect to find love when they 
+    are old. While health and strength remained, she had tasted the satisfaction 
+    of living her own life and playing the great game of politics, for which she 
+    was exceptionally gifted. But to a woman who has passed through life without 
+    knowing what it is to love or be loved, who has no memory of even an 
+    unrequited affection to feed on, who has never shared a husband's joys and 
+    sorrows, never borne the sweet burden of maternity, never suckled babe or 
+    rocked cradle, who must finish her journey alone, sitting in the solemn 
+    twilight before the last dark hour uncared for and uncaring, without the 
+    cheer of children or the varied interests that gather round the family--to 
+    such a one, what avails it that she has tasted the excitement of public 
+    life, that she has borne a share in politics or business--what even that her 
+    aims have been high or that she has done the State some service, if she has 
+    renounced the crown of womanhood, and turned from their appointed use those 
+    numbered years within which the female heart can find present joy and lay up 
+    store of calm satisfaction for declining age? &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had always enjoyed good health, thanks to her 
+    &amp;quot;exact temperance both as to wine and diet, which, she used to say, was the 
+    noblest part of physic,&amp;quot; and her active habits. In capacity for resisting 
+    bodily fatigue and freedom from nervous ailments, she was like a man. It was 
+    not till the beginning of 1602 that those about her noticed any signs of 
+    failing strength. She still went on hunting and dancing. In dancing she 
+    excelled, and she kept it up for exercise, as many an old man keeps up his 
+    skating or tennis without being exposed to ill-natured remarks. In December 
+    1602 her godson Harington, an amusing person, whose company she enjoyed, 
+    found her &amp;quot;in most pitiable state,&amp;quot; both in body and mind. &amp;quot;She held in her 
+    hand a golden cup which she often put to her lips; but in sooth her heart 
+    seemeth too full to lack more filling.&amp;quot; He read her some verses he had 
+    written, &amp;quot;whereat she smiled once,&amp;quot; but said, &amp;quot;When thou dost feel creeping 
+    Time at thy gate, these fooleries will please thee less. I am past my relish 
+    for such matters. Thou seest my bodily meat doth not suit me well. I have 
+    eaten but one ill-tasted cake since yesternight.&amp;quot; Harington hastened to send 
+    a present to the King of Scots, with the inscription, &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Domine memento mei 
+    cum veneris in regnum&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the same month Robert Carey, son of her cousin Lord 
+    Hunsdon, visited her, and professed to think her looking well. &amp;quot;No, Robin,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;I am not well,&amp;quot; and then &amp;quot;discoursed of her indisposition, and 
+    that her heart had been sad and heavy for ten or twelve days, and in her 
+    discourse she fetched not so few as forty or fifty great sighs. . . . 
+    Hereupon I wrote to the King of Scots.&amp;quot;(1) Her melancholy was not caused by 
+    any weakening of her mind. A long letter to James, dated 5 January 1603, 
+    though hardly legible, is very vigorous and characteristic. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the beginning of March1603 she became much worse. There 
+    was some disease of the throat, attended with swelling and a distressing 
+    formation of phlegm, which made speaking difficult. The only relatives about 
+    her were Robert Carey and his sister Lady Scrope, watching keenly that they 
+    might be the first to inform James of her death. She could not be brought by 
+    any of her Council to take food or go to bed. When in bed she had been 
+    troubled by a visual illusion; &amp;quot;she saw her body exceedingly lean and 
+    fearful in a light of fire.&amp;quot; At last Nottingham, the Admiral, who was 
+    mourning the recent death of his wife, was sent for. He was a second cousin 
+    of Anne Boleyn, and was the one person to whom the dying Queen seemed to 
+    cling with some trust. He induced her to take some broth. &amp;quot;For any of the 
+    rest,&amp;quot; says her maid-of-honour, Mistress Southwell, &amp;quot;she would not answer 
+    them to any question, but said softly to my Lord Admiral's earnest 
+    persuasions that if he knew what she had seen in her bed he would not 
+    persuade her as he did. And Secretary Cecil, overhearing her, asked if her 
+    Majesty had seen any spirits; to which she said she scorned to answer him so 
+    idle a question. Then he told her how, to content the people, her Majesty 
+    must go to bed. To which she smiled, wonderfully contemning him, saying that 
+    the word must was not to be used to princes; and thereupon said, 'Little 
+    man, little man, if your father had lived ye [he?] durst not have said so 
+    much: but thou knowest I must die, and that maketh thee so presumptuous.' 
+    And presently commanding him and the rest to depart her chamber, willed my 
+    Lord Admiral to stay; to whom she shook her head, and with a pitiful voice 
+    said, 'My Lord, I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.' He alleging 
+    her wonted courage to her, she replied, 'I am tied, and the case is altered 
+    with me.'&amp;quot; At last, &amp;quot;what by fair means,&amp;quot; says Carey, &amp;quot;what by force, he got 
+    her to bed.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was perfectly understood that she meant James to be her 
+    successor. The Admiral now told his colleagues that she had confided her 
+    intention to him just before her illness took a serious turn. Two years 
+    before, in conversation with Rosni, the minister of Henry IV., she had 
+    spoken of the approaching union of the Scotch and English crowns as a matter 
+    of course. But it was not till a few hours before her death that her 
+    councillors ventured to question her on the subject. They gave out that she 
+    indicated James by a sign; and this is also asserted by Carey, who, however, 
+    does not seem to have been present, though probably his sister was. Mistress 
+    Southwell seems to write as an eye-witness, but betrays a Catholic bias, 
+    which may cast some doubt on her testimony. &amp;quot;The Council sent to her the 
+    bishop of Canterbury and other of the prelates, upon sight of whom she was 
+    much offended, cholericly rating them, bidding them be packing, saying she 
+    was no atheist, but knew full well they were hedgepriests, and took it for 
+    an indignity that they should speak to her. Now being given over by all, and 
+    at the last gasp, keeping still her sense in everything and giving ever when 
+    she spoke apt answers, though she spake very seldom, having then a sore 
+    throat, she desired to wash it, that she might answer more freely to what 
+    the Council demanded; which was to know whom she would have king; but they, 
+    seeing her throat troubled her so much, desired her to hold up her finger 
+    when they named whom liked her. Whereupon they named the king of France, the 
+    king of Scotland, at which she never stirred. They named my lord Beauchamp, 
+    (2) whereto she said, 'I will have no rascal's son in my seat, but one 
+    worthy to be a king.' Hereupon instantly she died.&amp;quot; (23 March, afternoon.)
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is certain, however, that she lived several hours after 
+    this characteristic outburst. Carey says that at six o'clock in the evening 
+    he went into her room with the Archbishop; that, though speechless, she 
+    showed by signs that she followed his prayers, and twice desired him to 
+    remain when he was going away. She died in the early hours of Thursday, 24 
+    March. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There have been many greater statesmen than Elizabeth. She 
+    was far from being an admirable type of womanhood. She does not, in my 
+    opinion, stand first even among female sovereigns, for I should put that 
+    able ruler and perfect woman, Isabella of Castile, above her. I admit, 
+    however, that such comparisons are apt to be unjust. Few rulers have had to 
+    contend with such formidable and complicated difficulties as the English 
+    Queen. Few have surmounted them so triumphantly. This is the criterion, and 
+    the sufficient criterion, which determines the judgment of practical men. 
+    Research, if applied with fairness and common sense, may perhaps modify, it 
+    can never set aside, the popular verdict. There are writers who have made 
+    the discovery that Elizabeth was a very poor ruler, selfish and wayward, 
+    shortsighted, easily duped, fainthearted, rash, miserly, wasteful, and 
+    swayed by the pettiest impulses of vanity, spite, and personal inclination. 
+    They have not explained, and never will, how it was that a woman with all 
+    these disqualifications for government should have ruled England with signal 
+    success for forty-four years. Statesmen are indebted to good luck 
+    occasionally, like other people. But when this explanation is offered again 
+    and again with dull regularity, we are compelled to say, with one who had at 
+    once the best opportunity and the highest capacity for estimating the 
+    greatness of Elizabeth: &amp;quot;It is not to closet penmen that we are to look for 
+    guidance in such a case; for men of that order being keen in style, poor in 
+    judgment, and partial in feeling, are no faithful witnesses as to the real 
+    passages of business. It is for ministers and great officers to judge of 
+    these things, and those who have handled the helm of government and been 
+    acquainted with the difficulties and mysteries of State business.&amp;quot; (Bacon,
+    &lt;i&gt;In felicem memoriam ElizabethÅ.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The judgment of those who have handled the helm of 
+    government is to be found in the words of her contemporary, the great 
+    Henry--&amp;quot;She was my other self:&amp;quot; and of a greater still in the next 
+    generation-&amp;quot;Queen Elizabeth of famous memory; we need not be ashamed to call 
+    her so!&amp;quot; (Carlyle, &lt;i&gt;Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell&lt;/i&gt;, Speech 
+    V.)&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. Elizabeth made large use of the courage and 
+    fidelity of her kinsmen on the Boleyn side, but she did little to advance 
+    them either in rank or wealth. Hunsdon had set his heart on regaining the 
+    Boleyn Earldom of Wiltshire. When he was dying, Elizabeth brought the patent 
+    and robes of in earl, and laid them on his bed; but the choleric old man 
+    replied, &amp;quot;Madam, seeing you counted me not worthy of this honour while I was 
+    living, I count myself unworthy of it now I am dying.&amp;quot; 2. Son of Catherine 
+    Grey by the Earl of Hertford. &amp;quot;Rascal&amp;quot; at that time meant a person of low 
+    birth. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082629&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082629&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7454</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronation of Anne Boleyn, 1533</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prianne1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prianne1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1533: The coronation of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;322&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's coronation was written by the Tudor chronicler 
+    Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry only provided coronations for his first two wives.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Katharine of Aragon shared his coronation in 1509; Anne's lavish ceremony 
+    took place on 29 May 1533.&amp;nbsp; She would be executed almost exactly three 
+    years later.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The coronation was not a success, despite its expense.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Anne was not popular.&amp;nbsp; Insults were shouted; mocking laughter was 
+    heard.&amp;nbsp; Anne was already two months pregnant with the future Queen 
+    Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly hastened her secret marriage and 
+    coronation.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII wanted no one to doubt the legitimacy of his 
+    son or the nobility of his parentage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+    On
+Thursday 29 May, Lady Anne, marquess of Pembroke, was received as queen
+of England by all the lords of England.&amp;nbsp; And the mayor and aldermen,
+with all the guilds of the City of London, went to Greenwich in their barges
+after the best fashion, with also a barge of bachelors of the mayor's guild
+richly hung with cloth of gold with a great number to wait on her.&amp;nbsp;
+And so all the lords with the mayor and all the guilds of London brought
+her by water from Greenwich to the Tower of London, and there the king's
+grace received her as she landed, and then over a thousand guns were fired
+at the Tower, and others were fired at Limehouse, and on other ships lying
+in the Thames. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;And on Saturday, the last day of May, she rode from the Tower of London
+through the City with a goodly company of lords, knights and gentlemen,
+with all the peers of the realm, richly appareled.&amp;nbsp; She herself rode
+in a rich chariot covered with cloth of silver, and a rich canopy of cloth
+of silver borne over her head by the four Lords of the Ports, in gowns
+of scarlet, followed by four richly hung chariots of ladies; and also several
+other ladies and gentlewoman riding on horseback, all in gowns made of
+crimson velvet.&amp;nbsp; And there were various pageant made on scaffolds
+in the city; and all the guilds were standing in their liveries, every
+one in order, the mayor and aldermen standing in Cheapside.&amp;nbsp; And when
+she&amp;nbsp; came before them the Recorder of London made a goodly presentation
+to her, and then the mayor gave her a purse of cloth of fold with a thousand
+marks of angel nobles in it, as a present from the whole of the city; and
+so the lords brought her to the palace of Westminster and left her there
+that night.
+&lt;p&gt;On 1 June Queen Anne was brought from Westminster Hall to St Peter's
+Abbey in procession, with all the monks of Westminster going in rich copes
+of gold, with thirteen mitred abbots; and after them all the king's chapel
+in rich copes with four bishops and two mitred archbishops, and all the
+lords going in their parliament robes, and the crown borne before her by
+the duke of Suffolk, and her two sceptres by two earls, and she herself
+going under a rich canopy of cloth of gold, dressed in a kirtle of crimson
+velvet decorated with ermine, and a robe of purple velvet decorated with
+ermine over that, and a rich coronet with a cap of pearls and stones on
+her head; and the old duchess of Norfolk carrying her train in a robe of
+scarlet with a coronet of gold on her cap, and Lord Burgh, the queen's
+Chamberlain, supporting the train in the middle.
+&lt;p&gt;After her followed ten ladies in robes of scarlet trimmed with ermine
+and round coronets of gold on their heads; and next after them all the
+queen's maids in gowns of scarlet edged with white Baltic fur.&amp;nbsp; And
+so she was brought to St Peter's church at Westminster, and there set in
+her high royal seat, which was made on a high platform before the altar.&amp;nbsp;
+And there she was anointed and crowned queen of England by the archbishop
+of Canterbury and the archbishop of York, and so sat, crowned, in her royal
+seat all through the mass, and she offered at the said mass.&amp;nbsp; And
+when the mass was done they left, every man in his order, to Westminster
+Hall, she still going under the canopy, crowned, with two sceptres in her
+hands, my Lord Wiltshire her father, and Lord Talbot leading her, and so
+dined there; and there was made the most honourable feast that has been
+seen.
+&lt;p&gt;The great hall at Westminster was richly hung with rich cloth of Arras,
+and a table was set at the upper end of the hall, going up twelve steps,
+where the queen dined; and a rich cloth of estate hung over her head.&amp;nbsp;
+There were also four other tables along the hall; and it was railed on
+every side, from the high dais in Westminster Hall to the platform in the
+church in the abbey.
+&lt;p&gt;And when she went to church to her coronation there was a striped blue
+cloth spread from the high dais of the king's bench to the high altar of
+Westminster on which she went.
+&lt;p&gt;And when the queen's Grace had washed her hands, then came the duke
+of Suffolk, high constable for that day and steward of the feast, riding
+on horseback, richly dressed and decorated, and with him, also riding on
+horseback, Lord William Howard as deputy for the duke of Norfolk in his
+office of marshall of England, and there came the queen's service followed
+by the archbishop's with a certain space between, which was all borne by
+knights; the archbishop sitting at the queen's board, at the end on her
+left hand.&amp;nbsp; The earl of Sussex was sewer, earl of Essex carver, earl
+of Derby cup bearer, earl of Arundel butler, Viscount Lisle panter, and
+Lord Grey almoner.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082598&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082598&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10954</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Anne Boleyn, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynex.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: The execution of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;372&quot; height=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's fall from royal favor was written by the Spanish 
+    ambassador Eustace Chapuys,
+
+in a letter to Emperor Charles V.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chapuys despised Anne; she returned the feeling.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    was the chief adviser and confidante of Henry VIII's first wife, Katharine 
+    of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He did not recognize the king's marriage to Anne and 
+    referred to her as 'the concubine' and 'the whore' in his official 
+    dispatches.&amp;nbsp; Like many, Chapuys blamed Anne for the king's poor 
+    treatment of Katharine and their daughter, Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chapuys had confidently predicted Anne's fall for several 
+    years.&amp;nbsp; When it actually happened, he was quite surprised.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+    not recognized the depth of Henry's feelings for the woman who would become 
+    his third wife, Jane Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Despite Chapuys's dislike of Anne, his account gives little 
+    credit to the king.&amp;nbsp; He clearly considered Henry's behavior to be 
+    inappropriate; it was also unpopular.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+The joy shown by the people every day, not only at the ruin of the concubine
+but at the hope of princess Mary's restoration is inconceivable, but as
+yet the king shows no great disposition towards the latter; indeed he has
+twice shown himself obstinate when spoken to on the subject by his council.&amp;nbsp;
+I hear that, even before the arrest of the concubine, the king, speaking
+with Mistress Jane Seymour of their future marriage, the latter suggested
+that the princess should be replaced in her former position; and the king
+told her she was a fool, and ought to solicit the advancement of the children
+they would have between them, and not any others.&amp;nbsp; She replied that
+in asking for the restoration of the princess she was seeking the rest
+and tranquility of the king, herself, her future children, and the whole
+realm; for, without that neither your majesty nor this people would ever
+be content.
+&lt;p&gt;I will endeavor by all means to make her continue in this vein; I hope
+also to go and speak with the king within three days, and with members
+of the council in general.&amp;nbsp; I think the concubine's little bastard
+Elizabeth will be excluded from the succession, and that the king will
+get himself requested by parliament to marry.&amp;nbsp; To cover the affection
+he has for the said Seymour he has lodged her seven miles away in the house
+of a grand esquire, and says publicly that he has no desire in the world
+to marry again, unless he is constrained by his subjects to do so.&amp;nbsp;
+Several have already told me and sent to say that, if it cost them their
+lives, when parliament meets they will urge the cause of the princess to
+the utmost.
+&lt;p&gt;The very evening the concubine was brought to the Tower of London, when
+the duke of Richmond went to say goodnight to his father, and ask his blessing
+after the English custom, the king began to weep, saying that he and his
+sister, meaning the princess, were greatly bound to God for having escaped
+the hands of that accursed whore, who had determined to poison them; from
+which it is clear that the king knew something about it.
+&lt;p&gt;Master Norris, the king's chief butler, Master Weston who used to lie
+with the king, Master Brereton gentleman of the chamber, and the groom
+of whom I wrote to your majesty by my man, were all condemned as traitors.&amp;nbsp;
+Only the groom confessed that he had been three times with the said whore
+and concubine.&amp;nbsp; The others were condemned upon presumption and certain
+indications, without valid proof or confession.
+&lt;p&gt;The concubine and her brother were condemned for treason by all the
+principal lords of England, and the duke of Norfolk pronounced sentence.&amp;nbsp;
+I am told the earl of Wiltshire was quite as ready to assist at the judgement
+as he had done at the condemnation of the other four.&amp;nbsp; Neither the
+whore nor her brother was brought to Westminster like the other criminals.&amp;nbsp;
+They were condemned within the Tower of London, but the thing was not done
+secretly, for there were more than 2,000 persons present.&amp;nbsp; What she
+was principally charged with was having cohabited with her brother and
+other accomplices; that there was a promise between her and Norris to marry
+after the king's death, which it thus appeared they hoped for; and that
+she had received and given to Norris certain medals, which might be interpreted
+to mean that she had poisoned the late queen, and intrigued to do the same
+to the princess.&amp;nbsp; These things she totally denied and gave to each
+a plausible answer.&amp;nbsp; Yet she confessed she had given money to Weston,
+as she had often done to other young gentlemen.&amp;nbsp; She was also charged,
+and her brother likewise, with having laughed at the king and his dress,
+and that she showed in various ways she did not love the king, but was
+tired of him.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was charged with having cohabited with
+her by presumption, because he had once been found a long time with her,
+and with certain other little follies.&amp;nbsp; To all he replied so well
+that several of those present wagered 10 to 1 that he would be acquitted,
+especially as no witnesses were produced against either him or her, as
+it is usual to do, particularly when the accused denies the charge.
+&lt;p&gt;I must not omit that among other things charged against him as a crime
+was, that his sister had told his wife that the king was impotent.&amp;nbsp;
+This he was not openly charged with, but it was shown him in writing, with
+a warning not to repeat it.&amp;nbsp; But he immediately declared the matter,
+in great contempt of Cromwell and some others, saying he would not in this
+point arouse any suspicion which might prejudice the king's issue.&amp;nbsp;
+He was also charged with having spread reports which called in question
+whether his sister's daughter was the king's child.&amp;nbsp; To which he made
+no reply.&amp;nbsp; They were judged separately and did not see each other.&amp;nbsp;
+The concubine was condemned first, and having heard the sentence, which
+was to be burnt or beheaded at the king's pleasure, she preserved her composure,
+saying that she held herself ready to greet death and that what she regretted
+most was that the above persons, who were innocent and loyal to the king,
+were to die for her.&amp;nbsp; She only asked a short time for confession.&amp;nbsp;
+Her brother, after his condemnation, said that since he must die, he would
+no longer maintain his innocence, but confessed that he had deserved death.&amp;nbsp;
+He only begged the king that his debts, which he recounted, might be paid
+out of his goods.
+&lt;p&gt;Although everybody rejoices at the execution of the whore there are
+some who murmur at the mode of procedure against her and the others, and
+people speak variously of the king; and it will not pacify the world when
+it is known what has passed and is passing between him and Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+Already it sounds ill in the ears of the people, that the king, having
+received such ignominy, has shown himself more glad than ever since the
+arrest of the whore; for he has been going about banqueting with ladies,
+sometimes remaining after midnight, and returning by the river.&amp;nbsp; Most
+of the time he was accompanied by various musical instruments, and, on
+the other hand, by the singers of his chamber, which many interpret as
+showing his delight at getting rid of a thin, old and wicked fool with
+hope of change, which is a thing especially agreeable to this king.&amp;nbsp;
+He supped lately with several ladies in the house of the bishop of Carlisle,
+and showed an extravagant joy, as the said bishop came to tell me next
+morning, who reported moreover that the king had said to him, among other
+things, that he had long expected the issue of these affairs, and that
+thereupon he had before composed a tragedy, which he carried with him;
+and so saying the king drew from his bosom a little book written in his
+own hand, but the bishop did not read the contents.&amp;nbsp; It may have been
+certain ballads that the king had composed, at which the whore and her
+brother laughed as foolish things, which was objected to them as a great
+crime.
+&lt;p&gt;Three days after the concubine's imprisonment the princess was removed,
+and was honourably accompanied both by the servants of the little bastard
+and by several gentlemen who came of their own accord.&amp;nbsp; Many of her
+old servants and maids at this news went to her, and although her governess
+allowed them to remain, she was warned by me not to accept or retain anyone
+but those given her by the king her father.&amp;nbsp; What I most fear as regards
+her is, that when the king is asked by parliament to restore her to her
+rights, he will refuse his consent unless the princess first swears to
+the statutes invalidating the first marriage and the pope's authority.&amp;nbsp;
+To this, I think, she will not easily yield, although I should advise her
+to acquiesce in everything as far as she can without prejudice to her conscience.&lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prianne3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prianne3.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&quot; width=&quot;328&quot; height=&quot;152&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution was made by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The execution took place on 19 May 1536 at 8 o'clock in the 
+    morning.&amp;nbsp; It was the first public execution of an English queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt;
+'Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the
+law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything
+of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save
+the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more
+merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle
+and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle of my cause, I
+require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my leave of the world
+and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord
+have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.' &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;After being blindfolded and kneeling at the block, she repeated several 
+times:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu receive my soul.'&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4832</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The first meeting of Anne of Cleves and Henry VIII and their marriage, 1539-1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH411a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pricleve.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pricleve.gif&quot; width=&quot;472&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The accounts 
+      at right were written by the Spanish ambassador Eustace Chapuys.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne was Henry VIII's fourth wife.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was 
+      annulled after only a few months, primarily because the king did not find 
+      her attractive.&amp;nbsp; And he had already found an attractive replacement - 
+      Catherine Howard.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Of particular interest is Henry's trick at their first
+meeting and Anne's reaction, undoubtedly a humbling experience for the
+king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1539&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;This year on St John's Day, 27 December, Lady Anne, daughter of the
+duke of Cleves in Germany, landed at Dover at 5 o'clock at night, and there
+was honorably received by the duke of Suffolk and other great lords, and
+so lodged in the castle.&amp;nbsp; And on the following Monday she rode to
+Canterbury where she was honorably received by the archbishop of Canterbury
+and other great men, and lodged at the king's palace at St Austin's, and
+there highly feasted.&amp;nbsp; On Tuesday she came to Sittingbourne.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1540&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;On New Year's Eve the duke of Norfolk with other knights and the barons
+of the exchequer received her grace on the heath, two miles beyond Rochester,
+and so brought her to the abbey of Rochester where she stayed that night
+and all New Years Day.&amp;nbsp; And on New Years Day in the afternoon the
+king's grace with five of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled
+cloaks with hoods so that they should not be recognized, came secretly
+to Rochester, and so went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne
+was looking out of a window to see the bull-baiting which was going on
+in the courtyard, and suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here
+a token which the king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being
+abashed and not knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp;
+But she regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when
+the king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of purple
+velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they did him
+reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the king's majesty,
+and his grace saluted her again, and they talked together lovingly, and
+afterwards he took her by the hand and led her to another chamber where
+their graces amused themselves that night and on Friday until the afternoon.
+&lt;p&gt;....So she came to Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp;
+And the next day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at
+Greenwich, where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his grace
+and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich coronet
+of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown of rich cloth
+of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all her ladies and
+gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to behold.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8597</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England Secondary Sources biographies histories studies etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England Secondary Sources biographies histories studies etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Biographies, Histories, Studies, etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH42a4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorsecondarysources.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;566&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorsecondarysources.gif&quot; width=&quot;446&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; alt=&quot;Secondary Sources: Biographies, Histories, Studies, etc&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;ES Beesly, &lt;i&gt;Queen 
+    Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; (1892)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterone.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;:&lt;/font&gt; 
+      EARLY LIFE, 1533-1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwo.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER II&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      THE CHANGE OF RELIGION, 1559 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterthree.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      III&lt;/a&gt;: FOREIGN RELATIONS, 1559-1563&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfour.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      IV&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH&lt;/font&gt; AND MARY STUART, 
+      1559-1568&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfive.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER V&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      ARISTOCRATIC PLOTS, 1568-1572&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptersix.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER VI&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 1572-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterseven.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      VII&lt;/a&gt;: THE PAPAL ATTACK, 1570-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereight.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      VIII&lt;/a&gt;: PROTECTORATE OF THE, NETHERLANDS, 1584-1586&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapternine.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      IX&lt;/a&gt;: EXECUTION OF THE QUEEN OF SCOTS: 1584-1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER X&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      WAR WITH SPAIN, 1587-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereleven.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      XI&lt;/a&gt;: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS, 1588-1601&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwelve.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      XII&lt;/a&gt;: LAST YEARS AND DEATH, 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;JA Froude, &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: The 
+    Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII &lt;/i&gt;(1891)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BEING 
+    A SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO THE AUTHOR'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeintroduction.html&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeone.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER ONE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Prospects of a disputed succession to the crown -- Various 
+    claimants -Catherine incapable of having further children -- Irregularity of 
+    her marriage with the King -- Papal dispensations -- First mention of the 
+    divorce -- Situation of the Papacy -- Charles V. -- Policy of Wolsey -- 
+    Anglo-French alliance -- Imperial troops in Italy -- Appeal of the Pope -- 
+    Mission of Inigo de Mendoza -- The Bishop of Tarbes -Legitimacy of the 
+    Princess Mary called in question -- Secret meeting of the Legates' court -- 
+    Alarms of Catherine -- Sack of Rome by the Duke of Bourbon -- Proposed 
+    reform of the Papacy -- The divorce promoted by Wolsey -- Unpopular in 
+    England -- Attempts of the Emperor to gain Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudetwo.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER TWO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mission of 
+    Wolsey to Paris -- Visits Bishop Fisher on the way -- Anxieties of the 
+    Emperor -- Letter of the Emperor to Henry VIII. -Large offers to Wolsey -- 
+    Address of the French Cardinals to the Pope -- Anne Boleyn chosen by Henry 
+    to succeed Catherine -- Surprise and displeasure of Wolsey -- Fresh attempts 
+    of the Emperor to bribe him -- Wolsey forced to continue to advocate the 
+    divorce -Mission of Dr. Knight to Rome -- The Pope at Orvieto -- The King 
+    applies for a dispensation to make a second marriage -- Language of the 
+    dispensation demanded -- Inferences drawn from it -- Alleged intrigue 
+    between the King and Mary Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudethree.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER THREE&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anxiety 
+    of the Pope to satisfy the &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; -- 
+    Fears of the Emperor -Proposed alternatives -- France and England declare 
+    war in the Pope's defence -- Campeggio to be sent to England -- The
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt;'s account of the Pope's conduct 
+    -- The Pope's distress and alarm -The secret decretal -- Instructions to 
+    Campeggio. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER FOUR&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;A&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;nne 
+    Boleyn -- Letters to her from the &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; 
+    -- The Convent at Wilton -- The Divorce -- The Pope's promises -- Arrival of 
+    Campeggio in England -- Reception at the Bridewell Palace -- Proposal to 
+    Catherine to take the veil -- Her refusal -- Uncertainty of the succession 
+    -- A singular expedient -- Alarms of Wolsey -- The true issue -Speech of the
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; in the City -- Threats of the 
+    Emperor -- Defects in the Bull of Pope Julius -- Alleged discovery of a 
+    brief supplying them -- Distress of Clement.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;
+    more to come....&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+    England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082545&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082545&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">24390</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4449.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey-small.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Thomas Wolsey&quot; height=67 width=286&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born c. 1465 in Ipswich
+&lt;br&gt;died 29 November 1530 in Leicester&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was a man
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Himself with princes...
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+O Cromwell, Cromwell!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Had I but served my God with half the zeal
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+I served my king, he would not in mine age
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Have left me naked to mine enemies.
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;. Wolsey's speech in act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Cardinal Wolsey&quot; BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
+VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
+and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&amp;nbsp; He was
+born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&amp;nbsp;
+But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
+Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&amp;nbsp; Five years later, he
+became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
+Sir Richard Nanfan.&amp;nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
+Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&amp;nbsp;
+Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
+was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
+death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's
+death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
+found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
+to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
+as one could be to a king.&amp;nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
+mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
+diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
+and English-arbitrated European peace.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
+though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&amp;nbsp; He
+was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
+but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
+international affairs.&amp;nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
+spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
+English life.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
+and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
+delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The early years of Henry's
+reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
+in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&amp;nbsp; And
+while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
+on Wolsey's assistance.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
+changed by the French expedition of 1513.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
+to prove English strength in battle against this old
+&lt;br&gt;enemy.&amp;nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
+young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&amp;nbsp; When Henry VII
+died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
+but not lively.&amp;nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
+dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
+a successful military strike against France.&amp;nbsp; After one failure, he
+went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&amp;nbsp;
+Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
+Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&amp;nbsp; Of course, the English
+couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
+peace.&amp;nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&amp;nbsp;
+At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&amp;nbsp;
+The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
+her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
+Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&amp;nbsp; Mary and Brandon
+were the grandparents of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
+was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&amp;nbsp; England would be taken
+seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
+and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
+Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
+months later, archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&amp;nbsp;
+The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
+of England.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
+taken into Henry's complete confidence.&amp;nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
+and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&amp;nbsp;
+Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
+Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&amp;nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
+dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
+his marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
+to it.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
+servant, Wolsey, for help.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
+himself as second only to Henry in power.&amp;nbsp; This naturally angered
+the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&amp;nbsp;
+They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
+the king.&amp;nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
+as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
+the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&amp;nbsp; In the natural order, he
+was their inferior.&amp;nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
+particularly the powerful dukes.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&amp;nbsp;
+That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
+arrogance?&amp;nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
+his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was his
+creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
+that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&amp;nbsp; (The complexity
+of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
+here.&amp;nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's &lt;i&gt;Henry VIII: The Mask of
+Royalty&lt;/i&gt;, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
+century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&amp;nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
+Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
+his own inadequacies.&amp;nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&amp;nbsp;
+With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
+to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&amp;nbsp; At Hampton
+Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
+richly embroidered livery.&amp;nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
+knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; But his ties
+to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&amp;nbsp;
+He could not serve two masters.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
+Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&amp;nbsp; As stated
+before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
+the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; The situation became even
+more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
+Roman Emperor in 1519.&amp;nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
+with the Imperial power.&amp;nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
+with the Lowlands), history (England was
+&lt;br&gt;rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
+Katharine's nephew.)&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
+and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
+favor.&amp;nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
+between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
+broke out in 1521.&amp;nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
+Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&amp;nbsp; But war costs a great deal
+of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&amp;nbsp;
+And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&amp;nbsp; This unpleasant
+task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
+and, accordingly, take the blame.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
+taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&amp;nbsp; In 1528, the English
+were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
+1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
+troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&amp;nbsp; The Emperor
+Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
+of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
+sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&amp;nbsp; However, Charles - and
+the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
+and the pope.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
+judicial system.&amp;nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
+Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to extend
+justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&amp;nbsp; Only their
+code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
+murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
+matter entirely.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
+his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
+the law - at least more equal than before.&amp;nbsp; He also developed
+&lt;br&gt;committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
+the Court of Requests in 1529.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
+successful.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
+to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&amp;nbsp; Also,
+his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
+titles.&amp;nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
+children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
+ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
+leadership.&amp;nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
+some reforms.&amp;nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
+pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&amp;nbsp;
+Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&amp;nbsp; And, ironically,
+most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
+instigation or approval.&amp;nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
+as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
+nobles.&amp;nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
+opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&amp;nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
+which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
+as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
+own.&amp;nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
+desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&amp;nbsp;
+His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Poor Wolsey
+- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
+his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
+though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; He suggested
+that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
+wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&amp;nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
+Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&amp;nbsp;
+The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
+a nunnery and marry Anne.&amp;nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
+of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&amp;nbsp; From 1527 to
+1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
+solutions but these were unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp; After all, England did not
+have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
+make an independent decision.&amp;nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
+would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
+for monarchs throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
+is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&amp;nbsp;
+He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
+legally married to Katharine.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
+virtually any support at the English court.&amp;nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
+Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
+he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
+to her and Henry's marriage.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
+torn between Katharine and Anne.&amp;nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
+both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&amp;nbsp;
+This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
+to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
+English knight's daughter.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
+an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&amp;nbsp; He was now all too
+willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
+so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&amp;nbsp;
+It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
+direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
+papal jurisdiction.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
+authority and so had broken the law himself.&amp;nbsp; This did not matter.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
+9
+&lt;br&gt;October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
+York.&amp;nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
+and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
+with the French king.&amp;nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
+still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
+majesty.&amp;nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
+and taken from York Palace.&amp;nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
+at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&amp;nbsp; The group escorting him were
+concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&amp;nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
+quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
+&lt;br&gt;His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+This cardinal,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+But to those men that sought him sweet as
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+summer.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And though he were unsatisfied in getting
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was most princely: ever witness for him
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+him,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+So excellent in art, and still so rising,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And found the blessedness of being little:
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And, to add greater honors to his age
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Than man could give him, he died fearing
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+God.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082581&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The lyrics of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH49ce.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1500sa.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1500sa.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: The lyrics of King Henry VIII&quot; width=&quot;399&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Pastime with good company&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Pastime with good company
+&lt;br&gt;I love and shall until I die.
+&lt;br&gt;Grudge who likes, but none deny,
+&lt;br&gt;So God be pleased, thus live will I.
+&lt;br&gt;For my pastance:
+&lt;br&gt;Hunt, sing, and dance.
+&lt;br&gt;My heart is set!
+&lt;br&gt;All goodly sport
+&lt;br&gt;For my comfort.
+&lt;br&gt;Who shall me let?
+&lt;p&gt;Youth must have some dalliance,
+&lt;br&gt;Of good or ill some pastance.
+&lt;br&gt;Company I think then best --
+&lt;br&gt;All thoughts and fantasies to digest.
+&lt;br&gt;For idleness
+&lt;br&gt;Is chief mistress
+&lt;br&gt;Of vices all.
+&lt;br&gt;Then who can say
+&lt;br&gt;But mirth and play
+&lt;br&gt;Is best of all?
+&lt;p&gt;Company with honesty
+&lt;br&gt;Is virtue -- vices to flee.
+&lt;br&gt;Company is good and ill,
+&lt;br&gt;But every man has his free will.
+&lt;br&gt;The best ensue.
+&lt;br&gt;The worst eschew.
+&lt;br&gt;My mind shall be.
+&lt;br&gt;Virtue to use.
+&lt;br&gt;Vice to refuse.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus shall I use me!&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Alas, what shall I do for love?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Alas, what shall I do for love?
+&lt;br&gt;For love, alas, what shall I do?
+&lt;br&gt;Since now so kind
+&lt;br&gt;I do you find
+&lt;br&gt;To kepe you me unto.
+&lt;br&gt;Alasse!
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Oh my heart&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Oh my heart, and oh my heart,
+&lt;br&gt;My hart it is so sore.
+&lt;br&gt;Since I must from my love depart,
+&lt;br&gt;And know no cause wherefore.
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;The time of youth is to be spent&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;The time of youth is to be spent,
+&lt;br&gt;But vice in it should be forfent.
+&lt;br&gt;Pastimes there be I note truly
+&lt;br&gt;Which one may use and vice deny.
+&lt;br&gt;And they be pleasant to God and man:
+&lt;br&gt;Those should we covet when we can.
+&lt;br&gt;As feats of arms, and such other
+&lt;br&gt;Wherby activeness one may utter.
+&lt;br&gt;Comparisons in them may lawfully be set,
+&lt;br&gt;For, thereby, courage is surely out fet.
+&lt;br&gt;Vertue it is, then, youth for to spend
+&lt;br&gt;In good disports which it does fend.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Alac! Alac! What shall I do?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Alac! Alac! What shall I do?
+&lt;br&gt;For care is cast in to my heart,
+&lt;br&gt;And true love locked thereto.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Green grows the holly&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Green grows the holly.
+&lt;br&gt;So does the ivy.
+&lt;br&gt;Though winter's blasts blow never so high,
+&lt;br&gt;Green grows the holly.
+&lt;p&gt;As the holly grows green
+&lt;br&gt;And never changes hue,
+&lt;br&gt;So I am -- ever have been --
+&lt;br&gt;unto my lady true.
+&lt;p&gt;As the holly grows green
+&lt;br&gt;With ivy all alone,
+&lt;br&gt;When flowers can not be seen
+&lt;br&gt;And greenwood leaves be gone.
+&lt;p&gt;Now unto my lady
+&lt;br&gt;Promise to her I make:
+&lt;br&gt;From all other, only
+&lt;br&gt;to her, I me betake.
+&lt;p&gt;Adieu, my own lady.
+&lt;br&gt;Adieu, my special
+&lt;br&gt;Who hath my heart truly,
+&lt;br&gt;Be sure, and ever shall.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Who so that will all feats obtain&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Who so that will all feats obtain
+&lt;br&gt;In love he must be without disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;For love enforces all noble kind,
+&lt;br&gt;And disdain discourages all gentle mind.
+&lt;br&gt;Wherefore, to love and be not loved
+&lt;br&gt;Is worse than death? Let it be proved!
+&lt;br&gt;Love encourages, and makes one bold;
+&lt;br&gt;Disdain abates and makes him cold.
+&lt;br&gt;Love is given to God and man;
+&lt;br&gt;To woman also, I think the same.
+&lt;br&gt;But disdain is vice, and should be refused,
+&lt;br&gt;Yet never the less it is too much used.
+&lt;br&gt;Great pity it were, love for to compel
+&lt;br&gt;With disdain, both false and subtle.
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;If love now reigned&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;If love now reigned as it has been
+&lt;br&gt;And were rewarded as it has seen,
+&lt;br&gt;Noble men then would surely ensearch
+&lt;br&gt;All ways whereby they might it reach.
+&lt;br&gt;But envy reigns with such disdain
+&lt;br&gt;And causes lovers outwardly to refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;Which puts them to more and more,
+&lt;br&gt;Inwardly, most grievous and sore:
+&lt;br&gt;The fault in whom I cannot set,
+&lt;br&gt;But let them tell who love does get.
+&lt;br&gt;To lovers I put now sure this case:
+&lt;br&gt;Which of their loves does get them grace?
+&lt;br&gt;And unto them which doth it know
+&lt;br&gt;Better than do I, I think it so.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Whereto should I express&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Whereto should I express
+&lt;br&gt;My inward heaviness?
+&lt;br&gt;No mirth can make me fain,
+&lt;br&gt;'Till that we meet again.
+&lt;p&gt;Do way, dear heart, not so.
+&lt;br&gt;Let no thought you dismay.
+&lt;br&gt;Though you now part me from,
+&lt;br&gt;We shall meet when we may.
+&lt;p&gt;When I remember me
+&lt;br&gt;Of your most gentle mind,
+&lt;br&gt;It may in no wise agree
+&lt;br&gt;That I should be unkind.
+&lt;p&gt;The daisy delectable,
+&lt;br&gt;The violet waning and blue,
+&lt;br&gt;You are not variable --
+&lt;br&gt;I love you and no more.
+&lt;p&gt;I make you fast and sure;
+&lt;br&gt;It is to me great pain
+&lt;br&gt;Thus long to endure
+&lt;br&gt;'Till that we meet again.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Though that men do call it dotage&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Though that men do call it dotage,
+&lt;br&gt;Who loves not wants courage.
+&lt;br&gt;And whosoever may love get
+&lt;br&gt;From Venus surely he must it fetch,
+&lt;br&gt;Or else from her which is her heir.
+&lt;br&gt;And she to him must seem most fair.
+&lt;br&gt;Where eye and mind do both agree;
+&lt;br&gt;There is no but -- there must it be!
+&lt;br&gt;The eye does look and represent,
+&lt;br&gt;But mind affirms with full consent.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus am I fixed without grudge:
+&lt;br&gt;My eye with heart does me so judge.
+&lt;br&gt;Love maintains all noble courage;
+&lt;br&gt;Who love disdains is all of the village.
+&lt;br&gt;Such lovers, though they take pain,
+&lt;br&gt;It were pity they should obtain.
+&lt;br&gt;For often times where they do sue
+&lt;br&gt;They hinder lovers that would be true.
+&lt;br&gt;For who so loves should love but one.
+&lt;br&gt;Change who so will, I will be none.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Departure is my chief pain&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Departure is my chief pain
+&lt;br&gt;I trust right well of return again.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Without discord&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Without discord
+&lt;br&gt;And both accord,
+&lt;br&gt;Now let us be.
+&lt;br&gt;Both harts alone
+&lt;br&gt;To set in one,
+&lt;br&gt;Best seems me.
+&lt;br&gt;For when one sole
+&lt;br&gt;Is in the dole
+&lt;br&gt;Of love's pain,
+&lt;br&gt;Then help must have
+&lt;br&gt;Himself to save
+&lt;br&gt;And love to obtain.
+&lt;p&gt;Where for now we
+&lt;br&gt;That lovers be,
+&lt;br&gt;Let us now pray:
+&lt;br&gt;Once love sure
+&lt;br&gt;For to procure
+&lt;br&gt;Without denial.
+&lt;br&gt;Where love so sues
+&lt;br&gt;There no heart rues,
+&lt;br&gt;But condescend.
+&lt;br&gt;If contrary,
+&lt;br&gt;What remedy?
+&lt;br&gt;God it amend.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Though some say that youth rules me&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;(possibly by King Henry VIII)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Though some say that youth rules me,
+&lt;br&gt;I trust in age to tarry.
+&lt;br&gt;God and my right, and my duty,
+&lt;br&gt;From them shall I never vary,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;I pray you all that aged be
+&lt;br&gt;How well did you your youth carry?
+&lt;br&gt;I think some worse of each degree.
+&lt;br&gt;Therein a wager lay dare I,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;Pastimes of youth some time among
+&lt;br&gt;None can say but necessary.
+&lt;br&gt;I hurt no man, I do no wrong,
+&lt;br&gt;I love true where I did marry,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;Then soon discuss that hence we must
+&lt;br&gt;Pray we to God and Saint Mary
+&lt;br&gt;That all amend, and here an end.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus says the King, the eighth Harry,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Who so that will for grace sue&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Who so that will for grace sue,
+&lt;br&gt;His intent must needs be true,
+&lt;br&gt;And love her in heart and deed,
+&lt;br&gt;Else it were pity that he should speed.
+&lt;br&gt;Many one says that love is ill,
+&lt;br&gt;But those be they which know no skill.
+&lt;p&gt;Or else, because they may not obtain,
+&lt;br&gt;They would that others should it disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;But love is a thing given by God:
+&lt;br&gt;In that, therefore, can be none odd,
+&lt;br&gt;But perfect in deed, and between two.
+&lt;br&gt;Where fore, then, should we it eschew?&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Lusty Youth should us ensue!&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Lusty Youth should us ensue!
+&lt;br&gt;His merry heart shall sure all rue.
+&lt;br&gt;For whatsoever they do him tell
+&lt;br&gt;It is not for him, we know it well.
+&lt;p&gt;For they would have him his liberty refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;And all merry company for to disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;But I will not do whatsoever they say,
+&lt;br&gt;But follow his mind in all that we may.
+&lt;p&gt;How should youth himself best use
+&lt;br&gt;But all disdainers for to refuse?
+&lt;br&gt;Youth has as chief assurance
+&lt;br&gt;Honest mirth with virtue's pastance.
+&lt;p&gt;For in them consists great honour,
+&lt;br&gt;Though that disdainers would therein put error.
+&lt;br&gt;For they do sue to get them grace --
+&lt;br&gt;All only riches to purchase.
+&lt;p&gt;With good order, counsel, and equity,
+&lt;br&gt;Goode Lord grant us our mansion to be.
+&lt;br&gt;For without their good guidance
+&lt;br&gt;Youth should fall in great mischance.
+&lt;p&gt;For Youth is frail and prompt to do
+&lt;br&gt;As well vices as virtues to ensue.
+&lt;br&gt;Where fore by these he must be guided,
+&lt;br&gt;And virtues pastance must therein be used.
+&lt;p&gt;Now unto God this prayer we make,
+&lt;br&gt;That this rude play may well betake
+&lt;br&gt;And that we may our faults amend
+&lt;br&gt;And bliss obtain at our last end. Amen.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Let not us that young men be&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;(possibly by King Henry VIII)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Let not us that young men be
+&lt;br&gt;From Venus' ways banished to be, banished to be.
+&lt;br&gt;Though that Age with great disdain
+&lt;br&gt;Would have Youth love to refrain, love to refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;In their minds consider they must
+&lt;br&gt;How they did in their most lust.
+&lt;p&gt;For, if they were in like case
+&lt;br&gt;And would then have gotten grace,
+&lt;br&gt;They may not now than gainsay
+&lt;br&gt;That which then was most their joy.
+&lt;br&gt;Where for indeed, the truth to say,
+&lt;br&gt;It is for Youth the metest play.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082594&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082594&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3586</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letter of Lady Jane Grey to Queen Mary I, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4d47.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prijane1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prijane1.gif&quot; width=&quot;541&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;In this letter, Jane explains the circumstances which
+led to her becoming queen for nine days.&amp;nbsp; Her assertion that she was 
+      poisoned is nonsense.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+'Although my fault be such that but for the goodness and clemency of
+the Queen, I can have no hope of finding pardon.... having given ear to those who at the time appeared not only
+to myself, but also to the great part of this realm to be wise and now
+have manifested themselves to the contrary, not only to my and their great
+detriment, but with common disgrace and blame of all, they having with
+shameful boldness made to blamable and dishonourable an attempt to give
+to others that which was not theirs...[and my own] lack of prudence...for
+which I deserve heavy punishment...it being known that the error imputed
+to me has not been altogether caused by myself. [The Privy Council]....who
+with unwontd caresses and pleasantness, did me such reverence as was not
+at all suitable to my state. He [Dudley] then said that his Majesty had
+well weighed an Act of Parliament...that whoever should acknowledge the
+most serene Mary...or the lady Elizabeth and receive them as the true heirs
+of the crown of England should be had all for traitors...wherefore, in
+no manner did he wish that they should be heirs of him and of that crown,
+he being able in every way to disinherit them. And therefore, before his
+death, he gave order to the Council, that for the honour they owed to him...they
+should obey his last will...As to the rest, for my part, I know not what
+the Council had determined to do, but I know for certain that twice during
+this time, poison was given to me, first in the house of the Duchess of
+Northumberland and afterwards here in the Tower.... All these I have wished
+for the witness of my innocence and the disburdening of my conscience.' &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;
+to the Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7862</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letter of Princess Mary to King Henry VIII, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5287.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primary1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primary1.gif&quot; width=&quot;622&quot; height=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This letter 
+      was written on 22 June 1536.&amp;nbsp; In it, Princess Mary acknowledges the 
+      annulment of her parents' marriage, her own illegitimacy, and her father's 
+      position as head of a new English church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Mary 
+      refused to write this letter for several years, throughout the drama of 
+      the annulment and her father's remarriage to Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII 
+      suspected her behavior was encouraged by her mother; he deliberately 
+      separated Mary and Katharine of Aragon, banishing both from court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the summer of 1536, on the advice of the 
+      Spanish ambassador, Mary succumbed and wrote this letter.&amp;nbsp; She always 
+      regretted it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It did, however, serve its purpose.&amp;nbsp; The death of 
+      Katharine of Aragon in January of that year, Anne Boleyn's execution in 
+      May, and Henry's third marriage to Jane Seymour encouraged a rapprochement 
+      between father and daughter.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;'Most
+humbly prostrate before the feet of your most excellent majesty, your most
+humble, so faithful and obedient subject, who has so extremely offended
+your most gracious highness that my heavy and fearful heart dare not presume
+to call you father, deserving of nothing from your majesty, save that the
+kindness of your most blessed nature does surmount all evils, offences
+and trespasses, and is ever merciful and ready to accept the penitent calling
+for grace, at any fitting time.&amp;nbsp; Having received this Thursday, at
+night, certain letters from Mr Secretary to whom I had lately written advising
+me to make my humble submission immediately to your self, which I dared
+not, without your gracious licence, presume to do before, and signifying
+that your most merciful heart and fatherly pity had granted me your blessing,
+with the condition that I should persevere in which I had commenced and
+begun; and that I should not again offend your majesty by the denial or
+refusal of any such articles and commandments as it may please your highness
+to address to me, for the perfect trial of my heart and inward affection,
+for the perfect declaration of the depths of my heart.
+&lt;p&gt;First, I acknowledge myself to have most unkindly and unnaturally offended
+your most excellent highness, in that I have not submitted myself to your
+most just and virtuous laws; and for my offence therein, which I must confess
+was in me a thousandfold more grievous than it could be in any other living
+creature, I put myself wholly and entirely at your gracious mercy; at whose
+hands I cannot receive that punishment for the same which I have deserved.
+&lt;p&gt;Secondly, to open my heart to your grace, in these things which I have
+before refused to condescend to, and have now written with my own hand,
+sending them to your highness herewith, I shall never beseech your grace
+to have pity and compassion on me if ever you shall perceive that I shall,
+secretly or openly, vary or alter from one piece of that which I have written
+and subscribed, or refuse to confirm, ratify or declare the same, wherever
+your majesty shall appoint me.
+&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, as I have and will, knowing your excellent learning, virtue,
+wisdom and knowledge, put my soul under your direction, and by the same
+have and will in all things henceforth direct my conscience, so I wholly
+commit my body to your mercy and fatherly pity; desiring no state, no condition,
+nor no manner or degree of living but such as your grace shall appoint
+unto me; knowing and confessing that my state cannot be so vile as either
+the extremity of justice would appoint to me, or as my offences have required
+and deserved.&amp;nbsp; And whatsoever your grace shall command me to do, touching
+any of these points, either for things past, present or to come, I shall
+gladly do the same as your majesty can command me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Your Grace's most humble and obedient daughter and handmaid, Mary.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/ul&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The following document accompanied the above 
+      letter:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;'The confession of me, Lady Mary, made upon certain points and articles
+written below; in which I do now plainly and with all my heart confess
+and
+declare my inward sentence, belief and judgement, with due conformity of
+obedience to the laws of the realm; so, minding for ever to persist and
+continue in this determination without change, alteration or variance,
+I do most humbly beseech the king's highness, my father, whom I have obstinately
+and disobediently offended in the denial of the same up to now, to forgive
+my offences therein, and to take me to his most gracious mercy.
+&lt;p&gt;First I confess and acknowledge the king's majesty to be my sovereign
+lord and king, in the imperial crown of this realm of England; and do submit
+myself to his highness and to each and every law and statute of this realm,
+as it becomes a true and faithful subject to do; which I shall also obey,
+keep, observe, advance and maintain according to my bounden duty with all
+the power, force and qualities with which God had endued me, during my
+life.
+&lt;p&gt;I do recognize, accept, take, repute and acknowledge the king's highness
+to be supreme head on earth, under Christ, of the church of England; and
+do utterly refuse the bishop of Rome's pretended authority, power and jurisdiction
+within this realm, formerly usurped, according to the laws and statutes
+made on that behalf, and by all the king's true subjects humbly received,
+admitted, obeyed, kept and observed.
+&lt;p&gt;And I do also utterly renounce and forsake all manner of remedy, interest
+and advantage which I may by any means claim by the bishop of Rome's laws,
+processes, jurisdiction or sentence, at this time or in any way hereafter,
+by any manner of title, colour, means or cause that is, shall or can be
+devised for that purpose.
+&lt;p&gt;I do freely, frankly and for the discharge of my duty towards God, the
+king's highness and his laws, without other respect, recognize and acknowledge
+that the marriage formerly had between his majesty and my mother, the late
+princess dowager, was by God's law and man's law incestuous and unlawful.'
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082601&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082601&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8042</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5a57.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grace.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grace.gif&quot; width=&quot;418&quot; height=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace was the worst uprising of Henry 
+      VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; It was a direct result of the dissolution of the 
+      monasteries, a policy which confused and angered most Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The original rebellion began at Louth in Lincolnshire in early October 
+      1536.&amp;nbsp; The presence of a royal commission was the spark; the local 
+      clergy encouraged it to flame.&amp;nbsp; The Lincolnshire rebellion lasted but 
+      a fortnight, but Yorkshire - led by the lawyer Robert Aske - was next.&amp;nbsp; 
+      With the charismatic Aske as their leader, the rebellion spread quickly.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dissatisfaction with the king's religious and fiscal policies was deep and 
+      widespread.&amp;nbsp; An army of perhaps 30,000 men gathered in the north.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The king ordered the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and the earl of 
+      Shrewsbury to respond.&amp;nbsp; But there was no standing army in England; 
+      also, popular sympathy lay with the rebels.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king's forces were hopelessly outnumbered.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Worse, their soldiers lacked equipment and the desire to fight their 
+      countrymen.&amp;nbsp; And the rebel forces were far more experienced in 
+      battle, having fought the Scots near-continuously during Henry's reign.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Faced with such odds, the king turned to diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The rebels, after all, did not seek to overthrow him.&amp;nbsp; Their primary 
+      desire was for the dissolved monasteries to be restored.&amp;nbsp; They also 
+      criticized the king's 'low-born' advisers, particularly Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; 
+      His policies of high taxation and forced enclosures had worsened poverty 
+      throughout northern England; it was already, as Norfolk told the king, 
+      'the most barren country of the realm'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king negotiated peace through Norfolk, conceding 
+      their demands and promising a free pardon to all rebels who dispersed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Monastic lands would be restored and a new parliament called to address 
+      their concerns.&amp;nbsp; The rebels accordingly dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And then, on 
+      the slightest pretext, Henry broke his word; martial law was declared, 
+      rebel leaders were indicted and put on trial (many faced a jury of their 
+      peers.)&amp;nbsp; Several hundred rebels, including Aske, were executed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[T]he king was truly informed that there was
+a new insurrection made by the northern men, who had assembled themselves
+into a huge and great army of warlike men, well appointed with captains,
+horse, armour and artillery, to the number of 40,000 men, who had encamped
+themselves in Yorkshire.&amp;nbsp; And these men had bound themselves to each
+other by their oath to be faithful and obedient to their captain.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The also declared, by their proclamation solemnly
+made, that their insurrection should extend no further than to the maintenance
+and defence of the faith of Christ and the deliverance of holy church,
+sore decayed and oppressed, and to the furtherance also of private and
+public matters in the realm concerning the wealth of all the king's poor
+subjects. They called this, their seditious and traitorous voyage, a holy
+and blessed pilgrimage; they also had certain banners in the field whereon
+was painted Christ hanging on the cross on one side, and a chalice with
+a painted cake in it on the other side, with various other banners of similar
+hypocrisy and feigned sanctity.&amp;nbsp; The soldiers also had a certain cognizance
+or badge embroidered or set upon the sleeves of their coats which was a
+representation of the five wounds of Christ, and in the midst thereof was
+written the name of Our Lord, and thus the rebellious garrison of Satan
+set forth and decked themselves with his false and counterfeited signs
+of holiness, only to delude and deceive the simple and ignorant people.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After the king's highness was informed of this
+newly arisen insurrection he, making no delay in so weighty a matter, caused
+with all speed the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the marquis of Exeter,
+the earl of Shrewsbury and others, accompanied by his mighty and royal
+army which was of great power and strength, immediately to set upon the
+rebels.&amp;nbsp; But when these noble captains and counsellors approached
+the rebels and saw their number and how they were determined on battle,
+they worked with great prudence to pacify all without shedding blood.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;But the northern men were so stiff-necked that
+they would in no way stoop, but stoutly stood and maintained their wicked
+enterprise.&amp;nbsp; Therefore the abovesaid nobles, perceiving and seeing
+no other was to pacify these wretched rebels, agreed upon a battle; ...
+but the night before the day appointed for the battle a little rain fell,
+nothing to speak of, but yet as if by a great miracle of God the water,
+which was a very small ford which the day before men might have gone over
+dry shod, suddenly rose to such a height depth and breadth that no man
+who lived there had ever seen before, so that on the day, even when the
+hour of battle should have some, it was impossible for one army to get
+at the other.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After this appointment made between both the armies,
+disappointed, as it is to be thought, only by God who extended his great
+mercy and had compassion on the great number of innocent persons who in
+that deadly slaughter would have been likely to have been murdered, could
+not take place.&amp;nbsp; Then... a consultation was held and a pardon obtained
+from
+the king's majesty for all the captains and chief movers of this insurrection,
+and they promised that such things as they found themselves aggrieved by,
+all would be gently heard and their reasonable petitions granted, and that
+their articles should be presented to the king, so that by his highness'
+authority and the wisdom of his council all things should be brought to
+good order and conclusion.&amp;nbsp; And with this order every man quietly
+departed, and those who before were bent as hot as fire on fighting, being
+presented by God, went now peaceably to their houses, and were as cold
+as water.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082601&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082601&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4702</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">introduction to the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Introduction to the Website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5bab.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">intro.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;707&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=+2&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/intro.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Introduction&quot; width=&quot;307&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;The &lt;B&gt;Tudor England&lt;/B&gt; website is a labor of love which was 
+  established in the summer of 1997.&amp;nbsp; Since then, thousands of visitors 
+  have used it for entertainment and research.&amp;nbsp; And the site has grown and 
+  will undoubtedly keep growing until I develop Tudoritis.&amp;nbsp; This condition 
+  occurs when one spends too much time reading about Henry VIII and too little 
+  time outside interacting with other human beings.&amp;nbsp; The sufferer can be 
+  identified by pale, clammy skin, fingers stiffened from too much typing and 
+  eyes reddened from too much reading, squinting and peering at the computer 
+  screen.&amp;nbsp; They are apt to eat mutton, drink ale and find portraits of 
+  Thomas Seymour the ultimate in sexiness.&amp;nbsp; They mutter such phrases as 
+  &quot;God's oath!&quot; and begin every sentence with the word &quot;thou&quot;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=Arial&gt;Avoid them at all costs.&amp;nbsp; If contact cannot be avoided, hit 
+  them with a copy of John Guy's &lt;I&gt;Tudor England.&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=Arial&gt;There is no cure for Tudoritis but it can be controlled through a 
+  strict diet of just one Tudor-related book a week.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;Everything at this site was written by me; &lt;/B&gt;every 
+  fact was checked and double-checked.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;In the course 
+      of my research, I have happily noted that this site is more accurate than 
+      many books published about Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; In other words, despite 
+      the many warnings about internet inaccuracies, the printed page does not 
+      guarantee either truth or objectivity.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Respect for the work involved in 
+  creating and maintaining internet sites is sorely lacking in some 
+  visitors.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to borrow an image or bit of text,
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;please write 
+  and ask&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I have yet to turn anyone down and such simple courtesy 
+  means a great deal.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Click &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/A&gt; for help with 
+  research, including the correct Turabian/MLA citation style for internet 
+  sources and various copyright issues, and &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcopyright.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/A&gt; for a shorter 
+  discussion of copyright.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to learn more about the right 
+  to reproduce works of art on the internet, &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;please click 
+  here&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;As for me, I'm just a girl who lives in &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.annapolis.org&quot;&gt;Annapolis&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; You are welcome to &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Questions/comments&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/A&gt; with questions and comments.&amp;nbsp; I try to respond to most messages 
+  within a couple of weeks.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082646&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082646&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">35163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5d58.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VIII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE PROTECTORATE OF THE NETHERLANDS: 1584-86&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;WE are now approaching the great crisis of the reign, some 
+    may think of English history--the grand struggle with Spain; a struggle 
+    which, if Elizabeth had allowed herself to be guided by her most celebrated 
+    counsellors, would have been entered upon a quarter of a century earlier. 
+    England was then unarmed and weighed down with a load of debt, the legacy of 
+    three thriftless and pugnacious reigns. The population was still mainly 
+    Catholic. The great nobles still thought themselves a match for the crown, 
+    and many of them longed to make one more effort to assert their old position 
+    in the State. Trade and industry were languishing. The poorer classes were 
+    suffering and discontented. Scotland was in the hands of a most dangerous 
+    enemy, whose title to the English crown was held by many to be better than 
+    Elizabeth's. Philip II., as yet unharassed by revolt, seemed almost to have 
+    drawn England as a sort of satellite into the vast orbit of his empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nearly a generation had now passed away since Elizabeth 
+    ascended the throne. Every year of it had seen some amendment in the 
+    condition of the country. Under a pacific and thrifty Government taxation 
+    had been light beyond precedent. All debts, even those of Henry VIII., had 
+    been honourably paid off. While the lord of American gold mines and of the 
+    richest commercial centres in Europe could not raise a loan on any terms, 
+    Elizabeth could borrow when she pleased at five per cent. But she had ceased 
+    to borrow, for she had a modest surplus stored in her treasury, a department 
+    of the administration managed under her own close personal supervision. A 
+    numerous militia had been enrolled and partially trained. Large magazines of 
+    arms had been accumulated. A navy had been created; not a large one indeed; 
+    but it did not need to be large, for the warship of those days did not 
+    differ from the ordinary vessel of commerce, nor was its crew differently 
+    trained. The royal navy could therefore be indefinitely increased if need 
+    arose. Philip's great generals, Alva and Parma, had long come to the 
+    conclusion that the conquest of England would be the most difficult 
+    enterprise their master could undertake. The wealth of landed proprietors 
+    and traders had increased enormously. New manufactures had been started by 
+    exiles from the Netherlands. New branches of foreign commerce had been 
+    opened up. The poor were well employed and contented. I believe it would be 
+    impossible to find in the previous history of England, or, for that matter, 
+    of Europe, since the fall of the Roman Empire, any instance of peace, 
+    prosperity, and good government extending over so many years. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Looking abroad we find that in all directions the strength 
+    and security of Elizabeth's position had been immensely increased. Her 
+    ministers, especially Walsingham--for Burghley in his old age came at last 
+    to see more with the eyes of his mistress--believed that by a more spirited 
+    policy Scotland might have been converted into a submissive and valuable 
+    ally. Elizabeth alone saw that this was impossible; that, so treated, 
+    Scotland would become to England what Holland was to Philip, what &amp;quot;the 
+    Spanish ulcer&amp;quot; was afterwards to Napoleon--a fatal drain on her strength and 
+    resources. It was enough for Elizabeth if the northern kingdom was so 
+    handled as to be harmless; and this, as I have shown, was in fact its 
+    condition from the moment that the only Scottish ruler who could be really 
+    dangerous was locked up in England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Dutch revolt crippled Philip. The conquest of England 
+    was postponed till the Dutch revolt should be suppressed. Why then, it has 
+    been asked, did not Elizabeth support the Dutch more vigorously? The answer 
+    is a simple one. If she had done so the suppression of the Dutch revolt 
+    would have been postponed to the conquest of England. This is proved by the 
+    events now to be related. Elizabeth was obliged by new circumstances to 
+    intervene more vigorously in the Netherlands, and the result was the Armada. 
+    If the attack had come ten or fifteen years earlier the fortune of England 
+    might have been different. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's foreign policy has been judged unfavourably by 
+    writers who have failed to keep in view how completely it turned on her 
+    relations with France. Though her interests and those of Henry III cannot be 
+    called identical, they coincided sufficiently to make it possible to keep up 
+    a good understanding which was of the highest advantage to both countries. 
+    But to maintain this good understanding there was need of the coolest temper 
+    and judgment on the part of the rulers; for the two peoples were hopelessly 
+    hostile. They were like two gamecocks in adjoining pens. The Spaniards were 
+    respected and liked by our countrymen. Their grave dignity, even their stiff 
+    assumption of intrinsic superiority, were too like our own not to awake a 
+    certain appreciative sympathy. Whereas all Englishmen from peer to peasant 
+    would at any time have enjoyed a tussle with France, until its burdens began 
+    to be felt. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Henry III, with whom the Valois dynasty was about to expire, 
+    was far from being the incompetent driveller depicted by most historians. He 
+    had good abilities, plenty of natural courage when roused, and a thorough 
+    comprehension of the politics of his day. His aims and plans were well 
+    conceived. But with no child to care for, and immersed in degrading 
+    self-indulgence, he wearied of the exertions and sacrifices necessary for 
+    carrying them through. Short spells of sensible and energetic action were 
+    succeeded by periods of unworthy lassitude and pusillanimous surrender. 
+    Before he came to the throne he had been the chief organiser of the 
+    Bartholomew Massacre. As King he naturally inclined, like Elizabeth, William 
+    of Orange, and Henry of Navarre, to make considerations of religion 
+    subordinate to considerations of State. Both he and Navarre would have been 
+    glad to throw over the fanatical or factious partisans by whom they were 
+    surrounded, and rally the &lt;i&gt;Politiques&lt;/i&gt; to their support. But it was a 
+    step that neither as yet ventured openly to take. The one was obliged to 
+    affect zeal for the old religion, the other for the new. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's ministers, with short-sighted animosity, had 
+    been urging her throughout her reign to give vigorous support to the 
+    Huguenots. She herself took a broader view of the situation. She preferred 
+    to deal with the legitimate government of France recognised by the vast 
+    majority of Frenchmen. Henry III., as she well knew, did not intend or 
+    desire to exterminate the Huguenots. If that turbulent faction had been 
+    openly abetted in its arrogant claims by English assistance, he would have 
+    been obliged to become the mere instrument of Elizabeth's worst enemies, 
+    Guise and the Holy League. France would have ceased to be any counterpoise 
+    to Spain. The English Queen had so skilfully played a most difficult and 
+    delicate game that Henry of Navarre had been able to keep his head above 
+    water; Guise had upon the whole been held in check; the royal authority, 
+    though impaired, had still controlled the foreign policy of France, and so, 
+    since 1572, had given England a firm and useful ally. As long as this 
+    balanced situation could be maintained, England was safe. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the time was now at hand when this nice equilibrium of 
+    forces would be disturbed by events which neither Elizabeth nor any one else 
+    could help. AlenÃ§on, the last of the Valois line, was dying. When he should 
+    be gone, the next heir to the French King would be no other than the 
+    Huguenot Henry of Bourbon, King of the tiny morsel of Navarre that lay north 
+    of the Pyrenees. Henry III. wished to recognise his right. But it was 
+    impossible that Guise or Philip, or the French nation itself, should 
+    tolerate this prospect. Thus the great war of religion which Elizabeth had 
+    so carefully abstained from stirring up was now inevitable. The French 
+    alliance, the key-stone of her policy, was about to crumble away with the 
+    authority of the French King which she had buttressed up. He would be 
+    compelled either to become the mere instrument of the Papal party or to 
+    combine openly with the Huguenot leader. In either case, Guise, not Henry 
+    III., would be the virtual sovereign, and Elizabeth's alliance would not be 
+    with France but with a French faction. She would thus be forced into the 
+    position which she had hitherto refused to accept--that of sole protector of 
+    French and Dutch Protestants, and open antagonist of Spain. The more showy 
+    part she was now to play has been the chief foundation of her glory with 
+    posterity. It is a glory which she deserves. The most industrious 
+    disparagement will never rob her of it. But the sober student will be of 
+    opinion that her reputation as a statesman has a more solid basis in the 
+    skill and firmness with which during so many years she staved off the 
+    necessity for decisive action. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Although the discovery of the Throgmorton plot (November 
+    1583), and the consequent expulsion of the Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, were 
+    not immediately followed by open war between England and Spain, yet the 
+    course of events thenceforward tended directly to that issue. Elizabeth 
+    immediately proposed to the Dutch States to form a naval alliance against 
+    Spain, and to concert other measures for mutual defence. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Orange met the offer with alacrity, and pressed Elizabeth to 
+    accept the sovereignty of Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht. Perhaps there was 
+    no former ruler of England who would not have clutched at such an 
+    opportunity of territorial aggrandisement. For Elizabeth it had no charms. 
+    Every sensible person now will applaud the sobriety of her aims. But though 
+    she eschewed territory, she desired to have military occupation of one or 
+    more coast fortresses, at all events for a time, both as a security for the 
+    fidelity of the Dutch to any engagements they might make with her, and to 
+    enable her to treat on more equal terms with France or Spain, if the 
+    Netherlands were destined, after all, to fall into the hands of one of those 
+    powers. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;While these negotiations were in progress, William of Orange 
+    was murdered (1584). AlenÃ§on had died a month earlier. The sovereignty of 
+    the revolted Netherlands was thus vacant. Elizabeth advised a joint 
+    protectorate by France and England. But the Dutch had small confidence in 
+    protectorates, especially of the joint kind. What they wanted was a 
+    sovereign, and as Elizabeth would not accept them as her subjects they 
+    offered themselves to Henry III. But after nibbling at the offer for eight 
+    months Henry was obliged to refuse it. His openly expressed intention to 
+    recognise the King of Navarre as his heir had caused a revival of the Holy 
+    League. During the winter 1584-5 its reorganisation was busily going on. 
+    Philip promised to subsidise it. Mendoza, now ambassador at Paris, was its 
+    life and soul. The insurrection was on the point of breaking out. Henry III 
+    knew that the vast majority of Frenchmen were Catholics. To accept the Dutch 
+    offer would, he feared, drive them all into the ranks of the Holy League. He 
+    therefore dismissed the Dutch envoys with the recommendation that they 
+    should apply to England for protection (1585). The manifesto of the Leaguers 
+    appeared at the end of March (1585). Henry of Navarre was declared 
+    incapable, as a Protestant, of succeeding to the crown. Henry III. was 
+    summoned to extirpate heresy. To enforce these demands the Leaguers flew to 
+    arms all over France. Had Henry III. been a man of spirit he would have 
+    placed himself at the head of the loyal Catholics and fought it out. But by 
+    the compact of Nemours he conceded all the demands of the League (1585). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Thus began the last great war of religion, which lasted till Henry of 
+    Navarre was firmly seated on the throne of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had now finally lost the French alliance, the 
+    sheet-anchor of her policy since 1572, and she prepared for the grand 
+    struggle which could no longer be averted. As France failed her, she must 
+    make the best of the Dutch alliance. She did not conceal from herself that 
+    she would have to do her share of the fighting. But she was determined that 
+    the Dutch should also do theirs. Deprived of all hope of help from France 
+    they wished for annexation to the English crown, because solidarity between 
+    the two countries would give them an unlimited claim upon English resources. 
+    Elizabeth uniformly told them, first and last, that nothing should induce 
+    her to accept that proposal. She would give them a definite amount of
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    assistance in men and money. But every farthing would have to be repaid when 
+    the war was over; and in the meantime she must have Flushing and Brill as 
+    security. They must also bind themselves to make proper exertions in their 
+    own defence. Gilpin, her agent in Zealand, had warned her that if she showed 
+    herself too forward they would simply throw the whole burden of the war upon 
+    her. Splendid as had often been the resistance of separate towns when 
+    besieged, there had been, from the first, lamentable selfishness and apathy 
+    as to measures for combined defence. The States had less than 6000 men in 
+    the field--half of them English volunteers--at the very time when they were 
+    assuring Elizabeth that, if she would come to their assistance, they could 
+    and would furnish 15,000. She was justified in regarding their fine promises 
+    with much distrust. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;While this discussion was going on, Antwerp was lost. The 
+    blame of the delay, if blame there was, must be divided equally between the 
+    bargainers. The truth is that, cavil as they might about details, the 
+    strength of the English contingent was not the real object of concern to 
+    either of them. Each was thinking of something else. Though Elizabeth had so 
+    peremptorily refused the sovereignty offered by the United Provinces, they 
+    were still bent on forcing it upon her. She, on the other hand, had not 
+    given up the hope that her more decisive intervention would drive Philip to 
+    make the concessions to his revolted subjects which she had so often urged 
+    upon him. In her eyes, Philip's sovereignty over them was indefeasible. They 
+    were, perhaps, justified in asserting their ancient constitutional rights 
+    But if those were guaranteed, continuance of the rebellion would be 
+    criminal. Moreover, she held that elected deputies were but amateur 
+    statesmen, and had better leave the &lt;i&gt;haute politique&lt;/i&gt; to princes to 
+    settle. &amp;quot;Princes,&amp;quot; she once told a Dutch deputation, &amp;quot;are not to be charged 
+    with breach of faith if they sometimes listen to both sides; for they 
+    transact business in a princely way and with a princely understanding such 
+    as private persons cannot have.&amp;quot; Her promise not to make peace behind their 
+    backs was not to be interpreted as literally as if it had been made to a 
+    brother prince. It merely bound her--so she contended--not to make peace 
+    without safeguarding their interests; that is to say, what she considered to 
+    be their true interests. Conduct based on such a theory would not be 
+    tolerated now, and was not tamely acquiesced in by the Dutch then. But to 
+    speak of it as base and treacherous is an abuse of terms. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to follow in detail the peace 
+    negotiations which went on between Elizabeth and Parma up to the very 
+    sailing of the Armada (1586-8). The terms on which the Queen was prepared to 
+    make peace never varied substantially from first to last. We know very well 
+    what they were. She claimed for the Protestants of the Netherlands (who were 
+    a minority, perhaps, even in the rebel provinces) precisely the same degree 
+    of toleration which she allowed to her own Catholics. They were not to be 
+    questioned about their religion; but there was to be no public worship or 
+    proselytising. The old constitution, as before Alva, was to be restored, 
+    which would have involved the departure of the foreign troops. These terms 
+    would not have satisfied the States, and if Philip could have been induced 
+    to grant them, the States and Elizabeth must have parted company. But, as he 
+    would make no concessions, the Anglo-Dutch alliance could, and did, 
+    continue. The cautionary towns she was determined never to give up to any 
+    one unless (first) she was repaid her expenses for which they had been 
+    mortgaged, and (secondly) the struggle in the Netherlands was brought to an 
+    end on terms which she approved. There was, therefore, never any danger of 
+    their being surrendered to Philip, and they did, in fact, remain in 
+    Elizabeth's hands till her death. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth has been severely censured for selecting Leicester 
+    to command the English army in the Netherlands. It is certain that he was 
+    marked out by public opinion as the fittest person. The Queen's choice was 
+    heartily approved by all her ministers, especially by Walsingham, who kept 
+    up the most confidential relations with Leicester, and backed him 
+    throughout. Custom prescribed that an English army should be commanded, not 
+    by a professional soldier, but by a great nobleman. Among the nobility there 
+    were a few who had done a little soldiering in a rough way in Scotland or 
+    Ireland, but no one who could be called a professional general. The 
+    momentous step which Elizabeth was taking would have lost half its 
+    significance in the eyes of Europe if any less conspicuous person than 
+    Leicester had been appointed. Moreover, it was essential that the nobleman 
+    selected should be able and willing to spend largely out of his own 
+    resources. By traditional usage, derived from feudal times, peers who were 
+    employed on temporary services not only received no salary, but were 
+    expected to defray their own expenses, and defray them handsomely. Never did 
+    an English nobleman show more public spirit in this respect than Leicester. 
+    He raised every penny he could by mortgaging his estates. He not only paid 
+    his own personal expenses, but advanced large sums for military purposes, 
+    which his mistress never thought of repaying him. If he effected little as a 
+    general, it was because he was not provided with the means. Serious mistakes 
+    he certainly made, but they were not of a military kind. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Leicester was now fifty-four, bald, white-bearded, and 
+    red-faced, but still imposing in figure, carriage, and dress. To Elizabeth 
+    he was dear as the friend of her youth, one who, she was persuaded, had 
+    loved her for herself when they were both thirty years younger, and was 
+    still her most devoted and trustworthy servant. Burghley she liked and 
+    trusted, and all the more since he had become a more docile instrument of 
+    her policy. Walsingham, a keener intellect and more independent character, 
+    she could not but value, though impatient under his penetrating suspicion 
+    and almost constant disapproval. Leicester was the intimate friend, the 
+    frequent companion of her leisure hours. None of her younger favourites had 
+    supplanted him in her regard. By long intimacy he knew the &lt;i&gt;molles aditus 
+    et tempora&lt;/i&gt; when things might be said without offence which were not 
+    acceptable at the council-board. The other ministers were glad to use him 
+    for this purpose. There can be no question that his appointment to the 
+    command in the Netherlands was meant as the most decisive indication that 
+    could be given of Elizabeth's determination to face open war with Philip 
+    rather than allow him to establish absolute government in that country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Since the deaths of AlenÃ§on and William of Orange, the 
+    United Provinces had been without a ruler. The government had been 
+    provisionally carried on by the &amp;quot;States,&amp;quot; or deputies from each province. 
+    Leicester had come with no other title than that of LieutenantGeneral of the 
+    Queen's troops. But what the States wanted was not so much a military leader 
+    as a sovereign ruler. They therefore urged Leicester to accept the powers 
+    and title of Governor-General, the office which had been held by the 
+    representatives of Philip. From this it would follow, both logically and 
+    practically, that Elizabeth herself stood in the place of Philip--in other 
+    words, that she was committed to the sovereignty which she had so 
+    peremptorily refused. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The offer was accepted by Leicester almost immediately after 
+    his arrival (14/24 January 1586). There can be little doubt that it was a 
+    preconcerted plan between the States and Elizabeth's ministers, who had all 
+    along supported the Dutch proposals. Leicester, we know, had contemplated it 
+    before leaving England. Davison, who was in Holland, hurried it on, and 
+    undertook to carry the news to Elizabeth. Burghley and Walsingham maintained 
+    that the step had been absolutely necessary, and implored her not to undo 
+    it. Elizabeth herself had suspected that something of the sort would be 
+    attempted, and had strictly enjoined Leicester at his departure to accept no 
+    such title. It was not that she wished his powers--that is to say, her own 
+    powers--to be circumscribed. On the contrary, she desired that they should 
+    in practice be as large and absolute as possible. What she objected to was 
+    the title, with all the consequences it involved. And what enraged her most 
+    of all was the attempt of her servants to push the thing through behind her 
+    back, on the calculation that she would be obliged to accept the 
+    accomplished fact. Her wrath vented itself on all concerned, on her 
+    ministers, on the States, and on Leicester. To the latter she addressed a 
+    characteristic letter:-- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To my Lord of Leicester from the Queen by Sir Thomas 
+      Heneage. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;How contemptuously we conceive ourself to have been used 
+      by you, you shall by this bearer understand, whom we have expressly sent 
+      unto you to charge you withal. We could never have imagined, had we not 
+      seen it fall out in experience, that a man raised up by ourself and 
+      extraordinarily favoured by us above any other subject of this land, would 
+      have in so contemptible [contemptuous] a sort, broken our commandment, in 
+      a cause that so greatly toucheth us in honour; whereof although you have 
+      showed yourself to make but little account, in most undutiful a sort, you 
+      may not therefore think that we have so little care of the reparation 
+      thereof as we mind to pass so great a wrong in silence unredressed. And 
+      therefore our express pleasure and command is that, all delays and excuses 
+      laid apart, you do presently, on the duty of your allegiance, obey and 
+      fulfil whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name. 
+      Whereof fail not, as you will answer the contrary at your uttermost 
+      peril.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nor were these cutting reproaches reserved for his private 
+    perusal. She severely rebuked the States for encouraging &amp;quot;a creature of her 
+    own&amp;quot; to disobey her injunctions, and, as a reparation from them and from 
+    him, she required that he should make a public resignation of the government 
+    in the place where he had accepted it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is not to be wondered at that Elizabeth should think the 
+    vindication of her outraged authority to be the most pressing requirement of 
+    the moment. But the result was unfortunate for the object of the expedition. 
+    The States had conferred &amp;quot;absolute&amp;quot; authority upon Leicester, and would have 
+    thought it a cheap price to pay if, by their adroit manÅuvre, they had 
+    succeeded in forcing the Queen's hand. But they did not care to intrust 
+    absolute powers to a mere general of an English contingent. After long 
+    discussion, Elizabeth was at length persuaded that the least of evils was to 
+    allow him to retain the title which the States had conferred on him ( June 
+    1586). But in the meantime they had repented of their haste in letting power 
+    go out of their own hands. Their efforts were thenceforth directed to 
+    explain away the term &amp;quot;absolute.&amp;quot; The long displeasure of the Queen had 
+    destroyed the principal value of Leicester in their eye. He himself had soon 
+    incurred their dislike. Impetuous and domineering, he could not endure 
+    opposition. Every man who did not fall in with his plans was a malicious 
+    enemy, a traitor, a tool of Parma, who ought to be hanged. He still enjoyed 
+    the favour of the democratic and bigoted Calvinist party, especially in 
+    Utrecht, and he tried to play them off against the States, thereby promoting 
+    the rise of the factions which long afterwards distracted the United 
+    Provinces. The displeasures of the Queen had taken the shape of not sending 
+    him money, and his troops were in great distress and unable to move. 
+    Moreover, rumours of the secret peace negotiations were craftily spread by 
+    Parma, who, knowing well that they would come to nothing, turned them to the 
+    best account by leading the States to suspect that they were being betrayed 
+    to Spain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had sent her army abroad more as a warning to 
+    Philip than with a view to active operations. It was no part of her plan to 
+    recover any of the territory already conquered by Parma, even if it had lain 
+    in her power. She knew that the majority of its inhabitants were Catholics 
+    and royalists. She knew also that Parma's attenuated army was considerably 
+    outnumbered by the Anglo-Dutch forces, and that he was in dire distress for 
+    food and money. The recovered provinces were completely ruined by the war. 
+    Their commerce was swept from the sea. The mouths of their great rivers were 
+    blockaded. The Protestants of Flanders and Brabant had largely migrated to 
+    the unsubdued provinces, whose prosperity, notwithstanding the burdens of 
+    war, was advancing by leaps and bounds. Their population was about two 
+    millions. That of England itself was little more than four. Religion was no 
+    longer the only or the chief motive of their resistance. For even the 
+    Catholics among them, who were still very numerous--some said a majority 
+    --keenly relished the material prosperity which had grown with independence. 
+    Encouraged by English protection, the States were in no humour to listen to 
+    compromise. But a compromise was what Elizabeth desired. She was therefore 
+    not unwilling that her forces should be confined to an attitude of 
+    observation, till it should appear whether her open intervention would 
+    extract from Philip such concessions as she deemed reasonable. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Leicester was eager to get to work, and he was warmly 
+    supported by Walsingham. Burghley's conduct was less straightforward. He had 
+    long found it advisable to cultivate amicable relations with the favourite. 
+    He had probably concurred in the plan for making him Governor-General. Even 
+    now he was professing to take his part. In reality he was not sorry to see 
+    him under a cloud; and though he sympathised as much as ever with the Dutch, 
+    he cared more for crippling his rival. Hence his activity in those obscure 
+    peace negotiations which he so carefully concealed from Leicester and 
+    Walsingham. To keep Walsingham long in the dark, on that or any other 
+    subject, was indeed impossible. It was found necessary at last to let him be 
+    present at an interview with the agents employed by Burghley and Parma, 
+    which brought their backstairs diplomacy to an abrupt conclusion. &amp;quot;They that 
+    have been the employers of them,&amp;quot; he wrote to Leicester, &amp;quot;are ashamed of the 
+    matter.&amp;quot; The negotiations went on through other channels, but never made any 
+    serious progress. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To compel Philip to listen to a compromise, without at the 
+    same time emboldening the Dutch to turn a deaf ear to it--such was the 
+    problem which Elizabeth had set herself. She therefore preferred to apply 
+    pressure in other quarters. Towards the end of 1585, Drake appeared on the 
+    coast of Spain itself, and plundered Vigo. Then crossing the Atlantic, he 
+    sacked and burned St. Domingo and Carthagena. Again in 1587, he forced his 
+    way into Cadiz harbour, burnt all the shipping and the stores collected for 
+    the Armada, and for two months plundered and destroyed every vessel he met 
+    off the coast of Portugal. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Philip had so long and so tamely submitted to the many 
+    injuries and indignities which Elizabeth heaped upon him, that it is not 
+    wonderful if she had come to think that he would never pluck up courage to 
+    retaliate. This time she was wrong. The conquest of England had always had 
+    its place in his overloaded programme. But it was to be in that hazy 
+    ever-receding future, when he should have put down the Dutch rebellion and 
+    neutralised France. Elizabeth's open intervention in the Netherlands at 
+    length induced him to change his plan. England, he now decided, must be 
+    first dealt with. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Parma's operations in the Netherlands were 
+    starved quite as much as Leicester's. Plundering excursions, two or three 
+    petty combats not deserving the name of battles, half-a-dozen small towns 
+    captured on one side or the other--such is the military record from the date 
+    of Elizabeth's intervention to the arrival of the Armada. Parma had somewhat 
+    the best of this work, such as it was. But the war in the Netherlands was 
+    practically stagnant. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the end of the first year of Leicester's government, 
+    events of the highest importance obliged him to pay a visit to England ( 
+    Nov. 1586). The Queen of Scots had been found guilty of conspiring to 
+    assassinate Elizabeth, and Parliament had been summoned to decide upon her 
+    fate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapternine.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    IX: The Execution of the Queen of Scots: 1584-1587&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082626&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082626&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fitzroy/Stafford/Blount Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5faa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Fitzroy Genealogy&quot; height=48 width=328&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Elizabeth Stafford&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born ?
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham (led failed revolt against
+Richard III &amp;amp; was executed for treason) and Catherine Woodville
+&lt;br&gt;married Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk
+&lt;br&gt;died May 1532
+&lt;br&gt;buried in Essex&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#006600&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;interesting notes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth
+Stafford's mother, Catherine Woodville, was the niece of Queen Elizabeth
+Woodville and daughter of Jacquetta of Luxembourg
+&lt;br&gt;also, Henry's illegitimate son with Elizabeth Blount married Elizabeth
+Stafford's daughter, Mary Howard!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Elizabeth Blount, known as Bessie Blount&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born about 1502
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of Sir John Blount of Shropshire
+&lt;br&gt;married Gilbert, Lord Talboys
+&lt;br&gt;mother of Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond (father was Henry VIII)
+&lt;br&gt;died 1539
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Henry Fitzroy&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born early June1519
+&lt;br&gt;son of Elizabeth Blount and Henry VIII, king of England
+&lt;br&gt;created duke of Richmond, duke of Somerset &amp;amp; earl of Nottingham
+21 June 1524
+&lt;br&gt;married to Mary Howard 1533
+&lt;br&gt;died 1536/7
+&lt;br&gt;buried in Thetford (wrapped in lead rather than in a traditional coffin)&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#006600&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;interesting note:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; once,
+in an effort to work out the complicated Tudor succession while Henry &amp;amp;
+Katharine were still married, some suggested Fitzroy marry his half-sister,
+Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Oddly enough, the plan was endorsed by the pope!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082713&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082713&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43748</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter X</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6095.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER X&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;WAR WITH SPAIN: 1587-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH is not seen at her best in war. She did not easily 
+    resign herself to its sacrifices. It frightened her to see the money which 
+    she had painfully put together, pound by pound, during so many years, by 
+    many a small economy, draining out at the rate of Â£17,000 a month into the 
+    bottomless pit of military expenditure. When Leicester came back she simply 
+    stopped all remittances to the Netherlands, making sure that if she did not 
+    feed her soldiers some one else would have to do it. She saw that Parma was 
+    not pressing forward. And though rumours of the enormous preparations in 
+    Spain, which accounted for his inactivity, continued to pour in, she still 
+    hoped that her intervention in the Netherlands was bending Philip to 
+    concessions. All this time Parma was steadily carrying out his master's 
+    plans for the invasion. His little army was to be trebled in the autumn by 
+    reinforcements principally from Italy. In the meantime he was collecting a 
+    flotilla of flat-bottomed boats. As soon as the Armada should appear they 
+    were to make the passage under its protection. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would answer no useful purpose, even if my limits 
+    permitted it, to enter into the particulars of Elizabeth's policy towards 
+    the United Provinces during the twelve months that preceded the appearance 
+    of the Armada. Her proceedings were often tortuous, and by setting them 
+    forth in minute detail her detractors have not found it difficult to 
+    represent them as treacherous. But, living three centuries later, what have 
+    we to consider but the general scope and drift of her policy? Looking at it 
+    as a whole we shall find that, whether we approve of it or not, it was 
+    simple, consistent, and undisguised. She had no intention of abandoning the 
+    Provinces to Philip, still less of betraying them. But she did wish them to 
+    return to their allegiance, if she could procure for them proper guarantees 
+    for such liberties as they had been satisfied with before Philip's tyranny 
+    began. If Philip had been wise he would have made those concessions. 
+    Elizabeth is not to be over-much blamed if she clung too long to the belief 
+    that he could be persuaded or compelled to do what was so much for his own 
+    interest. If she was deceived so was Burghley. Walsingham is entitled to the 
+    credit of having from first to last refused to believe that the negotiations 
+    were anything but a blind. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Though Elizabeth desired peace, she did not cease to deal 
+    blows at Philip. In the spring of 1587 (April-June), while she was most 
+    earnestly pushing her negotiations with Parma, she despatched Drake on a new 
+    expedition to the Spanish coast. He forced his way into the harbours of 
+    Cadiz and Corunna, destroyed many ships and immense stores, and came back 
+    loaded with plunder. The Armada had not been crippled, for most of the ships 
+    that were to compose it were lying in the Tagus. But the concentration had 
+    been delayed. Fresh stores had to be collected. Drake calculated, and as it 
+    proved rightly, that another season at least would be consumed in repairing 
+    the loss, and that England, for that summer and autumn, could rest secure of 
+    invasion. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The delay was most unwelcome to Philip. The expense of 
+    keeping such a fleet and army on foot through the winter would be enormous. 
+    Spain was maintaining not only the Armada but the army of Parma; for the 
+    resources of the Netherlands, which had been the true El Dorado of the 
+    Spanish monarchy, were completely dried up. So impatient was Philip 
+    --usually the slowest of men--that he proposed to despatch the Armada even 
+    in September, and actually wrote to Parma that he might expect it at any 
+    moment. But, as Drake had calculated, September was gone before everything 
+    was ready. The naval experts protested against the rashness of facing the 
+    autumnal gales, with no friendly harbour on either side of the Channel in 
+    which to take refuge. Philip then made the absurd suggestion that the army 
+    from the Netherlands should cross by itself in its flat-bottomed boats. But 
+    Parma told him that it was absolutely out of the question. Four English 
+    ships could sink the whole flotilla. In the meantime his soldiers, waiting 
+    on the Dunkirk Downs and exposed to the severities of the weather, were 
+    dying off like flies. Philip and Elizabeth resembled one another in this, 
+    that neither of them had any personal experience of war either by land or 
+    sea. For a Queen this was natural. For a King it was unnatural, and for an 
+    ambitious King unprecedented. They did not understand the proper adaptation 
+    of means to ends. Yet it was necessary to obtain their sanction before 
+    anything could be done. Hence there was much mismanagement on both sides. 
+    Still England was in no real danger during the summer and autumn of 1587, 
+    because Philip's preparations were not completed; and before the end of the 
+    year the English fleet was lying in the Channel. But the Queen grudged the 
+    expense of keeping the crews up to their full complement. The supply of 
+    provisions and ammunition was also very inadequate. The expensiveness of war 
+    is generally a sufficient reason for not going to war; but to attempt to do 
+    war cheaply is always unwise. &amp;quot;Sparing and war,&amp;quot; as Effingham observed, 
+    &amp;quot;have no affinity together.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Drake strongly urged that, instead of trying to guard the 
+    Channel, the English fleet should make for the coast of Spain, and boldly 
+    assail the Armada as soon as it put to sea. This was the advice of a man who 
+    had all the shining qualities of Nelson, and seems to have been in no 
+    respect his inferior. It was no counsel of desperation. He was confident of 
+    success. Lord Howard of Effingham, the Admiral, was of the same opinion. The 
+    negotiations were odious to him. For Burghley, who clings to them, he has no 
+    more reverence than Hamlet had for Polonius. &amp;quot;Since England was England,&amp;quot; he 
+    writes to Walsingham, &amp;quot;there was never such a stratagem and mask to deceive 
+    her as this treaty of peace. I pray God that we do not curse for this a long 
+    grey beard with a white head witless, that will make all the world think us 
+    heartless. You know whom I mean.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;With the hopes and fears of these sea-heroes, it is 
+    instructive to compare the forecast of the great soldier who was to conduct 
+    the invasion. Always obedient and devoted to his sovereign, Parma played his 
+    part in the deceptive negotiations with consummate skill. But his own 
+    opinion was that it would be wise to negotiate in good faith and accept the 
+    English terms. Though prepared to undertake the invasion, he took a very 
+    serious view of the risks to be encountered. He tells Philip that the 
+    English preparations are formidable both by land and sea. Even if the 
+    passage should be safely accomplished, disembarkation would be difficult. 
+    His army, reduced by the hardships of the winter from 30,000 men, which he 
+    had estimated as the proper number, to less than 17,000, was dangerously 
+    small for the work expected of it. He would have to fight battle after 
+    battle, and the further he advanced the weaker would his army become both 
+    from losses and from the necessity of protecting his communications. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Parma had carefully informed himself of the preparations in 
+    England. From the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, attention had been paid to 
+    the organisation, training, and equipment of the militia, and especially 
+    since the relations with Spain had become more hostile. On paper it seems to 
+    have amounted to 117,000 men. Mobilisation was a local business. Sir John 
+    Norris drew up the plan of defence. Beacon fires did the work of the 
+    telegraph. Every man knew whither he was to repair when their blaze should 
+    be seen. The districts to be abandoned, the positions to be defended, the 
+    bridges to be broken, were all marked out. Three armies, calculated to 
+    amount in the aggregate to 73,000 men, were ordered to assemble in July. 
+    Whether so many were actually mustered is doubtful. But Parma would 
+    certainly have found himself confronted by forces vastly superior in numbers 
+    to his own, and would have had, as he said, to fight battle after battle. 
+    The bow had not been entirely abandoned, but the greater part of the 
+    archers--two-thirds in some counties--had lately been armed with calivers. 
+    What was wanting in discipline would have been to some extent made up by the 
+    spontaneous cohesion of a force organised under its natural leaders, the 
+    nobles and gentry of each locality, not a few of whom had seen service 
+    abroad. But, after all, the greatest element of strength was the free spirit 
+    of the people. England was, and had long been, a nation of freemen. There 
+    were a few peers, and a great many knights and gentlemen. But there was no 
+    noble caste, as on the Continent, separated by an impassable barrier of 
+    birth and privilege from the mass of the people. All felt themselves 
+    fellow-countrymen bound together by common sentiments, common interests, and 
+    mutual respect. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This spirit of freedom--one might almost say of 
+    equality--made itself felt still more in the navy, and goes far to account 
+    for the cheerful energy and dash with which every service was performed. 
+    &amp;quot;The English officers lived on terms of sympathy with their men unknown to 
+    the Spaniards, who raised between the commander and the commanded absurd 
+    barriers of rank and blood which forbade to his pride any labour but that of 
+    fighting. Drake touched the true mainspring of English success when he once 
+    (in his voyage round the world) indignantly rebuked some coxcomb 
+    gentlemen-adventurers with, 'I should like to see the gentleman that will 
+    refuse to set his hand to a rope. I must have the gentlemen to hale and draw 
+    with the mariners.&amp;quot; Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher were all born of humble 
+    parents. They rose by their own valour and capacity. They had gentlemen of 
+    birth serving under them. To Howard and Cumberland and Seymour they were 
+    brothers-in-arms. The master of every little trading vessel was fired by 
+    their example, and hoped to climb as high. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is the pleasure of some writers to speak of Elizabeth's 
+    naval preparations as disgracefully insufficient, and to treat the 
+    triumphant result as a sort of miracle. To their apprehension, indeed, her 
+    whole reign is one long interference by Providence with the ordinary 
+    relations of cause and effect. The number of royal ships as compared with 
+    those of private owners in the fleet which met the great Armada-34 to 
+    161--is represented as discreditably small. By Englishmen of that day, it 
+    was considered to be. creditably large. Sir Edward Coke (who was thirtyeight 
+    at the time of the Armada), writing under Charles I., when the royal navy 
+    was much larger, says: &amp;quot;In the reign of Queen Elizabeth (I being then 
+    acquainted with this business) there were thirty-three [royal ships] besides 
+    pinnaces, which so guarded and regarded the navigation of the merchants, as 
+    they had safe vent for their commodities, and trade and traffic flourished.&amp;quot;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html#2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It seems to be overlooked that the royal navy, such as it 
+    was, was almost the creation of Elizabeth. Her father was the first English 
+    king who made any attempt to keep a standing navy of his own. He established 
+    the Admiralty and the first royal dockyard. Under Edward and Mary the navy, 
+    like everything else, went to ruin. Elizabeth's ship-building, humble as it 
+    seems to us, excited the admiration of her subjects, and was regarded as one 
+    of the chief advances of her reign. The ships, when not in commission, were 
+    kept in the Medway. The Queen personally paid the greatest attention to 
+    them. They were always kept in excellent condition, and could be fitted out 
+    for sea at very short notice. Economy was enforced in this, as in other 
+    departments, but not at the expense of efficiency. The wages of officers and 
+    men were very much augmented; but in the short periods for which crews were 
+    enlisted, and in the victualling, there seems to have been unwise parsimony 
+    in 1588. The grumbling of alarmists about unpreparedness, apathy, 
+    stinginess, and red-tape was precisely what it is in our own day. We know 
+    that some allowance is to be made for it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The movements of the Armada were perfectly well known in 
+    England, and all the dispositions to meet it at sea were completed in a 
+    leisurely manner. Conferences were still going on at Ostend between English 
+    and Spanish commissioners. On the part of Elizabeth there was sincerity, but 
+    not blind credulity nor any disposition to make unworthy concessions. 
+    Conferences quite as protracted have often been held between belligerents 
+    while hostilities were being actively carried on. The large majority of 
+    Englishmen were resolved to fight to the death against any invader. But, as 
+    against Spain, there was not that eager pugnacity which a war with France 
+    always called forth, except, perhaps, among the sea-rovers; and even they 
+    would have contented themselves, if it had been possible, with the 
+    unrecognized privateering which had so long given them the profits of war 
+    with the immunities of peace. The rest of the nation respected their Queen 
+    for her persevering endeavour to find a way of reconciliation with an 
+    ancient ally, and to limit, in the meantime, the area of hostilities. They 
+    were confident, and with good reason, that she would surrender no important 
+    interest, and that aggressive designs would be met, as they had always been 
+    met, more than half-way. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The story of the great victory is too well known to need 
+    repetition here. But some comments are necessary. It is usual, for one 
+    reason or other, to exaggerate the disparity of the opposing fleets, and to 
+    represent England as only saved from impending ruin by the extraordinary 
+    daring of her seamen, and a series of fortunate accidents. The final 
+    destruction of the Armada, after the pursuit was over, was certainly the 
+    work of wind and sea. But if we fairly weigh the available strength on each 
+    side, we shall see that the English commanders might from the first feel, as 
+    they did feel, a reasonable assurance of defeating the invaders. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Let us first compare the strength of the fleets: &lt;i&gt;--I will 
+    insert this graphic as soon as possible--Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Armada carried besides 21,855 soldiers. The first thing 
+    that strikes us is the immense preponderance in tonnage on the part of the 
+    Spaniards, and in sailors on the part of the English. This really goes far 
+    to explain the result. Nothing is more certain than that the Spanish ships, 
+    notwithstanding their superior size, were for fighting and sailing purposes 
+    very inferior to the English. It had always been believed that, to withstand 
+    the heavy seas of the Atlantic, a ship should be constructed like a lofty 
+    fortress. The English builders were introducing lower and longer hulls and a 
+    greater spread of canvas. Their crews, as has always been the case in oar 
+    navy, were equally handy as sailors and gunners. The Spanish ships were 
+    under-manned. The soldiers were not accustomed to work the guns, and were of 
+    no use unless it came to boarding, which Howard ordered his captains to 
+    avoid. The English guns, if fewer than the Spanish, were heavier and worked 
+    by more practised men. Their balls not only cut up the rigging of the 
+    Spaniards but tore their hulls (which were supposed to be cannon-proof), 
+    while the English ships were hardly touched. The slaughter among the 
+    wretched soldiers crowded between decks was terrible. Blood was seen pouring 
+    out of the leescuppers. &amp;quot;The English ships,&amp;quot; says a Spanish officer, &amp;quot;were 
+    under such good management that they did with them what they pleased.&amp;quot; The 
+    work was done almost entirely by the Queen's ships.&amp;quot; If you had seen,&amp;quot; says 
+    Sir William Winter, &amp;quot;the simple service done by the merchants and coast 
+    ships, you would have said we had been little helped by them, otherwise than 
+    that they did make a show.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The principal and final battle was fought off Gravelines.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    The Armada therefore did arrive at its destination, but only to show that 
+    the general plan of the invasion was an impracticable one. The superiority 
+    in tonnage and number of guns on the morning of that day, though not what it 
+    had been when the fighting began a week before, was still immense, if 
+    superiority in those particulars had been of any use. But with this battle 
+    the plan of Philip was finally shattered. So far from being in a condition 
+    to cover Parma's passage, the Spanish admiral was glad to escape as best he 
+    could from the English pursuit. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the eight days' fight, be it observed, the Armada had 
+    experienced no unfavourable weather or other stroke of ill-fortune. The wind 
+    had been mostly in the west, and not tempestuous. After the last battle, 
+    when the crippled Spanish ships were drifting upon the Dutch shoals, it 
+    opportunely shifted, and enabled them to escape into the North Sea. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would not be easy to find any great naval engagement in 
+    which the victors suffered so little. In the last battle, when they came to 
+    close quarters, they had about sixty killed. During the first seven days 
+    their loss seems to have been almost nil. One vessel only-not belonging to 
+    the Queen--became entangled among the enemy, and succumbed. Except the 
+    master of this vessel not one of the captains was killed from first to last. 
+    Many men of rank were serving in the fleet. It
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    is not mentioned that one of them was so much as wounded. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Looking at all these facts, we can surely come to only one 
+    conclusion. Philip's plan was hopeless from the first. Barring accidents, 
+    the English were bound to win. On no other occasion in our history was our 
+    country so well prepared to meet her enemies. Never was her safety from 
+    invasion so amply guaranteed. The defeat of the Great Armada was the 
+    deserved and crowning triumph of thirty years of good government at home and 
+    wise policy abroad; of careful provision for defence and sober abstinence 
+    from adventure and aggression. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Of the land preparations it is impossible to speak with 
+    equal confidence, as they were never put to the test. If the Spaniards had 
+    landed, Leicester's militia would no doubt have experienced a bloody defeat. 
+    London might have been taken and plundered. But Parma himself never expected 
+    to become master of the country without the aid of a great Catholic rising. 
+    This, we may affirm with confidence, would not have taken place on even the 
+    smallest scale. Overwhelming forces would soon have gathered round the 
+    Spaniards. They would probably have retired to the coast, and there 
+    fortified some place from which it would have been difficult to dislodge 
+    them as long as they retained the command of the sea. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such seems to have been the utmost success which, in the 
+    most favourable event, could have attended the invasion. A great disaster, 
+    no doubt, for England, and one for which Elizabeth would have been judged by 
+    history with more severity than justice; for Englishmen have always chosen 
+    to risk it, down to our own time.(1) No government which insisted on making 
+    adequate provision for the military defence of the country would have been 
+    tolerated then, or, to all appearance, would be tolerated now. We have 
+    always trusted to our navy. It were to be wished that our naval superiority 
+    were as assured now as when we defeated the Armada. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The arrangements for feeding the soldiers and sailors were 
+    very defective. A praiseworthy system of control had been introduced to 
+    check waste and peculation in time of peace. Of course it did not easily 
+    adapt itself to the exigencies of war. Military operations are sure to 
+    suffer where a certain, or rather uncertain, amount of waste and peculation 
+    is not risked. We have not forgotten the &amp;quot;horrible and heart-rending&amp;quot; 
+    sufferings of our army in the Crimea, which, like those of Elizabeth's 
+    fleet, had to be relieved by private effort. In the sixteenth century the 
+    lot of the soldier and sailor everywhere was want and disease, varied at 
+    intervals by plunder and excess. Philip's soldiers and sailors were worse 
+    off than Elizabeth's, though he grudged no money for purposes of war. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Those who profess to be scandalised by the appointment of 
+    Leicester to the command of the army should point out what fitter choice 
+    could have been made. He was the only great nobleman with any military 
+    experience; and to suppose that any one but a great nobleman could have been 
+    appointed to such a command is to show a profound ignorance of the ideas of 
+    the time. He had Sir John Norris, a really able soldier, as his marshal of 
+    the camp. After all, no one has alleged that he did not do his duty with 
+    energy and intelligence. The story that the Queen thought of making him her 
+    &amp;quot;Lieutenant in the government of England and Ireland,&amp;quot; but was dissuaded 
+    from it by Burghley and Hatton, rests on no authority but that of Camden, 
+    who is fond of repeating spiteful gossip about Leicester. No sensible person 
+    will believe that she meant to create a sort of Grand Vizier. She may have 
+    thought of making him what we should call &amp;quot;Commander-in-Chief.&amp;quot; There would 
+    be much to say for such a concentration of authority while the kingdom was 
+    threatened with invasion. The title of &amp;quot;Lieutenant&amp;quot; was a purely military 
+    one, and began to be applied under the Tudors to the commanders of the 
+    militia in each county. Leicester's title for the time was &amp;quot;Lieutenant and 
+    Captain-General of the Queen's armies and companies.&amp;quot; But we find him 
+    complaining to Walsingham that the patent of Hunsdon, the commander of the 
+    Midland army, gave him independent powers. &amp;quot;I shall have wrong if he 
+    absolutely command where my patent doth give me power. You may easily 
+    conceive what absurd dealings are likely to fall out if you allow two 
+    absolute commanders&amp;quot; (28 July). Camden's story is probably a confused echo 
+    of this dispute. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Writers who are loth to admit that the trust, the gratitude, 
+    the enthusiastic loyalty which Elizabeth inspired were the first and most 
+    important cause of the great victory, have sought to belittle the grandest 
+    moment of her life by pointing out that the famous speech at Tilbury was 
+    made after the battle of Gravelines. But the dispersal of the Armada by the 
+    storm of August 5th was not yet known in England. Drake, writing on the 8th 
+    and 10th, thinks that it is gone to Denmark to refit, and begs the Queen not 
+    to diminish any of her forces. The occasion of the speech on the 10th seems 
+    to have been the arrival of a post on that day, while the Queen was at 
+    dinner in Leicester's tent, with a false alarm that Parma had embarked all 
+    his forces, and might be expected in England immediately.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the Lieutenant-General had reached the end of his 
+    career. Three weeks after the Tilbury review he died of &amp;quot;a continued fever,&amp;quot; 
+    at the age of fifty-six. He kept Elizabeth's regard to the last, because she 
+    believed--and during the latter part of his life, not wrongly--in his 
+    fidelity and devotion. There is no sign that she at any time valued his 
+    judgment or suffered him to sway her policy, except so far as he was the 
+    mouthpiece of abler advisers; nor did she ever allow his enmities, violent 
+    as they were, to prejudice her against any of her other servants. His 
+    fortune was no doubt much above his deserts, and he has paid the usual 
+    penalty. There are few personages in history about whom so much malicious 
+    nonsense has been written. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We cannot help looking on England as placed in a quite new 
+    position by the defeat of the Armada--a position of security and 
+    independence. In truth, what was changed was not so much the relative 
+    strength of England and Spain as the opinion of it held by Englishmen and 
+    Spaniards, and indeed by all Europe. The loss to Philip in mere ships, men, 
+    and treasure was no doubt considerable. But his inability to conquer England 
+    was demonstrated rather than caused by the destruction of the Armada. Philip 
+    himself talked loftily about &amp;quot;placing another fleet upon the seas.&amp;quot; But his 
+    subjects began to see that defence, not conquest, was now their 
+    business--and had been for some time if they had only known it: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cervi, luporum preda rapacium,&lt;br&gt;
+      Sectamur ultro quos opimus&lt;br&gt;
+      Fallere et effugere eat triumphus&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's attitude to Philip underwent a marked change. 
+    Till then she had been unwilling to abandon the hope of a peaceful 
+    settlement. She had dealt him not a few stinging blows, but always with a 
+    certain restraint and forbearance, because they were meant for the purpose 
+    of bringing him to reason. Thirty years of patience on his part had led her 
+    to believe that he would never carry retaliation beyond assassination plots. 
+    At last, in his slow way, he had gathered up all his strength and essayed to 
+    crush her. Thenceforward she was a convert to Drake's doctrine that attack 
+    was the surest way of defence. She had still good reasons for devolving this 
+    work as much as possible on the private enterprise of her subjects. The 
+    burden fell on those who asked nothing better than to be allowed to bear it. 
+    Thus arose that system, or rather practice, of leaving national work to be 
+    executed by private enterprise, which has had so much to do with the 
+    building up of the British Empire. Private gain has been the mainspring of 
+    action. National defence and aggrandisement have been almost incidental 
+    results. With Elizabeth herself national and private aims could not be 
+    dissevered. The nation and she had but one purse. She was cheaply defending 
+    England, and she shared in the plunder. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The favourite cruising-ground of the English adventurers was 
+    off the Azores, where the Spanish treasure fleets always halted for fresh 
+    water and provisions, on their way to Europe. Some of these expeditions were 
+    on a large scale. But they were not so successful or profitable, in 
+    proportion to their size, as the smaller ventures of Drake and Hawkins 
+    earlier in the reign. The Spaniards were everywhere on the alert. The 
+    harbours of the New World, which formerly lay in careless security, were put 
+    into a state of defence. Treasure fleets made their voyages with more 
+    caution. &amp;quot;Not a grain of gold, silver, or pearl, but what must be got 
+    through the fire.&amp;quot; The day of great prizes was gone by. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Two of these expeditions are distinguished by their 
+    importance. The first was a joint-stock venture of Drake and Norris--the 
+    foremost sailor and the foremost soldier among Englishmen of that day--in 
+    the year after the great Armada (April 1589). They and some private backers 
+    found most of the capital. The Queen contributed six royal ships and 
+    Â£20,000. This fleet carried no less than 11,000 soldiers, for the aim was to 
+    wrest Portugal from the Spaniard and set up Don Antonio, a representative of 
+    the dethroned dynasty. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Stopping on their way at Corunna, they took the lower town, 
+    destroyed large stores, and defeated in the field a much superior force 
+    marching to the relief of the place. Norris mined and breached the walls of 
+    the upper town; but the storming parties having been repulsed with great 
+    loss, the army re-embarked and pursued its voyage. Landing at PenichÃ©, 
+    Norris marched fifty miles by Vimiero and Torres Vedras, names famous 
+    afterwards in the military annals of England, and on the seventh day arrived 
+    before Lisbon. But he had no battering train; for Drake, who had brought the 
+    fleet round to the mouth of the Tagus, judged it dangerous to enter the 
+    river. Nor did the Portuguese rise, as had been hoped. The army therefore, 
+    marching through the suburbs of Lisbon, rejoined the fleet at Cascaes, and 
+    proceeded to Vigo. That town was burnt, and the surrounding country 
+    plundered. This was the last exploit of the expedition. Great loss and 
+    dishonour had been inflicted on Spain; but no less than half of the soldiers 
+    and sailors had perished by disease; and the booty, though said to have been 
+    large, was a disappointment to the survivors. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The other great expedition was in 1596. The capture of 
+    Calais in April of that year by the Spaniards, had renewed the alarm of 
+    invasion, and it was determined to meet the danger at a distance from home. 
+    A great fleet, with 6000 soldiers on board, commanded by Essex and Howard of 
+    Effingham sailed straight to Cadiz, the principal port and arsenal of Spain. 
+    The harbour was forced by the fleet, the town and castle stormed by the 
+    army, several men-of-war taken or destroyed, a large merchant-fleet burnt, 
+    together with an immense quantity of stores and merchandise; the total value 
+    being estimated at twenty millions of ducats. This was by far the heaviest 
+    blow inflicted by England upon Spain during the reign, and was so regarded 
+    in Europe; for though the great Armada had been signally defeated by the 
+    English fleet, its subsequent destruction was due to the winds and waves. 
+    Essex was vehemently desirous to hold Cadiz; but Effingham and the Council 
+    of War appointed by the Queen would not hear of it. The expedition 
+    accordingly returned home, having effectually relieved England from the fear 
+    of invasion. The burning of Penzance by four Spanish galleys (1595) was not 
+    much to set against these great successes. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;One reason for the comparative impunity with which the 
+    English assailed the unwieldy empire of Philip was the insane pursuit of the 
+    French crown, to which he devoted all his resources after the murder of 
+    Henry III. In 1598, with one foot in the grave, and no longer able to 
+    conceal from himself that, with the exception of the conquest of Portugal, 
+    all the ambitious schemes of his life had failed, he was fain to conclude 
+    the peace of Vervins with Henry IV. Henry was ready to insist that England 
+    and the United Provinces should be comprehended in the treaty. Philip 
+    offered terms which Elizabeth would have welcomed ten years earlier. He 
+    proposed that the whole of the Low Countries should be constituted a 
+    separate sovereignty under his son-in-law the Archduke Albert. The Dutch, 
+    who were prospering in war as well as in trade, scouted the offer. English 
+    feeling was divided. There was a war-party headed by Essex and Raleigh, 
+    personally bitter enemies, but both athirst for glory, conquest, and empire, 
+    believing in no right but that of the strongest, greedy for wealth, and 
+    disdaining the slower, more laborious, and more legitimate modes of 
+    acquiring it. They were tired of campaigning it in France and the Low 
+    Countries, where hard knocks and beggarly plunder were all that a soldier 
+    had to look to. They proposed to carry a great English army across the 
+    Atlantic, to occupy permanently the isthmus of Panama, and from that central 
+    position to wrestle with the Spaniard for the trade and plunder of the New 
+    World. The peace party held that these ambitious schemes would bring no 
+    profit except possibly to a few individuals; that the treasury would be 
+    exhausted and the country irritated by taxation and the pressing of 
+    soldiers; that to re-establish the old commercial intercourse with Spain 
+    would be more reputable and attended with more solid advantage to the nation 
+    at large; and finally, that the English arms would be much better employed 
+    in a thorough conquest of Ireland. These were the views of Burghley; and 
+    they were strongly supported by Buckhurst, the best of the younger statesmen 
+    who now surrounded Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth always encouraged her ministers to speak their 
+    minds; but, as Buckhurst said on this occasion, &amp;quot;when they have done their 
+    extreme duty she wills what she wills.&amp;quot; She determined to maintain the 
+    treaty of 1585 with the Dutch. but she took the opportunity of getting it 
+    amended in such a way as to throw upon them a larger share of the expenses 
+    of the war, and to provide more definitely for the ultimate repayment of her 
+    advances. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We have seen that three years before the Armada Elizabeth 
+    had lost the French alliance, which had till then been the key-stone of her 
+    policy. Since then, though aware that Henry III. wished her well, and that 
+    he would thwart the Spanish faction as much as he dared, she had not been 
+    able to count on him. He might at any moment be pushed by Guise into an 
+    attack on England, either with or without the concurrence of Spain. The 
+    accession, therefore, of Henry IV. afforded her great relief. In him she had 
+    a sure ally. It is true that, like her other allies the Dutch, he was more 
+    in a condition to require help than to afford it. But the more work she 
+    provided for Philip in Holland or France, the safer England would be. The 
+    armies of the Holy League might be formidable to Henry; but as long as he 
+    could hold them at bay they were not dangerous to England. She had never 
+    quite got over her scruple about helping the Dutch against their lawful 
+    sovereign. But Henry IV. was the legitimate King of France, and she could 
+    heartily aid him to put down his rebels. From 2000 to 5000 English troops 
+    were therefore constantly serving in France down to the peace of Vervins.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Philip, in defiance of the Salic law, claimed the crown of 
+    France for his daughter in right of her mother, who was a sister of Henry 
+    III. To Brittany he alleged that she had a special claim, as being descended 
+    from Anne of Brittany, which the Bourbons were not. Brittany, therefore, he 
+    invaded at once by sea. Elizabeth, alarmed by the proximity of this Spanish 
+    force, desired that her troops in France should be employed in expelling it, 
+    and that they should be vigorously supported by Henry IV. Henry, on the 
+    other hand, was always drawing away the English to serve his more pressing 
+    needs in other parts of France. This brought upon him many harsh rebukes and 
+    threats from the English Queen. But she had, for the first time, met her 
+    match. He judged, and rightly, that she would not desert him. So, with 
+    oft-repeated apologies, light promises, and well-turned compliments, he just 
+    went on doing what suited him best, getting all the fighting he could out of 
+    the English, and airily eluding Elizabeth's repeated demands for some coast 
+    town, which could be held, like Brill and Flushing, as a security for her 
+    heavy subsidies. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;When Henry was reconciled to the Catholic Church, Elizabeth 
+    went through the form of expressing surprise and regret at a step which she 
+    must have long expected, and must have felt to be wise (1593). Her alliance 
+    with Henry was not shaken. It was drawn even closer by a new treaty, each 
+    sovereign engaging not to make peace without the consent of the other. This 
+    engagement did not prevent Henry from concluding the separate peace of 
+    Vervins five years later, when he judged that his interest required it 
+    (1598). Elizabeth's dissatisfaction was, this time, genuine enough. But 
+    Henry was no longer her protÃ©gÃ©, a homeless, landless, penniless king, 
+    depending on English subsidies, roaming over the realm he called his own 
+    with a few thousands, or sometimes hundreds, of undisciplined cavaliers, who 
+    gathered and dispersed at their own pleasure. He was master of a re-united 
+    France, and could no longer be either patronised or threatened. Elizabeth 
+    might expostulate, and declare that &amp;quot;if there was such a sin as that against 
+    the Holy Ghost it must needs be ingratitude:&amp;quot; gratitude was a sentiment to 
+    which she was as much a stranger as Henry. The only difference between them 
+    was the national one: the Englishwoman preached; the Frenchman mocked. What 
+    made her so sore was that he had, so to speak, stolen her policy from her. 
+    His predecessor had always suspected her--and with good reason--of intending 
+    &amp;quot;to draw her neck out of the collar&amp;quot; if once she could induce him to 
+    undertake a joint war. The joint war had at length been undertaken by Henry 
+    IV., and it was he who had managed to slip out of it first, while Elizabeth, 
+    who longed for peace, was obliged to stand by the Dutch. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two sovereigns, however, knew their own interests too 
+    well to quarrel. Henry gave Elizabeth to understand that his designs against 
+    Spain had undergone no change; he was only halting for breath; he would help 
+    the Dutch underhand--just what she used to say to Henry III. She had now to 
+    deal with a French King as sagacious as herself, and a great deal more 
+    prompt and vigorous in action; not the man to be made a cat's-paw by any 
+    one. She had to accept him as a partner, if not on her own terms, then on 
+    his. Both sovereigns were thoroughly veracious--in Carlyle's sense of the 
+    word. That is to say, their policy was determined not by passion, or vanity, 
+    or sentiment of any kind, but by enlightened self-interest, and was 
+    therefore calculable by those who knew how to calculate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes: &lt;/b&gt;1.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Earl of Sussex, after 
+    inspecting the preparations for defence in Hampshire towards the end of 
+    1587, writes to the Council that he had found nothing ready. The &amp;quot;better 
+    sort&amp;quot; said, &amp;quot;We are much charged many ways, and when the enemy comes we will 
+    provide for him; but he will not come yet.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereleven.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    XI: Domestic Affairs: 1588-1601&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082628&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082628&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28789</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Life in Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH63ab.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">life-morpheus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">life.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P align=center&gt;I am redesigning the Life in Tudor England website, mostly to 
+include lots of pictures.&lt;BR&gt;Until I finish, you can explore some of the topics 
+listed here.&amp;nbsp; Thanks for your patience.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=43 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life-morpheus.gif&quot; width=333 
+border=0 alt=&quot;Life in Tudor England&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=371 
+  alt=&quot;woodcut of a family going to market in Tudor England&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life.jpg&quot; width=300 align=left border=3&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;B&gt;Click on a topic below:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Chronology&quot;&gt;Chronology&lt;/a&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Glossary&quot;&gt;Glossary&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Government&quot;&gt;Government&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Religion&quot;&gt;Religion&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Population&quot;&gt;Population&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Money&quot;&gt;Money&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt;Food&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt; and Drink&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Houses&quot;&gt;Houses&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Clothing&quot;&gt;Clothing and 
+    Appearance&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Marriage&quot;&gt;Marriage&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sex&quot;&gt;Sex&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Diseases&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Arts&quot;&gt;Arts and Education&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Crime&quot;&gt;Crime and 
+    Punishment&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Travel&quot;&gt;Travel&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sorcery&quot;&gt;Sorcery&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Rebellions&quot;&gt;Rebellions&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Famous&quot;&gt;Famous 
+Names to Know in Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor FAQ&lt;/A&gt;: 
+frequently asked questions&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Chronology&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Chronology&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 August 1485&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Bosworth Field; Henry Tudor's army 
+  defeats King Richard III; Henry becomes King Henry VII &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 January 1486&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VII marries King Edward IV's eldest 
+  surviving child, Princess Elizabeth of York &lt;/P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 June 1491&lt;/B&gt; - Henry 
+  Tudor is born to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 August 1503&lt;/B&gt; - Princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII, 
+  marries King James IV of Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 April 1509&lt;/B&gt; - Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VIII of 
+  England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;9 September 1513&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Flodden Field between England and 
+  Scotland; King James IV of Scotland is killed &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 December 1515&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII appoints Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 
+  lord chancellor&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 June 1520&lt;/B&gt; - Field of the Cloth of Gold occurs; this is the famous 
+  meeting between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 October 1521&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is given the title 'Defender of 
+  the Faith' by the pope &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1529&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Cardinal 
+  Wolsey, is driven from power and dies in disgrace &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 January 1533&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 September 1533&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor is born to King Henry VIII and 
+  Anne Boleyn&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1534&lt;/B&gt; - the Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament; it 
+  declares the English monarch to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England; 
+  under Elizabeth this title is changed to Supreme Governor&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;June and 
+  July 1535&lt;/B&gt; - Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More are executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 March 1536&lt;/B&gt; - dissolution of the monasteries begins &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 April 1536&lt;/B&gt; - Wales is officially incorporated into 
+England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 May 1536&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn, is 
+  executed &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;12 October 1537&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's only son, Prince Edward, is 
+  born; his mother is the king's third wife, Jane Seymour, who dies shortly 
+  thereafter&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 July 1540&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Thomas Cromwell, 
+  is executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 June 1541&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is titled king of Ireland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;13 February 1542&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, 
+  executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 November 1542&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Solway Moss between England and 
+  Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;20 July 1545&lt;/B&gt; - the Mary Rose, the flagship of King Henry VIII's 
+  navy, sinks &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 January 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Edward Tudor becomes King Edward VI &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 September 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Pinkie between England and 
+  Scotland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;23 September 1548&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant Book of Common Prayer comes into 
+  use &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - King Edward VI dies &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - the Tudor cousin Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed queen 
+  of England; she rules for just nine days &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;3 August 1553&lt;/B&gt; - Mary Tudor becomes Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 April 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Thomas Wyatt is executed after leading a 
+  rebellion against Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 July 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Mary I marries King Philip II of Spain &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;16 October 1555&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant churchmen Latimer and Ridley are 
+  burned at the stake&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 March 1556&lt;/B&gt; - Thomas Cranmer, former archbishop of Canterbury, 
+  burned at the stake&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1558&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;29 April 1559&lt;/B&gt; - the Elizabethan religious settlement is passed by 
+  Parliament &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 February 1560&lt;/B&gt; - Treaty of Berwick between England and Scotland 
+  &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 June 1566&lt;/B&gt; - King James VI of Scotland, son of Mary queen of 
+  Scots, is born &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 July 1567&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots abdicates her throne in Scotland 
+  and comes to England &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 August 1572&lt;/B&gt; - the St Batholomew's Day massacre of Protestants 
+  occurs in Paris&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1585&lt;/B&gt; - the English colony at Roanoke in Virginia is 
+  established &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots is executed at Fotheringhay 
+  Castle &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;31 July 1588&lt;/B&gt; - defeat of the Spanish Armada&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 February 1595&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Walter Raleigh leaves England to sail to the 
+  New World &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 August 1598 &lt;/B&gt;- Tyrone's Rebellion occurs in Ireland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 February 1601&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, is executed 
+  for leading a rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 December 1601&lt;/B&gt;- the Elizabethan 'Poor Law' is passed; it has a 
+  profound effect upon English society &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 March 1603&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Elizabeth I dies; the Tudor dynasty ends; King 
+  James VI of Scotland becomes king of England&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Government&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Government&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor England's government was 
+an &lt;B&gt;absolute monarchy&lt;/B&gt;. In this system, the monarch (king or queen) has 
+control over all aspects of government.&lt;BR&gt;Parliament did exist during the 16th 
+century but its role was often merely advisory. As the years passed, it became 
+increasingly powerful. Its main power was passing taxation. Whenever the king or 
+queen needed money, they first had to convince Parliament to order more 
+taxation. Parliament was only assembled when the king or queen ordered it, 
+unlike modern times.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Religion&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Religion&lt;BR&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;England was a Catholic nation under 
+the rule of Henry VII (1485-1509) and during much of Henry VIII's (1509-1547) 
+reign. In 1534, King Henry VIII declared himself Supreme Head of a new Church of 
+England. This coincided with the rejection of papal authority and dissolution of 
+the English monasteries. Protestantism was introduced to England. Under King 
+Edward VI (1547-1553), England was a Protestant nation. Under Queen Mary I 
+(1553-1558), England was again a Catholic nation. Under Queen Elizabeth I 
+(1558-1603), England was again a Protestant nation. It was under Elizabeth that 
+the Anglican church became firmly established and 
+dominant.&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Population&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Population: includes England and 
+Wales.&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524.....2.3 million&lt;/B&gt; 
+  &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541.....2.7 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1550.....2.9 million&lt;/B&gt; 
+  &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1569.....3.2 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1599.....4.0 
+million&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 6% of the population lived in 
+urban areas (towns of over 4,000 people.)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 3% of the population 
+lived in London.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Around 5% of the population were considered gentlemen. 
+Their numbers increased throughout the 16th century. 'Gentlemen' are people who 
+do not work with their hands. The middle class was larger; they were usually 
+literate and included craftsmen and tradesmen. The vast majority of the 
+population is poor and termed 'peasants' or 'common people'. They were mostly 
+illiterate and suffered the most when famines occurred and the currency was 
+debased.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In 1509, there was one duke, one marquis, ten earls, and thirty 
+barons in England. The peerage increased to 51 by the end of Henry VIII's reign 
+and had reached 57 when Elizabeth I became queen. But she was stingy with 
+granting peerages and the only duke left in England (Norfolk) was executed in 
+1572. A new duke was not titled until 1623.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Money&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Money&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The currency in Tudor England is 
+divided into pounds, shilling, and pence. The pence/penny is the basic unit of 
+currency; 12 pennies make a shilling and 20 shillings make a pound.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;There are numerous coins in circulation throughout the 16th century. When 
+money becomes tight, the monarchs are fond of reducing the amount of precious 
+metal in the coins. This debases the real worth of English money and causes 
+problems for everyone.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Among the coins in circulation are the royal (a gold coin worth 10 
+shillings); this was introduced during the reign of King Henry VII. Under his 
+grandson, King Edward VI, the angel was introduced; it was another gold coin 
+worth 10 shillings. There were also groats, farthings, sixpences, etc Around the 
+mid-16th century, a common laborer would make around 1 shilling per day. 
+&amp;nbsp;So it would take a laborer twenty days to earn a pound! &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Coins are made at royal mints located in several large cities. Forgery often 
+occurs. Often, the royal treasurers are implicated.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Because of debasement and famine, inflation is a constant problem. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;It is difficult to translate Tudor prices into contemporary money. Also, 
+prices varied widely throughout the 16th century. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Food&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Food and Drink&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;There are three main components 
+of the Tudor diet - bread, beer, and meat (usually beef or mutton.) Like us, 
+they had three meals - breakfast, dinner, and supper. &lt;B&gt;Breakfast &lt;/B&gt;was early 
+in the morning and a relatively simple meal. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Dinner &lt;/B&gt;was the largest 
+meal and held between 11 am and 1 pm. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Supper &lt;/B&gt;could be held anytime 
+between 5 pm and 8 pm, depending upon the person's social class. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Everyone in Tudor England ate bread and cheese. The only difference between 
+classes was the quality of bread and cheese. &amp;nbsp;The cheapest bread was called 
+'Carter's bread'; it was a mixture of rye and wheat. &amp;nbsp;The middle classes or 
+prosperous tenants ate 'ravel', also called 'yeoman's bread' and made of 
+wholemeal. &amp;nbsp;The most expensive bread was called 'marchet' and made of white 
+wheat flour. Aristocratic households ate marchet, particularly during banquets. 
+&amp;nbsp;Everyone from the poorest peasant to the wealthies monarch drank beer. 
+&amp;nbsp;It was brewed without hops and was not particularly alcoholic. People 
+drank beer liberally. However, water was considered unhealthy - and for good 
+reason. &amp;nbsp;Under Henry VII, French wines were imported in greater quantities 
+but only aristocrats drank them. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The poor and wealthy alike lived off 
+the land.&amp;nbsp; England was self-sufficient, able to feed its population without 
+resorting to imports, at least during good harvests.&amp;nbsp; Most peasants had 
+small bits of land in villages and towns. They kept chickens, pigs, and perhaps 
+a cow. &amp;nbsp;Those with animals slaughtered them in November. &amp;nbsp;The meat was 
+smoked, dried, or salted so it could be kept for meals in the cold months. 
+&amp;nbsp;Bacon was the most common meat of poor people. Smoked bacon and salted 
+beef were most popular during the winter. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Of course, meat could not be eaten on Fridays for religious reasons. 
+&amp;nbsp;Instead, fish - dried cod or slated herring, most likely - was eaten. It 
+was &lt;I&gt;not&lt;/I&gt; fresh since there was no efficient or speedy way to transport 
+fresh foods. &amp;nbsp;Vegetables were plentiful, particularly beans, peas, carrots, 
+and onions. &amp;nbsp;Fruits were available, too - apples, plums, pears, 
+strawberries, cherries, etc &amp;nbsp;But potatoes and tomatoes were not available. 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;As you can see, diets were most interesting and varied in the warmer months 
+but cold weather meant preserved meats and little else. &amp;nbsp;Everyone, rich and 
+poor alike, suffered from malnutrition, particularly Vitamin C deficiency (which 
+we call scurvy.) &amp;nbsp;Molds in certain breads could also cause health problems. 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;There were 2 great famines in Tudor England - in the mid-1550s during Mary 
+I's reign and mid-1590s during Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Houses&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Houses&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;Types&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt; of Houses: 
+&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;There are castles, mansions, manor houses, and 
+cottages. The materials used to build them depend upon the wealth of their 
+owners. Castles and churches were always built of stone, but it was expensive. 
+Middle-class homes were timber-framed but wood was too expensive to use for the 
+entire house. &lt;BR&gt;Instead, bricks were sometimes used, or white-washed wattle 
+and daub. When timbers were coated with black tar, the famous Tudor 
+'black-and-white' effect was achieved. Many houses had steep, thatched roofs and 
+upper stories which hung over the lower ones. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Rooms:&lt;/B&gt; The rooms in a nobleman's house would include a great hall for 
+feasting and entertaining, a great chamber used for sleeping and receiving 
+visitors and playing games, a cellar which was not necessarily below ground and 
+was used primarily for storage, a closet used as a private office or study, a 
+gallery (either enclosed or open on one side) which ran parallel to the house 
+and was used for exercise, a private bedchamber for the master of the house), a 
+kitchen, a parlor used as either a sitting room or small entertaining area, and 
+a privy which was a small, windowless room used as a bathroom. There were also 
+withdrawing rooms where wardrobes were kept or the owner could go for more 
+privacy. Often these rooms connected two bedrooms. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Noble Households:&lt;/B&gt; In Tudor England, a person's social status and 
+prestige were determined by two main things: the lavishness of their standard of 
+living and the number of their servants and attendants. The successful 
+maintenance of a large household also indicated a person's ability to govern, 
+albeit on a much smaller scale than the king.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;A nobleman of sufficient rank and skill was often called to serve the monarch 
+in London. To that end, they would purchase and maintain - often at great 
+expense - townhomes in or just outside London. In London, the most affluent 
+street was known as The Strand. These homes were built on the riverside and so 
+were equipped with docks; the nobles could travel by personal barge from their 
+homes to various royal palaces. Nobles also owned homes in the counties near 
+their largest estates. Naturally enough, the maintenance of these various 
+residences was expensive, and became increasingly so as the century progressed. 
+But the greatest expense - and worry - was their principal estate, always 
+situated in the countryside. At these estates, their spiritual, public, private, 
+and economic worlds merged. They were an opportunity for the proud noble to 
+demonstrate his standing in the nation and to dominate local affairs thoroughly. 
+Also, they could play host to the reigning monarch on a royal progress. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Many of the most famous noble country homes can still be seen today. For 
+example, view Compton Wynyates in Warwickshire where Henry VIII often visited 
+and the duke of Buckingham's beautiful Penshurst Place in Kent. Five centuries 
+ago, estates such as these were managed by noblemen and their principal 
+officers, primarily knights and esquires. Together, they governed the estates 
+and surrounding lands. They gathered in the official presence chamber where 
+petitions were presented from tenants and neighbors. The councilors would judge 
+their claims and mediate disputes. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;When the nobleman traveled to London or his lesser homes, a large group of 
+servants would accompany him - this was his 'skeleton' household. They journeyed 
+in carts packed with people and possessions. As Henry VII's rule impressed some 
+degree of stability upon England, such travel became less dangerous. But it 
+remained uncomfortable, even for the wealthy in padded coaches. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;The presence of such wealthy and accomplished landowners was both a blessing 
+and a curse to Tudor monarchs. For early Tudor kings, these nobles could help 
+secure their rule, particularly in the North where trouble traditionally brewed. 
+Henry VII had no family ties to northern England; this made him even more 
+reliant on the great Northern lords to maintain peace and effective government. 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Knights and esquires wore their lord's livery; they also promised the support 
+of their tenants and servants in case of conflict. In this way, great households 
+could also serve as sources of rebellion and treason.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Gardens &lt;/B&gt;are very popular in Tudor England. As the century goes on, 
+they become increasingly ornate and expensive. Even noble families grow their 
+own fruits and vegetables when they can. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;I will add more information about homes of the poor, as well as 
+pictures, soon. 17 October 2002&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Clothing&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Clothing&lt;/BIG&gt; &lt;BIG&gt;and Appearance&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor 
+England is famous for its beautiful and ornate clothing, particularly during the 
+reign of Queen Elizabeth I. &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/A&gt; to 
+view portraits of the queen and her courtiers. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Medieval sumptuary laws remained in force throughout the 16th century. These 
+laws dictated what each member of society could wear, depending upon their 
+social class. The laws are not enforced often. And fabrics such as silk, satin 
+and velvet are so expensive that only the wealthy can afford them. Cloth of gold 
+and the color purple are reserved for royalty. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;During the reign of King Henry VIII, Spanish and French style gowns are very 
+popular. Clothes become more form-fitting and ornate. Men wear colorful tights 
+to emphasize well-developed calves. Women often have such low necklines that 
+preachers condemn them. Both sexes wear as much jewelry as they can afford. And 
+everyone, rich and poor, wears a hat. Certain clothing dyes are not expensive, 
+and so even the poor can wear green and brown outfits. Foreign visitors comment 
+upon the colorful outfits of the English poor. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Women have long hair which they wear loose until marriage. After the reign of 
+King Henry VII, men typically have short hair and beards and mustaches. It is 
+Henry VIII who makes beards popular; during his father's reign, men are 
+clean-shaven.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;The poor wear homespun woolen clothing with knitted hose and hobnail shoes. 
+In the field, they wear tunics and breeches.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Children are dressed as miniature adults from the age of six onwards. Before 
+then, both boys and girls wear simple shifts or gowns. They are swaddled as 
+infants, a constricting practice which is believed to prevent illness. In fact, 
+for the first four months of their lives, infants are completely immobilized in 
+swaddling bands.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Men generally wear flat-heeled shoes while women wore overshoes outside. 
+These were clogs which raised her feet so her gown wouldn't drag in the 
+dirt.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Blonde hair is the most prized haircolor, but auburn and red hair are also 
+popular. Very white skin and red lips are achieved through the use of dangerous 
+cosmetics; lead, borax, and sulphur were sometimes used. Every woman hated 
+spots, whether freckles or pimples. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;As for bathing, most Englishmen think baths are unhealthy. Queen Elizabeth I 
+is considered strange for bathing as much as four times a year. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Everyone uses perfume. Perfume is splashed on bodies and clothing, 
+particularly the gloves. The most popular scents included marjoram, lavendar, 
+musk, and rose.&lt;BR&gt;Noblemen and women carry pomanders, a hollow sphere holding a 
+waxed perfume ball. Pomanders are often highly decorative and expensive 
+accessories. Women attach them to their girdles and men dangle them from a 
+chain. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Dentists are surgeons who remove rotten teeth and also perform other small 
+operations. People clean their teeth by rubbing them with a mixture of white 
+wine and vinegar boiled with honey. Fashionable noblewomen will sometimes 
+deliberately blacken their front teeth. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Marriage&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Marriage&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Marriage usually occurred during 
+the mid-twenties for most Tudor citizens. The wealthy and aristocratic tended to 
+marry earlier because of inheritance issues. But contrary to popular belief, 
+there were few child marriages in Tudor England. Of course, you could be 
+pre-contracted or betrothed at a much earlier age. Any marriage contract was 
+legally binding if the girl was 12 and the boy was 14. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Annulments and divorces were uncommon because they required special religious 
+dispensations. Most marriages ended with the death of a spouse. At any time in 
+the 16th century, roughly a third of marriages are the second or third marriage. 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Rebellions&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Rebellions&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;People in Tudor England 
+suffered through famine, poverty, and immense religious changes. Life was 
+uncertain and dangerous. Most riots in the country were small and local; they 
+usually involved food or the hated enclosure policies. Enclosure was the process 
+by which noblemen seized public land for themselves. They would build hedges 
+around the land to keep people out. But peasants needed the land to graze their 
+animals and would often tear the hedges down.&lt;BR&gt;There were also larger 
+rebellions throughout the 16th century. Here is a list of the most 
+important:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)&lt;/B&gt; - This rebellion occurred in November 
+1536 in the north of England; it was a result of King Henry VIII's religious 
+changes. Northern England was always more conservative and Catholic than the 
+rest of the country. When their monasteries were destroyed and the lands and 
+money seized by Henry's prominent noblemen, the northerners rebelled. There were 
+roughly 30,000 people involved, a mix of lords, middle-class laborers, and 
+peasants. They called themselves 'pilgrims' and were led by an attorney named 
+Robert Aske. They chose the five wounds of Christ as their symbol. They did not 
+specifically rebel against King Henry VIII, but rather his councilors such as 
+Thomas Cromwell. The king promised clemency if the rebels dispersed but 
+eventually executed about 100 rebels.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Kett's Rebellion (1549) &lt;/B&gt;- In 1549, King Edward VI ruled England, 
+though the government was under control of the Protestant Lord Protector 
+Somerset. In East Anglia, a Norfolk gentleman named Robert Kett led a rebellion 
+against the king's religious policies, the dissolution of the monasteries, and 
+the very unpopular enclosure of common lands by greedy noblemen. The rebels were 
+defeated at Norwich by an English army supported by foreign 
+mercenaries.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion (1554)&lt;/B&gt; - In spring 1554, Sir Thomas 
+Wyatt led a rebellion against Queen Mary I's proposed marriage to King Philip II 
+of Spain. Despite an army of 3,000 men, Wyatt was unable to enter London. He was 
+executed on 11 April 1554, after explicitly denying that Princess Elizabeth was 
+involved in the rebellion. Nonetheless, Elizabeth is temporarily imprisoned in 
+the Tower of London and Lady Jane Grey is executed. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Northern Rebellion&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1569)&lt;/B&gt; - In 1569, the north of England 
+again rebels against the Tudor monarchy, this time inspired by the imprisonment 
+of Mary, queen of Scots and Catholic discontent. The rebels are led by the earls 
+of Westmorland and Northumberland and the duke of Norfolk; they choose the five 
+wounds of Christ as their symbol, as had the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels. The 
+duke of Norfolk plans to depose Queen Elizabeth I and marry Mary, queen of 
+Scots, thus becoming king of England. The rebellion is crushed and several 
+hundred rebels are hanged. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Throckmorton Plot (1583) &lt;/B&gt;- This was the second plot to free Mary, 
+queen of Scots. In 1583, Sir Francis Throckmorton, a Catholic nobleman, works 
+with the Spanish ambassador to use Spanish troops to depose Queen Elizabeth I 
+and free Mary. He was arrested in November 1583 and later 
+executed.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Babington Plot&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1586)&lt;/B&gt; - This was the third 
+and final plot to free Mary, queen of Scots. In 1586, Sir Anthony Babington, a 
+Catholic nobleman, conspired with a Catholic priest and others to assassinate 
+Queen Elizabeth I and proclaim Mary queen of England. The plot is discovered by 
+the secretary of state Sir Francis Walsingham and Babington and Mary are 
+executed. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Essex Rebellion (1601)&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, was a 
+great favorite of Queen Elizabeth I's, but he was also arrogant and ambitious. 
+Disgraced and sent from court on numerous occasions, he attempted to lead a 
+rebellion against the queen on 8 February 1601. Essex protested that he did not 
+intend to harm the queen but to free her from the bad influence of other 
+councilors. He marched through London with 300 men but no others rallied to his 
+side. He was later executed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT language=JavaScript src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife%5ffiles%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;SCRIPT language=javascript&gt;geovisit();&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;NOSCRIPT&gt;&lt;IMG height=1 alt=setstats src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife_files/visit.gif&quot; width=1 
+border=0&gt;&lt;/NOSCRIPT&gt; &lt;IMG height=1 alt=1 src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife_files/serv.gif&quot; width=1&gt; 
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082551&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082551&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1530</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6420.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1530.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1530.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1530: The fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&quot; width=&quot;471&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This account 
+      of Thomas Wolsey's fall from royal favor was written by the Tudor 
+      chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wolsey was born c1473 and 
+      eventually held the titles Cardinal-Archbishop of York and Lord 
+      Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; He was famous at Oxford University for taking his degree 
+      at the age of fifteen; he was intelligent, hard-working, and also very 
+      fond of pomp and ceremony.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He became King Henry VII's chaplain during the last two 
+      years of his life.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII appointed him to a minor office upon 
+      his accession, but Wolsey's only became involved in government affairs in 
+      1512.&amp;nbsp; He urged Henry to wage war against the French on behalf of 
+      Pope Julius II.&amp;nbsp; The war was successful and Henry generously rewarded 
+      its main proponent and organizer.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey subsequently became the 
+      king's chief minister from 1515 to 1529.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;His powerful office and close friendship with Henry 
+      earned him many enemies, particularly aristocrats who resented his 
+      usurpation of their traditional influence.&amp;nbsp; They also resented his 
+      great wealth.&amp;nbsp; Over the years, Wolsey amassed a vast fortune, though 
+      he did so largely through his church offices.&amp;nbsp; He spent lavishly, but 
+      he was also charitable and personally financed many diplomatic missions.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It should be noted that most gentlemen entered government service for 
+      financial reward; Wolsey was no different.&amp;nbsp; And as the king's chief 
+      minister, he was expected to entertain foreign dignitaries and maintain a 
+      suitably impressive lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; His increasingly ostentatious 
+      displays of wealth did, however, damage both his personal reputation and 
+      that of the church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wolsey lacked the genius for administration of his 
+      protÃ©gÃ© and successor, Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; But he was efficient and 
+      capable; when he found he could not control Parliament (it met only once 
+      during his years as chancellor), he simply refused to summon it.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      was also blamed for the high taxation necessary to support Henry VIII's 
+      ambitious foreign policy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He maintained the king's favor until he failed to secure 
+      an annulment of Henry's first marriage.&amp;nbsp; From 1527-1529, as Anne 
+      Boleyn's influence rose, Wolsey's waned.&amp;nbsp; She disliked the Cardinal 
+      because of his interference in her earlier engagement to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And both she and the king were increasingly impatient with the pope's 
+      endless prevarication.&amp;nbsp; Torn between his secular and spiritual 
+      masters, Wolsey chose Henry's side - but it did not matter.&amp;nbsp; On 9 
+      October 1529, he was indicted for praemunire; he later confessed his 
+      guilt.&amp;nbsp; Parliament was summoned to indict him on forty-four charges.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The king kept him from prison but stripped him of many offices and all of 
+      his power.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was ordered to retire to his archbishopric of 
+      York.&amp;nbsp; Indiscreet letters to Rome led to his arrest on 4 November.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He died on the 24th, while returning to London and, most likely, execution 
+      at the Tower.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Hall implies that Wolsey committed suicide.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      did not.&amp;nbsp; He did, however, avoid execution at the Tower which was the 
+      fate Henry VIII intended for him.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Cromwell defended Wolsey in 
+      parliament.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;You have heard under the last year how the cardinal of York [Wolsey]
+was attainted in praemunire, and despite that the king had given him the
+bishoprics of York and Winchester, with great possessions, and had licensed
+him to live in his diocese of York.&amp;nbsp; Being thus in his diocese, grudging
+his fall and not remembering the kindness the King showed to him, he wrote
+to the court of Rome and to several other princes letters reproaching the
+king, and as much as he was able stirred them to revenge his case against
+the King and his realm; so much so that various opprobrious words about
+the king were spoken to Dr Edward Kern, the king's orator at Rome, and
+it was said to him that for the cardinal's sake the king's matrimonial
+suit would have the worse speed.&amp;nbsp; The cardinal would also speak fair
+to the people to win their hearts, and always declared that he was unjustly
+and untruly commanded, which fair speaking made many men believe that he
+spoke the truth.&amp;nbsp; And to be held in higher repute by the people he
+determined to be installed or enthroned at York with all possible pomp,
+and caused a throne to be erected in the Cathedral Church of such a height
+and design as was never seen before; and he sent to all the lords, abbots,
+priors, knights, esquires and gentlemen of his diocese to be at his manor
+of Cawood on 6 November, and so to bring him to York with all pomp and
+solemnity.
+&lt;p&gt;The King, who knew of his doings and secret communications, all this
+year pretended to ignore them to see what he would eventually do, until
+he saw his proud heart so highly exalted that he intended to be so triumphantly
+installed without informing the king, even as if in disdain of the king.&amp;nbsp;
+Then the king thought it was not fitting or convenient to let him any longer
+continue in his malicious and proud purposes and attempts.&amp;nbsp; Therefore
+he sent letters to Henry, the sixth earl of Northumberland, willing him
+with all diligence to arrest the cardinal, and to deliver him to the earl
+of Shrewsbury, great steward of the king's household.&amp;nbsp; When the earl
+had seen the letter, with a suitable number of men he came to the manor
+of Cawood on 4 November, and when he was brought to the cardinal in his
+chamber he said to him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;My Lord, I pray you have patience, for here
+I arrest you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Arrest me,&quot; said the cardinal;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Yes,&quot; said
+the earl, &quot;I have orders to do so.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;You have no such power,&quot; said
+the cardinal, &quot;for I am both a cardinal and a peer of the College of Rome,
+and ought not to be arrested by any temporal power, for I am not subject
+to that power, therefore if you arrest me I will withstand it.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Well,&quot;
+said the Earl, &quot;here is the king's commission, and therefore I charge you
+to obey.&quot;&amp;nbsp; The Cardinal somewhat remembered himself, and said, &quot;Well,
+my lord, I am content to obey, but although by negligence I fell under
+punishment of the praemunire and lost by law all my lands and goods, yet
+my person was in the king's protection and I was pardoned that offence.&amp;nbsp;
+Therefore I wonder why I now should be arrested, especially considering
+that I am a member of the apostolic See, on whom no temporal man should
+lay violent hands.&amp;nbsp; Well, I see the King lacks good counsel.&quot;&amp;nbsp;
+&quot;Well,&quot; said the earl, &quot;when I was sworn warden of the marches you yourself
+told me that I might with my staff arrest all men under the degree of king,
+and now I am stronger for I have a commission for what I do as you have
+seen.&quot;&amp;nbsp; The cardinal at length obeyed, and was kept in his private
+chamber, and his goods seized and his officers discharged, and his physician,
+Dr Augustine, was also arrested, and brought to the Tower by Sir Walter
+Welshe, one of the king's chamber.&amp;nbsp; On 6 November the cardinal was
+conveyed from Cawood to Sheffield Castle, and there delivered into the
+keeping of the earl of Shrewsbury until the king's pleasure was known.&amp;nbsp;
+About this arrest there was much talk among the common people, and many
+were glad, for surely he was not in favour with the commons.
+&lt;p&gt;When the cardinal was thus arrested the king sent Sir William Kingston
+Knight, captain of the guard and constable of the Tower of London with
+some of the yeomen of the guard to Sheffield, to fetch the cardinal to
+the Tower.&amp;nbsp; When the cardinal saw the captain of the guard he was
+much astonished and shortly became ill, for he foresaw some great trouble,
+and for that reason men said he willingly took so much strong purgative
+that his constitution could not bear it.&amp;nbsp; But Sir William Kingston
+comforted him, and by easy journeys he brought him to the Abbey of Leicester
+on 27 November, where through weakness caused by purgatives and vomiting
+he died the second night following, and is buried in the same Abbey.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082597&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082597&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5562</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The poetry of John Skelton</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6456.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1500s.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1500s.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: The poetry of John Skelton&quot; width=&quot;392&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Skelton was the poet laureate of England under Henry
+VII;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;he also tutored the young Prince Henry, duke of York,
+who became the infamous Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To Mistress
+Margaret Hussey&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;Merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower;
+&lt;br&gt;With solace and gladness,
+&lt;br&gt;Much mirth and no madness,
+&lt;br&gt;All good and no badness;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So joyously,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So maidenly,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So womanly
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her demeaning
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In every thing,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Far, far passing
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That I can endite,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Or suffice to write
+&lt;br&gt;Of merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As patient and as still
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And as full of good will
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As fair Isaphill;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Colyander,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sweet pomander,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Good Cassander;
+&lt;br&gt;Steadfast of thought,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Well made, well wrought,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Far may be sought
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ere that ye can find
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So courteous, so kind
+&lt;br&gt;As merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;To Mistress Isabell Pennell&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;By Saint Mary, my lady,
+&lt;br&gt;Your mammy and your dady
+&lt;br&gt;Brought forth a goodly baby!
+&lt;br&gt;My maiden Isabell,
+&lt;br&gt;Reflaring rosabell,
+&lt;br&gt;The flagrant camamell,
+&lt;br&gt;The ruddy rosary,
+&lt;br&gt;The sovereign rosemary,
+&lt;br&gt;The pretty strawberry,
+&lt;br&gt;The columbine, the nepte,
+&lt;br&gt;The jeloffer well set,
+&lt;br&gt;The proper violet;
+&lt;br&gt;EnnewÃšd your colour
+&lt;br&gt;Is like the daisy flower
+&lt;br&gt;After the April shower;
+&lt;br&gt;Star of the morrow gray,
+&lt;br&gt;That blossom on the spray,
+&lt;br&gt;The freshest flower of May:
+&lt;br&gt;Maidenly demure,
+&lt;br&gt;Of womanhood the lure;
+&lt;br&gt;Wherefore, I make you sure,
+&lt;br&gt;It were an heavenly health,
+&lt;br&gt;It were and endless wealth,
+&lt;br&gt;A life for God himself,
+&lt;br&gt;To hear this nightingale
+&lt;br&gt;Among the birdes smale
+&lt;br&gt;Warbling in the vale,
+&lt;br&gt;Dug, dug, jug, jug,
+&lt;br&gt;Good year and good luck,
+&lt;br&gt;With chuck, chuck, chuck, chuck!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;With Lullay, Lullay, Like A Child&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;With lullay, lullay, like a child,
+&lt;br&gt;Thou sleepÃšst too long, thou art beguiled!
+&lt;p&gt;&quot;My darling dear, my daisy flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Let me,&quot; quoth he, &quot;lie in your lap.&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;&quot;Lie still,&quot; quoth she, &quot;my paramour,
+&lt;br&gt;Lie still hardily, and take a nap.&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;His head was heavy, such was his hap,
+&lt;br&gt;All drowsy, dreaming, drowned in sleep,
+&lt;br&gt;That of his love he took no keep,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;With ba, ba, ba, and bas, bas, bas!
+&lt;br&gt;She cherished him both cheek and chin
+&lt;br&gt;That he wist never where he was;
+&lt;br&gt;He had forgotten all deadly sin!
+&lt;br&gt;He wanted wit her love to win:
+&lt;br&gt;He trusted her payment and lost all his pay;
+&lt;br&gt;She left him sleeping and stale away,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;The rivers rough, the waters wan;
+&lt;br&gt;She sparÃšd not to wet her feet.
+&lt;br&gt;She waded over, she found a man
+&lt;br&gt;That halsÃšd her heartily and kissed her sweet;
+&lt;br&gt;Thus after her cold she caught a heat.
+&lt;br&gt;&quot;My lief,&quot; she said, &quot;rowteth in his bed;
+&lt;br&gt;Iwys he hath an heavy head,&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;What dreamest thou, drunkard, drowsy pate?
+&lt;br&gt;Thy lust and liking is from thee gone;
+&lt;br&gt;Thou blinkard blowboll, thou wakÃšst too late;
+&lt;br&gt;Behold thou liest, luggard, alone!
+&lt;br&gt;Well may thou sigh, well may thou groan,
+&lt;br&gt;To deal with her so cowardly.
+&lt;br&gt;Ywis, pole-hatchet, she blearÃšd thine eye!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Quoth Skelton Laureate.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082594&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082594&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,1563 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">74662</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs: King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6815.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymour-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymour-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6baby-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed1543-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward4-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6main-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">loseley.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=8 CELLPADDING=0 WIDTH=&quot;98%&quot; &gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td ALIGN=RIGHT VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymour-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;etching of Edward's mother, Jane Seymour&quot; BORDER=1 height=169 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;engraving of Jane Seymour, mother of Edward VI&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymour-min.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Horenbout&quot; height=165 width=166&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; miniature portrait of Jane Seymour, painted by Lucas 
+Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6baby-crop.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Holbein's famous portrait of Edward as a toddler&quot; BORDER=2 height=194 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward as a young prince, painted by Hans Holbein&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to learn more about this portrait, &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fnga.gov%2fcgi-bin%2fpinfo%3fObject%3d74%2b0%2bnone&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;click 
+here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed1543-crop.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Prince Edward in 1543&quot; BORDER=2 height=194 width=137&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; portrait of Edward VI, c1546, by an unknown artist&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Edward's beloved stepmother, Katharine Parr&quot; BORDER=2 height=191 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward VI's beloved stepmother, Katharine Parr, painted by 
+William Scrots, c1543 &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward4-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;profile portrait of Edward VI&quot; BORDER=2 height=228 width=150&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Edward VI, c1546, perhaps painted by William Scrots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6main-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Edward VI, once more in a Henrician pose&quot; BORDER=2 height=214 width=150&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward VI in a pose reminiscent of his father, 
+c1543, painted by William Scrots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;King Edward VI&quot; height=48 width=315&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/loseley.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Edward VI in 1547, in a pose reminiscent of his father&quot; BORDER=2 height=311 width=226 align=LEFT&gt;&lt;b&gt;Henry
+VIII had just one legitimate son, Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; Born in October
+1537, Edward was the fulfillment of his father's tangled marital history.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had ended his marriages to Katharine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn when
+they failed at the most important queenly duty, each woman bearing a healthy
+princess but no surviving prince.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour, the king's third
+wife, was luckier.&amp;nbsp; She ensured the king's lasting affection when
+she gave birth to Edward, but she died soon afterwards of puerperal sepsis.&amp;nbsp;
+The infant prince was the only male Tudor heir of his generation; he had
+two sisters and Henry VIII's sisters Mary and Margaret had several daughters.&amp;nbsp;
+If Edward died, the throne would pass to a woman and the Tudor dynasty
+would end.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, King Henry did all he could to protect his
+son's health; the infant prince lived in safe seclusion until his father
+wed Katharine Parr.&amp;nbsp; Henry's last wife became a beloved mother to
+Edward and he adopted the zealous Protestantism which she championed.&amp;nbsp;
+He also grew close to his half-sister Elizabeth, with whom he shared a
+household for some years.&amp;nbsp; His older half-sister, Mary, was an equally
+zealous Catholic; her religion and the vast difference in their ages prevented
+a close relationship.&amp;nbsp; Edward became king at the age of 10, but he
+was a mere figurehead.&amp;nbsp; His Seymour uncles battled with and ultimately
+lost the Protectorship to the ambitious John Dudley, duke of Northumberland.&amp;nbsp;
+During his brief reign, Edward demonstrated impressive piety and intelligence.&amp;nbsp;
+But his potential would never be realized.&amp;nbsp; He died an agonizing death
+at 15, possibly from a combination of tuberculosis and the measles.&amp;nbsp;
+Northumberland had persuaded him to leave the throne to his Protestant
+cousin, Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; This decision begat one of the most tragic
+tales of Tudor England.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html#Biography&quot;&gt;Read
+a more detailed biography of King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Edward's
+journal entries&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's
+pregnancy is announced&lt;/a&gt;, 1537&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Edward.
+&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Edward's mother.
+&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Edward's cousin and heiress.
+&lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of King Edward's life at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait is of King Edward VI, c1547, by 
+  an unknown artist.&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2fnewpics.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/a&gt; to 
+  learn more.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Henry VIII married Jane Seymour in shocking haste and, when she died
+less than two years later, he sought another wife immediately afterwards.&amp;nbsp;
+This evident dislike of bachelorhood was a cornerstone of Henry's adult
+life.&amp;nbsp; But it shouldn't imply that he didn't grieve for Jane.&amp;nbsp;
+Indeed, unlike his other wives, she was the only one he always spoke of
+with affection.&amp;nbsp; The cynic may argue this was because she died before
+Henry could turn on her.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, when his own life came
+to an end, Henry envisioned a grand tomb to hold him and his 'entirely
+beloved' Jane.&amp;nbsp; This did not come to pass; instead, Henry's body was
+interred with Jane's at her burial site, St George's Chapel.
+&lt;p&gt;It is indicative of Henry's contradictory character that, ten years
+and three wives after her death, he still held Jane in such sentimental
+regard.&amp;nbsp; Though he is notorious for his six marriages, one could easily
+argue that only his union with Jane Seymour - brief though it was - completely
+satisfied him, as man &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; king.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her immediate predecessor
+Anne Boleyn (whose motto was &lt;i&gt;le plus heureuse &lt;/i&gt;- 'the most happy'),
+Jane chose as her motto, 'Bound to obey and serve.'&amp;nbsp; A more striking
+contrast to the witty, flirtatious and passionate Anne Boleyn could not
+be imagined.&amp;nbsp; While Anne had been almost exotic in her attractiveness,
+stylish, and educated at the notorious French court, Jane was the pious
+and dutiful daughter of an old English family.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she had
+as many ambitious relatives (including two brothers executed by her son),
+but she never imposed upon the king.&amp;nbsp; When she argued for Henry to
+reinstate his daughter Mary, the king replied that she would do well to
+think of herself and the children they would have; Jane replied, with typical
+tact and submissiveness, that she was thinking only of the king's happiness.&amp;nbsp;
+She had the most pleasing feminine habit of showing disinterested concern
+for others.&amp;nbsp; Again, a contrast to her predecessor who had despised
+- and been despised by - Princess Mary.
+&lt;p&gt;But Jane's quiet, pliant nature should not be mistaken for shyness or
+ignorance.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was intelligent enough to manage Henry Tudor,
+a feat at which even great men like Wolsey, Cromwell, and More struggled.&amp;nbsp;
+She also managed to capture and maintain a king's interest while he was
+married to another woman.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Henry was increasingly weary
+of Anne and the lack of a male heir but his desire for Jane also urged
+on Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; And before the execution, Henry was careful
+to obtain a divorce from Anne as well; this meant that his marriage to
+Jane was the first legal union of his life.&amp;nbsp; At forty-five, well into
+middle-age, the king declared he was finally entering a legally and spiritually
+pure marriage.
+&lt;p&gt;If Jane would have maintained Henry's interest and affection forever
+cannot, of course, be known.&amp;nbsp; She lived just eighteen months after
+their marriage, long enough to deliver a prince and short enough to enshrine
+her memory.&amp;nbsp; Beyond Henry, she also impressed others as the perfect
+epitome of a quiet, obedient and kind wife - various ambassadors and contemporaries
+agree on this.&amp;nbsp; But one musn't forget that she knowingly - if quietly
+- carried on an affair with a married man  while ostensibly serving his
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Many vilified Anne Boleyn for the very same behavior; however,
+Jane's behavior is rarely portrayed in a negative manner.
+&lt;p&gt;The exact date she met the king is not known.&amp;nbsp; But before he dallied
+with her, he had made another of Anne Boleyn's ladies-in-waiting his mistress.&amp;nbsp;
+This was Margaret (or Madge) Shelton, Anne Boleyn's first cousin, a girl
+'very gentle of countenance' and 'soft of speech.'&amp;nbsp; She was governess
+to Princess Elizabeth and her husband was captain of the child's guard.&amp;nbsp;
+The affair with Madge lasted about six months in early 1535; Chapuys, the
+Imperial ambassador, also mentions another affair in autumn 1534 but the
+woman's name is not known.&amp;nbsp; In autumn 1535, the king's fancy turned
+to Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Henry was on progress to Southampton and stayed
+at her father's home, Wolf Hall in Wiltshire, with the traveling court.&amp;nbsp;
+This meeting at Wolf Hall was not their first (it simply couldn't have
+been since she had been in royal service since 1529).&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII
+was rarely one for passion at first sight and, for one reason or another,
+Jane attracted his &lt;i&gt;amorous&lt;/i&gt; attentions at Wolf Hall.
+&lt;p&gt;He had not deserted his relationship with Anne, however; there was still
+a chance she would provide a male heir and Henry was loathe to end a marriage
+he had fought so hard to secure.&amp;nbsp; Still, in the back of all minds,
+the precedent of repudiated Katharine existed.&amp;nbsp; If the aunt of the
+Holy Roman Emperor could be divorced, why not 'Nan Bullen'?&amp;nbsp; But such
+speculation was dormant until Anne suffered a stillbirth during the summer
+of 1534.
+&lt;p&gt;Before this, Chapuys and other enemies commented that she was growing
+old, her dark good looks were fading; she was in her mid-thirties, no longer
+young and leaving her safest reproductive years behind.&amp;nbsp; She still
+could manage Henry though she lacked Jane Seymour's delicate touch.&amp;nbsp;
+But she would have been a fool to think her position was completely secure.&amp;nbsp;
+Each new dalliance, each sharp word reinforced her tenuous position.&amp;nbsp;
+Above all else, she must produce a male heir - Henry would never repudiate
+the mother of his son.&amp;nbsp; So when she miscarried late in her pregnancy,
+she naturally worried.&amp;nbsp; It did not help her disposition or relations
+with the king.
+&lt;p&gt;Shortly thereafter, Henry began the dalliance mentioned above.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne drove her rival from court, Chapuys relates, Henry was angry and threatening
+- he told Anne that she &quot;had good reason tto be content with what he had
+done for her, which he would not do now if the thing were to begin and
+that she should consider from what she had come and other things.&quot;&amp;nbsp;
+One can imagine the effect of such words on Anne.&amp;nbsp; She became terminally
+insecure and anxious even as she struggled to conceive and deliver a healthy
+child.&amp;nbsp; And Henry, sensitive as always, remarked that he believed
+she had never been pregnant at all.&amp;nbsp; (This was untrue - Anne's advancing
+pregnancy had been noted by several contemporaries.)
+&lt;p&gt;From the fall of 1534 and most of 1535, Anne sought security in the
+only way possible.&amp;nbsp; But Henry was occasionally impotent, a not uncommon
+occurrence for an overweight man of forty-five.&amp;nbsp; Like most men of
+his age (and many of ours), he didn't blame himself; after all, he was
+still attracted to other women.&amp;nbsp; Ironically enough, it was after his
+visit to Wolf Hall, when he returned to London in October 1535, that he
+and Anne conceived a child.&amp;nbsp; The fancy for Jane Seymour, only a few
+weeks old, would be overlooked.
+&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, Katharine of Aragon had finally passed away on 7 January
+1536.&amp;nbsp; The great rival vanquished and she herself pregnant, Anne lived
+as her motto decreed - 'the most happy.'&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's death was
+not the happy event it may have seemed.&amp;nbsp; After all, in the eyes of
+Catholic Europe, Katharine had always been Henry's wife.&amp;nbsp; With her
+death, the king of England was officially widowed.&amp;nbsp; In other words,
+he was free to marry again.&amp;nbsp; The union with Anne was not recognized.&amp;nbsp;
+And just a few weeks after Katharine's death, Anne miscarried the child.&amp;nbsp;
+It was a male fetus, about fifteen weeks old.&amp;nbsp; Her own sorrow as a
+mother was undoubtedly overwhelmed by the realization that she was doomed.
+&lt;p&gt;She told Henry she had miscarried because he had suffered a serious
+fall and the news, related by her uncle Norfolk, had distressed her terribly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was uninterested.&amp;nbsp; According to Anne's attendants, he said to
+her, &quot;I see God will not give me male children&quot; and that he would have
+&quot;no more boys by &lt;i&gt;her&lt;/i&gt;.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps two miscarriages was not uncommon
+in Tudor England but, in light of Katharine of Aragon's many miscarriages,
+Anne's were magnified.
+&lt;p&gt;With Anne now widely believed to be incapable of delivering a male heir,
+Henry's relationship with Jane Seymour assumed a new importance.&amp;nbsp;
+There are stories which cannot be confirmed as true - Anne discovered Jane
+sitting on the king's lap, Anne discovered gifts Henry had bought for 'Mistress
+Seymour' - but they are disquieting.&amp;nbsp; In any case, Jane was bewitching
+the king in her own quiet way much as Anne herself had done.&amp;nbsp; She
+denied the king just enough to ensure a chaste reputation and certainly
+Henry was like many men - the forbidden fruit was all the more attractive.&amp;nbsp;
+And she also came from a respectable noble family which passionately pounced
+upon the Boleyn's declining fortunes.
+&lt;p&gt;The Seymours had old antecedents though their claim of Norman ancestry
+was dubious.&amp;nbsp; Their name was originally St Maur and a Sir Wido de
+Saint Maur was supposed to have come over with the conquest.&amp;nbsp; Prosperous
+marriages enriched the family and extended their holdings.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
+father was born in 1474 and knighted in the field by Henry VII at a battle
+called Blackheath.&amp;nbsp; He continued to enjoy royal favor into Henry VIII's
+reign, accompanying the king on his French campaign in 1513 and also the
+infamous Field of Cloth of Gold in 1532.&amp;nbsp; He was a Gentleman of the
+Bedchamber and sheriff of his home county but never especially prominent
+or ambitious.&amp;nbsp; What was important was his reputation as a pious and
+courteous man; also, he was often in close contact with the king.&amp;nbsp;
+And, even more important, he came from a large family with many healthy
+children.&amp;nbsp; Jane herself was one of ten children; her own mother had
+six sons, though two of died of the sweating sickness in 1528.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's father was over 60 when the king's fancy turned to her; it was
+her older brothers Edward and Thomas who stood to profit most from her
+ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; They seized - and relished - this unexpected opportunity
+to advance their fortunes.&amp;nbsp; Their sister, in her mid-twenties, was
+not particularly beautiful; her most pleasing feature was her fair, unblemished
+skin.&amp;nbsp; Chapuys, who had no cause to denigrate her, described her as
+'of middle stature and no great beauty.'&amp;nbsp; But she was calm, courteous,
+and kindly.&amp;nbsp; Such characteristics were important, especially to a
+monarch like Henry who felt himself surrounded by devious and temperamental
+women.&amp;nbsp; She was also virtuous.&amp;nbsp; She may have responded to Henry's
+flirtations (who would deny the king?) but she responded to no others -
+this despite service under two queens.&amp;nbsp; But when Henry sent her gifts
+with a letter, she returned them, saying, &quot;If the King desired to make
+her a present of money, she prayed that it might be when she made an honorable
+marriage.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Once again, the royal appetite was whetted.&amp;nbsp; And,
+of course, such modest behavior was desirable in a woman Henry increasingly
+wanted to wed.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's family was joined by supporters who had been slighted by the
+Boleyn faction.&amp;nbsp; In other words, anyone who had not prospered under
+Anne's rule wanted to support Jane.&amp;nbsp; On 18 April 1536, Cromwell (Henry's
+chief minister and confidante) threw in his lot with the Seymours.&amp;nbsp;
+He vacated his apartments at Greenwich Palace so the Seymours could move
+in.&amp;nbsp; This was crucial.&amp;nbsp; Not only could the king visit Jane discreetly,
+without anyone knowing, but Cromwell's opinion carried weight with Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne Boleyn's fall was inevitable; Jane Seymour's rise was unstoppable.
+&lt;p&gt;On Friday, 19 May 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed on various charges,
+the most powerful being that of treason.&amp;nbsp; The secret betrothal of
+King Henry and Jane took place at Hampton Court the next day.&amp;nbsp; During
+Anne's arrest and trial, Henry's sense of decency (never great) had persuaded
+him to send Jane away.&amp;nbsp; She went to Sir Nicholas Carew's house at
+Croydon where she was afforded every respect.&amp;nbsp; But as the date of
+Anne's demise approached, Henry grew more impatient; Jane was moved to
+a closer house just a mile from the king's residence at Whitehall.&amp;nbsp;
+From there she went to Hampton Court for her betrothal; it was back again
+to Whitehall for the marriage on 30 May.&amp;nbsp; Thomas Cranmer performed
+the ceremony.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine it was a happy and triumphant day for
+Jane but confidence would have been foolhardy.&amp;nbsp; After all, the king
+had divorced one wife who had not born a son and executed another.&amp;nbsp;
+She had known both Katharine and Anne quite well.&amp;nbsp; Even if she didn't
+grieve for their fates, she must have realized the instability of her own.
+&lt;p&gt;Once queen, Jane chose a phoenix rising from a castle filled with Tudor
+roses and the panther for her heraldry.&amp;nbsp; It was easy enough to alter
+Anne's leopards and falcons, after all.&amp;nbsp; On their first procession
+through London as husband and wife, they passed the Tower where the late
+queen's body lay stuffed in an arrow chest, the head tucked beneath the
+arm.&amp;nbsp; For 'Jane the Quene,' the Tower was hung with banners and streamers.&amp;nbsp;
+Furthermore, there was the incredible dowry the king had lavished upon
+her - 104 manors, 5 castles and various gardens and forests.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+also planned an equally lavish coronation for his new queen.&amp;nbsp; This,
+however, was stymied by an outbreak of the plague; Henry said that it would
+only be postponed.&amp;nbsp; As soon as it was healthy and safe, Jane would
+be officially crowned.
+&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Jane displayed good common sense by ordering her ladies-in-waiting
+to dress conservatively.&amp;nbsp; She wanted no one to tempt the king even
+as she had done.&amp;nbsp; She also became mother to two motherless princesses.&amp;nbsp;
+Both Mary and Elizabeth benefited from Jane's kindness.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+of marriageable age (seven years younger than Jane) and could be used as
+a tool in Henry's diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; Three-year-old Elizabeth, lacking Mary's
+maternal nobility, was not marriageable yet but Henry was described as
+'very affectionate' toward her.&amp;nbsp; He called her 'his Madame Ysabeau'
+and allowed both Elizabeth and Mary, though bastardized, precedence over
+their cousins.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's religious opinions should be discussed, if only because history
+has often misread her true feelings.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her brothers and son,
+Jane was not a Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She was conservative in her religion as
+she was in her behavior.&amp;nbsp; The first harsh words Henry was recorded
+as speaking to her were over religion; she mentioned that a rebellion was
+perhaps God's rebuke over Henry's dissolution of the monasteries.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry brusquely reminded her that the late queen had died as a result of
+meddling in his affairs.&amp;nbsp; This implied threat would have been enough
+to frighten any woman.&amp;nbsp; Luckily, Jane became pregnant a few months
+later, in early January 1537.&amp;nbsp; This news undoubtedly helped lessen
+the sadness of her father's death on 21 December 1536.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's condition was announced in March and the news was officially
+celebrated on Trinity Sunday, 27 May 1537.&amp;nbsp; She was now the king's
+'most dear and most entirely beloved wife', as Henry wrote to the duke
+of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her coronation was now planned to be after the child's
+birth, probably late October.&amp;nbsp; There is no sign that the pregnancy
+was especially difficult; all writings point to Jane's good stature and
+health.&amp;nbsp; Henry canceled a progress to stay with her and certainly
+the entire court - and country - held their breath, wondering if this young
+woman would succeed in her greatest duty.
+&lt;p&gt;Certainly Henry was optimistic and, as usual, the astrologers and doctors
+predicted the birth of a son.&amp;nbsp; They had been wrong with Elizabeth
+but Henry was eager to forget and make preparations.&amp;nbsp; He had a Garter
+stall made for this long-awaited son in St George's Chapel at Windsor;
+the royal apartments at Hampton Court Palace were refurbished in preparation
+for the birth; Jane's brothers were yet again elevated to new positions,
+granted more lands and pensions.&amp;nbsp; And finally, on 9 October, she went
+into labor.
+&lt;p&gt;Her labor was as arduous as any could be in the sixteenth century.&amp;nbsp;
+It lasted three days; after the first two, a procession was mounted in
+London to pray for the Queen.&amp;nbsp; On 12 October, the eve of the Feast
+of St Edward, the child was born.&amp;nbsp; Jane was well enough after the
+birth to receive guests, most touchingly her husband.&amp;nbsp; Henry wept
+when he took this longed-for heir in his arms.&amp;nbsp; The christening was
+held three days later and, wrapped in furs and velvet, she attended.&amp;nbsp;
+Princess Mary acted as godmother to her half-brother and four-year-old
+Elizabeth was carried by Thomas Seymour.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;It would be impossible to list all the celebrations which occurred
+when Prince Edward was born.&amp;nbsp; Suffice to say, 2000 shots were fired
+from the Tower and bells were rung throughout the countryside.&amp;nbsp; On
+18 October, Henry had his son proclaimed Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall
+and Earl of Carnarvon.&amp;nbsp; Yet again the Seymour brothers were given
+generous endowments for the king was never more generous or magnanimous.&amp;nbsp;
+But their sister who had made such celebrating possible was not recovering
+from the birth.&amp;nbsp; In modern times, we call her illness puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp;
+In Jane's time, it was the most common cause of death for pregnant women.&amp;nbsp;
+Cleanliness and the proper treatment for infections were not understood.&amp;nbsp;
+Once she became infected, she was doomed.&amp;nbsp; On 19 October, she took
+to her bed again; she recovered somewhat on the 23rd, as her attendants
+reported, but only for a matter of hours.&amp;nbsp; Soon she was delirious
+and, early the next morning, her confessor was sent for.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who
+had planned to go hunting that day, postponed his trip - but only for that
+day, he told a courtier.&amp;nbsp; It was enough; 'Jane the Quene' died near
+midnight on 24 October, living just days after her great triumph.&amp;nbsp;
+For her husband, increasingly obese, bald, and well into middle-age, the
+grief was genuine.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He planned a sumptuous burial for 12 November
+and the churches that had celebrated Edward's birth now began to pray for
+the soul of the late queen.&amp;nbsp; Hampton Court Palace, scene of her triumph
+and death, was hung with black.
+&lt;p&gt;Princess Mary was chief mourner at her step-mother's funeral but Henry
+did not attend.&amp;nbsp; He wished to be alone with his grief.&amp;nbsp; Jane
+Seymour was buried as a queen - unlike Katharine of Aragon who had died
+as Princess Dowager and Anne Boleyn, who had died divorced and disgraced.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hearse was taken to Windsor and interred in a vault in St George's
+Chapel.&amp;nbsp; Henry was perhaps already planning a sufficient monument
+for the grave he would eventually share with Jane.&amp;nbsp; But he also kept
+track of his late wife's possessions - her jewelry was distributed to her
+ladies, Princess Mary, and her brothers.&amp;nbsp; But her dowry, the 104 manors
+and 5 castles, were given back to the king.&amp;nbsp; And, very soon indeed,
+speculation began -&amp;nbsp; who would receive these favors next?
+&lt;p&gt;Henry VIII turned to the continent for his next wife, the German princess
+Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was famously annulled only a few months
+later.&amp;nbsp; His fifth wife was Anne Boleyn's cousin, the young and pretty
+Catherine Howard.&amp;nbsp; She met her cousin's fate not even two years into
+the marriage and then Henry wed the twice-widowed Katharine Parr.&amp;nbsp;
+Pious, intelligent and an accomplished nurse, she would be his last wife.&amp;nbsp;
+By the time of this last marriage, the king was suffering from a variety
+of ailments, most caused by his increasing obesity.&amp;nbsp; He continued
+to take a keen interest in his son's education and Katharine Parr became
+a true mother to the young Elizabeth and Edward.&amp;nbsp; Her passionate Protestantism
+had a great effect on both children; it also nearly caused her death, since
+Henry VIII had become even more tyrannical as the years passed.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;The king's own death on 28 January 1547 was the second and final time
+the Tudor throne would pass, easily and without dispute, to a male heir.&amp;nbsp;
+But Edward VI's extreme youth ensured that his reign would not immediately
+be his own.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Who was this young man, the product of his father's long and desperate
+search for an heir?&amp;nbsp; He died at the age of sixteen, never more than
+a puppet king who had to beg his uncle for pocket money and was beaten
+by his tutors.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI was just a child when crowned at Westminster.&amp;nbsp;
+His father knew the dangers of leaving a child as heir and did his best
+to protect the court from factionalism.&amp;nbsp; However, Henry's will was
+shortsighted and hardly practical; he wanted a regency council of peers,
+each equal to the other.&amp;nbsp; But even as he lay dying, the earl of Hertford
+and Sir William Paget were already planning their coup.&amp;nbsp; Hertford,
+Jane Seymour's brother and Edward's uncle, would be made Lord Protector&amp;nbsp;
+and Paget would be first minister.&amp;nbsp; On 28 January 1547, Hertford rode
+to his nephew and brought him to the security of the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
+On 31 January the council met there and agreed to Paget's nomination of
+Hertford as protector.&amp;nbsp; Only then was Henry VIII's demise made public
+and Edward VI proclaimed king.&amp;nbsp; There followed a distribution of titles
+and sinecures, the most notable being Hertford's elevation to the dukedom
+of Somerset.
+&lt;p&gt;However, Somerset's authority was not fully secure; the council's nomination
+of him as Protector was just a verbal agreement.&amp;nbsp; Without letters
+patent authenticated by the Great Seal, he had a title but no legal basis
+for control.&amp;nbsp; But the Great Seal was in the hands of the lord chancellor,
+a conservative named Wriothesley who had been created earl of Southampton
+during the accession honors.&amp;nbsp; But even elevated to an earldom, Wriothesley
+was not happy with what he perceived to be Somerset's usurption of power.&amp;nbsp;
+He refused to affix the seal to Somerset's patent of formal authority.&amp;nbsp;
+Early in March, Somerset was able to rid himself of this nuisance.&amp;nbsp;
+He brought to the council's attention certain irregularities in the chancellor's
+office (notably his neglect of the legal side of his responsibilities),
+and forced Wriothesley's resignation.&amp;nbsp; Somerset's ally Lord Rich was
+quickly appointed lord chancellor and the Great Seal was finally affixed
+to the letters patent.&amp;nbsp; Somerset was now the most powerful man in
+England, with the exception of his young nephew.
+&lt;p&gt;One of the powers Somerset acquired in his patent of office was the
+right to appoint whoever he wanted to the Privy Council.&amp;nbsp; To that
+end, he brought in some of the older, experienced men who had not been
+appointed executors in Henry's will.&amp;nbsp; But he never allowed the council
+to function with any degree of autonomy and rarely consulted its members.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, he used them to simply endorse his own privately-made decisions.&amp;nbsp;
+On the rare occasions he did meet with them, he demonstrated an appalling
+lack of the attributes all leaders need - tact and cunning.&amp;nbsp; His tongue
+was so savage that he reduced a colleague to tears and, before long, Paget
+was warning him about his arrogance and rudeness.&amp;nbsp; Somerset ignored
+Paget as he ignored most everyone else.&amp;nbsp; He ruled by edict, issuing
+proclamations to a greater extent than any head of government in the Tudor
+age.
+&lt;p&gt;His fall was inevitable.&amp;nbsp; But it did not happen until five years
+into Edward's reign, by which time Somerset had effectively cemented the
+new religion in England and offended virtually every other nobleman.&amp;nbsp;
+What did Edward VI think of his uncle's autocratic use of power?&amp;nbsp;
+The boy king left behind a journal remarkable in its detachment; indeed,
+he recorded the executions of both Somerset and his younger brother with
+no emotion.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward was not completely cold, however.&amp;nbsp; He was always affectionate
+to his stepmother, Katharine Parr, whose benevolent influence eased his
+lonely childhood.&amp;nbsp; He also spent time with his half-sister Elizabeth;
+the two children were just four years apart in age and Elizabeth was a
+Protestant.&amp;nbsp; He was never particularly close to his other half-sister,
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was understandable for Mary was old enough to be his mother
+(21 years older) and a devout Catholic who refused to bow to her brother's
+religious convictions.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she had obeyed their father but
+Edward was an adolescent who Mary believed was a pawn of Protestant heretics.&amp;nbsp;
+(Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; site to read selections from Edward's journal &amp;amp; other documents)
+&lt;p&gt;Edward's education was always strict.&amp;nbsp; His earliest tutors were
+female and he was guarded under the strictest regulations - for example,
+nobody less than a knight was allowed to visit him.&amp;nbsp; At the age of
+six, his two principal tutors were appointed - Ricahrd Cox, a committed
+but moderate reformer, and John Cheke, the most distinguished humanist
+in the land.&amp;nbsp; There is evidence that he was occasionally beaten. Upon
+his ascension, he was a precocious and intelligent boy.&amp;nbsp; His elevation
+to the kingship did not end his courtesy to his tutors.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
+he now began to share his studies with a handful of contemporaries; one
+of these, Barnaby Fitzpatrick, was the son of an Irish peer and became
+a Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.&amp;nbsp; He was also Edward's closest friend
+and, away on a mission to France, received letters from the king which
+betray normal adolescent exuberance.&amp;nbsp; These letters - along with those
+to Katharine Parr - are the only examples in which Edward exhibits emotion.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward left behind a reputation for bigoted, extreme Protestantism which
+he does not deserve.&amp;nbsp; There were many pro-Protestant laws enacted
+during his reign, with his approval, but at the instigation of his guardians.&amp;nbsp;
+He was a devout Protestant, the product of the new religion which even
+his father had not understood.&amp;nbsp; Still, he was by no means as self-righteouslessly
+intolerant as his older sister; perhaps he would have been - but that is
+just speculation.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward's ministers demonstrated passionate self-interest in this religious
+climate.&amp;nbsp; These Protestant lords had profitted economically from the
+dissolution of the monasteries and no one - lord or commoner - wanted to
+reinstate papal taxation.&amp;nbsp; They were determined to keep their land
+grants, gold plate, and other treasures.&amp;nbsp; In doing so, they appealed
+to the intellectual vanity of their young king.&amp;nbsp; Edward was raised
+a Protestant, even as Mary had been raised a Catholic, and there is no
+reason to doubt he held his faith as deeply.&amp;nbsp; Unlike their sister
+Elizabeth, who declared she wanted no windows in men's souls, Edward and
+Mary believed they were guiding their subjects onto the path of righteousness.&amp;nbsp;
+When Somerset and others altered their beliefs with changing political
+climates, they were careful to appeal to this sense of self-righteousness.
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I wrote a more detailed account of Edward's
+childhood before writing this section; if you would like to read it, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward33.html&quot;&gt;please
+click here&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It will be somewhat repetitious since it contains
+information found at this page, but there is more detail and might be useful
+for students researching Edward's life.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+The essential fact of Edward's brief reign is this - it is more a commentary
+on Somerset and his successor, Northumberland, than it is on Edward himself.&amp;nbsp;
+In the early months of his rule, the councilors were more interested in
+securing the throne and creating a peaceful transition to the new order.&amp;nbsp;
+As Edward's uncle and a soldier of experience, Somerset was the natural
+choice as 'Protector of all the realms and domains of the King's Majesty
+and Governor of his most royal person.'&amp;nbsp; The other fifteen men Henry
+had selected as councilors were men only recently promoted to high office;
+twelve of them were Protestant, since the Howards - the leading Catholic
+faction at court - had fallen from power.&amp;nbsp; Somerset's main rivals
+for power were John Dudley, earl of Northumberland (soon promoted to earl
+of Warwick) and his own brother, Thomas Seymour (soon created Baron Seymour
+of Sudeley and Lord High Admiral.)&amp;nbsp; Seymour was ambitious and angry
+that he could not wield absolute power; in his opinion, why should one
+uncle have control and another be fobbed off with consolation prizes?&amp;nbsp;
+A more temperate man would have been content with his newly ennobled title
+and position on the council but Seymour was ambitious and jealous - a lethal
+combination.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he would bring down himself and his brother,
+thus securing Dudley's ascendancy.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset loved his younger brother and, in general, was considered a
+kind man - but he was unfortunately ill-equipped to manage his squabbling
+council and had a mean-tempered wife who offended virtually everyone she
+met.&amp;nbsp; She was his second wife and mother of his nine children; Somserset's
+first wife had been banished to a convent after having an affair with his
+father.&amp;nbsp; Anne Stanhope was as proud and quarrelsome as her brother-in-law
+Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She considered herself the first lady of the realm, claiming
+precedence over Katharine Parr, Henry VIII's widow.&amp;nbsp; When Seymour
+married Katharine just four months after Henry's death, Anne and virtually
+everyone at court saw it as evidence of his vast ambition.&amp;nbsp; It opened
+yet another rift between the two brothers.
+&lt;p&gt;There were, of course, reasons for Seymour to be jealous.&amp;nbsp; On 16
+February 1547, Henry VIII was buried with the Seymour brothers' sister,
+Jane, at St George's chapel in Windsor, and - the very next day - Edward
+VI confirmed his uncle as duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Along with the title
+came an income of 7400 pds a year, a vast sum in those days.&amp;nbsp; By contrast,
+Henry VIII left Princesses &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and Elizabeth 3000 pds each - less than half of Somerset's income but still
+considered a great sum.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had to content himself with the lands
+of his baronetcy as well as his wife's fortune - and, soon enough, embezzlement.&amp;nbsp;
+When his brother made it clear he would not share ultimate authority, Seymour
+began to plot against him.&amp;nbsp; Already, he had begun flirting with the
+adolescent Elizabeth, being raised at his wife's home in Chelsea (discussed
+in greater detail at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth
+I&lt;/a&gt; pages.)&amp;nbsp; He also secured the guardianship of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;, telling her parents he would arrange her marriage to the young
+king.&amp;nbsp; Thus, he was in control of two of Henry VIII's heirs.&amp;nbsp;
+He also began visiting his nephew, attempting to gain Edward's affections
+by giving him presents and money.&amp;nbsp; Since Somerset was strict with
+his nephew and kept him constantly short of money, the king was grateful
+for the gifts.
+&lt;p&gt;But even as Seymour began his ambitious plans, Somerset was careful
+to court Princess Mary's favor.&amp;nbsp; This was a smart policy since she
+was her brother's heir, popular with the English people, and cousin to
+the Holy Roman Emperor.&amp;nbsp; Also, she was content to remain in the countryside
+since she disliked Edward's Protestant court.&amp;nbsp; Many historians have
+written that Seymour and others courted Mary's favor with the view that
+she would one day be queen.&amp;nbsp; However, this is wrong - as is the view
+that Edward VI was a sickly king, always delicate of health.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
+until the last eighteen months of his life, Edward was quite healthy and
+gave every intention of living many years.&amp;nbsp; He was slender and had
+fair coloring but also enjoyed activity and took a keen - and passionate
+- interest in learning and religion.&amp;nbsp;; As he grew older, he naturally
+chafed at his uncle Somerset's absolute control over his life.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset - unlike his brother and Dudley - never played to Edward's
+natural feelings of superiority and authority.&amp;nbsp; He treated the king
+as he treated his children - with firmness, discipline, and a strict regimen.&amp;nbsp;
+Seymour and Dudley spoke to the young king
+&lt;i&gt;as a king&lt;/i&gt;, pretending
+to defer to his naturally superior wisdom.&amp;nbsp; For a while, though, Somerset
+kept near-absolute control over the council.&amp;nbsp; He became popular with
+the poor - and unpopular with his fellow nobles - by promoting reform of
+agricultural laws (creating fixed rents and the abolition of enclosures)and
+he attempted to reform the judicial system in favor of equality for all.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, he established a court of pleas at his own home in London.&amp;nbsp;
+This earned him the nickname 'the Good Duke' but to his councilors he was
+too moderate to satisfy any faction and too headstrong to listen to anyone.&amp;nbsp;
+To this perception of arrogance and class-betrayal was added a spiritual
+weakness - Somerset would not allow anyone to be tortured or burned over
+religious matters.&amp;nbsp; This tolerance was unexpected and unwelcome by
+his peers.
+&lt;p&gt;But along with idealistic plans for social reform, Somerset was also
+grasping and greedy.&amp;nbsp; The combination of such traits was considered
+hypocritical and inconsistent.&amp;nbsp; After all, his councilors muttered,
+who was Somerset to criticize their rents when he spent the government's
+money with little regard for moderation?&amp;nbsp; They pointed to his London
+residence, Somerset House, built&amp;nbsp; at the exorbinant cost of 10000
+pds; there were other homes, too, equally grand and all designed to emphasize
+his stature as Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; It may be that Somerset was uneasy
+in his role since, before his sister's ascendancy, his family was only
+moderately successful.&amp;nbsp; In just ten years, they had become the pre-eminent
+family in the land and he may have been insecure about such a rapid rise.&amp;nbsp;
+In any case, he was encouraged in such spending by his wife.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's main problem was that he lacked the charisma and will-power
+of Henry VIII, a man who had blustered and bullied his council into action.&amp;nbsp;
+The sheer intimidating force of his personality had awed everyone - and
+Somerset lacked that bravura, a natural ability to inspire and lead.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, he was forced to shout and insult his peers into action, at one
+time driving a man to tears.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his brother was proving an
+embarrassment.&amp;nbsp; Right after Henry's death, Seymour had sought permission
+to marry Elizabeth; when that was denied, he renewed a former attachment
+to Katharine Parr and married her.&amp;nbsp; In any case, in the four months
+after Henry's death before he married Katharine, his nephew King Edward
+had suggested he marry Anne of Cleves or Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; But Seymour's
+own brother squashed both those plans, the union with Mary in particular;
+Seymour was not 'born to be king, nor to marry a king's daughter.'&amp;nbsp;
+So when he married the queen dowager, people naturally assumed it was a
+union of ambition and not affection.
+&lt;p&gt;Seymour further angered the council and his brother by flirting with
+Princess Elizabeth; she was sent from he and Katharine's Chelsea home after
+Katharine became pregnant.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine died in childbirth, Seymour
+was soon engaged in pressing his suit to Elizabeth again as well as arguing
+with the council - and his brother in particular - over Katharine's possessions.&amp;nbsp;
+He was also ingratiating himself with King Edward by bribing a man called
+John Fowler, one of the king's closest servants.&amp;nbsp; Fowler and Edward
+were close and shared conversations; they revealed the young king's increasing
+frustration with Somerset's actions.&amp;nbsp; Edward wanted more pocket money,
+less severe tutors, more time for leisure pursuits - he wanted to be treated
+as king and not a child.&amp;nbsp; Fowler, paid by Seymour, was happy to pass
+these complaints on.&amp;nbsp; So Seymour smuggled in some money and small
+presents and, though these pleased the king, they didn't personally endear
+his uncle to him.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps even the young Edward could sense his uncle's
+calculating ambition.
+&lt;p&gt;But Edward did publicly support and bless his uncle and stepmother's
+marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, in a fit of anger, he once told Seymour that - if
+Somerset should die - he would appoint his 'favorite' uncle Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp;
+Such statements only encouraged Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, in November
+1547, Seymour had urged Edward to sign a document which would be placed
+before Parliament in its new session; it would officially divide the office
+of Lord Protector between the king's two uncles.&amp;nbsp; Edward was naturally
+cautious and asked his tutor, John Cheke, for guidance.&amp;nbsp; Cheke was
+a learned man obsessed with otherwordly concerns but he also understood
+the intrigues of the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; His advice was for Edward to not
+sign and distance himself from both uncles.&amp;nbsp; Seymour was furious.&amp;nbsp;
+He went about telling councilors that he wanted Edward to live with him
+and the queen dowager and - more threateningly - he could easily steal
+the king from under Somerset's nose.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine died on 5 September
+1548 after a difficult childbirth, one important link to his nephew disappeared.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, Edward had been genuinely fond of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But after
+her death, Seymour became even more openly ambitious and insulting to his
+brother.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that he wanted to marry his former ward
+Jane Grey but Seymour found this laughable.&amp;nbsp; He had more ambitious
+plans - once again, he intended to woo Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; It may
+have been that Katharine Parr exerted a calming influence upon her husband
+and, once she died, he became more obvious and unrestrained in his plans.&amp;nbsp;
+Whatever the case, he began to voice open disapproval of his brother's
+government, threatening to disrupt Parliamenr; in short, he was a great
+embarrassment to the protector.&amp;nbsp; Somerset tried to be conciliatory
+but Seymour had none of it.&amp;nbsp; He began to gather support (at least
+nominally) from other nobles who were dissatisfied with Somerset for less
+personal reasons.&amp;nbsp; As Lord High Admiral, a post he had heretofore
+neglected, Seymour was able to control the English navy.&amp;nbsp; He openly
+asked people for support in case of a coup.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he was
+completely indiscreet.
+&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Elizabeth's governess Mrs Ashley, another victim of Seymour's
+charm, was encouraging her young charge to think kindly of Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+But Elizabeth was cautious and less than thrilled; she retired to the country
+and stayed far away from London.&amp;nbsp; But others had heard of Seymour's
+plans and one of these was Lord Russell, the keeper of the Privy Seal,
+an important office in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; He confronted Seymour with
+rumors of his intention to wed Elizabeth; he said this would ensure Seymour's
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Russell cautioned, King Edward would view a match
+with Elizabeth very suspiciously - after all, it smacked of ambition and
+the next step would be his own death.&amp;nbsp; Then, Seymour and Elizabeth
+would rule.&amp;nbsp; Seymour's folly went further, however.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+embezzling vast sums in a complicated scheme with the vice-treasurer of
+the Bristol mint.&amp;nbsp; (Once again, this is discussed in the Elizabeth
+I pages as well.)
+&lt;p&gt;The vice-treasurer was a man called Sir William Sharington.&amp;nbsp; Sharington
+had taken advantage of the general laxity and chaos the new reign to clip
+and debase the coinage produced at Bristol.&amp;nbsp; He doctored the account
+books to cover the operation but rumors spread of his crimes.&amp;nbsp; It
+was inevitable - after all, others worked at the mint and Sharington was
+using the money to refurbish his house in a very lavish manner.&amp;nbsp; Seymour
+discovered Sharington's secret and, rather than turn him in, decided upon
+blackmail.&amp;nbsp; He planned to use the proceeds to finance his coup to
+take over the government.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, he as using his position as
+Lord High Admiral to encourage piracy (rather than protect against it,
+as was his duty), allowing the pirates safe passage in exchange for shares
+of their booty.&amp;nbsp; He also charged ships a toll to pass from England
+to Ireland on official government business.
+&lt;p&gt;He also planned to kidnap Edward, with John Fowler's help.&amp;nbsp; Fowler
+provided keys to Edward's room and forged a stamp of Edward's signature.&amp;nbsp;
+But at the end of 1548, everyone knew of his plans.&amp;nbsp; The council openly
+discussed charges against him.&amp;nbsp; His aristocratic friends cautioned
+that their support would not be forthcoming after all.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough,
+someone had tipped off the council to one of the greatest crimes - the
+Bristol mint was raided and Sharington fell to pieces, accusing Seymour
+of forcing him to commit treason and turning King's evidence against him.&amp;nbsp;
+(In an ironic footnote, he was not only pardoned - but restored to his
+office and position in life.)&amp;nbsp; Somerset attempted to help his brother,
+summoning him to London for a private audience.&amp;nbsp; Seymour refused.&amp;nbsp;
+Somerset had no choice but to lay all before the council and let them proceed
+against his brother.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, John Fowler's incriminating evidence
+was laid bare - as was King Edward's.&amp;nbsp; But still no direct action
+was taken against him; it was just a treason investigation.&amp;nbsp; But on
+16 January, Seymour ensured his immediate arrest.
+&lt;p&gt;He still had the forged keys to Edward's apartment at Hampton Court
+and, in the middle of the night, decided to risk everything on kidnapping
+the king.&amp;nbsp; He entered through the privy garden - but, in the room
+outside Edward's bedroom, slept the king's pet spaniel.&amp;nbsp; The dog woke
+up, barking, and Seymour shot him.&amp;nbsp; A Yeoman of the Guard appeared,
+demanding an explanation, even as King Edward awoke and stood in his bedroom
+doorway; he was clad in his nightshirt and openly terrified.&amp;nbsp; Seymour
+told them he had come to test the king's guards; the dog had attacked him
+so he was forced to shoot.&amp;nbsp; The guard let him leave but, upon learning
+of the incident, the council decided to confine Seymour to the Tower while
+they investigated.&amp;nbsp; The official charge was attempting to murder King
+Edward; even the suspicion of regicide was enough to condemn Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+On 18 January, the council officially sent agents to question everyone
+Seymour had conspired with; among those questioned were Princess Elizabeth
+and her household.
+&lt;p&gt;Seymour refused to appear privately before the council; he would settle
+for nothing less than an open trial.&amp;nbsp; On 22 February, the council
+officially indicted him of thirty-three charges of treason.&amp;nbsp; And Seymour
+never had an open trial in which to make his case - as in Henry VIII's
+time, a Bill of Attainder was passed on 4 March, approved by Parliament
+and King Edward.&amp;nbsp; Somerset delayed signing the death warrant so the
+council, led by Dudley, went to Edward for his signature.&amp;nbsp; So on 20
+March, Seymour was executed at the Tower of London, dying 'dangerously,
+irksomely, horribly.'&amp;nbsp; Somerset's understandable inability to condemn
+his brother resulted in a growing rift on the council.&amp;nbsp; His family
+was disgraced and he was angry at the councilors for so rapidly proceeding
+against his brother.&amp;nbsp; It was only a matter of time before he, too,
+fell from power.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's fall was engineered by Dudley and helped along by a backlash
+against his regime.&amp;nbsp; How did Somerset's policies help foster a climate
+of betrayal and manipulation; specifically, how had he failed in his duties
+as Lord Protector?
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;A more thorough discussion of Somerset's government policies, and
+how they led to his downfall&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's government was a confused jumble of misplaced idealism and
+factional squabbling.&amp;nbsp; With the dynamic and charismatic figure of
+Henry VIII gone, Tudor government was in a shambles.&amp;nbsp; Its fate was
+inevitable - an autocratic king was replaced with a nine-year-old boy -
+what else could result but chaos?&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had been a mass of contradictions
+always united in the belief that the king's will was the highest authority.&amp;nbsp;
+Even when his religious policies became incomprehensible to anyone but
+him, he still believed they were righteous - and through the force of his
+will and use of kingly authority, he convinced most others of the same.&amp;nbsp;
+Up until the week of his death, he entertained foreign ambassadors and
+plotted grandiose foreign invasions, displaying a disturbing interest in
+current events while his council thought he should be contemplating the
+afterlife.&amp;nbsp; When he was gone, no one knew how to fill the void.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly his heir, still a child, was king in name only.&amp;nbsp; His Lord
+Protectors - first Somerset and then Dudley - tried to &lt;i&gt;act&lt;/i&gt; as kings
+and both perished.&amp;nbsp; The truth was obvious and inescapable - the English
+people may have muttered (at great risk) about Henry's religious quarrels
+and his private follies but they had respected his position as king.&amp;nbsp;
+The men that followed him had grown up in his shadow, jockeying for position
+and favor.&amp;nbsp; When he died, they struggled amongst themselves for Henry's
+vanished supreme authority.&amp;nbsp; In the end, they failed and the English
+people suffered six years of turmoil.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's position as Lord Protector seemed natural enough.&amp;nbsp; After
+all, no one seriously expected a council of sixteen peers to rule England.&amp;nbsp;
+Factionalism and squabbling had long marked Henry's court (particularly
+after Cromwell's execution) and it only worsened after his death.&amp;nbsp;
+There needed to be a leader, a respected man who (in the council's opinion)
+would not be a ruler but a figurehead.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would be
+perceived as leader while actually sharing authority with the council.&amp;nbsp;
+(A position, in other words, like that of Speaker of the House in the U.S.
+Congress.)&amp;nbsp; Of course, such a plan depended on the leader being willing
+to share power privately.&amp;nbsp; Somerset originally promised to do so but,
+fairly quickly, decided to disregard his peers.&amp;nbsp; This understandably
+angered them.&amp;nbsp; In addition to his arrogant refusal to consult them,
+he also implemented policies which helped the poor at the expense of the
+aristocracy.
+&lt;p&gt;In private life, Somerset was regarded as a genial man, though criticized
+as middle-of-the-road and unreadable.&amp;nbsp; His wife, Anne Stanhope, was
+the stereotypical shrewish wife who offended virtually everyone she met,
+particularly other aristocratic wives.&amp;nbsp; She bore Somerset nine children
+and he was considered a strict but fair father.&amp;nbsp; Insofar as it is
+possible to sketch a psychological portrait of Somerset at this site, I
+would characterize him as an essentially kind and sympathetic man who took
+his responsibilities very seriously; he was also prone to feelings of inferiority
+and easily offended.&amp;nbsp; As a result, his government policies were idealistic
+- but his personal relationships with counncil members were unsatisfying.&amp;nbsp;
+He came to be regarded as arrogant and bullying when, in fact, he was simply
+ill-suited to his job.&amp;nbsp; Added to this, he craved appreciation - he
+cultivated the appearance of fairness and virtue even as he replaced the
+council with his own hand-picked advisors.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset had achieved the position of Lord Protector simply because
+his younger sister, Jane, bore Henry VIII the longed-for son.&amp;nbsp; As
+such, Henry always regarded her in a sentimental haze; she was the perfect
+wife - gentle, meek and obedient.&amp;nbsp; She had also fulfilled her duty
+as queen by providing a male heir, though she tragically died as a result.&amp;nbsp;
+It was Jane who, years after her death, was painted as Henry's consort
+in paintings of the Tudor dynasty; and it was Jane whom Henry wished to
+lie beside in death.&amp;nbsp; While she lived as queen (for a brief eighteen
+months), her brothers, Edward and Thomas, were showered with favors.&amp;nbsp;
+After Edward VI's birth, the favors continued.&amp;nbsp; Edward, the elder
+brother who became duke of Somerset in 1547, was closer to Henry than Thomas
+and adept at handling his mercurial monarch.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Somerset had
+emerged as a competent soldier and politician.&amp;nbsp; But competency alone
+could not run Tudor England; indeed, even the great Cromwell had struggled
+to control Henry's council before they connived at his execution.&amp;nbsp;
+Somerset was no Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; He lacked a coherent vision of government
+and the personality to govern.&amp;nbsp; But for several years he was Lord
+Protector - before his younger brother's jealousy and ambition destroyed
+them both.
+&lt;p&gt;The personal tragedy of Edward and Thomas Seymour was discussed above.&amp;nbsp;
+Suffice to say, it played out against the backdrop of actual government
+- all the mundane day-to-day policies whicch actually control a country.&amp;nbsp;
+Edward VI became king even as his father's past was catching up to the
+English economy.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had indulged in many frivolous pursuits,
+including several extremely expensive battles in France.&amp;nbsp; He left
+behind a mountain of debt and little means to pay it.&amp;nbsp; The English
+economy was heavily dependent upon wool exports to Europe, particularly
+the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp; And it possessed the enviable ability to feed
+its population without importing food - but only during good harvests.&amp;nbsp;
+When harvests were bad, famine occurred and the poor became beggars, often
+relying on the newly-impoverished churches for support.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset dealt with crises by consulting his own advisors and not the
+council.&amp;nbsp; It was unfortunate that the disregarded councilors included
+one John Dudley, earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was very ambitious and determined
+to destroy both Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He began through simple gossip
+- encouraging Thomas Seymour's jealousy whhile telling Somerset his brother
+coveted his position.&amp;nbsp; But, for a long while, Somerset was impervious
+to Dudley's scheming.&amp;nbsp; Within weeks of Henry's death, Somerset obtained
+a dry stamp of Edward VI's signature - perhaps his most powerful tool (since
+the king's signature implied the king's will - and the king's will was
+law.)&amp;nbsp; And he soon commanded that Edward's signature alone was not
+completely legal; instead, documents must include both Edward &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;
+Somerset's signatures.&amp;nbsp; For almost exactly two years (until his brother
+was arrested on 17 January 1549), Somerset ruled England as thoroughly
+as any king.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, it could be said he consulted the official privy
+council less than Henry VIII had; certainly he entrusted less business
+to it.
+&lt;p&gt;His foreign policy was dominated by one thing - Scotland.&amp;nbsp; He wanted
+to marry Edward VI to Mary Stuart, heiress to the Scottish throne and known
+to history as Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; But he knew that such a betrothal
+would have to be forced and enforced constantly.&amp;nbsp; He also knew that
+England could ill afford to continually invade their troublesome northern
+neighbor.&amp;nbsp; So Somerset proposed a logical - but impractical - plan.&amp;nbsp;
+He would maintain a permanent English presence in Scotland by constructing
+armed garrisons.&amp;nbsp; He invaded Scotland in September 1547 and won a
+battle at Pinkie.&amp;nbsp; He instantly began to build forts while neglecting
+to enforce a naval blockade to prevent French involvement.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps
+Somerset did not correctly gauge the Scottish-French alliance; he was certainly
+unprepared when 6000 French troops arrived and promptly captured English
+forts and built their own garrisons.&amp;nbsp; Two years after the Battle of
+Pinkie, the French had moved Mary Stuart to France (thereby ending Somerset's
+planned marriage between her and Edward.)&amp;nbsp; Also, the battle had become
+defensive and inconclusive.&amp;nbsp; Somerset was reduced to hiring mercenaries
+(over 7000) to maintain some positions but conditions were bleak enough
+to drive mercenaries away.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, France had decided to declare
+war; Henri II officially did so on 8 August 1549.&amp;nbsp; England could not
+fight France and so Somerset offered to return Boulogne (captured by Henry
+VIII) five years before an earlier treaty demanded.&amp;nbsp; The French king
+demanded the return of Calais as well.&amp;nbsp; So Somerset ordered new forts
+built at both cities and managed to fend off an attack at Boulogne.&amp;nbsp;
+But soon enough the French king declared his trump card - Mary Stuart was
+betrothed to his son and heir, the Dauphin.&amp;nbsp; The message was clear
+- soon, the French would control Scotland..
+&lt;p&gt;The conflicts with Scotland and France cost a great deal of money and
+hurt Somerset's reputation.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, he paid for the battles
+by debasing coinage (hardly an intelligent policy.)&amp;nbsp; He combined these
+foreign policy and economic mishaps by his religious policy.&amp;nbsp; Keep
+in mind that in 1547 just 20% of Londoners were Protestant; Protestants
+were also a vocal minority in Essex, Bristol, Kent and Sussex but outside
+this all-important southeast corridor, the religion had barely spread.&amp;nbsp;
+It was long known that whoever could hold London could control all of England
+- London was the capital and one of the laargest cities in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+But since Protestants only accounted for 1/5 of the population, what explains
+Somerset's - and the rest of government's - legal support for this new
+religion?&amp;nbsp; The answer is complicated and deserves its own book - in
+brief, the Protestants were a minority but they were a vocal minority with
+money and influence.&amp;nbsp; Their members formed the basis of Somerset's
+support and - as a vocal minority - they were far more passionate and committed
+to spreading their faith than Catholics were with preserving the old order.&amp;nbsp;
+This is an important point; offensive actions are more ideologically appealing
+than defensive actions.&amp;nbsp; The group that initiated the changes (Protestants)
+were far more likely to be committed
+&lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; inspired to action.
+&lt;p&gt;Many of the wealthy Protestants had benefited from the dissolution of
+the monasteries in the 1530s but many historians have exaggerated Henry
+VIII's generosity, implying that he gave vast monastic lands away to favored
+courtiers.&amp;nbsp; In truth, he and Cromwell charged a fair - and often steep
+- price for most of the lands.&amp;nbsp; They  were purchased by nobles - who
+then were committed to keeping their new lands.&amp;nbsp; But most were also
+committed to Protestantism for very real ideological and religious reasons.&amp;nbsp;
+One should not underestimate the importance of religion to 16th century
+people, though our own age is awash in skepticism and cynicism.&amp;nbsp; For
+people of the 16th century, the miseries of this world were transitory
+- they were more committed to ensuring exiistence in the hereafter.
+&lt;p&gt;Throughout Somerset's protectorate, the Tudor government - though sympathetic
+to Protestantism - did not dare officially declare itself Protestant.&amp;nbsp;
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Once again, the specter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V hung
+over England.&amp;nbsp; And with the Franco-Scottish alliance a pressing concern,
+Somerset could not afford to alienate the neutral Charles V.&amp;nbsp; (Like
+Henry VIII, Somerset wanted to avoid a Franco-Spanish-Scottish alliance
+against England.)&amp;nbsp; So he avoided an official declaration of England's
+religious
+sympathies and allowed Charles's cousin, Princess Mary, freedom to celebrate
+Catholic services.&amp;nbsp; But the religious policy was as confusing as everything
+else during those years - what were the proper rites for church services?
+what doctrinal changes from Henry's reign would remain? would the use of
+an English bible be enforced? should the Host be elevated during mass?&amp;nbsp;
+These questions - and many others - remained hotly debated.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Somerset's government passed numerous guidelines, each more upsetting to
+traditionalists than the last - unlicensed preaching was banned on 24 April
+1548; &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; preaching was banned just five months later.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
+clergy would recite twelve government-approved homilies/proverbs from the
+pulpit.&amp;nbsp; Images were outlawed, altars were ordered removed, private
+masses ended....&amp;nbsp; And the twelve government-endorsed homilies continued
+this destruction, railing against good works and purgatory while advocating
+salvation through faith &lt;i&gt;alone&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; All churchmen felt themselves
+under attack while their parishes agreed.&amp;nbsp; (For example, good works
+and purgatory were deeply-held beliefs of common people.)
+&lt;p&gt;Added to this confusion was Edward VI's blossoming religious convictions.&amp;nbsp;
+Like his sister, Mary, Edward became committed to a specific ideology and
+determined to impose it upon the English people - for their own good, of
+course.&amp;nbsp; His tacit approval did not matter much to Somerset (who,
+after all, possessed the king's signature) but it was symbolic.&amp;nbsp; For
+the English people, the religious policies were frightening and confusing.&amp;nbsp;
+Most English people lived in the countryside and were fundamentally conservative
+- as most rural populations are; they weree slow to change and suspicious
+of new ideas.&amp;nbsp; Confined to London for most of his short life, Edward
+was unaware of this basic truth.&amp;nbsp; Like Somerset, he resided in London
+where the new ideas were rampant.
+&lt;p&gt;But, of course, the people had another reason for dissatisfaction.&amp;nbsp;
+As mentioned earlier, Somerset's economic policy was essentially nonexistent.&amp;nbsp;
+There was no overriding philosophy - just one hare-brained scheme to raise
+money after another.&amp;nbsp; The population had been steadily increasing
+(see &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffacts.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Facts
+&amp;amp; Figures&lt;/a&gt;) and, of course, fueled a rise in prices.&amp;nbsp; But along
+with this, currency debasement continued and increased inflation.&amp;nbsp;
+One official mentioned the obvious solution - restore the coinage - but
+Somerset was desperate for quick money to fund his Scottish plans.&amp;nbsp;
+Most of his economic policies were implemented by John Hales.&amp;nbsp; Hales
+introduced many bills to parliament 1548-49, the main ones were: the maintenance
+of tillage, requiring sheep farmers to keep a certain number of cows to
+ensure regular milk and cheese supplies; he also attempted to end the compulsory
+purchase by the government of food at fixed prices.&amp;nbsp; Those bills failed
+- but a tax on sheep and wool was approvedd in order to discourage sheep
+farming (and enclosures.)&amp;nbsp; The attempts to end enclosures was perhaps
+the most ill-advised of Somerset's policies.&amp;nbsp; Landholders were naturally
+opposed to it and, when they supposedly frustrated attempts to collect
+evidence of enclosures, Somerset grew angry - he decided to proceed without
+legal basis.&amp;nbsp; (The landowners had frustrated the government by packing
+juries with their own tenants and servants.)&amp;nbsp; Somerset's decision
+to proceed inflamed the entire Midlands (where the commission had begun
+its work.)
+&lt;p&gt;In May 1549, revolts began which can be loosely classified as 'class
+warfare', or as close to such as Tudor England would ever get.&amp;nbsp; This
+was not a repeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace, where nobleman led their supporters
+in protest of new religious policies.&amp;nbsp; This was the revolt ot thousands
+of laborers and poor farmers who had long resented the use of enclosures.&amp;nbsp;
+They were revolting against the noblemen with, so they believed, the government's
+support.&amp;nbsp; These poor people, who had suffered through rising inflation
+and prices and debased currency, were determined to end a grossly unfair
+practice.&amp;nbsp; When Somerset insisted the nobles had deliberately filled
+the juries with supporters, the people grew angry.&amp;nbsp; They took to the
+fields - filling ditches, tearing down fences and hedges.&amp;nbsp; Too late,
+Somerset recognized the force he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; He threatened to
+disperse the rioters by force, to no avail.&amp;nbsp; In May the first revolts
+broke out; by August, revolts broke out in Leicestershire.&amp;nbsp; It was
+up to the nobility to restore order to their lands, using troops originally
+destined for Scotland.&amp;nbsp; But thousands perished during the fighting.
+&lt;p&gt;The revolts had revealed the ugly undercurrent of dissatisfaction among
+the English people.&amp;nbsp; The factors already discussed combined to encourage
+revolt.&amp;nbsp; It was also a terribly hot summer with a bad harvest.&amp;nbsp;
+As prices rose, Somerset foolishly decided to fix maximum prices for goods
+- but the prices were incredibly high and,, once again, demonstrated his
+knowledge of London prices and ignorance of the rest of England.&amp;nbsp;
+In general, the rebels wanted such basic rights as this - the right to
+have landlords forced off 'common' ground and the right to fish freely.&amp;nbsp;
+In a way, it was very much a 'Robin Hood' rebellion; they distrusted the
+gentry and sought to separate the church and nobility.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's policies during the rebellions were typical of 'the Good
+Duke', or so the peasantry believed - but they enraged the nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+In effect, he waffled between action and inaction.&amp;nbsp; When the revolts
+began, he had not wanted to delay his Scottish campaign and so he didn't
+respond immediately.&amp;nbsp; Instead, he issued grandiose proclamations and
+promised to pardon rebels if they stopped.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the revolts
+spread and the council urged action.&amp;nbsp; In July, Somerset finally brought
+troops back from Scotland and sent them to smash the rebels with impunity.&amp;nbsp;
+Thousands of deaths ensued and much property was damaged.&amp;nbsp; The council
+was furious - Somerset had blundered once again, disregarding their advice
+and following no clear policy of his own.&amp;nbsp; Even Paget, his former
+ally, was disgusted.&amp;nbsp; He wrote Somerset a threatening and dismissive
+letter which read, in part:
+&lt;ul&gt;Society in a realm doth consist and is maintained by mean of religion
+and law.&amp;nbsp; And these two or one wanting, farewell all just society,
+farewell king, government, justice and all other virtue.&amp;nbsp; Look well
+whether you have either law or religion at home and I fear you shall find
+neither. ....And put no more so many irons in the fire at once as you have
+had within this twelvemonth - war with Scotland, with France.... commissions
+out for that matter, new laws for this, proclamation for another, one in
+another's neck.&lt;/ul&gt;
+Paget's opinion of his former ally indicated the growing disillusionment
+with Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Coupled with his brother's ambitious attempt to overthrow
+him, the complete loss of the council's confidence was thus the beginning
+of Somerset's end.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082560&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082560&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Jane Seymour third wife of King Henry VIII mother of King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Jane Seymour third wife of King Henry VIII mother of King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jane Seymour: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH690a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourbiography.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;607&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Here lies Jane, a phoenix &lt;BR&gt;Who 
+      died in giving another phoenix birth. &lt;BR&gt;Let her be mourned, for 
+      birds like these &lt;BR&gt;Are rare indeed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane 
+      Seymour's epitaph&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourcardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Jane Seymour&quot; width=&quot;336&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;327&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Henry VIII had 
+      six wives but only one gave him a son.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour fulfilled her 
+      most important duty as queen, but she was never crowned and  died just 
+      twelve days after the long and arduous birth.&amp;nbsp; She was Henry's third 
+      wife and seems never to have made much of an impression upon anyone except 
+      the king.&amp;nbsp; Her meek and circumspect manner was in distinct contrast 
+      to Henry's second wife, the sharp-tongued Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Jane had 
+      served as lady-in-waiting to Anne and she supplanted her in much the same 
+      way Anne had replaced Katharine of Aragon in Henry's affections.&amp;nbsp; We 
+      will never know if Jane sought the king's favor or was a frightened pawn 
+      of her family and the king's desire.&amp;nbsp; But we do know that she bravely 
+      sought pardons for those involved in the Pilgrimage of Grace revolt in 
+      1536.&amp;nbsp; Rebuked by the king, and mindful of the fates of his first two 
+      wives, she retired into a quiet and decorous role.&amp;nbsp; The triumphant 
+      birth of her son Edward allowed her two ambitious brothers into the king's 
+      inner circle; however, both would be executed during Edward's reign.&lt;/B&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read 
+        the biography of Jane Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters written by 
+        Jane&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+        pregnancy is announced&lt;/A&gt;, 1537.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: 
+        Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward 
+        VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's son. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Seymour's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for 
+        the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;
+        Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by 
+        Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign 
+        of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or 
+        other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+        &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+        family was of ancient and respectable lineage.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir 
+        John Seymour of Wolf Hall in Wiltshire; he served in the Tournai 
+        campaign of 1513 and accompanied Henry VIII to the Field of the Cloth of 
+        Gold in 1520.&amp;nbsp; He was made a knight of the body and later a 
+        gentleman of the king's bedchamber.&amp;nbsp; Both positions were very 
+        desirable for they allowed personal access to the king.&amp;nbsp; Courtiers 
+        were always desperate to gain the king's ear, if even for a brief 
+        moment.&amp;nbsp; Sir John was able to secure appointments at 
+        court for his family; of his eight children, three would come to 
+        historical prominence - the eldest son Edward as duke of Somerset and 
+        Lord Protector, another son Thomas as Lord Admiral and husband of Henry VIII's last queen, and his daughter Jane as queen of England.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;The Seymour rise to prominence at Henry's court mirrored that of the 
+        Boleyns; it was the path sought by all English families with a minor 
+        pedigree or clever son.&amp;nbsp; But gaining the king's favor was rather 
+        different than maintaining it and the Seymours proved far more adept at 
+        the latter. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane's birthdate is unknown; various accounts use anywhere from 1504 
+        to 1509.&amp;nbsp; She first came to court as a lady-in-waiting to &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+        Aragon&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's first wife.&amp;nbsp; But soon enough &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+        Boleyn&lt;/A&gt; was queen and Jane attended her.&amp;nbsp; She witnessed 
+        first-hand the tempestuous relationship between Anne and Henry.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane herself was known for her quiet and soothing manner.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Certainly Henry knew of her but there is no evidence that he took 
+        particular notice until September 1535 when his royal progress stopped 
+        at Wolf Hall.&amp;nbsp; Such a visit was a great honor for the Seymour 
+        family.&amp;nbsp; And it brought Jane, away from court and its flirtatious 
+        young beauties, immediately to the king's attention.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;P&gt;Many historians have argued this was the beginning of Henry's 
+        infatuation, but it was unlikely.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was not completely 
+        out of favor just yet; she was pregnant again,&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourbiography.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Jane Seymour by an unknown artist&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;423&quot;&gt; though she would suffer a 
+        miscarriage in January.&amp;nbsp; And Henry's flirtations were confined to 
+        Anne's cousin, Madge Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour was perhaps in the 
+        king's thoughts but he did nothing for several months. 
+        &lt;P&gt;
+      In February 1536, however, foreign ambassadors began to report rumors 
+        of the king's romance with Jane.&amp;nbsp; They speculated upon her chances 
+        of becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry made his affection clear to Jane; she 
+        received costly gifts (which she prudently returned) and her brothers 
+        were promoted at court.&amp;nbsp; In April 1536, Edward Seymour and his wife 
+        moved to rooms which connected through a hidden passage with the king's 
+        apartments.&amp;nbsp; Henry could thus continue his courtship of Jane in 
+        relative privacy. 
+        &lt;P&gt;But the king was also mindful of the vicious rumors and public 
+        outrage which had accompanied his open courtship of Anne Boleyn while 
+        still wed to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He was far more discreet with 
+        Jane, and this undoubtedly suited her character.&amp;nbsp; She was content 
+        to remain unknown.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she would not dine alone 
+        with the king, insisting always upon a chaperone, and that she responded 
+        to a particularly bold flirtation by reminding the king of his marriage. 
+
+        &lt;P&gt;Henry did not need to be reminded of his second marriage; it had 
+        become a bitter disappointment for him.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to rid 
+        himself of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Jane's presence was merely another impetus 
+        for action. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Another impetus was the death of Katharine of Aragon on 7 January 
+        1536.&amp;nbsp; All of Europe, and most Englishmen, had regarded her as the 
+        king's rightful wife and Anne as merely his concubine.&amp;nbsp; On 29 
+        January, Anne miscarried a son; the king ominously declared that he 
+        would have no more children by her.&amp;nbsp; For Henry, it was suddenly 
+        clear that if he could rid himself of Anne and marry Jane, then he would 
+        have a legitimate marriage recognized by all and another possibility for 
+        a son. 
+        &lt;P&gt;The king began to mention publicly that he had been bewitched into 
+        marriage with Anne; he knew his words would reach her.&amp;nbsp; Anne was 
+        terrified but  could do little.&amp;nbsp; She had few friends at court, 
+        and even those were prepared to desert her for the king's favor.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On 2 May, she was arrested and taken to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; On 
+        15 May, she was condemned to death; Henry sent a personal message to 
+        Jane with the news.&amp;nbsp; Four days later Anne was executed; the day 
+        after, 20 May, the king was formally betrothed to Jane.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        married ten days later on 30 May and Jane was publicly declared queen on 
+        4 June.&amp;nbsp; She chose an apt motto, 'Bound to Obey and Serve'. 
+        &lt;P&gt;She was never granted the lavish coronation which Anne had 
+        enjoyed.&amp;nbsp; It was summertime and the minor plagues were sweeping 
+        through London; the king said she must wait until the spring to be 
+        crowned.&amp;nbsp; It is also possible, and was rumored, that Henry had no 
+        intention of crowning Jane until she had proved her worth and provided a 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; If she proved barren, he could annul their marriage with 
+        hopefully little fanfare. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Almost a decade had passed since the 'King's Great Matter' first 
+        began and still Henry did not have a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; And on 20 
+        July 1536, he received the devastating news that his only illegitimate 
+        son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, had died at the age of 17.&amp;nbsp; 
+        There had always been the possibility that Fitzroy could have succeeded 
+        him, but now Henry VIII was left with only two daughters, both declared 
+        illegitimate.&amp;nbsp; It is certain that if Jane had not provided a son, 
+        she would have been quickly discarded.&amp;nbsp; Personal affection could 
+        not overcome political necessity. 
+        &lt;P&gt;But Jane was able to provide the king with his fondest wish.&amp;nbsp; 
+        And indeed the whole country wished for an heir; they had no desire to 
+        return to ruinous civil war.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;P&gt;Rumors of her pregnancy began almost immediately after her 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it wasn't early 1537 that rumors could finally be 
+        confirmed as fact.&amp;nbsp; The London chronicler Edward Hall recorded 
+        public rejoicing at news of Jane's quickening:&amp;nbsp; 'On 27 May 
+        1537, Trinity Sunday, there was a Te Deum sung in St Paul's cathedral 
+        for joy at the queen's quickening of her child, my lord chancellor, lord 
+        privy seal and various other lords and bishops being then present; the 
+        mayor and aldermen with the best guilds of the city being there in their 
+        liveries, all giving laud and praise to God for joy about it.' 
+        &lt;P&gt;Bonfires were lit and celebrations held throughout England; prayers 
+        were offered for a safe delivery.&amp;nbsp; In early October, Jane went to 
+        Hampton Court Palace for her lying-in and on 12 October, after a long 
+        and difficult labor, she gave birth to the wished-for son.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        the eve of St Edward's day and so he was baptized by that name on 15 
+        October.&amp;nbsp; His two half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, attended the 
+        splendid christening ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Mary stood as godmother; Elizabeth 
+        was carried in the arms of Thomas Seymour, Jane's brother who would 
+        later plan to marry her.&amp;nbsp; Her grandfather, Thomas Boleyn, also 
+        attended the ceremony. 
+        &lt;P&gt;After 29 years as king of England, Henry VIII finally had a 
+        legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; Past grievances could be forgotten at this 
+        grand moment. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane did not savor her success for long.&amp;nbsp; The christening 
+        ceremony had begun in her bedchamber; she was wrapped in robes and 
+        carried on a litter to the king's chapel.&amp;nbsp; She was able to 
+        participate but the long ordeal proved too much.&amp;nbsp; She was already 
+        weak and exhausted; she needed quiet and rest and received 
+        neither.&amp;nbsp; Only a day later, it was reported that the queen was very 
+        ill.&amp;nbsp; Her condition quickly worsened.&amp;nbsp; She was delirious and 
+        had a&amp;nbsp; high fever; doctors bled her and attendants hastened to 
+        fulfill her craving for sweets and wine.&amp;nbsp; The king's chief minister 
+        Cromwell would later blame the sweets for her death but they did little 
+        to harm Jane.&amp;nbsp; Modern historians believe she had puerperal sepsis, 
+        or 'childbed fever'.&amp;nbsp; It was all too common in the 16th century. 
+        &lt;P&gt;It was later rumored that she died from complications of a Cesarean 
+        section, that Henry VIII had ordered the child ripped from her womb, but this was unlikely.&amp;nbsp; There were no reports that she was 
+        bleeding excessively and she was able to attend the christening and 
+        greet visitors.&amp;nbsp; Sadly, Jane was a victim of her times.&amp;nbsp; Poor 
+        hygiene and medical knowledge could not stop the fever which finally 
+        killed her near midnight on 24 October. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane's early death, at the moment of her great triumph, and her 
+        gentle character had an enduring hold on Henry VIII's memory.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        was given a solemn state funeral; Princess Mary acted as her chief 
+        mourner.&amp;nbsp; In her short time as queen, Jane had attempted to 
+        reconcile Henry and his stubborn daughter.&amp;nbsp; Her body was embalmed 
+        and laid to rest in the tomb at Windsor Castle which Henry was building 
+        for himself.&amp;nbsp; Years after her death, even while he was married to 
+        other women, Jane continued to appear in royal portraits as queen 
+        consort.&amp;nbsp; Her special status as mother to the heir was never 
+        forgotten. 
+        &lt;P&gt;The king wore black until well into 1538 and waited more than two 
+        years to marry again.&amp;nbsp; This was the longest interval between 
+        marriages during his reign.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six 
+        Wives main page&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary 
+        Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082568&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082568&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The death of Elizabeth of York and the betrothal of Princess Margaret to the king of Scots, 1503</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH694c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizdeat.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizdeat.gif&quot; width=&quot;609&quot; height=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by Tudor citizen Richard Grafton.&amp;nbsp; Its spelling 
+      has been modernized.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Elizabeth of York was born on 
+      11 February 1465 to King Edward IV and his queen, Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After her father's death and her uncle Richard's usurpation, Elizabeth was 
+      the sole Yorkist heir to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Her two brothers, the 
+      infamous 'Princes in the Tower', had disappeared; their murders are 
+      alternately blamed upon Richard and Elizabeth's future husband, King Henry 
+      VII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Her marriage to Henry was planned by his mother, the 
+      formidable Lady Margaret Beaufort, and her mother.&amp;nbsp; Richard was 
+      defeated in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 and Henry was 
+      declared king of England.&amp;nbsp; He postponed the marriage for several 
+      months, however; he did not wish his claim to the throne to be based upon 
+      Elizabeth's status as heiress of Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; They married on 18 
+      January 1486 and their first child, a son called Arthur, was born nine 
+      months later.&amp;nbsp; They eventually had eight children, four of whom 
+      survived infancy.&amp;nbsp; She died in childbirth on her 38th birthday.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henry VII never married again.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Princess Margaret Tudor was the eldest daughter of Henry 
+      VII and Elizabeth of York, born on 29 November 1489.&amp;nbsp; She was married 
+      to the Scottish king James IV on 8 August 1503, in an attempt to establish 
+      peace between the two kingdoms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work; James was killed at 
+      Flodden Field in 1513, during the reign of Margaret's younger brother, 
+      King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Margaret married twice more.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      great-grandson, King James VI of Scotland, became King James I of England 
+      in 1603, thus uniting the two countries.&amp;nbsp; Margaret died on 18 October 
+      1541.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;....Queen Elizabeth, lying in the tower of London, was brought
+to bed on Candlemas day of a fair daughter who was there christened and
+named Catherine, and on 11 February, the most virtuous princess and gracious
+queen there died, and was with all funeral pomp carried through the City
+of London to Westminster, and there buried, whose daughter also lived but
+a little time after her mother. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;....All this winter preparation was made for the conveyance of Lady Margaret,
+betrothed to the king of Scots, into Scotland.&amp;nbsp; And when all things
+were ready and prepared the king moved on the last day of June from Richmond,
+in the company of this daughter, and came to Colyweston, where his mother
+the countess of Richmond then was.&amp;nbsp; And at the end of certain days
+of recreation the king gave her his blessing with a fatherly exhortation,
+and committed her conveyance to the king her husband's presence to the
+earl of Surrey: and Henry Algernon Percy, earl of Northumberland was appointed
+as Warden of the Marches, to deliver her at the border of both the Marches.
+&lt;p&gt;Thus this fair lady was conveyed with a great company of lords, ladies,
+knights, esquires and gentlemen until she came to Berwick and from there
+to a village called Lambton Kirk in Scotland where the king with the flower
+of Scotland was ready to receive her, to whom the earl of Northumberland
+according to his commission delivered her.
+&lt;p&gt;The Scots that day, I assure you, were not behind the English but far
+above, both in dress and rich jewels and weighty chains.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082592&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082592&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">31032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Catherine Howard: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6b64.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howardcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howard-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;631&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The King's affection was so
+marvelously set upon that gentlewoman [Catherine], as it was never
+known that he had the like to any woman.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer's secretary, Ralph Morice, in a
+letter to his master, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;95&quot; alt=&quot;Catherine Howard&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howardcardinal.gif&quot; width=&quot;389&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;252&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Catherine Howard by Holbein, on the back of a playing-card&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howard-crop.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;250&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Catherine 
+      Howard by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Catherine Howard was a cousin of Henry
+VIII's ill-fated second queen, Anne Boleyn; and like Anne, Catherine
+would die on the scaffold at Tower Green.&amp;nbsp; Her birthdate is
+unknown, but her father was the younger brother of the duke of
+Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though personally impoverished, Catherine had a powerful
+family name and thus secured an appointment as lady-in-waiting to
+Henry's fourth queen, Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; While at court, she caught
+the eye of the middle-aged king and became a political pawn of her
+family and its Catholic allies.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's greatest crime was
+her silliness.&amp;nbsp; Raised in the far too permissive household of her
+grandmother, she was a flirtatious and emotional girl who rarely
+understood the consequences of her actions.&amp;nbsp; She made the mistake
+of continuing her girlish indiscretions as queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry was
+besotted with her, calling her his 'Rose without a Thorn' and showering
+her with gifts and public affection.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was understandably
+more attracted to men her own age and, after just seventeen months of
+marriage to the king, she was arrested for adultery.&amp;nbsp; The
+distraught king at first refused to believe the evidence but it was
+persuasive.&amp;nbsp; Unlike Anne Boleyn, Catherine had betrayed the
+king.&amp;nbsp; She was beheaded on 13 February 1542, only nineteen or
+twenty years old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;
+ color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The drama of her execution lends gravity to a brief
+life which would otherwise pass unnoticed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Read the biography of Catherine Howard.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;Catherine's
+letter to Thomas Culpeper&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricath.html&quot;&gt;The fall
+of Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view the only known portrait of Catherine. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Catherine's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I found her in
+such lamentation and heaviness, as I never saw no creature, so that it
+would have pitied any man's heart in the world, to have looked upon
+her.'&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer describes
+visiting Catherine after her arrest, 1542&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Catherine Howard's short life is one of the great cautionary tales of
+Henry VIII's reign; there is about it something strangely pathetic and
+small, but also powerful and moving.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was neither
+particularly beautiful or intelligent, but she was a charming,
+flirtatious girl who rose, virtually overnight, from obscurity to
+become queen of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was the daughter of the 2d duke of Norfolk's youngest son,
+Edmund, and his wife, Jocasta (Joyce) Culpeper.&amp;nbsp; She was one of
+too many children for her impoverished parents and the date of her
+birth was not recorded; most historians believe it was 1521.&amp;nbsp;
+Edmund was not an auspicious individual and, like most younger sons,
+spent most of his life in constant need of money.&amp;nbsp; He complained
+to the king's chief minister &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; that he wished to be a poor man's son for at least then he
+could work without shame.&amp;nbsp; But he was an aristocrat, a member of
+one of the greatest noble families of England, and he could do little
+but beg for help from one relation to another.&amp;nbsp; He sent his
+daughter to live with her grandmother, the dowager duchess of Norfolk,
+and thus avoided responsibility for Catherine's upbringing.&amp;nbsp; This
+should not reflect badly upon him since it was typical of the times;
+and though Catherine's grandmother complained ceaselessly about the
+expense of supporting numerous grandchildren, she did provide a
+comfortable home.&amp;nbsp; She did not, however, provide strict
+supervision - a fact which would have dire consequences for the entire
+Norfolk family after Catherine became queen. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine was raised in a type of dormitory at Lambeth Palace,
+crowded in with other young girls (some were servants to her
+grandmother) and her education was not intellectual.&amp;nbsp; Rather, her
+days were spent passing the time in the most pleasant manner
+possible.&amp;nbsp; The duchess's household was not wealthy and Catherine
+understandably chafed at her constricted lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; There was
+within her a strong love of luxury and inability to control her
+desires; this was a lack of self-control, a realization that certain
+things should not be done, must not be risked, no matter how much she
+wanted something.&amp;nbsp; While she was simply one of many daughters of
+an impoverished lord, this immaturity did not matter.&amp;nbsp; But when
+she became queen, it remained and past indiscretions also returned to
+haunt her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine grew into a merry and vivacious girl, not conventionally
+beautiful but graceful and charming.&amp;nbsp; She possessed all the
+vitality of youth, something which proved irresistible to her aged
+king.&amp;nbsp; The only part of her sporadic education which she seemed to
+enjoy were her music lessons; in particular, she enjoyed the attentions
+of her music teacher, a man named Henry Mannox.&amp;nbsp; They first met in
+1536, when Catherine was just fifteen years old.&amp;nbsp; Hired to teach
+her the virginal and lute, Mannox soon began a practiced seduction of
+his young pupil.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine later swore the relationship was not consummated.&amp;nbsp;
+'At the flattering and fair persuasions of Mannox being but a young
+girl I suffered him at sundry times to handle and touch the secret
+parts of my body which neither became me with honesty to permit nor him
+to require,' she later told interrogators.&amp;nbsp; Mannox admitted the
+same.&amp;nbsp; Since Catherine later confessed to more serious
+transgressions, there was no reason for her to lie in this
+instance.&amp;nbsp; And one can certainly condemn Mannox for taking
+advantage of his young student. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As a mere music teacher, Mannox was too far below her in social
+status for a serious relationship to develop.&amp;nbsp; Though he followed
+the duchess's household to London in 1538, Catherine's attentions soon
+turned elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; She fell in love with a gentleman-pensioner in
+her grandmother's household named Francis Dereham.&amp;nbsp; This
+relationship was far more serious and undoubtedly consummated.&amp;nbsp;
+There is much evidence on this point, including Catherine's own
+confession: 'Francis Dereham by many persuasions procured me to his
+vicious purpose and obtained first to lie upon my bed with his doublet
+and hose and after within the bed and finally he lay with me naked and
+used me in such sort as a man doth his wife many and sundry times but
+how often I know not.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Their affair continued throughout 1538.&amp;nbsp; They addressed one
+another as 'husband' and 'wife' and when Dereham was sent to Ireland on
+business, he left 100 pds in Catherine's keeping.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Mannox, still with the household, was infuriated; his
+attraction to Catherine continued while she spurned his company for
+Dereham's.&amp;nbsp; In revenge, he sent an anonymous note to the dowager
+duchess.&amp;nbsp; She then discovered Catherine and Dereham together and
+there was a frightful scene.&amp;nbsp; But a physical relationship between
+a betrothed couple was not uncommon by sixteenth-century standards and
+Catherine and Dereham parted with some understanding of marriage when
+he returned from Ireland. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But, unluckily for Dereham, Catherine's heart cooled towards him
+while he was away.&amp;nbsp; And in 1539, having moved closer to court and
+staying at her uncle's house, she met Thomas Culpeper.&amp;nbsp; A
+gentleman of the king's Privy Chamber and cousin of Catherine's mother
+Joyce Culpeper, he was a handsome and charming young man; his position
+in court was considered important since it allowed personal access to
+the king.&amp;nbsp; Catherine fell in love with him, though Culpeper's own
+feelings are not known.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's family was powerful and she
+was an attractive girl.&amp;nbsp; It is likely that he was at least
+interested in her, if not immediately infatuated.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But then the great event occurred which was to change Catherine's
+life forever.&amp;nbsp; She arrived at court in late 1539 or early 1540 as
+a lady-in-waiting to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves&lt;/a&gt; and Henry VIII fell in love with her. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is clear from Catherine's life before meeting the king that she
+was a flirtatious and emotional girl.&amp;nbsp; It is also clear that she
+possessed the charm and sexual allure to attract men.&amp;nbsp; These were
+to be her greatest strengths and weaknesses, for while they attracted
+the king, they also led her into increasingly reckless behavior.&amp;nbsp;
+If she had married Dereham or Culpeper, or any other social-climber,
+she would have remained a gossip and flirt, perhaps she would have
+succumbed to adultery.&amp;nbsp; But behavior that could be tolerated in a
+poor niece of a duke was treason in a queen of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine's family was torn between elation and trepidation with
+regard to Henry's infatuation.&amp;nbsp; T&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;
+ color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;he Norfolk name was one of the oldest in
+England.&amp;nbsp; They had supported Richard III against the first Tudor
+king, Henry VII, but managed to win favor with their military prowess
+and servile devotion to the new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII never
+fully trusted Thomas Howard, the 3d duke of Norfolk, though he wed two
+of Norfolk's nieces.&amp;nbsp; Their grand name, then, was both blessing
+and curse.&amp;nbsp; As an old family in a court of upstarts and fond of
+feudal prerogative, Catherine's relatives had made wary friends and
+bitter enemies at court.&amp;nbsp; And the divisive reign of Anne Boleyn,
+herself no friend of her Norfolk relations (the duke presided over her
+trial), had taught them all to tread carefully about the king.&amp;nbsp;
+And Catherine's personality worried them.&amp;nbsp; Could she sustain the
+king's attraction?&amp;nbsp; And, if so, could she become a mature and
+successful queen?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;It is important
+to remember that Henry's previous English queens, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;
+and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;, had spent years in royal service before marrying their
+king.&amp;nbsp; They were veterans of the English court and knew the
+intricacies and dangers of their position.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was a mere
+child by contrast, barely literate, and born in a later
+generation.&amp;nbsp; But for the conservative faction at Henry's court,
+those dedicated to the restoration of the Catholic faith as practiced
+before the Reformation, she was their last, best hope.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
+Anne Boleyn, Catherine's personal and political success was not tied to
+the Protestant faith.&amp;nbsp; She had been raised Catholic by her Norfolk
+grandmother and, despite her personal lapses, she represented the
+conservative faith to others.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Catherine's
+relatives questioned her maturity, but they were not willing to risk
+the king's wrath by pointing it out.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was mercurial and
+dangerous, and his latest marriage was a bitter disappointment.&amp;nbsp;
+Woe to the courtier who spoke ill of his latest attraction!&amp;nbsp; It
+was left to the Norfolk clan to coach Catherine as best they could and
+hope their triumph would last.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The king soon
+publicly favored young Mistress Howard.&amp;nbsp; On 24 April she was given
+lands seized from a felon; a few weeks later, she received an expensive
+gift of quilted sarcanet.&amp;nbsp; It is possible their relationship was
+consummated around this time for there was a sudden urgency to annul
+the ill-fated marriage to Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The king's advisors
+soon found a valid impediment to the fourth marriage and, on 13 July
+1540, it was officially ended by Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the
+French ambassador reported rumors that Catherine was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+The king had one son and heir but the vagaries of life in the 16th
+century made another heir necessary.&amp;nbsp; Henry had just turned
+forty-nine years old and half his subjects were eighteen or
+younger.&amp;nbsp; The security of his realm was his greatest concern and
+it could only be guaranteed by legitimate heirs; as a second son
+himself, he knew the life of young &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince
+Edward&lt;/a&gt; was a slender thread upon which to balance a dynasty.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Henry married
+Catherine on 28 July 1540 at Oatlands Palace in Surrey.&amp;nbsp; The
+ceremony was a success, albeit lacking in the usual pomp and display of
+royal unions.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was never crowned queen of England.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VIII simply couldn't afford the ceremony; perhaps, too, he wished
+to wait until the marriage proved successful in the most important way
+and Catherine bore him a son.&amp;nbsp; The king consulted his council on
+creating a new succession should the blessed event occur, pushing his
+daughters Mary and Elizabeth even further from the throne.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The next year
+was an Indian summer in the king's life.&amp;nbsp; Catherine chose as her
+motto 'Non autre volonte que la sienne' ('No other wish but his' or 'No
+other will than his') and did her best to amuse and distract him.&amp;nbsp;
+The waste of lives and exorbitant money fighting France had depressed
+the English treasury and the king's spirits.&amp;nbsp; And the Reformation
+had cost him the love of the common people.&amp;nbsp; Henry also
+increasingly suffered from the ailments which would kill him a few
+years later.&amp;nbsp; He had severe headaches and pains throughout his
+body; he found it difficult to sleep and was often impotent.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;English
+politics had become another headache for the king.&amp;nbsp; His great
+advisor and friend, Thomas Cromwell, had championed the Protestant
+cause and the union with Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The king's
+disappointment - and the endless conniving of Cromwell's enemies - led
+to his arrest and execution on the very day Henry and Catherine
+married.&amp;nbsp; Within a few months, the king openly lamented the loss
+of his 'most faithful servant'.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Chief among
+Cromwell's enemies were Catherine's uncle Norfolk and his close friend,
+Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk had always chafed
+at the power Henry granted the 'commoner' Cromwell; Gardiner was a
+Catholic who despised Cromwell's legislative destruction of the papacy
+in England.&amp;nbsp; They used Catherine and the king's own impatience and
+cupidity to destroy Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; But it was only a brief triumph.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Catherine was
+not pregnant in the summer of 1540, nor did she become so.&amp;nbsp; But
+the king was so physically affectionate with her in public that none
+doubted the happy event would occur.&amp;nbsp; Still, warning signs about
+this hasty marriage had already begun.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's relationship
+with Dereham had never been kept secret, though Henry was perhaps
+unaware of it.&amp;nbsp; His courtiers gossiped and wondered.&amp;nbsp; Joan
+Bulmer, a young woman who had lived with Catherine at Lambeth,
+requested that Catherine bring her to court to share in her 'great
+destiny'; it was a subtle blackmail.&amp;nbsp; In August 1541, Dereham was
+made her secretary, perhaps as a bribe to keep quiet about their former
+relationship.&amp;nbsp; So even as she collected rich gifts of gowns,
+jewels, fur cloaks, and golden clocks, Catherine knew her indecorous
+past lurked in the background.&amp;nbsp; Was she worried?&amp;nbsp; As her
+later behavior showed, she was not.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was not merely collecting personal finery, but also lands and
+manors that had once belonged to Jane Seymour and even Thomas
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; And she began to explore the traditional role of the
+queen as patroness.&amp;nbsp; She also took great care to ensure her aged
+husband's happiness.&amp;nbsp; Many biographers have speculated on
+Catherine's true feelings for Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; She probably did not
+love him in the most romantic sense of the word, but she did love him
+for the affection and generosity he showed her.&amp;nbsp; And she also
+approached him with something of an awed reverence, for he was the king
+and thus a quasi-mystical figure, all-knowing and all-powerful.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But he was not immune to illness and in the spring of 1541, the
+king fell low with a serious fever and Catherine was sent away for her
+own safety.&amp;nbsp; It was around this time that she began her affair
+with Culpeper, the handsome young man who had caught her fancy two
+years before; as evidence, we need only &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;read her only
+surviving letter&lt;/a&gt;, written to Culpeper in April 1541.&amp;nbsp; When the
+king recovered, he took Catherine on a royal progress through the north
+of England and again the French ambassador reported rumors of her
+pregnancy.&amp;nbsp; It was even suggested that, should the condition be
+confirmed, Catherine would be crowned at York Minster.&amp;nbsp; These
+rumors prove that Henry still made love to his wife on a somewhat
+regular basis.&amp;nbsp; And for her part, Catherine was confident she
+could 'meddle with a man' without pregnancy, which made her
+relationship with Culpeper safe.&amp;nbsp; He and Dereham both traveled in
+the progress as members of the royal household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In Catherine's rather simple view of marriage, as long as she and
+the king were happy, nothing else mattered.&amp;nbsp; And since the king
+would be happy as long as he was ignorant, all would be well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And the king was ignorant for a surprisingly long time.&amp;nbsp; For
+his part, Culpeper was using Catherine's infatuation to further his own
+ambitions.&amp;nbsp; He was not a particularly 'gentlemanly'
+gentleman.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he had brutally raped a park-keeper's wife,
+ordering three of his servants to hold her down during the attack; he
+also murdered a villager who tried to save her.&amp;nbsp; He had been
+pardoned by the king, but it is one of the few facts we know about
+Culpeper and not a pleasant one.&amp;nbsp; His ambitions regarding
+Catherine undoubtedly stemmed from Henry VIII's ill health.&amp;nbsp; If
+the king died, then the queen dowager would maintain some influence and
+power at court.&amp;nbsp; Before that inevitable day, she could give him as
+many expensive gifts as he desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Did Catherine love Culpeper?&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly did, at least
+as much as her immature view of love allowed.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome,
+very charming, if only in a superficial manner, and he complemented and
+cajoled her.&amp;nbsp; She became increasingly open in her affection,
+enough to worry Culpeper himself.&amp;nbsp; As a gentleman of the privy
+chamber, he knew the king's moods better than anyone and had no desire
+to risk much for Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But there were others at court who knew of the relationship, and
+they would not keep quiet.&amp;nbsp; When the northern progress finally
+ended on 1 November, and the royal couple settled at Hampton Court
+Palace, Catherine's past and present indiscretions caught up with
+her.&amp;nbsp; She had been safe enough during the northern progress, for a
+traveling court was not nearly as gossip-ridden as a settled one; there
+were, after all, far more practical matters to attend to as the king
+moved from city to city.&amp;nbsp; But once they were home, other matters
+could take precedence - matters like the queen's infidelity. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine's fall from grace was so rapid that foreign ambassadors
+were at a loss to explain it.&amp;nbsp; The man behind it was John
+Lascelles, the brother of Mary Hall, herself a chambermaid to the
+dowager duchess of Norfolk and thus privy to Catherine's past.&amp;nbsp;
+However, the past was not necessarily a danger to the queen; most young
+women could not withstand scrutiny of their early flirtations.&amp;nbsp;
+They were perhaps not serious enough to warrant her execution.&amp;nbsp;
+Lascelles, who was a 'convinced reformer', was motivated by his
+religious convictions and not personal animosity towards
+Catherine.&amp;nbsp; But she represented the conservative Catholic faction
+and, with her influence, they were growing more powerful and
+reactionary.&amp;nbsp; Lascelles went to Thomas Cranmer, Henry's close
+friend and archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer recognized the
+dangers to Catherine, namely the precontract with Dereham that would
+invalidate her marriage to Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; The precontract, of
+course, while ending her marriage, also excused her intimacy with
+Dereham.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On 2 November, while Henry attended a Mass for All Souls' Day,
+Cranmer passed him a letter with the charges.&amp;nbsp; The king was
+immediately 'perplexed' and believed the letter was a forgery.&amp;nbsp;
+This was his first and thoroughly honest reaction; Catherine had
+deceived him well.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Cranmer to keep the matter private
+and began an investigation.&amp;nbsp; It took but a few days for
+Catherine's house of cards to come tumbling down.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;An assortment of female servants were arrested and sent to the
+Tower, as was Dereham.&amp;nbsp; He was tortured; he confessed his earlier
+relationship and named Culpeper as the queen's current lover.&amp;nbsp;
+Culpeper was then arrested, tortured, and confessed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When confronted with the confessions, Henry's confusion gave way
+to great anger and self-pity.&amp;nbsp; He managed to blame everyone but
+himself for this latest marital catastrophe.&amp;nbsp; He wished for a
+sword to slay Catherine himself - a not uncommon reaction for a
+cuckolded husband, particularly one who had been so generous and
+trusting.&amp;nbsp; He left Hampton Court on 5 November, sailing to
+Whitehall Palace.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was arrested on 12 November and her
+tearful pleas to see the king were ignored; she was locked in her
+rooms.&amp;nbsp; Two days later, she was taken to Syon House.&amp;nbsp; She
+would never see Henry again. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Cranmer was given the distasteful task of interrogating the
+terrified girl.&amp;nbsp; She was hysterical, convinced she would be
+executed like her cousin; even the archbishop felt pity for her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps he suggested an option to Henry VIII that he
+had first proposed for Anne Boleyn - let Catherine admit her sins,
+annul the marriage, and send her away.&amp;nbsp; The Dereham precontract
+was the perfect excuse.&amp;nbsp; Catherine need only admit its existence
+and her life would be spared.&amp;nbsp; It was the king's 'most gracious
+mercy' and her only possible chance for survival. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Catherine, frightened and lacking any counsel, did not realize
+that the precontract would save her life.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she was
+convinced it would be used to condemn her.&amp;nbsp; And so, even as she
+admitted to 'carnal copulation' with Dereham, she stressed his
+'importune forcement' and 'violence'.&amp;nbsp; She and Cranmer wanted the
+same end but talked at odds.&amp;nbsp; And it was possible, too, that Henry
+VIII had never intended to spare her life. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Indeed, with each day that passed, the king was less inclined to
+show mercy.&amp;nbsp; The floodgates had opened and ever more scurrilous
+rumors were heard about his 'Rose without a thorn'. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine was demoted from her position as Queen on 22 November
+and formally indicted two days later for leading an 'abominable, base,
+carnal, voluptuous and vicious life'.&amp;nbsp; She remained at Syon House
+for the next two months.&amp;nbsp; On 10 December, Dereham paid a horrific
+penalty for his 'crimes'; he was hung, drawn, and quartered
+(disemboweled and castrated while still conscious) as a traitor.&amp;nbsp;
+Culpeper was also executed that day, though he suffered a more merciful
+beheading; this was ordered by the king, perhaps because of Culpeper's
+higher rank and personal service in his household.&amp;nbsp; Their heads
+were fixed on spears atop London Bridge and remained there as late as
+1546. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine, meanwhile, continued in a state of suspended
+hysteria.&amp;nbsp; Her various relatives were sent to the Tower, including
+the elderly dowager duchess.&amp;nbsp; Only the duke survived, having
+sufficiently humbled himself before Henry. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Perhaps the executions of Dereham and Culpeper had brought a
+newfound maturity to Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She was content to remain quietly
+at Syon House, though it was clear the king could not allow it.&amp;nbsp;
+On 21 January the House of Lords passed an Act of Attainder and it
+received the king's approval on 11 February.&amp;nbsp; It was intended to
+answer the question vexing them all - of what exactly was Catherine
+Howard guilty?&amp;nbsp; If she had been precontracted to Dereham, then she
+was never married to the king - and thus not guilty of adultery.&amp;nbsp;
+But in a speech on 6 February, Henry made it clear that the new Act
+could punish those who &lt;i&gt;intended&lt;/i&gt; to commit treason (or adultery,
+since adultery in a queen was treason.)&amp;nbsp; It was this intent which
+sealed Catherine's fate.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Friday, 10 February 1542, the duke of Suffolk arrived to take
+Catherine to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The hysterical frenzy returned;
+she struggled and had to be forced aboard the barge.&amp;nbsp; She was
+dressed in black velvet and lodged in the Queen's Apartments, though no
+longer queen.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday night, she was informed that she would be
+executed the next day.&amp;nbsp; Her only request was that the block be
+brought to her for she wished to 'know how to place herself.'&amp;nbsp; It
+was to be her last act on a grand stage; she would die with all the
+dignity and composure possible. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Around seven o'clock on Monday, 13 February, several privy
+councilors arrived as escort.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle Norfolk was not among
+them, having wisely withdrawn to his country estates.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+was weak and frightened and had to be helped up the steps to the
+scaffold.&amp;nbsp; But once there, she made a small, quiet speech
+regarding her 'worthy and just punishment'; she prayed for the king's
+preservation and for God's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; The actual execution was
+over quickly. Catherine's body was interred at the nearby chapel of St
+Peter ad Vincula.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine Howard did not have an impact upon English
+history.&amp;nbsp; She is perhaps the most inconsequential of Henry VIII's
+six wives, her reign as queen a very brief eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; She
+bore no children and made no lasting impression upon those who knew
+her.&amp;nbsp; But it should be remembered that she was thirty years
+younger than her husband, a silly young girl who never understood the
+dangers of royal regard.&amp;nbsp; Her life was over before it had truly
+begun; we can only wonder how it might have ended differently.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The only biography of Catherine Howard is &lt;i&gt;A
+Tudor Tragedy&lt;/i&gt; by Lacey Baldwin Smith,&lt;br&gt;
+which is sadly out-of-print.&amp;nbsp; Catherine is also the subject of
+Ford Madox Ford's&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;The Fifth Queen&lt;/i&gt;, one of my favorite works of historical
+fiction.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082570&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082570&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9853</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6bdc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  stepfather and stepson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Arthur&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1588&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Guildford Dudley&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Anne Boleyn&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Mary I&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Philip of Spain&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Pilgrimage of Grace, Wyatt's Rebellion, Essex Rebellion&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Mary Stuart, queen of Scots&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;General History &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=725 border=0 height=&quot;542&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. What was the relationship between the earl 
+
+      of Leicester and the earl of Essex (during Elizabeth's 
+
+    reign)?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;father and 
+
+        son&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;brothers&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;stepfather and 
+
+        stepson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;they weren't related&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII's first son was 
+
+      named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Henry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Arthur&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. The famous battle with the Armada happened 
+
+      in what year?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1568&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1578&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1588&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Lady Jane Grey was married 
+
+      to....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Robert 
+
+        Dudley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Guildford 
+
+        Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ralph Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Who was Elizabeth I's mother?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine of 
+
+        Aragon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. After Henry VIII's death, Katharine Parr 
+
+      married....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Robert Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who was the last Tudor to rule over a part 
+
+      of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        VIII&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward VI&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was Mary I's 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip of 
+
+        Spain&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles of France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John, duke 
+
+        of Burgundy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Edward, duke of 
+
+      Normandy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Place these Tudor-era rebellions in 
+
+      chronological order.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion, 
+
+        Pilgrimage of Grace, Essex Rebellion&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Essex Rebellion, 
+
+        Wyatt's Rebellion, Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pilgrimage of 
+
+        Grace, Wyatt's Rebellion, Essex Rebellion&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wyatt's 
+
+        Rebellion, Essex Rebellion, Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Henry VIII's will excluded which of the 
+
+      following Tudor relatives from the succession?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Princess Mary 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Princess Elizabeth 
+
+        Tudor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Frances Grey&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Stuart, queen of Scots&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082610&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082610&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6c5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lochleven&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  December 8th&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Catherine d'Medici&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Francis&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  half-brother&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Bothwell&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Amyas Paulet&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  thistle and rose&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. 8 February 1587&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=539 border=0 height=&quot;562&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Mary escaped from which Scottish castle in 
+
+      1568?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Dunbar&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lochleven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stirling&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Linlithgow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Mary was born on what day in 
+
+      1542?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;October 
+
+        8th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;July 6th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;January 
+
+        6th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;December 8th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. Mary's mother-in-law in France 
+
+      was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Catherine 
+
+        d'Medici&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Antoinette 
+
+        d'Guise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Claude 
+
+        d'Guise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Isabella of 
+
+    Navarre&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Mary's first husband was 
+
+      named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Henry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. James Stewart, earl of Moray, was 
+
+      Mary's.....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;uncle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;grandfather&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;half-brother&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;second 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Mary's third husband, James Hepburn, was 
+
+      earl of....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Lennox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Bothwell&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leith&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lithgow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Mary's last jailer was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Amyas 
+
+        Paulet&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Walsingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Amyas 
+
+        Walsingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Paulet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was the English duke 
+
+      executed for conspiring to marry Mary and place her on the English 
+
+      throne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Buckingham&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;York&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Mary's emblems were the....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;thistle and 
+
+        crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;rose and crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dandelion and 
+
+        crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;thistle and rose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle 
+
+      on what date?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 January 
+
+        1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 March 
+
+        1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 April 
+
+1587&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082610&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082610&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6cdc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6cdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6cdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9891</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: The Life and Times of Anne Boleyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6cdcc8060a932a503b1581</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6cdc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Thomas Boleyn &amp; Elizabeth Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Claude&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Henry Percy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Jane Parker&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  she miscarried a son&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  marquess of Pembroke&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  19 May 1536&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  William Kingston&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  falcon&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. French&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+   &lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {
+
+FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #800000
+
+}
+
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=center&gt;&lt;FONT size=6&gt;&lt;B&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=6&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;The Life and Times of Anne Boleyn &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+      &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=491 border=0&gt;
+
+        &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+        &lt;TR&gt;
+
+          &lt;TD&gt;
+
+            &lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+          &lt;TD&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=717 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=566 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=293 height=37&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Anne's parents 
+
+      were....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=245 height=37&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Anne 
+
+        Howard &amp;amp; George Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane Howard &amp;amp; Thomas 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Parr &amp;amp; Edward 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth Howard &amp;amp; Thomas 
+
+      Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=293 height=58&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; In France, Anne was 
+
+      educated with the children of which French queen?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=245 height=58&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Claude&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Isabella&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Renee&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Margaret&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=293 height=50&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. Which page of Cardinal 
+
+      Wolsey's proposed to Anne in 1523?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=245 height=50&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Percy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry Butler&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry 
+
+        Percy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=293 height=78&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Anne's brother George 
+
+      married which lady?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=245 height=78&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Jane 
+
+        Parker&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth Parker&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine 
+
+        Hunter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Margaret Beaufort&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=293 height=126&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Katharine of Aragon's funeral 
+
+    was on 29 January 1536 at Peterborough Abbey.&amp;nbsp; What momentous occasion 
+
+    occurred in Anne Boleyn's life on that day?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=245 height=126&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she was arrested&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she miscarried a son&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the king publicly jilted her&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her brother was arrested&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=293 height=48&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Henry VIII granted Anne 
+
+      which title in 1532?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=245 height=48&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;countess 
+
+        of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of 
+
+        Suffolk&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;countess of 
+
+        Pembroke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marquess of Pembroke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=293 height=51&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. On what date was Anne 
+
+      executed?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=245 height=51&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;19 March 
+
+        1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;19 April 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;19 May 
+
+        1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;19 June 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=293 height=53&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Anne's jailer at 
+
+      the Tower of London was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=245 height=53&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Edward Percy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William 
+
+        Kingston&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles 
+
+        Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=293 height=31&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Anne's emblem was 
+
+      the....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=245 height=31&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;eagle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;phoenix&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;lion&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;falcon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=293 height=65&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Henry's famous love 
+
+      letters to Anne were written in what language?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=245 height=65&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Latin&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;English&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;French&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Italian&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082611&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082611&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6d5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Joanna&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Ludlow Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Knight of the Loyal Heart&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  200,000 crowns&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  1516&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Lorenzo Campeggio&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Chapuys&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Elizabeth Barton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Charles V&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Kimbolton Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=531 border=0 height=&quot;650&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Which of Katharine's 
+
+    sisters went insane and traveled around Spain with her husband's corpse?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Isabella&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Joanna&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Maria&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pilar&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Where did Katharine's first husband, 
+
+      Prince Arthur, die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Windsor 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ludlow Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. When competing in tournaments, Katharine's 
+
+      husband, Henry VIII, acted as her champion; he was called....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Knight of the Fair 
+
+        Lady&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of the Fair Rose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of 
+
+        the Loyal Heart&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of the Proud 
+
+      Heart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's dowry for her marriage to 
+
+      Prince Arthur was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;100,000 
+
+        crowns&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;200,000 crowns&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;400,000 
+
+        crowns&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;500,000 crowns&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Katharine's only surviving child, Princess 
+
+      Mary, was born in....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1514&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1515&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1516&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Which Cardinal did Pope Clement VII send to 
+
+      England to debate Katharine and Henry's annulment?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lorenzo 
+
+        Campeggio&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Antonio de 
+
+        Puebla&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francisco Felipez&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Giovanni 
+
+        Vivarini&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who was the Spanish ambassador to England 
+
+      during Katharine's estrangement from Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Mendoza&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;de 
+
+        Vives&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Fuensalida&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Chapuys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. A mystic called 'The Holy Maid 
+
+      of Kent' championed Katharine's cause; her real name was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Margaret 
+
+        Fuller&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth Barton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Hardesty&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Alice Patermore&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor, 
+
+      was named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Francis 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John II&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles 
+
+        V&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry IV&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Where did Katharine die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Kimbolton 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Fotheringhay Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tutbury 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor 
+
+Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082611&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082611&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9366</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6ddc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lamentations of a Sinner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Jane Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1535&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Edward I&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Hampton Court Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Winchester Cathedral&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  1570&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Lettice Knollys&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  1536&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Pinkie&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;General History&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=585 border=0 height=&quot;571&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Katharine Parr wrote which of these 
+
+      books?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lamentations of a 
+
+        Sinner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;The Mirror of the Sinful 
+
+        Soul&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Utopia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Defense of the Seven 
+
+        Sacraments&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Who was Henry VIII's queen during the 
+
+      Pilgrimage of Grace?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine of 
+
+        Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. What year were John Fisher and Thomas More 
+
+      executed?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1535&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1537&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1539&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn &amp;amp; Catherine Howard 
+
+      were descended from which English king?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        III&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry IV&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward II&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Where was Edward VI born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Westminster Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Where did Mary I marry her 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Westminster 
+
+        Abbey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Winchester Cathedral&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;St 
+
+        Paul's Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;York Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. What year did the Pope excommunicate 
+
+      Elizabeth I?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1565&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1570&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1585&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;48&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Which cousin of Elizabeth I's 
+
+      did Robert Dudley marry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;48&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lettice 
+
+        Knollys&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane Carey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. In what year was Wales officially 
+
+      incorporated into England (thus ending its status as a separate 
+
+      province)?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1491&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1509&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1521&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. During Edward VI's reign, the Scots were 
+
+      defeated at the battle of....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Lochleven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pinkie&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leith&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Perth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;some questions submitted by Tracey &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;whom I once titled 
+
+Tracey the Magnificent, but now I'll call her Tracey the Quizzerific&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082612&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082612&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9425</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6e5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Greenwich Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Chapel of the Observant Friars&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  duchess of Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lady Bryan&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Enfield&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  1548&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  'Sweet Sister Temperance'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt; 
+
+
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz one&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+      &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=491 border=0&gt;
+
+ 
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=567 border=0 height=&quot;566&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. In which palace was Elizabeth born in 
+
+      1533?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Hampton 
+
+        Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was her christening 
+
+      held?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the Queen's 
+
+        Chapel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Lady Chapel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Chapel of the 
+
+        Reformed Friars&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Chapel of the Observant 
+
+        Friars&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. Which lady carried Elizabeth to her 
+
+      christening?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duchess of 
+
+        Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;countess of Kent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;countess of 
+
+        Shrewsbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Who was Elizabeth's 
+
+      godfather?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles 
+
+        Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wyatt&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who was Elizabeth's first 
+
+      governess?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine 
+
+        Ashley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Tuke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Bryan&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Elizabeth's cradle was lined with what 
+
+      color satin?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Purple&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. After Henry VIII's death, Elizabeth was moved 
+
+      to which royal house?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Enfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hatfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. In what year was Elizabeth's first 
+
+      book published?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1548&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1550&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1555&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1562&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;What nickname did Edward VI have for 
+
+      Elizabeth?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;'Rose without a 
+
+        Thorn'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Lady Virtue'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Sweet Sister 
+
+        Temperance'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Sweet Sister 
+
+Felicity'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;63&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. At her sister Mary's coronation in 1553, 
+
+      Elizabeth wore a robe of what color?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;63&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Violet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082612&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082612&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9850</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6edc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lady Margaret Douglas&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  she carried the queen's train&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Bell Tower&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  two months&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Woodstock&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Sir Thomas Pope&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  duke of Savoy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  three&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. 28 November 1558&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+3 face=&quot;Dolphin&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz two&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+
+
+     
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=572 border=0 height=&quot;643&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. At Mary I's court, which cousin had precedence 
+
+      over Elizabeth?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Margaret 
+
+        Douglas&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Katherine Knollys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Constance Sidney&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;What role did Elizabeth have at 
+
+      Mary's coronation?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she had no 
+
+        role&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she carried a cross&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she carried the 
+
+        queen's train&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she recited the Lord's 
+
+      Prayer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. In 1554, Elizabeth was summoned to London after 
+
+      the Wyatt rebellion.&amp;nbsp; On her trip, she wore a gown of what 
+
+      color?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;black&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;red&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was Elizabeth imprisoned 
+
+      within the Tower of London in 1554?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Bell 
+
+        Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;King William's 
+
+        Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Queen's House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How long was Elizabeth held in the 
+
+      Tower?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;a 
+
+        fortnight&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;one year&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;six 
+
+        months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;two months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Elizabeth lived in what manor when Mary 
+
+      I married Philip of Spain?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Woodstock&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hatfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Enfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. Who was Elizabeth's custodian at Hatfield in 
+
+      1556?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Sir Thomas 
+
+        Parry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir Henry Bedingfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir Thomas 
+
+        Pope&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir John Paulet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. To whom did Philip of Spain wish to 
+
+      marry Elizabeth?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duke of 
+
+        Anjou&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Alencon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of 
+
+        Milan&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Savoy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How many days passed after Mary I's 
+
+      death before Elizabeth met with her new Council?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;One&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Five&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Seven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. On what day did Elizabeth enter London as 
+
+      queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;23 November 
+
+        1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 November 1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;26 November 
+
+        1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;28 November 
+
+1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082613&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082613&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9326</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quizzes</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius!- 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  39&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  23 yards&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  15 January 1559&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  10 hours&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  bishop of Carlisle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Lady Mary Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Semper Eadem&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  1558&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  1562&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. when he was proposed as a bridegroom for the queen of Scots&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=Dolphin size=6&gt;Tudor Quiz&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;zes:&lt;BR&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz three &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=755 border=0 height=&quot;527&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. How many ladies attended Elizabeth at her 
+
+      coronation?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;14&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;27&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;39&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;45&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;At her coronation, Elizabeth wore 
+
+      a mantle of cloth of gold and silver.&amp;nbsp; How many yards of cloth were 
+
+      used to make it?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;11 yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;17 
+
+        yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;20 yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 
+
+    yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. On what day was her coronation?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;15 January 
+
+        1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;18 January 1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;21 January 
+
+        1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 January 1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt; How long did the banquet after her 
+
+      coronation last?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;10 
+
+        hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;14 
+
+    hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who crowned Elizabeth at Westminster 
+
+      Abbey?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;archbishop of 
+
+        Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of Durham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of 
+
+        Carlisle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of York&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Which lady-in-waiting publicly offended 
+
+      the queen by dressing too well in 1559?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Lettice 
+
+        Knollys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary Howard&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady 
+
+        Frances Sidney&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. What was Elizabeth's motto as 
+
+    queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Dieu et Mon 
+
+        Droit&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Veritas Temporis Filia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;In Omnia 
+
+        Paratus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Semper Eadem&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. In what year did Mary, queen of 
+
+      Scots first assume the title 'Queen of England'?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1560&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1564&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1571&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;In what year did Elizabeth almost die of 
+
+      smallpox?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1560&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1562&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1565&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. When did Elizabeth actually title Robert 
+
+      Dudley the 'earl of Leicester'?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;when he was proposed as a 
+
+        bridegroom for Mary queen of Scots&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;when his wife 
+
+        died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;at her coronation&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;when he was sent 
+
+        to command troops in the Netherlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082613&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082613&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8944</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6fdc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  May 2nd&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Tower of London&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Mark Smeaton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Thomas Lovell&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  23 pds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  duke of Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  20 pds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  sheriff of London&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. eleven days&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;The Trial and Execution of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=528 border=0 height=&quot;604&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. On what day was Anne arrested?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;May 1st&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 
+
+        2nd&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 3rd&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 
+
+4th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was Anne's trial 
+
+      held?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Westminster 
+
+        Hall&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tower of London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. Which of the following men confessed to 
+
+      committing adultery with Anne?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        Norris&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis 
+
+        Weston&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mark Smeaton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt; Which of the following men was 
+
+      &lt;U&gt;not&lt;/U&gt; convicted of adultery with Anne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Lovell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;George Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis 
+
+        Weston&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Brereton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How much was the headsman from Calais 
+
+      paid to execute Anne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;11 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;17 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;31 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;6. Who presided in place of the king at her 
+
+      trial?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duke of 
+
+        Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of 
+
+        Nottingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. At her execution, how much did Anne distribute 
+
+      in alms?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;20 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;24 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. Who escorted Anne to the 
+
+      scaffold?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the mayor of 
+
+        London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the constable of the Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her 
+
+        almoner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the sheriff of 
+
+  London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Which of the following men wept on the 
+
+      day of Anne's execution?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of 
+
+        Nofolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. How many days did Henry VIII wait after Anne's 
+
+      execution before marrying again?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;five 
+
+        days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;seven days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;nine 
+
+        days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;eleven 
+
+days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082614&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082614&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">51311</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH704a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE PAPAL ATTACK: 1570-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;SOVEREIGNS and statesmen in the sixteenth century are to be 
+    honoured or condemned according to the degree in which they aimed on the one 
+    hand at preserving political order, and on the other at allowing freedom of 
+    opinion. It was not always easy to reconcile these two aims. The first was a 
+    temporary necessity, and yet was the more urgent--as indeed is always the 
+    case with the tasks of the--statesman. He is responsible for the present; it 
+    is not for him to attempt to provide for a remote future. Political order 
+    and the material well-being of nations may be disastrously impaired by the 
+    imprudence or weakness of a ruler. Thought, after all, may be trusted to 
+    take care of itself in the long-run. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To the modern Liberal, with his doctrine of absolute 
+    religious equality, toleration seems an insult, and anything short of 
+    toleration is regarded as persecution. In the sixteenth century the most 
+    advanced statesmen did not see their way to proclaim freedom of public 
+    worship and of religious discussion. It was much if they tolerated freedom 
+    of opinion, and connived at a quiet, private propagation of other religions 
+    than those established by law. It would be wrong to condemn and despise them 
+    as actuated by superstition and narrow-minded prejudice. Their motives were 
+    mainly political, and it is reasonable to suppose that they knew better than 
+    we do whether a larger toleration was compatible with public order. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We have seen that under the Act of Supremacy, in the first 
+    year of Elizabeth, the oath was only tendered to persons holding office, 
+    spiritual or temporal, under the crown, and that the penalty for refusing it 
+    was only deprivation. But in her fifth year (1563), it was enacted that the 
+    oath might be tendered to members of the House of Commons, schoolmasters, 
+    and attorneys, who, if they refused it, might be punished by forfeiture of 
+    property and perpetual imprisonment. To those who had held any 
+    ecclesiastical office, or who should openly disapprove of the established 
+    worship, or celebrate or hear mass, the oath might be tendered a second 
+    time, with the penalties of high treason for refusal. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;That this law authorised an atrocious persecution cannot be 
+    disputed, and there is no doubt that many zealous Protestants wished it to 
+    be enforced. But the practical question is, Was it enforced? The government 
+    wished to be armed with the power of using it, and for the purpose of 
+    expelling Catholics from offices it was extensively used. But no one was at 
+    this time visited with the severer penalties, the bishops having been 
+    privately forbidden to tender the oath a second time to any one without 
+    special instructions. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Act of Uniformity, passed in the first year of 
+    Elizabeth, prohibited the use of any but the established liturgy, whether in 
+    public or private, under pain of perpetual imprisonment for the third 
+    offence, and imposed a fine of one shilling on recusants--that is, upon 
+    persons who absented themselves from church on Sundays and holidays. To what 
+    extent Catholics were interfered with under this Act has been a matter of 
+    much dispute. Most of them, during the first eleven years of Elizabeth, 
+    either from ignorance or worldliness, treated the Anglican service as 
+    equivalent to the Catholic, and made no difficulty about attending church, 
+    even after this compliance with the law had been forbidden by Pius IV in the 
+    sixth year of Elizabeth. Only the more scrupulous absented themselves, and 
+    called in the ministrations of the &amp;quot;old priests,&amp;quot; who with more or less 
+    secrecy said mass in private houses. Some of these offenders were certainly 
+    punished before Elizabeth had been two years on the throne. The enforcement 
+    of laws was by no means so uniform in those days as it is now. Much depended 
+    on the leanings of the noblemen and justices of the peace in different 
+    localities. Both from disposition and policy Elizabeth desired, as a general 
+    rule, to connive at Catholic nonconformity when it did not take an 
+    aggressive and fanatical form. But she had no scruple about applying the 
+    penalties of these Acts to individuals who for any reason, religious or 
+    political, were specially obnoxious to her. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;So things went on till the northern insurrection: the laws 
+    authorising a searching and sanguinary persecution; the Government, much to 
+    the disgust of zealous Protestants, declining to put those laws in 
+    execution. Judged by modern ideas, the position of the Catholics was 
+    intolerable; but if measured by the principles of government then 
+    universally accepted, or if compared with the treatment of persons ever so 
+    slightly suspected of heresy in countries cursed with the Inquisition, it 
+    was not a position of which they had any great reason to complain; nor did 
+    the large majority of them complain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Pope Pius IV (1559-1566) was comparatively cautious and 
+    circumspect in his attitude towards Elizabeth. But his successor Pius V 
+    (1566-1572), having made up his mind that her destruction was the one thing 
+    necessary for the defeat of heresy in Europe, strove to stir up against her 
+    rebellion at home and invasion from abroad. A bull deposing her, and 
+    absolving her subjects from their allegiance, was drawn up. But while Pius, 
+    conscious of the offence which it would give to all the sovereigns of 
+    Europe, delayed to issue it, the northern rebellion flared up and was 
+    trampled out. The absence of such a bull was by many Catholics made an 
+    excuse for holding aloof from the rebel earls. When it was too late the bull 
+    was issued (February 1570). Philip and Charles IX--sovereigns first and 
+    Catholics afterwards--refused to let it be published in their dominions. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;After the northern insurrection the Queen issued a 
+    remarkable appeal to her people, which was ordered to be placarded in every 
+    parish, and read in every church. She could point with honest pride to 
+    eleven years of such peace abroad and tranquillity at home as no living 
+    Englishman could remember. Her economy had enabled her to conduct the 
+    government without any of the illegal exactions to which former sovereigns 
+    had resorted. &amp;quot;She had never sought the life, the blood, the goods, the 
+    houses, estates or lands of any person in her dominions.&amp;quot; This happy state 
+    of things the rebels had tried to disturb on pretext of religion. They had 
+    no real grievance on that score. Attendance at parish church was indeed 
+    obligatory by law, though, she might have added, it was very loosely 
+    enforced. But she disclaimed any wish to pry into opinions, or to inquire in 
+    what sense any one understood rites or ceremonies. In other words, the 
+    language of the communion service was not incompatible with the doctrine of 
+    transubstantiation, and loyal Catholics were at liberty, were almost 
+    invited, to interpret it in that sense if they liked. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This compromise between their religious and political 
+    obligations had in fact been hitherto adopted by the large majority of 
+    English Catholics. But a time was come when it was to be no longer possible 
+    for them. They were summoned to make their choice between their duty as 
+    citizens and their duty as Catholics. The summons had come, not from the 
+    Queen, but from the Pope, and it is not strange that they had thenceforth a 
+    harder time of it. Many of them, indignant with the Pope for bringing 
+    trouble upon them, gave up the struggle and conformed to the Established 
+    Church. The temper of the rest became more bitter and dangerous. The Puritan 
+    Parliament of 1571 passed a bill to compel all persons not only to attend 
+    church, but to receive the communion twice a year; and another making formal 
+    reconciliation to the Church of Rome high treason both for the convert and 
+    the priest who should receive him. Here we have the persecuting spirit, 
+    which was as inherent in the zealous Protestant as in the zealous Catholic. 
+    Attempts to excuse such legislation, as prompted by political reasons, can 
+    only move the disgust of every honest-minded man. The first of these bills 
+    did not receive the royal assent, though Cecil--just made Lord Burghley--had 
+    strenuously pushed it through the Upper House. Elizabeth probably saw that 
+    its only effect would be to enable the Protestant zealots in every parish to 
+    enjoy the luxury of harassing their quiet Catholic neighbours, who attended 
+    church but would scruple to take the sacrament. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Protestant spirit of this House of Commons showed itself 
+    not only in laws for strengthening the Government and persecuting the 
+    Catholics, but in attempts to puritanise the Prayer-book, which much 
+    displeased the Queen. Strickland, one of the Puritan leaders, was forbidden 
+    to attend the House. But such was the irritation caused by this invasion of 
+    its privileges, that the prohibition was removed after one day. It was in 
+    this session of Parliament that the doctrines of the Church of England were 
+    finally determined by the imposition on the clergy of the Thirty-nine 
+    Articles, which, as every one knows, are much more Protestant than the 
+    Prayer-book. Till then they had only had the sanction of Convocation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the first forty years or so, from the beginning of 
+    the Reformation, Protestantism spread in most parts of Europe with great 
+    rapidity. It was not merely an intellectual revolt against doctrines no 
+    longer credible. The numbers of the reformers were swelled, and their force 
+    intensified by the flocking in of pious souls, athirst for personal 
+    holiness, and of many others who, without being high-wrought enthusiasts, 
+    were by nature disposed to value whatever seemed to make for a purer 
+    morality. The religion which had nurtured Bernard and Ã Kempis was deserted, 
+    not merely as being untrue, but as incompatible with the highest spiritual 
+    life--nay, as positively corrupting to society. This imagination, of course, 
+    had but a short day. The return to the Bible and the doctrines of primitive 
+    Christianity, the deliverance from &amp;quot;the Bishop of Rome and his detestable 
+    enormities,&amp;quot; were not found to be followed by any general improvement of 
+    morals in Protestant countries. He that was unjust was unjust still; he that 
+    was filthy was filthy still. The repulsive contrast too often seen between 
+    sanctimonious professions and unscrupulous conduct contributed to the 
+    disenchantment. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meanwhile a great regeneration was going on within 
+    the Catholic Church itself. Signs of this can be detected quite as early as 
+    the first rise of Protestantism. It is, therefore, not to be attributed to 
+    Protestant teaching and example, though doubtless the rivalry of the younger 
+    religion stimulated the best energies of the older. No long time elapsed 
+    before this regeneration had worked its way to the highest places in the 
+    Church. The Popes by whom Elizabeth was confronted were all men of pure 
+    lives and single-hearted devotion to the Catholic cause. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The last two years of the Council of Trent (1562-3) were the 
+    starting-point of the modern Catholic Church. Many proposals had been made 
+    for compromise with Protestantism. But the Fathers of Trent saw that the 
+    only chance of survival for a Church claiming to be Catholic was to remain 
+    on the old lines. By the canons and decrees of the Council, ratified by Pius 
+    IV., the old doctrines and discipline were confirmed and definitely 
+    formulated. One branch indeed of the Papal power was irretrievably gone. 
+    Royal authority had become absolute, and the kings, including Philip II., 
+    refused to tolerate any interference with it. The Papacy had to acquiesce in 
+    the loss of its power over sovereigns. But as regards the bishops and 
+    clergy, and things strictly appertaining to religion, its spiritual 
+    autocracy, which the great councils of the last century had aimed at 
+    breaking, was re-established, and has continued. The new situation, though 
+    it seemed to place the Popes on a humbler footing than in the days of 
+    Gregory VII. or Innocent III., was a healthy one. It confined them to their 
+    spiritual domain, and drove them to make the best of it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Until the decrees of the Council of Trent, the split between 
+    Protestants and Catholics was not definitely and irrevocably decided. Many 
+    on both sides had shrunk from admitting it. The Catholic world might seem to 
+    be narrowed by the defection of the Protestant States. But all the more 
+    clearly did it appear that a Church claiming to be universal is not 
+    concerned with political boundaries. The resistance to the spread of heresy 
+    had hitherto consisted of many local struggles, in which the repressive 
+    measures had emanated from the orthodox sovereigns, and had therefore been 
+    fitful and unconnected. But not long after the Tridentine reorganisation, 
+    the Pope appears again as commander-in-chief of the Catholic forces, 
+    surveying and directing combined operations from one end of Europe to the 
+    other. Pius IV. had been with difficulty prevented by Philip from 
+    excommunicating Elizabeth. Pius V had launched his bull, as we have seen, a 
+    few months too late (1570); and even then it was not allowed to be published 
+    in either Spain or France. The life of that Pope was wasted in earnest 
+    remonstrances with the Catholic sovereigns for not executing the sentence of 
+    the Church against the heretic Queen. Gregory XIII, who succeeded him just 
+    before the Bartholomew Massacre, took the attack into his own hands. He was 
+    a warm patron of the Jesuits, who were especially devoted to the 
+    centralising system re-established at Trent. He and they had made up their 
+    minds that England was the key of the Protestant position; that until 
+    Elizabeth was removed no advance was to be hoped for anywhere. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The decline of a religion may be accompanied by a positive 
+    increase of earnestness and activity on the part of its remaining votaries, 
+    deluding them into a belief that they are but passing through, or have 
+    successfully passed through, a period of temporary depression and eclipse. 
+    Among the Catholics of the latter part of the sixteenth century there was 
+    all the enthusiasm of a religious revival. In no place did this show itself 
+    more than at Oxford. There the weak points of popular movements have never 
+    been allowed to pass without challenge, and what is really valuable or 
+    beautiful in time worn faiths has been sure of receiving fair-play and 
+    something more. The gloss of the Reformation was already worn off. The 
+    worldly and carnal were its supporters and directors. It no longer demanded 
+    enthusiasm and sacrifice. It walked in purple and fine linen. Young men of 
+    quick intellect and high aspirations who, a generation earlier, would have 
+    been captivated by its fair promise and have thrown themselves into its 
+    current, yielded now to the eternal spell of the older Church, cleansed as 
+    she was of her pollutions, and purged of her dross by the discipline of 
+    adversity. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The leader of these Oxford enthusiasts was a young fellow of 
+    Oriel, William Allen. In the third year of Elizabeth, at the age of 
+    twenty-eight, he resigned the Principalship of St. Mary Hall. The next eight 
+    years were spent partly abroad, partly in secret missionary work in England, 
+    carried on at the peril of his life. The old priests, who with more or less 
+    concealment and danger continued to exercise their office among the English 
+    Catholics, were gradually dying off. In order to train successors to them, 
+    Allen founded an English seminary at Douai (1568). To this important step it 
+    was mainly due that the Catholic religion did not become extinct in this 
+    country. In the first five years of its existence the college at Douai sent 
+    nearly a hundred priests to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was the aim of Allen to put an end to the practical 
+    toleration allowed to Catholic laymen of the quieter sort. The Catholic who 
+    began by putting in the compulsory number of attendances at his parish 
+    church was likely to end by giving up his faith altogether. If he did not, 
+    his son would. Allen deliberately preferred a sweeping persecution--one that 
+    would make the position of Catholics intolerable, and ripen them for 
+    rebellion. He wanted martyrs. The ardent young men whom he trained at Douai 
+    and (after 1578) at Rheims, went back to their native land with the clear 
+    understanding that of all the services they could render to the Church the 
+    greatest would be to die under the hangman's knife. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Gregory XIII hoped great things from Allen's seminary, and 
+    furnished funds for its support. In 1579 Allen went to Rome, and enlisted 
+    the support of Mercurian, General of the Jesuits. Two English Jesuits, 
+    Robert Parsons and Edward Campion, exfellows of Balliol and St. John's, were 
+    selected as missionaries. Campion was eight years younger than Allen. He had 
+    had a brilliant career at Oxford, being especially distinguished for his 
+    eloquence. He was at that time personally known to both Cecil and the Queen, 
+    and enjoyed their favour. He took deacon's orders in 1568, but not long 
+    afterwards joined Allen at Douai, and formally abjured the Anglican Church. 
+    He had been six years a Jesuit when he was despatched on his dangerous 
+    mission to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Tired of waiting for the initiative of Philip, Gregory XIII. 
+    and the Jesuits had planned a threefold attack on Elizabeth in England, 
+    Scotland, and Ireland. In England a revivalist movement was to be carried on 
+    among the Catholics by the missionaries. Catholic writers have been at great 
+    pains to argue that this was a purely religious movement, prosecuted with 
+    the single object of saving souls. The Jesuits have always known their men 
+    and employed them with discrimination. Saving of souls was very likely the 
+    simple object of a man of Campion's saintly and exalted nature. He himself 
+    declared that he had been strictly forbidden to meddle with worldly concerns 
+    or affairs of State, and nothing inconsistent with this declaration was 
+    proved against him at his trial. But without laying any stress on statements 
+    extracted from prisoners under torture, we cannot doubt that his employers 
+    aimed at re-establishing Catholicism in England by rebellion and foreign 
+    invasion. This was thoroughly understood by every missionary who crossed the 
+    sea; and if Campion never alluded to it even in his most familiar 
+    conversations he must have had an extraordinary control over his tongue. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The evidence that the assassination of the Queen was a 
+    recognised part of the Jesuit plan, determined by the master spirits and 
+    accepted by all the subordinate agents, is perhaps not quite conclusive. If 
+    proved, it would only show that they were not more scrupulous than most 
+    statesmen and politicians of the time. Lax as sixteenth century notions were 
+    about political murder, there were always some consciences more tender than 
+    others. It is likely enough that Campion personally disapproved of such 
+    projects, and that they were not thrust upon his attention. But he can 
+    hardly have avoided being aware that they were contemplated by the less 
+    squeamish of his brethren. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Campion and Parsons came to England in disguise in the 
+    summer of 1580. Their mission was not a success. It only served to show how 
+    much more securely Elizabeth was seated on her throne than in the earlier 
+    years of her reign. In his letters to Rome, Campion boasts of the welcome he 
+    met with everywhere, the crowds that attended his preaching, the ardour of 
+    the Catholics, and the disrepute into which Protestantism was falling. He 
+    had evidently worked himself up to such a state of ecstasy that he was 
+    living in a world of his own imagination, and was no competent witness of 
+    facts. He crept about England in various disguises, and when he was in 
+    districts where the nobles and gentry favoured the old religion, he preached 
+    with a publicity which seems extraordinary to us in these days when the laws 
+    are executed with prompt uniformity by means of railways, telegraphs, and a 
+    well-organised police. In the sixteenth century England had nothing that can 
+    be called an organised machinery for the prevention and detection of crime. 
+    If an outbreak occurred the Government collected militia, and trampled it 
+    out with an energy that took no account of law and feared no consequences. 
+    But in ordinary times it had to depend on the local justices of the peace 
+    and parish constables, and if they were remiss the laws were a dead letter. 
+    There were no newspapers. The high-roads were few and bad. One parish did 
+    not know what was going on in the next. Campion could be passed on from one 
+    gentleman's house to another on horses quite as good as any officer of the 
+    Government rode, and could travel all over England without ever using a 
+    high-road or showing his face in a town. If he preached to a hundred people 
+    in some Lancashire village, Lord Derby did not want to know it, and before 
+    the news reached Burghley or Walsingham he would be in another county, or 
+    perhaps back in London--then, as now, the safest of all hiding-places. Thus, 
+    though a warrant was issued for his arrest as soon as he arrived in England, 
+    it was not till July in the next year (1581) that he was taken, after an 
+    unusually public and pro. tracted appearance in the neighbourhood of Oxford.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;He had little or nothing to show for his twelve months' 
+    tour, and this although the Government had, as Allen hoped, allowed itself 
+    to be provoked into an increase of severity which seems to have been quite 
+    unnecessary. The large majority of Catholic laymen would evidently have 
+    preferred that both Seminarists and Jesuits should keep away. They did not 
+    want civil war. They did not want to be persecuted. They were against a 
+    foreign invasion, without which they knew very well that Elizabeth could not 
+    be deposed. They were even loyal to her. They were content to wait till she 
+    should disappear in the course of nature and make room for the Queen of 
+    Scots. Mendoza writes to Philip that &amp;quot;they place themselves in the hands of 
+    God, and are willing to sacrifice life and all in the service, &lt;i&gt;but 
+    scarcely with that burning zeal which they ought to show&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;By the bull of Pius V, Englishmen were forbidden to 
+    acknowledge Elizabeth as their Queen; in other words, they were ordered to 
+    expose themselves to the penalties of treason. If the Pope would be 
+    satisfied with nothing less than this, it was quite certain that he would 
+    alienate most of his followers in England. Gregory XIII therefore had 
+    authorised the Jesuits to explain that although the Protestants, by &lt;i&gt;
+    willingly&lt;/i&gt; acknowledging the Queen, were incurring the damnation 
+    pronounced by the bull, Catholics would be excused for &lt;i&gt;unwillingly&lt;/i&gt; 
+    acknowledging her until some opportunity arrived for dethroning her. 
+    Protestant writers have exclaimed against this distinction as treacherous. 
+    It was perfectly reasonable. It represents, for instance, the attitude of 
+    every Alsatian who accords an unwilling recognition to the German Emperor. 
+    But the English Government intolerantly and unwisely made it the occasion 
+    for harassing the consciences of men who were most of them guiltless of any 
+    intention to rebel. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Amongst other persecuting laws passed early in 1581, was one 
+    which raised the fine for non-attendance at church to twenty pounds a month. 
+    Such a measure was calculated to excite much more wide-spread disaffection 
+    than the hanging of a few priests. It was not intended to be a &lt;i&gt;brutum 
+    fulmen&lt;/i&gt;. The names of all recusants in each parish were returned to the 
+    Council. They amounted to about 50,000, and the fines exacted became a not 
+    inconsiderable item in the royal revenue. That number certainly formed but a 
+    small portion of the Catholic population. But if all the rest had been in 
+    the habit of going to church, contrary to the Pope's express injunction, 
+    rather than pay a small fine, the Government ought to have seen that they 
+    were not the stuff of which rebels are made. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Campion, after being compelled by torture to disclose the 
+    names of his hosts in different counties, was called on to maintain the 
+    Catholic doctrines in a three days' discussion before a large audience 
+    against four Protestant divines, who do not seem to have been ashamed of 
+    themselves. He was offered pardon if he would attend once in church. As he 
+    steadfastly refused, he was racked again till his limbs were dislocated. 
+    When he had partially recovered he was put on his trial, along with several 
+    of his companions, not under any of the recent anti-catholic laws but under 
+    the ordinary statute of Edward III., for &amp;quot;compassing and imagining the 
+    Queen's death&amp;quot;--such a horror had the Burghleys and Walsinghams of anything 
+    like religious persecution! Being unable to hold up his hand to plead Not 
+    Guilty, &amp;quot;two of his companions raised it for him, first kissing the broken 
+    joints.&amp;quot; According to Mendoza (whom on other occasions we are invited to 
+    accept as a witness of truth), his nails had been torn from his fingers. 
+    Apart from his religious belief nothing treasonable was proved against him 
+    in deed or word. He acknowledged Elizabeth for his rightful sovereign, as 
+    the new interpretation of the papal bull permitted him to do, but he 
+    declined to give any opinion about the Pope's right to depose princes. This 
+    was enough for the judge and jury, and he was found guilty. At the place of 
+    execution he was again offered his pardon if he would deny the papal right 
+    of deposition, or even hear a Protestant sermon. He wished the Queen a long 
+    and quiet reign and all prosperity, but more he would not say. At the 
+    quartering &amp;quot;a drop of blood spirted on the clothes of a youth named Henry 
+    Walpole, to whom it came as a divine command. Walpole, converted on the 
+    spot, became a Jesuit, and soon after met the same fate on the same spot.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Mr. Froude's comment is that &amp;quot;if it be lawful in defence of 
+    national independence to kill open enemies in war, it is more lawful to 
+    execute the secret conspirator who is teaching doctrines in the name of God 
+    which are certain to be fatal to it.&amp;quot; It would perhaps be enough to remark 
+    that this reasoning amply justifies some of the worst atrocities of the 
+    French Revolution. Hallam and Macaulay have condemned it by anticipation in 
+    language which will commend itself to all who are not swayed by religious, 
+    or, what is more offensive, anti-religious bigotry.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Cruel as the English criminal law was, and long remained, it 
+    never authorised the use of torture to extract confession. The rack in the 
+    Tower is said to have made its appearance, with other innovations of 
+    absolute government, in the reign of Edward IV But it seems to have been 
+    little used before the reign of Elizabeth, under whom it became the ordinary 
+    preliminary to a political trial. For this the chief blame must rest 
+    personally on Burghley. Opinions may differ as to his rank as a statesman, 
+    but no one will contest his eminent talents as a minister of police. In the 
+    former capacity he had sufficient sense of shame to publish a Pecksniffian 
+    apology for his employment of the rack. &amp;quot;None,&amp;quot; he says, &amp;quot;of those who were 
+    at any time put to the rack were asked, during their torture, any question 
+    as to points of doctrine, but merely concerning their plots and 
+    conspiracies, and the persons with whom they had dealings, and &lt;i&gt;what was 
+    their own opinion&lt;/i&gt; as to the Pope's right to deprive the Queen of her 
+    crown.&amp;quot; What was this but a point of doctrine? The wretched victim who 
+    conscientiously believed it (as all Christendom once did), but wished to 
+    save himself by silence, was driven either to tell a lie or to consign 
+    himself to rope and knife. &amp;quot;The Queen's servants, the warders, whose office 
+    and act it is to handle the rack, were ever, by those that attended the 
+    examinations, specially charged to use it in so charitable a manner as such 
+    a thing might be.&amp;quot; It may be hoped that there are not many who would dissent 
+    from Hallam's remark that &amp;quot;such miserable excuses serve only to mingle 
+    contempt with our detestation.&amp;quot; He adds: &amp;quot;It is due to Elizabeth to observe 
+    that she ordered the torture to be disused.&amp;quot; I do not know what authority 
+    there is for this statement. Three years later the Protestant Archbishop of 
+    Dublin was puzzled how to torture the Catholic Archbishop of Cashel, because 
+    there was no &amp;quot;rack or other engine&amp;quot; in Dublin. Walsingham, on being 
+    consulted, suggested that his feet might be toasted against the fire, which 
+    was accordingly done. Some of the Anglican bishops, as might be expected 
+    from fanatics, were forward in recommending torture. But Cecil was no more 
+    of a fanatic than his mistress. What both of them cared for was not a 
+    particular religious belief--they bad both of them conformed to Popery under 
+    Queen Mary--but the sovereign's claim to prescribe religious belief, or 
+    rather religious profession, and they were provoked with the missionaries 
+    for thwarting them. Provoking it was, no doubt. But everything seems to show 
+    that it would have been better to pursue the earlier policy of the reign; to 
+    be content with enacting severe laws which practically were not put into 
+    execution. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The English branch of the Jesuit attack was, for political 
+    purposes, a dead failure. A few persons of rank, who at heart were Catholics 
+    before, were formally reconciled to the Pope. Mendoza claims that among them 
+    were six peers whose names he conceals. These peers, if he is to be 
+    believed, were treasonable enough in their designs. But, even by his 
+    account, they were determined not to stir unless a foreign army should have 
+    first entered England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;How far Mendoza's master was from seeing his way to attack 
+    England at this time was strikingly shown by his behaviour under the most 
+    audacious outrage that Elizabeth had yet inflicted on him. Some twelve 
+    months before (October 1580), Drake had returned from his famous voyage 
+    round the world. That voyage was nothing else than a piratical expedition, 
+    for which it was notorious that the funds had been mainly furnished by 
+    Elizabeth and Leicester. On sea and land Drake had robbed Philip of gold, 
+    silver, and precious stones to the value of at least Â£750,000. In vain did 
+    Mendoza clamour for restitution and talk about war. Elizabeth kept the 
+    booty, knighted Drake, and openly showed him every mark of confidence and 
+    favour. When Mendoza told her that as she would not hear words, they must 
+    come to cannon and see if she would hear them, she replied (&amp;quot;quietly in her 
+    most natural voice&amp;quot;) that, if he used threats of that kind, she would throw 
+    him into prison. The correspondence between the Spanish ambassador and his 
+    master shows that, however big they might talk about cannon, they felt 
+    themselves paralysed by Elizabeth's intimate relations with France. She had 
+    managed to keep free from any offensive alliance with Henry III. But at the 
+    first sound of the Spanish cannon she could have it. She was, therefore, 
+    secure. Probably the whole history of diplomacy does not show another 
+    instance of such a complicated balance of forces so dexterously manipulated.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Irish branch of the Papal attack, the landing of the 
+    legate Sanders, the insurrection of Desmond (1579-1583), the massacre of the 
+    Pope's Italian soldiers at Smerwick (1580), must be passed over here. It is 
+    enough to say that, in Ireland, too, the Catholics were beaten. We turn now 
+    to their attempt to get hold of Scotland (1579-1582). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Scotland was in a state of anarchy, from which it could only 
+    be rescued by an able and courageous king. The nobles, instead of becoming 
+    weaker, as elsewhere, had acquired a strength and independence greater even 
+    than their fathers had enjoyed. Thirty years earlier, the Church had 
+    possessed quite half the land of the country, and had steadily supported the 
+    crown. Almost the whole of this wealth had been seized in one form or 
+    another by the nobles. And though, as compared with English noblemen, they 
+    were still poor in money, they were much bigger men relatively to their 
+    sovereign. The power of the crown was extensive enough in theory. What was 
+    wanted was a king who should know how to convert it into a reality. That was 
+    more than any regent could do. Even Moray had not succeeded. The house of 
+    Douglas was one of the most powerful in Scotland, and Morton, who had been 
+    looked on as its head during the minority of the Earl of Angus, was an able 
+    and daring man. But he had not the large views, the public spirit, or the 
+    integrity of Moray. He was feared by all, hated by many, respected by none. 
+    As a mere party chief, no one would have been better able to hold his own. 
+    As representing the crown, he had every man's hand against him. To subsidise 
+    such a man was perfectly useless. If Elizabeth was to make his cause her 
+    own, she might just as well undertake the conquest of Scotland at once. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The essence of the good understanding between England and 
+    France was that both countries should keep their hands off Scotland. 
+    Elizabeth, knowing that if worst came to worst, she could always be 
+    beforehand with France in the northern kingdom, could afford to respect this 
+    arrangement, and she did mean to respect it, France, on the other hand, 
+    being also well aware of the advantage given to England by geographical 
+    situation, was always tempted to steal a march on her, and even when most 
+    desirous of her alliance, never quite gave up intrigues in Scotland. This 
+    was equally the case whatever party was uppermost at the French court, 
+    whether its policy was being directed by the King or by the Duke of Guise.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Jesuits looked on Guise as their fighting man, who was 
+    to do the work which they could not prevail on crowned heads to undertake. 
+    James, though only thirteen, had been declared of age. It was too late to 
+    think of deposing him. If his character was feeble, his understanding and 
+    acquirements were much beyond his years, and his preferences were already a 
+    force to be reckoned with in Scotch politics. His interests were evidently 
+    opposed to those of his mother. But the Jesuits hoped to persuade him that 
+    his seat would never be secure unless he came to a compromise with her on 
+    the terms that he was to accept the crown as her gift and recognise her 
+    joint-sovereignty. This would throw him entirely into the hands of the 
+    Catholic nobles, and would be a virtual declaration of war against 
+    Elizabeth. He would have to proclaim himself a Catholic, and call in the 
+    French. It was hoped that Philip, jealous though he had always been of 
+    French interference, would not object to an expedition warranted by the 
+    Jesuits and commanded by Guise, who was more and more sinking into a tool of 
+    Spain and Rome. A combined army of Scotch and French would pour across the 
+    Border. It would be joined by the English Catholics. Elizabeth would be 
+    deposed, and Mary set on the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was a pretty scheme on paper, but certain to break down 
+    in every stage of its execution. James might chaffer with his mother; but, 
+    young as he was, he knew well that she meant to overreach him. He would be 
+    glad enough to get rid of Morton, but he did not want to be a puppet in the 
+    hands of the Marians. He did not like the Presbyterian preachers; but the 
+    young pedant already valued himself on his skill in confuting the apologists 
+    of Popery. He resented Elizabeth's lectures; but he knew that his succession 
+    to the English crown depended on her good will, and he meant to keep on good 
+    terms with her. No approval of the scheme could be obtained from Philip, and 
+    if he did not peremptorily forbid the expedition, it was because he did not 
+    believe it would come off. If a French army had appeared in Scotland, it 
+    would have been treated as all foreigners were in that country. And finally, 
+    if, &lt;i&gt;per impossibile&lt;/i&gt;, the French and Scotch had entered England, they 
+    would have been overwhelmed by such an unanimous uprising of the English 
+    people of all parties and creeds as had never been witnessed in our history.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Historians, who would have us believe that Elizabeth was 
+    constantly bringing England to the verge of ruin by her stinginess and want 
+    of spirit, represent this combination as highly formidable. It required 
+    careful watching; but the only thing that could make it really dangerous was 
+    rash and premature employment of force by England--the course advocated not 
+    only by Burghley, but by the whole Council. Elizabeth seems to have stood 
+    absolutely alone in her opinion; but here, as always, though she allowed her 
+    ministers to speak their minds freely, she did not fear to act on her own 
+    judgment against their unanimous advice. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To carry out their schemes, Guise and the Jesuits sent to 
+    Scotland a nephew of the late Regent Lennox, EsmÃ© Stuart, who had been 
+    brought up in France, and bore the title of Count d'Aubigny (September 
+    1579). He speedily won the heart of the King, who created him Earl, and 
+    afterwards Duke of Lennox. Elizabeth soon obtained proof of his designs, and 
+    urged Morton to resist them by force. But the favourite, professing to be 
+    converted to Protestantism, enlisted the preachers on his side, and, by this 
+    unnatural coalition, Morton was brought to the scaffold (June 1581). During 
+    the interval between his arrest and execution, the English Council were 
+    urgent with Elizabeth to invade Scotland, rescue the Anglophile leader, and 
+    crush Lennox. She went all lengths in the way of threats. Lord Hunsdon was 
+    even ordered to muster an army on the Border. But this last step at once 
+    produced an energetic protest from the French ambassador; and in Scotland 
+    there was a general rally of all parties against the &amp;quot;auld enemies.&amp;quot; 
+    Elizabeth had never meant to make her threats good, and Morton was left to 
+    his fate. She was quite right not to invade Scotland; but, that being her 
+    intention, she should not have tempted Morton to treason by the promise of 
+    her protection. No male statesman would have been so insensible to dishonour.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The death of the man who, next to Moray, had been the 
+    mainstay of the Reformation and the scourge of the Marian party, was 
+    received with a shout of exultation from Catholic Europe. Already in their 
+    heated imaginations the Jesuits saw the Kirk overthrown and the vantage 
+    ground gained for an attack on England. Some modern historians--with less 
+    excuse, since they have the sequel before their eyes --make the same 
+    blunder. The situation was really unchanged. Morton, who had the true 
+    antipathy of a Scottish noble to clerics of all sorts, had plundered the 
+    Kirk ministers, and tried to bring them under the episcopal yoke. He had 
+    quarrelled with most of his old associates of the Congregation. It was their 
+    enmity quite as much as the attack of Lennox that had pulled him down. When 
+    he was out of the way they naturally reverted to an Anglophile policy. The 
+    weakness of the Catholic party was plainly shown by the fact that Lennox 
+    himself, the pupil of the Jesuits, never ventured to throw off the disguise 
+    of a heretic. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The further development of the Jesuit scheme met with 
+    difficulties on all sides. Most even of the Catholic lords were alarmed by 
+    the suggestion that James should hold the crown by the gift of his mother, 
+    because it would imply that hitherto he had not been lawful King; and this 
+    would invalidate their titles to all the lands they had grabbed from Church 
+    and crown during the last fourteen years. It would seem therefore that, if 
+    they had harassed the Government during all that time, it was from a liking 
+    for anarchy rather than from attachment to Mary. Two Jesuits, Crichton and 
+    Holt, who were sent in disguise to Scotland, found Lennox desponding. He was 
+    obliged to confess that, greatly as he had fascinated the King, he could not 
+    move him an inch in his religious opinions. On the contrary, James imagined 
+    that his controversial skill had converted Lennox, and was extremely proud 
+    of the feat. The only course remaining was to seize him, and send him to 
+    France or Spain, Lennox in the meantime administering the Government in the 
+    name of Mary. But to carry out this stroke, Lennox said he must have a 
+    foreign army. In view of the mutual jealousy of France and Spain it was 
+    suggested that, if Philip would furnish money underhand, the Pope might send 
+    an Italian army direct to Scotland, via the Straits of Gibraltar. Crichton 
+    went to Rome to arrange this precious scheme, and Holt was proceeding to 
+    Madrid. But Philip forbade him to come. If Lennox could convert James, or 
+    send him to Spain, well and good. But until one of these preliminaries was 
+    accomplished he was to expect no help from Philip. Nor were prospects more 
+    hopeful on the side of France. Mary from her prison implored Guise to 
+    undertake the long-planned expedition. But he would not venture it without 
+    the assent of his own sovereign and the King of Spain. While he was 
+    hesitating, the Anglophiles patched up their differences and got possession 
+    of the King's person (Raid of Ruthven, August 1582). His tears were 
+    unavailing. &amp;quot;Better bairns greet,&amp;quot; said the Master of Glamis, &amp;quot;than bearded 
+    men.&amp;quot; The favourite fled to France, where he died in the next year. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus once more had it been clearly shown that if the 
+    Anglophiles were left to depend on themselves they would not fail to do all 
+    that was necessary to safeguard English interests. &amp;quot;Anglophiles&amp;quot; is a 
+    convenient appellation. But, strictly speaking, there was no party in 
+    Scotland that loved England. There was a religious party to whom it was of 
+    the highest importance that Elizabeth should be safe and powerful. She was 
+    therefore certain of its co-operation. This party would not be always 
+    uppermost; for Scottish nobles were too selfish, too treacherous, too much 
+    interested in disorder to permit any stability. But, whether in power or in 
+    opposition, it would be able and it would be obliged to serve English 
+    interests. There was only one way in which it could be paralyzed or 
+    alienated, and that was by a recurrence on the part of England to the 
+    traditions of armed interference inherited by Elizabeth's councillors from 
+    Henry VIII, and the Protector Somerset. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such is the plain history of this Jesuit and Papal scheme 
+    which we are asked to believe was so dangerous to England and so 
+    inadequately handled by Elizabeth. She had not shown much concern for her 
+    honour. But her coolness, her intrepidity, her correct estimate of the 
+    forces with which she had to deal, her magnificent confidence in her own 
+    judgment, saved England from the endless expenditure of blood and treasure 
+    into which her advisers would have plunged, and prolonged the formal peace 
+    with her three principal neighbours, a peace of already unexampled duration, 
+    and of incalculable advantage to her country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The policy which Elizabeth had thus deliberately adopted 
+    towards Scotland she persisted in. The successful Anglophiles clamoured for 
+    pensions, and her ministers were for gratifying them. She was willing to 
+    give a moderate pension to James, but not a penny to the nobles. &amp;quot;Her 
+    servants and favourites,&amp;quot; she said, &amp;quot;professed to love her for her high 
+    qualities, AlenÃ§on for her beauty, and the Scots for her crown; but they all 
+    wanted the same thing in the end; they wanted nothing but her money, and 
+    they should not have it.&amp;quot; She had ascertained that James regarded his mother 
+    as his rival for the crowns of both kingdoms, and that, whatever he might 
+    sometimes pretend, his real wish was that she should be kept under lock and 
+    key. She had also satisfied herself that the Scottish noblemen on whom Mary 
+    counted would, with very few exceptions, throw every difficulty in the way 
+    of her restoration, out of regard for their own private interest--the only
+    &lt;i&gt;datum&lt;/i&gt; from which it was safe to calculate in dealing with a Scottish 
+    nobleman. She therefore felt herself secure. By communicating her knowledge 
+    to Mary she could show her the hopelessness of her intrigues in Scotland; 
+    while a resumption of friendly negotiations for her restoration would always 
+    be a cheap and effectual way of intimidating James. Thus she could look on 
+    with equanimity when his new favourite Stewart, Earl of Arran, again chased 
+    the Anglophiles into England ( December 1583). Arran himself urgently 
+    entreated her to accept him and his young master as the genuine Anglophiles. 
+    Walsingham's voice was still for war. But, with both factions at her feet 
+    and suing for her favour, Elizabeth had good reason to be satisfied with her 
+    policy of leaving the Scottish nobles to worry it out among themselves.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereight.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VIII: The Protectorate of the Netherlands: 1584-1586&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082626&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082626&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">20109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">films set in 16th century England and Europe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">films set in 16th century England and Europe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Films</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7689.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-film.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films-main.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films.gif&quot; width=&quot;302&quot; height=&quot;105&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Films&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Information about new Tudor-related films can be found 
+        at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmedia.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Media News&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;There have been many films made about the fascinating Tudors and they 
+      range from the sublime to the truly awful, rather like the many 
+      biographies which fill bookstores and bore readers.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-film.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton as Mary and Darnley from 1971's 'Mary Queen of Scots'&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; height=&quot;247&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;Vanessa 
+      Redgrave and Timothy Dalton as Mary and Darnley from 1971's 'Mary Queen of 
+      Scots'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Now if I could make a Tudor film, it would be 
+      a remake of 1971's 'Mary, Queen of Scots' (shown above) with Cate Blanchett as Elizabeth 
+      and Gwyneth Paltrow as Mary.&amp;nbsp; Sadly, no one seems willing to loan me 
+      the money for such a project.....&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England: Contents&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The films are 
+      listed in chronological order and this list is not definitive.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=231 
+      alt=&quot;Joseph Fiennes and Cate Blanchett in 1998's 'Elizabeth'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films3.jpg&quot; width=150 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0282100&quot;&gt;THE PRINCE 
+      AND THE PAUPER (1909 through 2000)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;There 
+      have been numerous adaptations of the classic Mark Twain novel which 
+      begins during the final days of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; This link will 
+      take you to the most recent version.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0024473&quot;&gt;THE PRIVATE LIFE OF HENRY VIII 
+      (1933)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars the great 
+      Charles Laughton as King Henry and beautiful Merle Oberon as Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's the first 'Tudor movie' I ever watched and still one of the best.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can be purchased on video.&amp;nbsp; Interesting note - Laughlin's 
+      real-life wife, Elsa Lanchester, plays Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The two later 
+      co-starred in Billy Wilder's superb adaptation of Agatha Christie's 
+      'Witness for the Prosecution', - check it out, it's a fun, suspenseful 
+      film with a different twist ending from the book.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0027948&quot;&gt;MARY OF SCOTLAND 
+      (1936)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is based upon a 
+      Maxwell Anderson play, and stars Katharine Hepburn as Mary Stuart and the 
+      great Fredric March as Bothwell.&amp;nbsp; It was directed by John Ford.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can't be purchased; check the cable listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0028872&quot;&gt;FIRE OVER 
+      ENGLAND (1937)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Vivien Leigh and Laurence 
+      Olivier play lovers against the backdrop of Anglo-Spanish intrigue, with 
+      Flora Robson as Queen Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; This is a nice, swashbuckling 
+      romance with intrigue and intelligent dialogue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0031826&quot;&gt;THE PRIVATE LIVES OF ELIZABETH AND 
+      ESSEX (1939)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;also called 
+      &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth and Essex &lt;/I&gt;and &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth the Queen&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;This film is based upon the Maxwell Anderson play, as was &lt;I&gt;Anne 
+      of the Thousand Days&lt;/I&gt; (below) and &lt;I&gt;Mary of Scotland&lt;/I&gt; 
+      (above).&amp;nbsp; It has an interesting cast - Bette Davis in her first 
+      incarnation as Queen Elizabeth, the great Errol Flynn as Essex, and Vincent Price 
+      (before he was typecast in horror films) as 
+      Walter Raleigh.&amp;nbsp; It can't be purchased; check the cable 
+      listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=224 
+      alt=&quot;Gwyneth Paltrow and Joseph Fiennes in 1998's 'Shakespeare in Love'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films-main.jpg&quot; width=171 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0046564&quot;&gt;YOUNG BESS 
+      (1953)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Based upon the Margaret Irwin 
+      novel, which has recently been reissued, this film stars Jean Simmons as 
+      Elizabeth Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Charles Laughton reprises his role as Henry VIII 
+      from &lt;I&gt;The Private Life of Henry VIII&lt;/I&gt; (above).&amp;nbsp; The plot is 
+      primarily concerned with Elizabeth's relationship with Thomas Seymour, and 
+      takes great historical liberties; it is entertaining and well done.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can be purchased on video.&amp;nbsp; And read Irwin's work, too - she's 
+      incredible.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0046387&quot;&gt;THE SWORD 
+      AND THE ROSE (1953)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film tells the 
+      story of Henry VIII's youngest sister Mary and her forbidden love affair 
+      with Charles Brandon.&amp;nbsp; I haven't seen it but several visitors have 
+      told me it's wonderful; you can purchase it on VHS.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0048791&quot;&gt;THE VIRGIN QUEEN 
+      (1955)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Once again, Bette Davis 
+      plays Queen Elizabeth; Richard Todd plays Raleigh and Joan Collins is his 
+      true love.&amp;nbsp; I recently watched it again on AMC; it's colorized and 
+      the men wear a lot of wacky-colored clothes (which is actually realistic, 
+      though jarring.)&amp;nbsp; The dialogue is 
+      witty and Bette Davis is always fun to watch.&amp;nbsp; It can be purchased on 
+      video; also, check the cable listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0060665&quot;&gt;A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS 
+      (1966)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is based on 
+      Robert Bolt's play and stars Paul Scofield as Sir Thomas More, executed 
+      for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as head of the English church.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This is a great film worth watching on its own merits, even without its 
+      Tudor connections.&amp;nbsp; The story of More's refusal to betray his 
+      conscience is justly famous and the film is a wonderful tribute to his 
+      life and accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; It is available on dvd.&amp;nbsp; Look out for 
+      the uncredited cameo of Vanessa Redgrave as Anne Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0064030&quot;&gt;ANNE OF THE THOUSAND DAYS 
+      (1969)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars Genevieve 
+      Bujold as Anne Boleyn and Richard Burton as Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+      entertaining, the supporting actors are good, and Bujold's performance has 
+      grown on me; she shows the vulnerability beneath Anne's wit and charm.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's based upon Maxwell Anderson's play.&amp;nbsp; If they remade this film, 
+      wouldn't Virginie Ledoyen be the perfect Anne?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;  
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=258 
+      alt=&quot;Richard Burton and Genevieve Bujold in 1969's 'Anne of the Thousand Days'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films4.jpg&quot; width=171 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0066714&quot;&gt;THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This is a great Masterpiece 
+      Theatre series which was shown on PBS in America.&amp;nbsp; It stars Keith 
+      Michell as Henry VIII and is divided into six parts, one for each 
+      wife.&amp;nbsp; It was recently released on dvd.&amp;nbsp; I have written a review 
+      of the dvd at Amazon.com; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fcm%2fmember-reviews%2f-%2fA18JIM9I1DKVJU%2fref%3dcm%5faya%5frev%5fall%2f102-8493939-9158525&quot;&gt;click 
+      here to read it&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Michell later appeared 
+      in &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0070170&quot;&gt;a film version of the 
+      series&lt;/A&gt;, much shortened, of course, and with different actresses 
+      portraying the wives.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0067402&quot;&gt;MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I should admit that I am a 
+      fan of Vanessa Redgrave and thus suitably biased, but this is an 
+      entertaining movie.&amp;nbsp; It also features the equally great Glenda Jackson 
+      as Queen Elizabeth, a role she reprised in the Masterpiece Theatre series, 
+      &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth R&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Redgrave was nominated for the Best Actress 
+      Oscar for her role.&amp;nbsp; In the film there is a meeting between the two 
+      queenly cousins, - the meeting never occurred in real life, though Mary 
+      desperately wished for it.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Patrick McGoohan, aka 
+      Danger Man and Number Six, is 
+      suitably evil as Moray and Timothy Dalton is a thoroughly repulsive 
+      Darnley.&amp;nbsp; (I think everyone can agree that playing Darnley is a 
+      thankless task.)&amp;nbsp; The sets and costumes are a wonderful evocation of the 
+      Tudor era.&amp;nbsp; The same production team made &lt;I&gt;Anne of the Thousand 
+      Days&lt;/I&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0066652&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH R 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This Masterpiece Theatre 
+      mini-series starring Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth is fantastic.&amp;nbsp; And 
+      it was recently released on dvd, with lots of extras.&amp;nbsp; I have written 
+      a review of the dvd at Amazon.com; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fcm%2fmember-reviews%2f-%2fA18JIM9I1DKVJU%2fref%3dcm%5faya%5frev%5fall%2f102-8493939-9158525&quot;&gt;click 
+      here to read it&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's worth the expense.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Jackson is incomparable and the series itself is wonderful.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The mini-series format gives the story enough time to unfold and what a 
+      fascinating, engrossing story it is - the great events of Elizabeth's 
+      reign, the facets of her character, her interminable marriage 
+      negotiations..... these are treated in detail and with commendable 
+      historical accuracy.&amp;nbsp; The supporting actors - Mary, queen of Scots, 
+      Dudley, Cecil (William and Robert), Bacon, Essex, etc - are also superb.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0091374&quot;&gt;LADY JANE 
+      (1986)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This popular film stars 
+      Helena Bonham Carter as Lady Jane Grey and the very handsome Cary Elwes as Guilford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; The movie, like many Tudor flicks, is less 
+      than accurate in the facts department, mostly concerning Jane and 
+      Guilford's marriage.&amp;nbsp; But the invented 'love story' between them is 
+      well done and saves the film from being too depressing.&amp;nbsp; I had the 
+      pleasure of seeing Jane Lapotaire, who plays Princess Mary in this film, 
+      portray Katharine of Aragon at a RSC production of 'Henry VIII'.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;I&gt;Lady Jane&lt;/I&gt; is finally available on dvd.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Colin Firth and Judi Dench in 'Shakespeare in Love'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;229&quot; height=&quot;174&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0138097&quot;&gt;SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE 
+      (1998)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars Gwyneth Paltrow as the fictional Lady Viola de Lesseps and Joseph Fiennes as 
+      Shakespeare.&amp;nbsp; Judi Dench appears briefly as Queen Elizabeth I; though 
+      her time on screen is short, she is unforgettable.&amp;nbsp; There are 
+      numerous supporting actors who also shine.&amp;nbsp; The costumes, sets, and 
+      musical score are also wonderful.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Paltrow and 
+      Fiennes are lovely together; the script is witty and fun; and the ending 
+      is spectacular.&amp;nbsp; This is one of the few films I've seen that 
+      successfully mixes genres.&amp;nbsp; And it's almost as if the actors themselves knew they were 
+      in a great film.&amp;nbsp; Their performances are confident and 
+      enthusiastic.&amp;nbsp; This is truly a joy to watch.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;I went to see this film on a whim and then promptly forced family 
+      and friends to watch it with me.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Some naysayers have written to me in disagreement and all of their complaints 
+      are directed against Paltrow.&amp;nbsp; I think she is perfect in the role; 
+      even her scenes as the cross-dressing Thomas Kent are great.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      opinions can differ - and even if you dislike her performance, there is 
+      much else to recommend the film.&lt;br&gt;Both Shakespeare in Love and Elizabeth 
+      were released around the same time in 1998.&amp;nbsp; Ironically, as it turned 
+      out, I was really looking forward to Elizabeth and didn't give SIL a 
+      thought.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;There are 
+      numerous &lt;I&gt;Shakespeare in Love&lt;/I&gt; fan sites; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fHollywood%2fStudio%2f5740%2fSILwebring.htm&quot;&gt;visit 
+      their webring&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0127536&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+      (1998)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film  stars Cate Blanchett as the Virgin 
+      Queen.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I disliked this film when I first saw it, 
+      though I admired the visuals.&amp;nbsp; The cinematography and costuming were 
+      excellent; some of the acting was impressive, particularly Blanchett and 
+      Christopher Eccleston as Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; (When are they ever bad?)&amp;nbsp; But I found the story and 
+      direction to be muddled and overwrought, as was the score.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Part of my disappointment was doubtless caused by my &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fintro.html&quot;&gt;Tudoritis&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I 
+      was looking forward to the film and wouldn't have been easily 
+      satisfied.&amp;nbsp; But my movie-going companion, who does not suffer from 
+      Tudoritis, remarked, 'This isn't just a bad Tudor film.&amp;nbsp; It's a bad 
+      film, period.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I recently watched it again.&amp;nbsp; And 
+      again, I admired Blanchett's performance and the costumes were still 
+      spectacular.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      I still wonder why they felt the need to rewrite one of the most 
+      compelling female lives of all time.&amp;nbsp; And did Elizabeth live in a 
+      cathedral?!?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The official website has been taken 
+      down, but Geocities.com hosts a
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsouthbeach%2fkeys%2f4122&quot;&gt;nice fan page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0357392&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;THE OTHER BOLEYN GIRL (2003)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This film is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory's popular 
+      novel.&amp;nbsp; It was produced by the BBC and stars Natasha McElhone as Mary 
+      Boleyn and Jodhi May as Anne.&amp;nbsp; The film premiered in the UK in spring 
+      2003.&amp;nbsp; As of October '03, it hasn't aired in the US and isn't currently scheduled for sale 
+      anywhere.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bbc.co.uk%2fdrama%2fboleyn.shtml&quot;&gt;Click here to visit the 
+      BBC's official website for the film&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Click the above IMDB.com 
+      link to check its release schedule.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Drew Barrymore and Dougray Scott in 'Ever After'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;181&quot;&gt;Two other films set in the 16th century are also worth watching:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0110963&quot;&gt;LA REINE MARGOT (QUEEN 
+      MARGOT)(1994)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I love this French film starring 
+      the incomparable Isabelle Adjani as Marguerite, daughter of Catherine 
+      d'Medici and princess of France.&amp;nbsp; It's a wonderful story with great 
+      historical accuracy.&amp;nbsp; And can you believe Adjani was 38 when she made 
+      this film?&amp;nbsp; Let's hope it will be released on dvd in the US 
+      soon.&amp;nbsp; Until then, read the Alexandre Dumas novel upon which it's 
+      based.&amp;nbsp; I think it's one of his more entertaining 
+      works.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0120631&quot;&gt;EVER AFTER (1998)&lt;/A&gt; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is a retelling of the Cinderella story set in 
+      16th century France.&amp;nbsp; Drew Barrymore plays the heroine who triumphs 
+      over the ugly stepsisters and evil stepmother.&amp;nbsp; It's very 
+      entertaining; the 
+      performances are fun, the costumes beautiful, and the romance 
+      endearing.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The official movie site is still up; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.foxmovies.com%2feverafter&quot;&gt;click here to 
+      visit&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;In order, the images are from 'Elizabeth', 
+      'Shakespeare in Love', 'Anne of the Thousand Days', 'Shakespeare in Love', 
+      'Ever After'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082548&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082548&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4799</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH845f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynhoward.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;705&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynhoward.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Boleyn-Howard Connection&quot; width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;262&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Many
+
+historians and biographers mention that Catherine Howard was related in
+
+some way to Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Historically, they are joined by a gruesome
+
+bond - they were the only two wives executed by King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+
+married Henry just four years after Anne's execution; yet during those
+
+four years, he had married two other women (Jane Seymour and Anne of Cleves.)
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Catherine and Anne were first cousins.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's
+
+father, Lord Edmund Howard, was the brother of Anne Boleyn's mother, Lady
+
+Elizabeth Howard.&amp;nbsp; Edmund and Elizabeth were the children of Thomas
+
+Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; However, despite their close familial
+
+ties, the two women never met.&amp;nbsp; There are many obvious reasons for
+
+this - first of all, Anne was about fifteen years older than Catherine.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Secondly, the Norfolk family was a tangled collection of cousins (far too
+
+many to list here) and, since Catherine was one of many children of a poor
+
+younger son, her status was relatively unimportant in the mid-1530s.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Third, and perhaps most important, Anne Boleyn disliked her uncle Thomas
+
+Howard, the 3rd duke of Norfolk (and formerly earl of Surrey) - he was
+
+conniving, opportunistic, and arrogant.&amp;nbsp;  This perhaps affected her
+
+relationships with all her Norfolk cousins; the only family member she
+
+was noticeably close to was her brother, George.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Anne and Norfolk were
+
+never close and he only barely managed to hide his dislike while she was
+
+queen.&amp;nbsp; When she was arrested and tried, he made&amp;nbsp;haste
+
+to distance himself from her at all costs.&amp;nbsp; He also attended her trial and 
+    passed judgment against her.&amp;nbsp; His groveling was effective
+
+- and still worked four years later when yet another niece (Catherine Howard)
+
+was arrested.&amp;nbsp; At Catherine's arrest, virtually every member of the
+
+Norfolk family was taken to the Tower - except the duke.&amp;nbsp; His frantic
+
+letter to Henry VIII included insults of all his imprisoned relatives,
+
+most importantly the 'abominable deeds' of Anne and Catherine.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+was certainly an unappealing character but, unlike so many others, he managed
+
+to survive in the treacherous Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; Later imprisoned and with
+
+his goods seized by the king, Norfolk was condemned to death.&amp;nbsp; Luckily, and 
+    ironically, Henry
+
+VIII died without signing the warrant for his execution.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to the 
+    Catherine Howard website&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082684&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082684&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4804</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident, 1524</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9c15.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1524.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1524.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1524: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident&quot; width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;105&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;was written by George Cavendish, Cardinal Wolsey's gentleman-usher.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was a superb athlete but, as he grew older, his 
+      prowess often came at the expense of his health.&amp;nbsp; Historians have 
+      speculated that the injuries he suffered may have contributed to his 
+      increasingly bad headaches (and correspondingly short temper.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;On 10 March the king, having a new armor made to his own design
+and fashion, such as no armorer before that time had seen, though to test
+the same at the tilt, and ordered a joust for the purpose.&amp;nbsp; The lord
+marquis of Dorset and the earl of Dorset and the earl of Surrey were appointed
+to be on foot: the king came to one end of the tilt and the duke of Suffolk
+to the other.&amp;nbsp; Then a gentleman said to the duke: 'Sir the king is
+come to the end of the tilt.'&amp;nbsp; 'I see him not,' said the duke, 'by
+my faith, for my headpiece blocks my sight.'&amp;nbsp; With these words, God
+knows by what chance, the king had his spear delivered to him by the lord
+Marquis, the visor of his headpiece being up and not down or fastened,
+so that his face as quite naked.&amp;nbsp; The gentleman said to the duke:
+'Sir the king is coming.' &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Then the duke set forward and charged with his spear, and the king likewise
+unadvisedly set off towards the duke.&amp;nbsp; The people, seeing the king's
+face bare, cried hold, hold; the duke neither saw nor heard, and whether
+the king remembered his visor was up or not few could tell.&amp;nbsp; Alas,
+what sorrow was it to the people when they saw the splinters of duke's
+spear strike the king's headpiece.&amp;nbsp; For most certainly the duke struck
+the king on the brow right under the guard of the headpiece on the very
+skull cap or basinet piece to which the barbette is hinged for strength
+and safety, which skull cap or basinet no armorer takes heed of, for it
+is always covered by the visor, barbette and volant piece, and thus that
+piece is so protected that it takes no weight.&amp;nbsp; But when the spear
+landed on that place there was great danger of death since the face was
+bare, for the duke's spear broke into splinters and pushed the king's visor
+or barbette so far back with the counter blow that all the King's head
+piece was full of splinters.&amp;nbsp; The armorers were much blamed for this,
+and so was the lord marquise for delivering the spear blow when his face
+was open, but the king said that no one was to blame but himself, for he
+intended to have saved himself and his sight.
+&lt;p&gt;The duke immediately disarmed and came to the king, showing him the
+closeness of his sight, and he swore that he would never run against the
+king again.&amp;nbsp; But if the king had been even a little hurt, his servants
+would have put the duke in jeopardy.&amp;nbsp; Then the king called his armorers
+and put all his pieces of armor together and then took a spear and ran
+six courses very well, by which all men could see that he had taken no
+hurt, which was a great joy and comfort to all his subjects present.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082596&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082596&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11563</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9e41.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;EARLY LIFE: 1533-1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; HAVE to deal, under strict limitations of 
+    space, with a long life, almost the whole of its adult period passed in the 
+    exercise of sovereignty--a life which is in effect the history of England 
+    during forty-five years, abounding at the same time in personal interest, 
+    and the subject, both in its public and private aspects, of fierce and 
+    probably interminable controversies. Evidently a bird's-eye view is all that 
+    can be attempted; and the most important episodes alone can be selected for 
+    consideration. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The daughter of Henry VIII and 
+    Anne Boleyn was born on 6 September 1533. Anne was niece of Thomas, third 
+    Duke of Norfolk, and all the great Howard kinsmen attended at the baptism 
+    four days afterwards. &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; was 
+    two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded, and she herself 
+    was declared illegitimate by Act of Parliament. It is not recorded that in 
+    after years she expressed any opinion about her mother or ever mentioned her 
+    name. She never took any steps to get the Act of Attainder repealed; but 
+    perhaps she indirectly showed her belief in Anne's innocence by raising the 
+    son of Norris, her alleged paramour, to the peerage, and by the great favour 
+    she always showed to his family. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During her father's life 
+    Elizabeth lived chiefly at Hatfield with her brother Edward, under a 
+    governess. Henry had been empowered by Parliament in 1536 to settle the 
+    succession by his will. In 1544 he caused an Act to be passed placing Mary 
+    and Elizabeth next in order of succession after Edward. By his will, made a 
+    few days before his death, he repeated the provisions of the Act of 1544, 
+    and placed next to Elizabeth the daughters of his younger sister, the 
+    Duchess of Suffolk, tacitly passing over his elder sister, the Queen of 
+    Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;After her father's death 
+    (January 1547) Elizabeth, then a girl of thirteen, went to reside with the 
+    Queen Dowager Catherine, who had not been many weeks a widow before she 
+    married her old lover Thomas Seymour, the Lord Admiral, brother of the 
+    Protector Somerset, described as &amp;quot;fierce in courage, courtly in fashion, in 
+    personage stately, in voice magnificent, but somewhat empty of matter.&amp;quot; The 
+    romping that soon began to go on between this dangerous man and Elizabeth 
+    was of such a nature that early in the next year Catherine found it 
+    necessary to send her away somewhat abruptly. From that time she resided 
+    chiefly at Hatfield. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In August 1548 Catherine died, 
+    and the Admiral at once formed the project of marrying Elizabeth. This and 
+    other ambitious designs brought him to the scaffold (March 1549). It does 
+    not appear that Elizabeth saw or directly corresponded with him after he was 
+    a widower. But she listened to his messages, and dropped remarks of an 
+    encouraging kind which she meant to be repeated to him. She knew perfectly 
+    well that the marriage would not be permitted. She was only flirting with a 
+    man old enough to be her father just as she afterwards flirted with men 
+    young enough to be her sons. We already get a glimpse of the utter absence 
+    both of delicacy and depth of feeling which characterised her through life. 
+    When she heard of the Admiral's execution she simply remarked, &amp;quot;This day 
+    died a man with much wit and very little judgment.&amp;quot; With Elizabeth the heart 
+    never really spoke, and if the senses did, she had them under perfect 
+    control. And this was why she never loved or was loved, and never has been 
+    or will be regarded with enthusiasm by either man or woman. For some time 
+    after this scandal she was evidently somewhat under a cloud. She lived at 
+    her manor-houses of Ashridge, Enfield, and Hatfield, diligently pursuing her 
+    studies under the celebrated scholar Ascham. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Edward died (6 July 1553) 
+    Elizabeth was nearly twenty. Although Mary's cause was her own, she remained 
+    carefully neutral during the short queen-ship of Jane. On its collapse she 
+    hastened to congratulate her sister, and rode by her side when she made her 
+    entry into London. During the early part of Mary's reign her life hung by a 
+    thread. The slightest indiscretion would have been fatal to her. Wyatt's 
+    insurrection was made avowedly in her favour. But neither to that nor any 
+    other conspiracy did she extend the smallest encouragement. Her prudent and 
+    blameless conduct gave her the more right in after years to deal severely 
+    with Mary Stuart, whose behaviour under precisely similar circumstances was 
+    so very different. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Renard, the Spanish ambassador, 
+    demanded her execution as the condition of the Spanish match, and Mary 
+    assured him that she would do her best to satisfy him. In the time of Henry 
+    VIII. such an intention on the part of the sovereign would have been 
+    equivalent to a sentence of death. But Mary was far from being as powerful 
+    as her father. The Council had to be reckoned with, and in the Council 
+    independent and even peremptory language was now to be heard. It was not 
+    without strong protests on the part of some of the Lords that Elizabeth was 
+    sent to the Tower, Sussex, a noble of the old blood, who was charged to 
+    conduct her there, took upon him to delay her departure, that she might 
+    appeal to the Queen for an interview. Mary was furious: &amp;quot;For their lives,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;they durst not have acted so in her father's time; she wished he 
+    was alive and among them for a single month.&amp;quot; But it was usless to storm. 
+    The absolute monarchy had seen its best days. Sussex, fearing foul play, 
+    warned the Lieutenant of the Tower to keep within his written instructions. 
+    Howard of Effingham, the Lord Admiral, had done more than any one else to 
+    place Mary on the throne. But he was Elizabeth's great-uncle, and he angrily 
+    insisted that her food in the Tower should be prepared by her own servants. 
+    A proposal in Parliament to give the Queen the power to nominate a successor 
+    was received with such disfavour that it had to be withdrawn. Finally the 
+    judges declared that there was no evidence to convict Elizabeth. Sullenly 
+    therefore the Queen had to give way. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth was sent to 
+    Woodstock, where she resided for about a year under guard. This was only 
+    reasonable. An heir to the throne, in whose favour there had been plots, 
+    could not expect complete freedom. In October 1555 she was allowed to go to 
+    Hatfield under the surveillance of Sir Thomas Pope. During the rest of the 
+    reign she escaped molestation by outward conformity to the Catholic 
+    religion, and by taking no part whatever in politics. But as it became clear 
+    that her accession was at hand there can be no doubt that she was engaged in 
+    studying the problems with which she would have to deal. She was already in 
+    close intimacy with Cecil, and it is evident that she mounted the throne 
+    with a policy carefully thought out in its main lines. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary was known to be 
+    dying, the Spanish ambassador, Feria, called on Elizabeth, and told her that 
+    his master had exerted his influence with the Queen and Council on her 
+    behalf, and had secured her succession. But she declined to be patronised, 
+    and told him that the people and nobility were on her side. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwo.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    II: The Change of Religion: 1559&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082620&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082620&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41570</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources Mary Tudor sister of King Henry VIII grandmother of Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb51b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Cloth of Gold and Cloth of Frieze&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; height=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon2.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;494&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The marriage portrait of Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, was Henry VIII's closest 
+
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Brandon's father was Henry VII's standard-bearer at the Battle of 
+
+Bosworth Field and died defending the future king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII repaid his 
+
+loyalty by educating young Charles with his own children, and from the beginning 
+
+Charles and the future Henry VIII were devoted friends.&amp;nbsp; But their 
+
+friendship was sorely tested when Brandon secretly married Henry's favorite 
+
+sister, the beautiful Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; At this page, you can learn 
+
+more about their romantic story and its aftermath.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon had an inauspicious beginning and his rise to wealth and 
+prominence was due largely to two things: his father's death at Bosworth Field 
+and his own personal magnetism.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1545, Brandon was 
+perhaps the only person in England who had successfully retained Henry VIII's 
+affection for over forty turbulent years. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His father was William Brandon, Henry Tudor's standard 
+bearer at Bosworth Field in 1485.&amp;nbsp; He was reportedly killed there by 
+Richard III himself.&amp;nbsp; Around 1480 or so, William had married the daughter 
+and heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn of South Ockendon in Essex.&amp;nbsp; But unlike his 
+respectable, middle-class forebears who had led exemplary and cautious 
+lives, William had a tasste for politics.&amp;nbsp; When the Duke of Gloucester 
+seized the throne in 1483 and declared himself Richard III, William and his 
+younger brother Thomas decided to make a stand.&amp;nbsp; They joined the duke of 
+Buckingham's rebellion; it failed and the brothers fled to Brittany where they 
+joined other Lancastrian exiles who supported Henry Tudor, the earl of Richmond.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When William fled England, his wife was already 
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon was born sometime in late 1483 or early 
+1484.&amp;nbsp; His mother died in childbirth and, upon his grandfather's death in 
+1491, the orphaned boy went to the royal court.&amp;nbsp; This was the custom of the 
+time but since Brandon was not heir to an important title or great wealth, his 
+case was decided more on sentiment.&amp;nbsp; He had a claim on Henry Tudor's affections 
+since his father had died in his service.&amp;nbsp; That demonstration of loyalty at 
+Bosworth meant a great deal to the first Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; Since Charles was 
+just two years older than Henry's first son, Prince Arthur, it is probable that 
+they were playmates. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Arthur married the Spanish princess Katharine of 
+Aragon in 1502, his court moved to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches, the 
+traditional seat of the Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not accompany the 
+royal couple but remained in London as companion to Arthur's younger 
+brother, Henry duke of York. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Though seven years older than Henry, Charles shared his 
+most prominent characteristics - natural athleticism, robust physical health 
+(unlike the delicate Arthur), and a devotion to all sports (wrestling, hunting, 
+tilting and jousting, etc.)&amp;nbsp; During these adolescent years, the two boys 
+laid the foundation for a lifelong friendship.&amp;nbsp; Arthur died just months 
+after his wedding and, in 1509, the duke of York succeeded to the throne.&amp;nbsp; 
+This marked the real beginning of Charles Brandon's rise to prominence and 
+privilege. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But before 1509, young Charles had undergone an 
+embarrassing marital situation which revealed his ambition and 
+callousness.&amp;nbsp; In 1505, he had become engaged to Anne Browne, a young woman 
+of impressive lineage; her father was  Anthony Browne, Governor of Calais, 
+and her mother was Lucy Neville, niece of the 'Kingmaker.'&amp;nbsp; Charles and 
+Anne were betrothed &lt;I&gt;per verba de praesenti&lt;/I&gt;, a binding contract under 
+canon law.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, there was no ceremony or witnesses; as one can 
+imagine, this led to several unpleasant cases of men and (more rarely) women 
+repudiating their betrothed &lt;I&gt;if&lt;/I&gt; they lacked proper respect for church 
+law.&amp;nbsp; Charles apparently did.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne slept together, as 
+evidenced by the birth of a daughter in 1506, but he did not marry her.&amp;nbsp; 
+Instead, he married her aunt, a very wealthy widow named Margaret Neville 
+Mortimer.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was never taken seriously due to its mercenary 
+nature and, more importantly, legal action begun by Anne's angry family.&amp;nbsp; 
+Eventually, the Mortimer marriage was annulled due to the previous contract and 
+Charles married Anne in a well-attended public ceremony.&amp;nbsp; They had another 
+daughter in 1510; Anne Browne died just two years later. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By late 1512, Charles had recovered from his grief enough 
+to contemplate yet another union.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps even more mercenary 
+since his betrothed was an eight-year-old orphan.&amp;nbsp; It was common practice 
+for the Crown to assume guardianship of an orphaned minor child who had 
+inherited property.&amp;nbsp; The Crown then sold the guardianship to the highest 
+bidder, often the child's own relatives who wanted to receive the property 
+revenues until the child came of age and decide whom they would marry.&amp;nbsp; 
+Charles had been given the wardship of Elizabeth Grey, the heiress to Lord Lisle 
+of Sparsholt in Berkshire.&amp;nbsp; This, along with various offices, grants &amp;amp; 
+pensions, was a mark of Henry's continued favor.&amp;nbsp; In early 1513, Charles 
+announced his engagement to the girl and, on 15 May 1513, the king created him 
+Viscount Lisle, in right of his betrothed wife.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon finally 
+had a noble title and even more property. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That same year, the new Lord Lisle accompanied the king to 
+France and also helped entertain the Hapsburg Emperor Maximilian and his 
+twice-widowed, 33-year-old daughter, Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; 
+For Henry, the meeting was also a diplomatic necessity since, in 1508, his 
+father had entered into a formal contract of marriage between his youngest 
+daughter, Mary, and Maximilian's son, Charles of Castile.&amp;nbsp; But over the 
+next few years, little mention had been made of the contract.&amp;nbsp; Henry used 
+the visit to broach the subject; the end result was an agreement that Princess Mary and Charles 
+would wed in 1514, after Charles had reached his 14th birthday. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Lisle made a fool of himself by flirting 
+with Margaret.&amp;nbsp; There is little chance she truly favored him, and certainly 
+none that she planned to marry him, but they flirted, Henry translating for his 
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Charles Brandon was demonstrating his heavy-handed 
+flair for the ladies.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he greatly offended Margaret by 
+encouraging gossip about their meeting.&amp;nbsp; In particular, it stressed her 
+attraction to him and a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; As a Hapsburg princess, she was 
+not amused and Henry VIII was forced to make a public apology.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+not angry with his friend; on 1 February 1514, he created Charles the duke of 
+Suffolk, the title once held by the Yorkist de la Poles.&amp;nbsp; He also received 
+the majority of their confiscated estates.&amp;nbsp; This elevation was remarkable; 
+it meant that Suffolk was one of only three dukes in the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The 
+other two were Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk (reinstated to the title after his 
+victory at Flodden in 1513), and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham and 
+descendant of Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Of course, many were surprised that a yeoman's 
+son was now one of their greatest peers but Brandon's friendship with Henry 
+explained matters.&amp;nbsp; In Europe, it was said that 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; and Brandon truly 
+ruled England through influence upon Henry VIII. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1514 as well, the usual tangle of European diplomacy 
+had made Henry distrustful of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; Also, the deadline for 
+Charles of Castile's marriage to Princess Mary had come and passed with only 
+dismissive explanations from the emperor.&amp;nbsp; So when Louis XII of France 
+offered a peace treaty to England, Henry was eager to accept it.&amp;nbsp; Louis 
+considerably sweetened the offer by offering to wed the Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; For 
+Henry, this was a diplomatic coup.&amp;nbsp; For his sister, of course, it was 
+considerably different. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor, born 18 March 1495, was the baby of the Tudor 
+family and widely considered the most beautiful princess of her time.&amp;nbsp; She 
+shared her brother Henry's exuberance for spectacle and was the star of his 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Like him, she loved dancing, masques, and parties; they were also 
+close emotionally.&amp;nbsp; So when Henry told her that she would marry the widowed 
+King of France, a man in his fifties with gout and a pock-marked face, she 
+poured out her heart.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she would do her duty as a Princess, she 
+told Henry, but when the marriage was over, she wanted to choose her next spouse 
+- and choose him for love alone.&amp;nbsp; Itt was an extraordinary demand for any 
+woman of that time but Henry VIII loved his sister and he agreed.&amp;nbsp; 
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Partly because he loved her but also because he wanted her to leave 
+for France peacefully and willingly; and also, perhaps more troubling, because 
+she had confessed her secret love to him.&amp;nbsp; It was none other than his best friend, Charles 
+Brandon. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had enjoyed unprecedented freedom at Henry VIII's 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Just fourteen when her father died, she had spent the next five 
+years virtually unchaperoned in his hectic court, her brother openly encouraging 
+her participation in every event.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, she was nineteen years old, 
+very beautiful, and very willful.&amp;nbsp; She had developed an attachment to 
+Charles Brandon; she had known him all her life.&amp;nbsp; It may have begun as a 
+child's awe of a robust, attractive man, successful in all sports (so important 
+at the Tudor court) and very charming.&amp;nbsp; But it had changed into something 
+more and, by 1514, most of the king's inner circle knew of her affection.&amp;nbsp; 
+There was no scandal, however.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her brother's promise and 
+married the aged Louis XII at Greenwich Palace on 13 August 1514.&amp;nbsp; The Duc 
+de Longueville acted as the king's proxy in every respect; he even lay down on a 
+bed with Mary and touched her body with his naked leg, thus 'consummating' the 
+marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary enjoyed herself at her wedding festivities and its 
+attendant celebrations.&amp;nbsp; It would have been impossible to feel 
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; She had a splendid trousseau, marvelous jewels sent over from 
+France, and all the honors due to the queen of France.&amp;nbsp; All contemporary 
+accounts remark on her great beauty, particularly her clear complexion and long 
+red-gold hair, the Tudor trademark.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was eager to see her, 
+telling the English ambassador that he had many gifts for his bride and expected 
+a kiss for each one. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary eventually traveled from Dover to Boulogne on 2 
+October, after waiting weeks for stormy weather to end.&amp;nbsp;  She actually left in the 
+midst of more storms since Henry VIII had grown bored waiting for them to 
+end.&amp;nbsp; Upon her departure, she kissed her brother and reminded him of his 
+promise about her future.&amp;nbsp; Henry, eager to leave, committed her to God and 
+her husband and left.&amp;nbsp; There were fourteen ships in Mary's retinue but the 
+weather was so terrible that only four reached port on time; the rest docked at 
+various ports on the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary, suffering from seasickness 
+and constant rain, was carried ashore by one of her gentlemen, Sir Christopher 
+Garnish.&amp;nbsp; She journeyed from Montreuil to Abbeville and contemporary 
+chroniclers recorded her outfit; they were much impressed with her beauty and 
+charm.&amp;nbsp; She wore cloth of gold on crimson with tight sleeves in the English style and a 
+hat of crimson silk which she wore cocked over one eye.&amp;nbsp; Her husband met 
+her at a carefully arranged 'accident' outside Abbeville and, on 9 October, they 
+married in that city. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The marriage lasted for eighty-two days.&amp;nbsp; On 31 
+December 1514, Louis died quite abruptly.&amp;nbsp; Despite his ill health, he had 
+been notably active during his marriage.&amp;nbsp; This may have contributed to 
+his demise; he boasted that on their wedding night, he had 'crossed the river' 
+three times.&amp;nbsp; Before his death, he was visited by the duke of Suffolk on a 
+diplomatic trip and Charles wrote to Henry that his sister was discreet and 
+dignified.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly relieved both men; they had perhaps wondered 
+how Mary would greet her true love.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, was aware of her 
+position as Queen of France and, during her brief marriage, conducted herself 
+with aplomb. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The King of France's death changed her world 
+considerably.&amp;nbsp; Now a queen dowager in a foreign country she had barely 
+begun to settle in, she was suddenly pushed into strict seclusion for 40 
+days.&amp;nbsp; This was French custom; after all, the widowed queen might be 
+pregnant and the child's paternity must be certain.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not pregnant 
+but she was sent to the Hotel de Cluny for her period of mourning, without even 
+the comfort of her English attendants.&amp;nbsp; The new king, Francois, had 
+appointed several Frenchwomen to attend her and dismissed her women.&amp;nbsp; May 
+was undoubtedly terrified.&amp;nbsp; She was closed off from the world, shut behind 
+heavy black drapes, and once more a pawn for her brother.&amp;nbsp; Would Henry 
+arrange another marriage or would he keep his promise?&amp;nbsp; Frantic, Mary wrote 
+to him from Cluny in early January 1515, just two weeks after her husband's 
+death; she begged him to contact Francois and have her sent home to England and 
+reminded him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, I beseech your grace that you will keep all the 
+promises that you promised me when I took my leave of you by the 
+waterside.&amp;nbsp; Sir, your grace knoweth well that I did marry for your pleasure 
+at this time and now I trust you will suffer me to marry as me liketh for to 
+do... wherefore I beseech your grace for to be a good lord and brother unto 
+me.&quot;&amp;nbsp; If Henry did not keep his promise, Mary said she would enter a 
+nunnery and &quot;never no man shall know joy of me.&quot; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary also had to deal with visits from the new French 
+king, Francois I.&amp;nbsp; He was twenty-one and knew the English-French alliance 
+was breaking down.&amp;nbsp; He did not want Mary wed by Henry to some Hapsburg 
+prince.&amp;nbsp; He suggested two of his own kinsmen as husbands and then hinted 
+that Henry was trying to marry her to Charles of Castile again.&amp;nbsp; Alone and 
+in a fragile state, Mary was terribly frightened; Francois's words touched on 
+her greatest fears.&amp;nbsp; She eventually confessed her love for Suffolk to 
+Francois.&amp;nbsp; Surprisingly, she found him sympathetic and kind.&amp;nbsp; He 
+promised to help secure her future happiness, a promise which Mary found 
+generous and Francois found opportunistic.&amp;nbsp; For, by this time, he knew the 
+duke of Suffolk was on his way to France to bargain for Mary's return, 
+specifically the return of her jewels, plate, and dower rights.&amp;nbsp; With the 
+dowager queen's confession, Francois had a powerful bargaining tool &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; peace 
+of mind - if Mary wed her English duke, she was no longer Henry's political 
+pawn. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles had been sent to France by Henry, specifically 
+promising to keep his relations with the widow on a formal basis.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+had no reason to distrust him.&amp;nbsp; Charles was his creation, dependent on him 
+for everything, and also ambitious.&amp;nbsp; Why would he bite the hand that so 
+generously fed him?&amp;nbsp; So Suffolk departed on his most important mission 
+ever; it was well-known that the matter would be complicated.&amp;nbsp; The French 
+would not want to surrender any property to Mary and she would naturally want 
+her rightful share.&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, perhaps Henry meant to keep his 
+promise.&amp;nbsp; After all, he knew his sister's feelings - and now he sent her 
+true love to bring her home.&amp;nbsp; But rattled by Francois's suggestions of a 
+Hapsburg marriage, Mary was set on a course which nearly ruined her and Suffolk.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk arrived on 27 January; five days later, he met 
+Francois at Senlis.&amp;nbsp; Francois summoned Suffolk to a private audience and 
+bluntly dropped his bombshell - the duke had come to marry the Dowager Queen, 
+had he not?&amp;nbsp; Poor Suffolk was taken aback and protested vehemently.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois went on to share Mary's confession and reassure the duke.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+their friend, Francois said, and he would write to the English king and explain 
+all.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk took no chances; he dashed off his own account of the 
+interview to Wolsey and then went to see Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a most emotional 
+reunion.&amp;nbsp; She accused him of taking her to England only to have her married 
+off again against her will.&amp;nbsp; He protested but she would have none of 
+it.&amp;nbsp; She issued an ultimatum - either marry me now or never marry me at 
+all.&amp;nbsp; There would be no better time, she said, for he had jealous enemies 
+on the Privy Council who would prevent it in England.&amp;nbsp; She had her 
+brother's explicit promise that she could follow her heart and Henry knew her 
+greatest desire.&amp;nbsp; What was the risk for him, anyway?&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+princess and queen, very beautiful, and imperious.&amp;nbsp; Why would any man deny 
+her?&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was understandably torn between his obedience to Henry and 
+his desire for Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he was always ambitious and rarely foolish.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew that Mary would be a great prize; after all, he harbored no overt dynastic 
+ambitions but six years of marriage had produced no living child for Henry 
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Suffolk and Mary would create a new royal line.&amp;nbsp; And 
+she was a royal princess and queen, just twenty years old and madly in love with 
+him.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was swayed by tears and ambition and, sometime in February 
+1515, they married secretly at the Cluny chapel. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The consequences were rapid and hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois demanded Suffolk's acquiescence in several disputes over Mary's dowry 
+as payment for their 'secret.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/A&gt; and 
+Henry wanted the duke to be firm and reject all the French king's demands.&amp;nbsp; 
+Furthermore, news of the wedding was circulating throughout Paris and Mary 
+suspected she might be pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk knew he could no longer delay 
+confession and wrote to Wolsey, now Archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+arrange a more public wedding ceremony since he knew their secret wedding could 
+easily be invalidated; certainly he knew that better than most.&amp;nbsp; And he 
+feared that the king's council was urging an annulment.&amp;nbsp; Many didn't 
+consider Suffolk a fit match for a princess and others wanted to promote 
+pro-Hapsburg policy of which Mary's remarriage could play a part. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But most important was Henry's reaction.&amp;nbsp; How would 
+he consider the betrayal of his best friend and favorite sister?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Henry's reaction was not favorable.&amp;nbsp; Brandon had written to Wolsey for 
+support and he received a prompt reply but it hardly comforted him; the king 
+could not believe his most trusted friend had betrayed him but, if it were true, 
+the newlyweds had to pay a stiff penalty - literally.&amp;nbsp; They must pay back 
+Mary's marriage portion in annual installments of 4000 pds, leaving her just 
+6000 pds to live on.&amp;nbsp; She must return all the plate and jewels she had 
+taken to France as her dowry as well as the many gifts King Louis had given her.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, they must hasten to beg the king for 
+forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary did just that, both blaming her for the 
+hasty marriage.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk wrote:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, for the passion of God, let it 
+not be in your heart against me, and rather than you should hold me in mistrust, 
+strike off my head and let me not live.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew her brother well so, 
+along with her letter, she sent him the most sumptuous jewel Louis had given her 
+- a diamond called the Mirror of Naples wwhich formed part of the French crown 
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; She assured her brother that she had not acted out of 'sensual 
+appetite'; instead, she had been subject to 'consternation, fear and doubt' 
+which made her force Suffolk's hand.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not reply.&amp;nbsp; Francois 
+eventually allowed her to keep some of Louis's gifts and, on 16 April, they set 
+out for the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Mary wrote to Henry again at Calais, telling him 
+that she was now under his jurisdiction since Calais was an English possession 
+and that she would not sail for England until he gave permission.&amp;nbsp; She 
+reminded him of 'the great and tender love' they had always shared and promised 
+to remain in Calais if that is what he wished. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was not.&amp;nbsp; Henry sent permission for them to cross the 
+Channel in early May and met them privately at the manor of Barking outside 
+London.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of that meeting, of course, and one must assume 
+that Wolsey had perhaps exaggerated Henry's displeasure since he wanted 
+Suffolk's gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Henry was willing enough to forgive his best friend 
+and favorite sister, &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; she turned over all her jewels and plate from France 
+and signed a contract to repay the 24000 pds spent on her first marriage in the 
+annual installments of 4000 pds.&amp;nbsp; It was obvious that Henry was not 
+surprised by the marriage; he was mostly angry at Suffolk for breaking his word.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;another version of the Brandon marriage portrait&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary were wed again at Greenwich Palace on 13 
+May with Henry and
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; 
+in attendance.&amp;nbsp; There was feasting and celebration but it was strictly a 
+family affair and foreign ambassadors wondered if they should congratulate the 
+couple.&amp;nbsp; After all, the situation was odd and there were some (mostly on 
+the king's council) who disapproved of the match.&amp;nbsp; But, for the most part, 
+there were no hard feelings or grudges.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was a popular man, 
+good-looking and charming, and few - even in Tudor England - could resist such a 
+grand love story.&amp;nbsp; After all, they had risked everything to be 
+together.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the Suffolks were back in the king's good 
+graces.&amp;nbsp; They are recorded as extending all the great court celebrations of 
+the next few years.&amp;nbsp; Mary's pregnancy in France had been a false alarm but 
+she did become pregnant a few months later.&amp;nbsp; In fact, she was now pregnant 
+along with her sister-in-law Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Due to the queen's history of 
+miscarriages and stillbirths, few were hopeful of the outcome; but, on 18 
+February 1516, she gave birth to her only surviving child, a princess called 
+Mary after her aunt.&amp;nbsp; The new duchess of Suffolk, however, was more 
+fortunate - on 11 March 1516, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy called Henry 
+after the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Wolsey stood as the child's godfathers. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary and Henry's older sister Margaret of Scotland visited 
+that summer, bringing her six-month-old daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas.&amp;nbsp; 
+She had been in Scotland for thirteen years but her visit was pleasant 
+enough.&amp;nbsp; Henry had never tired of lecturing Margaret on morality (she had 
+married the Earl of Angus after James of Scotland's death at Flodden); this, of 
+course, is laughable when one considers his own matrimonial career.&amp;nbsp; But 
+Margaret's visit was some ten years before Anne Boleyn entered Henry's 
+life.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, the king was just seven years into his reign, still 
+handsome and bluff.&amp;nbsp; Still, Margaret had little in common with her siblings 
+after her years away; also, her first husband had been killed by the English at 
+Flodden Field. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was far closer to her foreign sister-in-law 
+than to Margaret.&amp;nbsp; After all, she and Katharine had spent their formative 
+years together.&amp;nbsp; When, in 1517, Katharine went on a pilgrimage to pray for 
+a son, Mary accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; Both Mary and Brandon understood the queen's 
+ 
+heartfelt desire to bear her husband a prince and successor and were 
+sympathetic supporters.&amp;nbsp; There was a passing cloud in 1516 - Mary's revenues 
+from France had fallen off and she was behind in payment of her debt - but the 
+cloud passed quickly.&amp;nbsp; In early summer 1517, they were at Richmond Palace 
+again.&amp;nbsp; Mary was once more pregnant and, on 16 July 1517, she went into 
+labor on her way home.&amp;nbsp; A daughter was born, called Frances after the 
+French king; the Suffolks 
+had another daughter, Eleanor, in 1519. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1518, Mary and Suffolk were at court again, attending 
+the betrothal of the infant Princess Mary to the infant dauphin of France.&amp;nbsp; 
+And they attended the famous Field of Cloth of Gold at Guines, near 
+Calais in 1520.&amp;nbsp; Mary was widely considered the most beautiful woman there.&amp;nbsp; 
+A French admiral commented, &quot;Madame, you are the rose of Christendom.&amp;nbsp; You 
+should have stayed in France.&amp;nbsp; We would have appreciated you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+was now in her mid-twenties and, when Katharine of Aragon was pregnant or ill, acted 
+as her brother's hostess. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Back in England, however, things began to change.&amp;nbsp; In 
+the new year of 1522, Mary first met
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+She knew Anne's older sister Mary quite well for she had been one of her 
+ladies-in-waiting when Mary Tudor wed Louis XII in France.&amp;nbsp; She had also remained 
+in France until dismissed by Francois.&amp;nbsp; Anne wanted to join Queen 
+Katharine's household as a lady-in-waiting, a much-sought-after position.&amp;nbsp; 
+It is likely that Mary repaid Mary Boleyn's service by helping Anne.&amp;nbsp; 
+Certainly she may have liked the girl; Anne had spent time at the French court 
+and was fashionable and high-spirited, much like Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anne entered Katharine's service but was sent home in 
+disgrace for three years.&amp;nbsp; In just a matter of months, she had managed to 
+attract the attention of Henry Percy, heir to the powerful Earl of 
+Northmberland.&amp;nbsp; The young couple entered into an understanding but Percy was under the guardianship of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The king's most trusted 
+advisor and Percy's powerful father were understandably angry at the secret 
+romance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Anne and Percy were brought to heel&lt;/a&gt;; 
+there were better matches for him and she had overstepped her bounds.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+was openly furious, so much that she was banished from court.&amp;nbsp; However, she 
+was allowed back in late 1525, around the time that Henry VIII was first 
+beginning to contemplate his lack of heirs. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon had delivered the Princess Mary in 
+1516, when she was thirty-one years old.&amp;nbsp; Since then, there had been no other 
+surviving children.&amp;nbsp; In 1525, she was forty and it was obvious she would 
+have no further children.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was nervous; his dynasty was just forty 
+years old.&amp;nbsp; It would not survive with just one princess as heir.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew the problem was not his fault - after all, in 1519, a mistress called 
+Bessie Blount had born a son.&amp;nbsp; In summer 1525, this child, called Henry 
+Fitzroy, was made the duke of Richmond and Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was present 
+at the grand ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was normally a patient, dignified wife 
+but the lavish ceremony, involving all the important nobility, offended 
+her.&amp;nbsp; She argued with Henry, telling him it insulted her and their daughter 
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry was unused to such criticism and responded by dismissing three 
+of her favorite ladies.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not critical of their benefactor 
+since Henry had created his nephew the Earl of Lincoln at the same 
+ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Also, Mary's repayment of her debt was still in limbo. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also in failing health.&amp;nbsp; She had suffered 
+through the sweating sickness in 1518 and never completely recovered.&amp;nbsp; She may also have been exhibiting the first signs of the 
+disease which eventually killed her; most historians believe it was 
+cancer.&amp;nbsp; She was present at several court functions over the next few years 
+(a summer 1526 party for European ambassadors, for example) but came to court 
+with less and less frequency.&amp;nbsp; Her physical condition was deteriorating but 
+she was also uncomfortable with her brother's course of action. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1527, Henry's infatuation with Anne Boleyn had 
+begun.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to annul his marriage to Katharine, arguing that 
+it had never been legal in the first place.&amp;nbsp; He asserted that Katharine and 
+Arthur had consummated their marriage and, once again, his old friend Suffolk 
+acted in the king's interest.&amp;nbsp; He dug out some heretofore-lost memories 
+that hinted at consummation.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Wolsey had lost Henry's trust 
+because of the many delays in the annulment; the king used Suffolk to openly 
+attack his once powerful advisor.&amp;nbsp; At a public hearing on the case, Suffolk banged his fist on 
+the table and shouted &quot;It was never merry in England whilst we had cardinals 
+among us.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Suffolk would not have dared to attack Wolsey 
+without Henry's implicit support.&amp;nbsp; It was the downfall of the Cardinal.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1531, Henry banished Katharine of Aragon from 
+court.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were constantly together and he made no secret of his 
+intention to marry her.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not happy about this but what 
+could they do?&amp;nbsp; They depended on Henry for everything.&amp;nbsp; Mary made a 
+cutting remark about Anne sometime in early 1532 and refused to accompany Henry 
+and Anne on a state visit to France.&amp;nbsp; Her husband warned Henry that Anne 
+may have slept with Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; But that is all they dared.&amp;nbsp; 
+They were concerned about their own family. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this time, Suffolk's daughters with Anne Browne were 
+wed to titled men.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter with Mary, the lady Frances, was 
+engaged to Henry Grey third Marquess of Dorset, descendent of the famous &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fplant%2fqueens%2felizwood.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+Woodville&lt;/A&gt;; before Edward IV, she had been married to a Grey and had two sons 
+by him.&amp;nbsp; It was from the elder son that Henry Grey was descended.&amp;nbsp; Frances and Henry were the parents of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The celebration of Frances's wedding to Henry Grey was held at 
+the Suffolk home in London.&amp;nbsp; It was Mary's last visit to the city.&amp;nbsp; 
+She was increasingly ill and also uncomfortable with her brother.&amp;nbsp; His 
+favor was no longer certain.&amp;nbsp; He had married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in a 
+secret ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was put in charge of the new queen's &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;coronation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Therefore, he was not with his wife when she passed away quietly at their home 
+in Westhorpe on 26 June 1533.&amp;nbsp; She was thirty-eight years old.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+death was not considered important news since most people were concerned with 
+the impending birth of Anne Boleyn's child, destined to be 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Mary had seen her husband in early May but his duties kept him busy; it was a 
+hurried visit and she simply wasted away in the next few weeks. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her brother ordered requiem masses to be sung at 
+Westminster Abbey but showed no other sign of mourning.&amp;nbsp; He was, after all, 
+in the midst of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon did not attend the 
+funeral but it was a marvelous affair.&amp;nbsp; The coffin lay in state for a month 
+at Westhorpe and was interred at the church of Bury St Edmunds on 22 July.&amp;nbsp; 
+The abbey church and her monument were destroyed during the dissolution of the 
+monasteries.&amp;nbsp; Her coffin was saved, however, and moved to a nearby church 
+called St Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 1784, it was moved yet again within that church.&amp;nbsp; 
+The movers ghoulishly opened the coffin; they found a good set of teeth and two 
+feet of hair which was still red-gold.&amp;nbsp; Souvenir hunters cut off pieces of 
+the hair. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's death was perhaps most mourned in Suffolk county 
+where she had been a popular and respected figure.&amp;nbsp; Her husband replaced 
+her quickly enough - and, as was typical of Brandon, with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; He 
+decided to marry his son's betrothed.&amp;nbsp; The girl was called Catherine 
+Willoughby and she as a baroness in her own right, heiress to 15000 ducats a 
+year.&amp;nbsp; She was also just fourteen-years-old, the same age as his youngest 
+child.&amp;nbsp; Brandon himself was almost fifty.&amp;nbsp; But he needed money badly 
+and she was very rich; he married her quite rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The exact date is unknown.&amp;nbsp; 
+His and Mary's son, the eighteen-year-old Henry Brandon, Earl of Lincoln, would 
+be betrothed elsewhere easily enough.&amp;nbsp; But that was not to be.&amp;nbsp; After 
+his father's wedding, the young earl died, probably of the Tudor scourge, 
+tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was not particularly grieved; six months after his 
+death, he and Catherine had a son and named him Henry Brandon.&amp;nbsp; This usage 
+of a dead child's name was common practice in England. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk remained in Henry's favor.&amp;nbsp; The king gave his 
+old friend the unpleasant task of persuading Katharine of Aragon to accept the 
+break with Rome and the new title Princess Dowager.&amp;nbsp; He was also to move 
+her to Somersham near Cambridge, a manor known for its dank and unhealthy 
+atmosphere.&amp;nbsp; Katharine would not be bullied; she told Suffolk that he would 
+have to bind her in ropes if he wanted to move her anywhere.&amp;nbsp; After a week 
+of such talks, Suffolk left, having accomplished precious little. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He never saw Katharine again.&amp;nbsp; He did attend all the 
+momentous events of the 1530s - he sat at the trials of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas More&lt;/a&gt; 
+and Anne Boleyn, he was even present at the scaffold when &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;she was 
+beheaded&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He also helped lead forces to end the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/A&gt;, 
+one of the most serious problems of Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his wife 
+gave birth to a second son called Charles and his daughter Frances, after two 
+still-births, gave birth to a healthy baby girl, named &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;, 
+probably after Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; The exact date of birth is not known, 
+but it was probably October and eclipsed by the birth - finally! - of Henry's 
+son, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk acted as godfather to the new prince.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The last years of his life were quite happy.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+Catherine Willoughby were affectionate, they had two healthy sons, and the 
+dissolution of the monasteries allowed the king to grant him more lands and 
+pensions.&amp;nbsp; He and his wife entertained the king and his new wife 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;; and, of course, Suffolk was one the men who arrested and extracted a 
+confession from that queen.&amp;nbsp; He died quite suddenly on 22 August 1545, his 
+last official business being plans for an invasion of France.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+sixty years old, a good age at the time, and - once the news was known - it was 
+not suurprising.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk requested a quiet funeral but the king would have 
+none of it - he ordered a lavish ceremony at St George's Chapel in 
+Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry planned and paid for the service.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly 
+an emotional occasion for him; after all, Charles Brandon had been his companion 
+for virtually his entire life.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Suffolk was one of the few men who 
+could still remember the Bluff King Hal of legend.&amp;nbsp; Henry was now 
+overweight, bald, and suffering from a variety of physical ailments.&amp;nbsp; He 
+would only outlive his friend by about eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; In that time, he 
+had good cause to regret the death of his one true friend.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Learn about 
+Charles and Mary's granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, who was queen of England for 
+nine days in 1553&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082575&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082575&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England 16th century genealogy English royal family genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England 16th century genealogy English royal family genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbf2b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorgenealogy.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">beaufortgen.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=6 width=&quot;100%&quot; border=0&gt;
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD noWrap bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;16%&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=3&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+     
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=8&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;54%&quot; bgColor=#ffffff&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorgenealogy.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Genealogy&quot; width=&quot;408&quot; height=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;
+
+&lt;IMG height=223 alt=&quot;Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII&quot; 
+
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/beaufortgen.jpg&quot; width=175 align=left 
+
+lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/portrait%20of%20Margaret%20Beaufort,%20mother%20of%20King%20Henry%20VII&quot; 
+
+border=0&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;I&gt;It all began with her.... &lt;/I&gt;Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry 
+
+Tudor and descendant of King Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Her descent was actually 
+
+illegitimate, through Edward III's son, John of Gaunt and his mistress Catherine 
+
+Swynford.&amp;nbsp; Though Gaunt later married Swynford and an act of government 
+
+legitimized their children, they were expressly forbidden to inherit the throne 
+
+by Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV.&amp;nbsp; Margaret bore her only child, 
+
+who became King Henry VII, at the age of thirteen.&amp;nbsp; While the York and 
+
+Lancaster branches of the royal family battled for the throne, her husband died 
+
+and her brother-in-law fled to Brittany with the young Henry.&amp;nbsp; His long 
+
+exile ended on 15 August 1485 when King Richard III was defeated at Bosworth 
+
+Field.&amp;nbsp; The Plantagenet dynasty, having ruled England since 1154, ended in 
+
+strife and the Tudor dynasty began.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Henry Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, earl 
+
+of Richmond; later titled King Henry VII&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort &lt;BR&gt;born 28 
+
+January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, Wales &lt;BR&gt;claimed title of Henry VII, king of 
+
+England c.1484 &lt;BR&gt;declared king 22 August 1485 at Battle of Redmoor 
+
+Plain/Bosworth Field &lt;BR&gt;coronation 30 October 1485 at Westminster Abbey, London 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;married to Elizabeth Plantagenet, princess of England, on 18 January 1486 at 
+
+Westminster Abbey, London&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;Eight Children with Elizabeth Plantagenet:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;Arthur, prince of Wales, born 20 
+
+September 1486 &lt;BR&gt;Margaret, born 28 November 1489 &lt;BR&gt;Henry VIII, king of 
+
+England, born 28 June 1491 &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth, born 2 July 1492; died 1495 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, 
+
+born 18 March 1496 &lt;BR&gt;Edmund, duke of Somerset, born 21 February 1499; died 
+
+1500 &lt;BR&gt;Edward ? &lt;BR&gt;Katherine, born and died 2 February 1503&lt;br&gt;died 22 April 1509 at Richmond Palace, Surrey 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;buried at the Henry VII 'Lady Chapel', Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet&lt;/u&gt;, also called Elizabeth of York&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;daughter of Edward IV, king of England &amp;amp; Queen Elizabeth Woodville 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;born 11 February 1466 at Westminster Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry 
+
+VII, king of England, on 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Eight Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Arthur, prince of Wales, born 20 
+
+September 1486 &lt;BR&gt;Margaret, born 28 November 1489 &lt;BR&gt;Henry VIII, king of 
+
+England, born 28 June 1491 &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth, born 2 July 1492; died 1495 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, 
+
+born 18 March 1496 &lt;BR&gt;Edmund, duke of Somerset, born 21 February 1499; died 
+
+1500 &lt;BR&gt;Edward ? &lt;BR&gt;Katherine, born and died 2 February 1503&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;coronation 25 
+
+November 1487 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;died 11 February 1503 at Tower of 
+
+London, London &lt;BR&gt;buried at the Henry VII 'Lady Chapel', Westminster Abbey, 
+
+London &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prince Arthur of Wales &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;born 20 September 1486 at St. Swithin's 
+
+Priory, Winchester &lt;BR&gt;titled Prince of Wales 27 February 1490, Westminster 
+
+Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Princess Katharine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 
+
+at St.Paul's Cathedral, London &lt;BR&gt;died 2 April 1502 at Ludlow Castle, 
+
+Shropshire &lt;BR&gt;buried at Worcester Cathedral &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Princess Margaret Tudor&lt;/u&gt;; later titled 
+queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born 28 November 1489 at Westminster Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to James 
+
+Stuart, titled King James IV of Scotland, 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, 
+
+Edinburgh &lt;BR&gt;titled Queen of Scotland 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, 
+
+Edinburgh&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;Six Children with King James IV of Scotland:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+James of Rothesay, duke of 
+
+Rothesay, born 21 February 1507 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 15 July 1508 &lt;BR&gt;Arthur, duke 
+
+of Rothesay, born 20 October 1509 &lt;BR&gt;James, later King James V of Scotland, 
+
+born 15 April 1512 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born November 1512 &lt;BR&gt;Alexander, duke of Ross, 
+
+born 30 April 1514&lt;br&gt;widowed 1513 &lt;BR&gt;married to Archibald Douglas, 6th earl 
+
+of Angus, on 4 August 1514 at Kinnoul Church&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;One Child with Archibald 
+Douglas:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Margaret, Lady Douglas, born 1515 &lt;BR&gt;divorced 1528 &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry 
+
+Stewart, Lord Methven I, on 3 March 1528 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;One Child with Henry Stewart:&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Lady Dorothea Stewart, born ? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscottish.html&quot;&gt;Go to the Scottish 
+genealogy page&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prince Henry Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, duke of York; later titled 
+King Henry VIII&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born&amp;nbsp; 28 June 1491 at Greenwich Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;titled King of 
+
+England 24 June 1509 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Katharine of 
+
+Aragon, princess of Spain, on 11 June 1509 at Grey Friars Church, Greenwich 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Six Children with Katharine of Aragon:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;daughter, born 31 January 1510 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (1), 
+
+duke of Cornwall, born 1 January 1511 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (2), duke of Cornwall, born 
+
+November 1513 &lt;BR&gt;son, born December 1514 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, later titled Mary I, queen 
+
+of England, born 18 February 1516 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 10 November 1518 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1533 &lt;BR&gt;married to Anne Boleyn, marquess of Pembroke, on 
+
+25 January 1533 at Westminster, London &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Three Children with Anne Boleyn:&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Elizabeth I, queen of England, born 7 September 1533 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry, duke of Cornwall, born 1534 &lt;BR&gt;son, born 29 January 1536 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1536 &lt;BR&gt;married to Jane Seymour on 20 May 1536 &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+One Child with Jane Seymour:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Edward, later titled Edward VI, king of England, 
+
+born 12 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;widowed 24 October 1537 at 
+
+Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;married to Anne of Cleves on 6 January 1540 at 
+
+Greenwich Palace &lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1540 &lt;BR&gt;married to Catherine Howard on 
+
+28 July 1540 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1541 &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+Katharine Parr on 12 July 1543 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;died 28 January 1547 
+
+at Whitehall Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;buried at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;mistresses &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Stafford - no children 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Blount, called Bessie Blount &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;One child with Elizabeth 
+Blount:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Henry 
+
+Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, born 1519 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Go to the 
+Stafford/Blount/Fitzroy genealogy page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Princess Mary Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, 
+queen of France and duchess of 
+
+Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born 18 March 1496 at Richmond Palace, Surrey &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+King Louis XII of France on 9 October 1514 at Abbeville Cathedral, France 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;widowed 1514 &lt;BR&gt;married to Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, on 3 March 
+
+1515 in Paris &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Three Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Henry, earl of Lincoln, 
+
+born 11 March 1515 &lt;BR&gt;Frances, born 16 July 1517 &lt;BR&gt;Eleanor, born 1519 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;died 25 June 1533 at Westhorpe Hall, Suffolk &lt;BR&gt;buried at St. Mary's 
+
+Church, Bury St. Edmunds &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, princess of Spain&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;last child of Ferdinand of Aragon, king of Spain &amp;amp; Isabella, queen of 
+
+Castle &lt;BR&gt;born 15 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, Madrid &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+Arthur, prince of Wales, on 14 November 1501 at St. Paul's Cathedral, London 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;widowed 2 April 1502 at Ludlow Castle, Shropshire &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry VIII, 
+
+king of England, on 11 June 1509 at Grey Friars Church, Greenwich&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Six Children&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;daughter, born 31 January 1510 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry (1), duke of Cornwall, born 1 January 1511 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (2), duke of 
+
+Cornwall, born November 1513 &lt;BR&gt;son, born December 1514 &lt;BR&gt;Mary I, queen of 
+
+England, born 18 February 1516 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 10 November 1518&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;marriage 
+
+annulled 1533 &lt;BR&gt;died 7 January 1536 at Kimbolton Castle &lt;BR&gt;buried at 
+
+Peterborough Cathedral &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, marquess of Pembroke&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;born about 1501/2 or 1507 at Blickling Hall, Norfolk &lt;BR&gt;titled marquess of 
+
+Pembroke on 1 September 1532 &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry VIII, king of England, on 25 
+
+January 1533 at Westminster Abbey, London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Three Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;Elizabeth I, queen of England, born 7 September 1533 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry, duke of Cornwall, born 1534 &lt;BR&gt;son, born 29 January 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;marriage annulled 1536&lt;br&gt;executed 19 May 1536 at Tower Green, Tower of 
+
+London &lt;BR&gt;buried at the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Go to the Boleyn 
+family webpage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This page is under constant construction;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;please check back to see later additions.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=8&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;18%&quot; 
+    bgColor=#5E0000&gt;
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082551&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082551&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43662</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter V</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd8a0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER V&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;ARISTOCRATIC PLOTS: 1568-1572&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;FROM the beginning of the reign Cecil had 
+    never ceased to impress upon his mistress that a French or Spanish invasion 
+    on behalf of the Pope might at any time be expected, and that she should 
+    hurry to meet it by forming a league with the foreign Protestants of both 
+    Confessions, and vigorously assisting them to carry on a war of religion on 
+    the Continent. He was assuredly too well informed to believe that France and 
+    Spain would cease to counteract each other's designs on England, or that 
+    Lutherans and Calvinists would heartily combine for mutual defence. The 
+    enemies he really feared were his Catholic countrymen, with whom he would 
+    have to fight for his head if Elizabeth should die. He therefore desired to 
+    force on the struggle in her lifetime, when they would be rebels, and he 
+    would wield the power of the Crown. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth, on the other hand, was against 
+    interference on the Continent, because it would be the surest way to bring 
+    upon England the calamity of invasion. She saw as plainly as Cecil did that 
+    it would compel her to throw herself into the arms of her own Protestants 
+    and to become, like her two predecessors, the mere chief of a party; whereas 
+    she meant to be the Queen of all Englishmen, and to tranquillise the natural 
+    fears of each party by letting it see that it would not be sacrificed to the 
+    violence of the other. Moreover the unbridled ascendancy of the Protestants 
+    would mean such alterations in the established worship as would have driven 
+    from the parish churches thousands of the most military class, peers, 
+    squires and their tenantry, who were enduring Anglicanism with its 
+    episcopate, its semi-Catholic prayer-book, and its claim to belong to the 
+    Universal Apostolic Church, because they could persuade themselves that its 
+    variations from the old religion were unimportant and temporary. And this 
+    again would increase the probability of foreign invasion. For, though to 
+    Philip all forms of heresy were equally damnable and equally marked out for 
+    extermination sooner or later, yet he was in much less hurry to begin with 
+    the politically harmless Lutherans or Anglicans than with the dangerous 
+    levellers who derived their inspiration from Geneva. Now for Elizabeth to 
+    gain time was everything. She had gained ten precious years already by her 
+    moderation. She was to gain twenty more before the slow-moving Spaniard 
+    decided to launch the great Armada. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But though Elizabeth shunned war with Spain 
+    she nevertheless resognised that Philip was the enemy, and that all ways of 
+    damaging him short of war were for her advantage. English and Huguenot 
+    corsairs swarmed in the Channel. Spanish ships were seized. The crews were 
+    hanged or made to walk the plank; the prizes were carried into English 
+    ports, and there sold without disguise or rebuke. These outrages were 
+    represented as reprisals for cruelties inflicted on English sailors who 
+    occasionally fell into the hands of the Inquisition. Practically a ship with 
+    a valuable cargo was treated as fair game whatever its nationality. But 
+    while in the case of other countries it was only individual traders who 
+    suffered, to Spain it meant obstruction of her high road to her Belgic 
+    dominions, then simmering with disaffection. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The English nobles of the old blood disliked 
+    these proceedings. Even Cecil did not conceal from himself that they 
+    fostered a spirit of lawlessness. What the corsairs were doing he would have 
+    preferred to see done by the royal navy. To that Elizabeth would not 
+    consent. The activity of the corsairs gave her all the advantage she could 
+    hope to have from war, without any of its disadvantages. Instead of laying 
+    out her treasure on a navy, she was deriving an income from the piratical 
+    ventures of Hawkins and Drake; while the ships and sailors of this volunteer 
+    navy would be available for the defence of the country whenever the need 
+    should arise. Whatever may be thought of the morality of her plan, there can 
+    be no question as to its efficiency and economy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Since even these outrages, exasperating as 
+    they were, had not goaded Philip to the point of declaring war, a still more 
+    daring provocation now followed. Some ships, conveying a large sum of money 
+    borrowed by Philip in Genoa for the payment of Alva's army, having put into 
+    English ports to avoid the corsairs, Elizabeth, with the hearty approval of 
+    Cecil, took possession of the money, and said she would herself borrow it 
+    from the Genoese (December 1568). The Minister hoped this would bring on a 
+    war. The Queen audaciously but more correctly anticipated that Philip's 
+    resentment would still stop short of that extremity. He remonstrated: he 
+    threatened: he seized all English ships and sailors in his ports. Elizabeth, 
+    undismayed, swept all the Spaniards and Flemings whom she could find in 
+    London into her prisons, and seized their goods, to a value far greater than 
+    that of the English property in Philip's grasp. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In striking contrast with this unflinching 
+    attitude towards Spain was the behaviour of Elizabeth when threatened with 
+    war by France, unless she undertook to close her harbours to the Huguenots, 
+    and to forbid her own corsairs to prey on French commerce. The summons was 
+    promptly obeyed. Full satisfaction was made (April 1569). Yet France was at 
+    the moment a far less formidable antagonist than Spain. The French 
+    government did not possess the means of invading England. On this side of 
+    the Channel the old anti-French feeling was so persistent that all parties 
+    were ready and willing for the fray. The defeat of the Huguenots at Jarnac 
+    (April 1569) may have had something to do with Elizabeth's compliance. But 
+    what influenced her still more was her perception that war with France would 
+    compel her to place herself under the protection of Spain; whereas she 
+    desired to keep Spain at arm's-length, and to maintain a good understanding 
+    with France, as did Eliot, Pym, and Cromwell afterwards, regardless of the 
+    rooted prejudices of their countrymen. Elizabeth probably stood alone in her 
+    judgment on this occasion. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The quarrel with Philip had more serious 
+    results at home than abroad. It was indirectly the cause of the only English 
+    rebellion that disturbed the long reign of Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Most of the nobility and gentry, even when 
+    professedly Protestants, regretted the alienation of England from the 
+    Universal Church. If they had all pulled together they must have had their 
+    way, for they were the military and political class. But their discontent 
+    varied widely in its intensity. There were nobles like Sussex who were 
+    resolved to serve their Queen loyally and zealously, but who, all the same, 
+    wished her to cultivate a good understanding with Philip, to marry the 
+    Archduke, to abstain from assisting the Huguenots, to give no countenance to 
+    the rovers, to recognise Mary as her heir-presumptive and marry her to 
+    Norfolk. There were others like Norfolk, Montagu, Arundel, and Southampton, 
+    who had treasonable relations with the Spanish ambassador, and aimed at 
+    overthrowing Cecil, marrying Mary to Norfolk, and compelling the Queen to 
+    restore the Catholic worship, or at least to make such changes in the 
+    Anglican model as would facilitate a reunion with Rome when Mary should 
+    succeed. A third party, headed by the Catholic lords of the north, was 
+    plotting to depose Elizabeth in favour of Mary, and to marry the latter to 
+    Don John of Austria. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;With these powerful nobles in opposition, 
+    who, before the Reformation, could have hurled any sovereign from his 
+    throne, where was Elizabeth to look for support? The town populations were 
+    Protestant --too Protestant indeed for her taste. But the town populations 
+    were a minority, and less military than the landowners and their tenants. 
+    She had her Cecils, Bacons, Walsinghams, Hunsdons, Knollyses, Sadlers, 
+    Killegrews, Drurys, capable and devoted servants, but new men without 
+    territorial wealth or influence, and with no force except what they 
+    possessed as wielding the power of the Crown. It would be difficult to name 
+    more than half-a-dozen peers who zealously promoted her policy. Most of them 
+    looked on it coldly, and would support her only as long as she seemed to be 
+    strongest. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary's rejection of Elizabeth's terms 
+    coincided with the quarrel with Philip (December 1568). The disaffected 
+    nobles thought that the time was now come for striking a blow. Conscious 
+    that the feudal devotion of the gentry and yeomanry to their local chiefs 
+    had in Tudor times been largely superseded by awe of the central government, 
+    they were importuning Philip to give them the signal for rebellion by 
+    sending a division of Alva's army from the Netherlands. Philip, cautious as 
+    usual, and afraid of driving England into alliance with France, declined to 
+    send a soldier until either the Norfolk party had overthrown Cecil, or the 
+    northern lords had carried off Mary. Between these two sets of conspirators 
+    there was much jealousy and distrust. The Spanish ambassador thought the 
+    southern scheme the most feasible. Not without difficulty he persuaded the 
+    northern lords to wait till it should be seen whether the Queen could be 
+    induced or compelled to sanction the marriage of Mary with Norfolk. If she 
+    refused, they were to make a dash on Wingfield, a seat of Lord Shrewsbury's 
+    in Derbyshire where Mary was staying, while Norfolk was to raise the eastern 
+    counties. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All through the summer of 1569 these plots 
+    were brewing. Three times Norfolk and his father-in-law Arundel went to the 
+    Council with the intention of arresting Cecil. Three times their hearts 
+    failed them. The northern lords, who were not members of the Council, came 
+    up to London to see Norfolk bell the cat, but went back, more suspicious 
+    than ever, to make their own preparations. Cecil himself seems to have been 
+    hedging. In his private advice to the Queen he was opposing the Norfolk 
+    marriage, pointing out that free or in prison, married or single, in England 
+    or in Scotland, Mary must always be dangerous, and breathing for the first 
+    time the suggestion that she might lawfully be put to death in England for 
+    complicity in English plots. In the Council he concurred in a vote that she 
+    should be married to an Englishman --in other words, to Norfolk. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If Elizabeth could have felt any confidence 
+    in Norfolk's loyalty, it seems probable that much as she disliked the 
+    marriage she would have yielded to the almost unanimous pronouncement of the 
+    nobility in its favour. But a sure instinct warned her of her danger. &amp;quot;If 
+    she consented she would be in the Tower before four months were over.&amp;quot; After 
+    much deliberation she commanded the Duke on his allegiance to renounce his 
+    project. He gave his promise, but soon retired to his own county, and sent 
+    word to the northern earls that &amp;quot;he would stand and abide the venture.&amp;quot; But 
+    while he was shivering and hesitating, Elizabeth, for once, was all 
+    promptitude and decision. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary was hurried to Tutbury Castle. Arundel 
+    and Pembroke were summoned to Windsor, and kept under surveillance. Norfolk 
+    himself came in quietly, and was lodged in the Tower. Thus the southern 
+    conspiracy collapsed (September-October 1569). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Catholic lords and gentlemen of the north 
+    who had been awaiting Norfolk's signal, were staggered by his tame 
+    surrender. Sussex, who was in command at York, and who, being of the old 
+    blood himself, did not care to see old houses crushed, advised Elizabeth to 
+    wink at their half-begun treason, and be thankful it had not come to 
+    fighting. She winked at the attempted flight to Alva of Southampton and 
+    Montagu, and even affected to trust the latter with the command of the 
+    militia called out in Sussex. She could afford to ignore the disaffection of 
+    a southern noble. A Sussex squire or yeoman, even if he was not a 
+    Protestant, would think twice before he cast in his lot with rebellion. The 
+    northern counties were mainly Catholic. They were much behind the south in 
+    civilisation. The Tudor sovereigns were never seen there. Great families 
+    were still looked up to. Elizabeth knew that though rebellion might be 
+    adjourned, might possibly never come off, it was a constant menace, which 
+    crippled her policy. She determined therefore to have done with it, once for 
+    all, and summoned Northumberland and Westmoreland to London. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Thus driven into a corner, the two earls 
+    burst into rebellion. They entered Durham in arms, overthrew the communion 
+    table in the cathedral, set up the old altar, and had mass said (14 November 
+    1569). Next day they marched south, with the object of rescuing Mary from 
+    Tutbury. But when they were within fifty miles of that place, Shrewsbury and 
+    Huntingdon, in obedience to hurried orders from London, conveyed her to 
+    Coventry. Having thus missed their spring, the rebel earls halted 
+    irresolutely for three days, and then turned back. Their followers dropped 
+    away from them. Clinton and Warwick were on their track, with the musters of 
+    the Midlands; and before the end of December they were fain to fly across 
+    the Border. Northumberland was arrested by Moray. Two years later he was 
+    given up to Elizabeth, and executed. Westmoreland, after being protected for 
+    a time by Ker of Ferniehirst, escaped to the Netherlands, where he died. 
+    England was not again disturbed by rebellion till the great civil war.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The failure of the northern earls to kindle a 
+    general rebellion was due to the cautious and temporising policy for which 
+    Elizabeth has been so severely blamed by heated partisans. The powerful 
+    party which preferred a Spanish alliance, disliked religious innovation, and 
+    looked forward to the succession of Mary, had not been driven to despair of 
+    accomplishing those ends in a lawful way. Their avowed policy had not been 
+    proscribed--had not even been repudiated. Some of their chief leaders were 
+    on the Council--as we should say, were members of the Government; others 
+    were employed and trusted and visited by the Queen. They objected to being 
+    hurried into civil war by the northern lords, who were not of the Council, 
+    who kept away from London, and were rebels by inheritance and tradition. 
+    They would have nothing to do with the ill-advised movement; and, as in 
+    those days neutrality in the presence of open insurrection was no more 
+    permissible to a nobleman than it would be now to an officer in the army, 
+    they had no choice but to range themselves on the side of the Government. If 
+    Elizabeth had openly branded the Queen of Scots as a murderess, if she had 
+    pointed to Huntingdon or the son of Catherine Grey as her successor, if she 
+    had put herself at the head of a Protestant league, she might possibly have 
+    come victorious out of a civil war. But a civil war it would have been, and 
+    of the worst kind: one party calling in the Spaniard, and the other, in all 
+    probability, driven to call in the Frenchman. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The assassination of Moray a few weeks later 
+    (23 January 1570) was a severe blow to Elizabeth, and an irreparable 
+    disaster to his own country. An attempt has been made to create an 
+    impression that the English Queen was somehow responsible for his death, 
+    because she did not march an army into Scotland to support him. He no more 
+    wished to receive an English army into Scotland than Elizabeth wished to 
+    send one. Therein they were both of them wiser than the critics of their own 
+    day, or this. What he did ask for was money, and the recognition of James. 
+    The request for money Elizabeth was willing to consider, though, as a rule, 
+    she did not believe in paying for any work she could get done gratis. The 
+    recognition of James seems a very simple thing to the critics. But it was as 
+    difficult for Elizabeth as the recognition of the Prince of Bulgaria is now 
+    to Austria, and for similar reasons. She was under no obligation whatever to 
+    Moray. His own interest compelled him to play her game. But she well knew 
+    his value. On hearing of his death she shut herself up in her chamber, 
+    exclaiming, with tears, that she had lost the best friend she had in the 
+    world. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As long as Moray lived, and was able to keep 
+    the Marian lords in some sort of check, Elizabeth judged, and rightly, that 
+    she had more to lose than to gain by any open interference in Scotland. It 
+    was no business of hers to put down anarchy there. Scotch anarchy did not 
+    imperil England. What would imperil England would be the appearance of 
+    French troops in Scotland; and she judged that nothing would be so likely to 
+    bring them there as any pretension to establish an English protectorate. Her 
+    Protestant councillors fretted at her &lt;i&gt;laisser faire&lt;/i&gt; policy. But then 
+    they, for personal or at least for sectarian reasons, were eager for that 
+    general European conflagration which she, with superior discernment and 
+    larger patriotism, was trying to avert. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The death of Moray so weakened the King's 
+    party that it became necessary to give them a little help. Elizabeth gave it 
+    in such a way as she thought would be least likely to excite the jealousy of 
+    France. She told the new Regent Lennox that, though she could not send an 
+    army to support him, she would send one to chastise the Hamiltons and the 
+    Borderers, who were harbouring her rebel the Earl of Westmoreland, and, 
+    along with him, making raids into England. This was done sharply and 
+    thoroughly. The robber holds on the Border, and Hamilton Castle itself, were 
+    one after another taken and blown up by the English Wardens of the Marches 
+    (April and May 1570). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;What Elizabeth desired more than anything 
+    else was to settle Scotch affairs, in conjunction with France, on the terms 
+    that neither power should interfere in Scotland. To Cecil this was 
+    unsatisfactory, because the restoration of Mary, on any terms whatever, 
+    would, if she survived Elizabeth, ensure her succession to the English 
+    throne, and the ruin of Cecil himself. He did not want to conciliate 
+    Catholics at home or abroad. He wanted to commit his mistress to an 
+    internecine war with them. In an angry dispute with Arundel at the Council 
+    board about this time, he blurted out his doctrine, that the Queen had no 
+    friends but the Protestants, and that if she restored Mary she would lose 
+    them all. No language could have been more displeasing to Elizabeth, 
+    especially in the presence of crypto-Catholic lords, and she snubbed him 
+    unmercifully. &amp;quot;Mr Secretary, I mean to have done with this business; I shall 
+    listen to the proposals of the French King. I am not going to be tied any 
+    longer to you and your brethren in Christ.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The peace of St. Germain between the French 
+    court and the Huguenots (August 8, 1570), and the disgrace of the Guises, 
+    were followed by negotiations for a tripartite treaty between England, 
+    France, and Scotland on the basis of the restoration of Mary. Elizabeth, of 
+    course, insisted on the guarantees she had often sketched out. She was 
+    willing--nay, anxious--to leave Scotland alone, if the French would do the 
+    same. The French, on the other hand, felt that the equality of such an 
+    arrangement was more seeming than real, because there were always English 
+    troops lying at Berwick, within sixty miles of Edinburgh. They haggled over 
+    the guarantees, and in the meantime, notwithstanding the real desire of 
+    Catherine and Charles IX. to conclude an alliance with Elizabeth against 
+    Philip, they continued to send money and encouragement to the Marian lords 
+    in Scotland. For if, for any reason, the English alliance should not come 
+    off, they meant to take up Mary's cause in earnest, and detach her from her 
+    Guise relations by marrying her to the Duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All this was known to Elizabeth, and in her 
+    extreme anxiety for the tripartite treaty, she thought the moment was come 
+    to dangle the bait which she always reserved for occasions of special 
+    importance. She informed the French ambassador that she was ready to marry 
+    Anjou herself. It is not to be supposed that she had the least intention of 
+    doing so. She had settled with herself from the first how she would get out 
+    of her proposal when it had served its turn. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A minor motive for this move was the hope 
+    that it would reconcile her Protestant councillors to the restoration of 
+    Mary. She did not succeed with all of them. Some continued to mutter that 
+    Anjou was a Papist, that tripartite treaties were a delusion, and that the 
+    only safe course was to grasp the Scotch nettle and uphold James with the 
+    whole force of England. But upon Cecil the effect was almost comical. He 
+    jumped at the plan. Anything that was likely to make Elizabeth a mother 
+    would be salvation to him. Whether the Queen at the mature age of 
+    thirty-seven was likely to be happy with a husband of twenty was a question 
+    that did not give him a moment's concern. She was not too old to have two or 
+    three children, and, that result once achieved, Mary might go to Scotland or 
+    anywhere else for what he cared, and do her worst. The sanguine man already 
+    saw visions of a converted Valois heading an Anglo-French crusade against 
+    Philip, and establishing the reformed faith throughout Europe. Walsingham 
+    his right-hand man, then ambassador at Paris, was equally bitten. This was 
+    in the year before the massacre of St. Bartholomew. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The overture of Elizabeth was very welcome to 
+    the French court. Negotiations for the match were soon opened, and continued 
+    during the first six months of 1571. At the same time, both the Scotch 
+    factions were summoned to accept the tripartite arrangement. Mary was at 
+    first eager for it, and instructed her agent, the Bishop of Ross, to swallow 
+    every condition that might be imposed. She looked on it as the only means of 
+    obtaining her release. But there is ample proof that she intended to throw 
+    its stipulations to the winds and fight for her own cause when once she 
+    should get back to Scotland. In playing this perfidious game, she had 
+    confidently counted on the help of France. The Regent's party, however, 
+    declined the treaty. They dreaded Mary's return, and they had no wish to 
+    shake hands with the Marian lords or admit them to a share in the 
+    Government. The tripartite scheme thus fell through. Mary herself ceased to 
+    care for it as soon as she heard of the projected match between Elizabeth 
+    and Anjou. She saw that if France was going to co-operate heartily with 
+    England, her sovereignty in Scotland would be merely nominal. She might 
+    almost as well remain with Lord Shrewsbury. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;To remain quietly in England and be content 
+    with her position as heir-presumptive to the English crown was indeed the 
+    best and safest course open to her. She had only to acquiesce in it and give 
+    up plotting, and she might have lived here in considerable magnificence, and 
+    with as much freedom as she could desire. If she wished for a husband, she 
+    might have married any Englishman of whose loyalty Elizabeth could feel 
+    assured. It was of the greatest importance to both countries that she should 
+    bear more children. For it must be remembered that if James had died in his 
+    childhood, his next heir was a Hamilton, who had no title to the English 
+    throne. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the proposed Anjou match had not produced 
+    the full results which Elizabeth hoped, it had at least defeated the plans 
+    and disorganised the party of her rival. It had served its turn; and all 
+    that now remained was to get out of it as decently as possible. The old 
+    pretext for breaking off the Austrian match was reproduced. Anjou could not 
+    be allowed to have a private mass; and when, in its eagerness, the French 
+    court seemed disposed to give way on this point, Elizabeth began to talk 
+    about a restitution of Calais. Ruefully did poor Cecil watch the vanishing 
+    of his dream. It was to no purpose that he tried to frighten Elizabeth by 
+    representing that a jilted prince would be converted into an angry enemy. 
+    She knew better. Anjou comprehended that she did not mean to have him, and, 
+    to avoid the indignity of a refusal, himself broke off negotiations. But, as 
+    Elizabeth had calculated, the new alliance did not suffer. The French King 
+    went out of his way to say that &amp;quot;for her upright dealing he would honour the 
+    Queen of England during his life,&amp;quot; and Catherine, most unsentimental of 
+    women, had another suitor to offer--her youngest son AlenÃ§on, then just 
+    turned seventeen! &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While the negotiations for the Anjou match 
+    were going on, what is known as the Ridolfi Plot was hatching against 
+    Elizabeth. Ridolfi, an Italian banker in London, and secretly an agent of 
+    the Pope, was in close relations with Norfolk and the other peers who for 
+    two years had been dabbling in treason. They were still pressing Philip to 
+    invade England; but he and Alva were less than ever disposed to undertake 
+    the venture since the pitiful collapse of the northern insurrection. In 
+    order to impress Philip with the importance of the conspiracy, Ridolfi went 
+    to Madrid, and showed Philip a letter purporting to be written by Norfolk, 
+    to which was attached a list of noblemen stated to be favourable to the 
+    cause. It contained the names of forty out of the sixty-seven peers then 
+    existing, while, of the rest, some were marked as neutral, and fifteen at 
+    most as true to Elizabeth. The classification was on the face of it absurdly 
+    untrustworthy. But correct or incorrect, it did not weigh with Philip. He 
+    wanted deeds, not lists of names, and Ridolfi was informed that, unless 
+    Elizabeth were first assassinated or imprisoned, not a Spanish soldier could 
+    be sent to England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Whatever secret disaffection might prevail 
+    among the peers, the temper displayed by the new House of Commons, elected 
+    in the spring of 1571, was not of a kind to encourage Elizabeth's enemies at 
+    home or abroad. So far as can be judged from its proceedings and debates, it 
+    was not only entirely Protestant, but largely Puritan.(1) A bill was passed 
+    by which any person refusing, on demand, to acknowledge Elizabeth's right to 
+    the crown was made incapable of succeeding her; a provision which, though it 
+    did not name Mary, could apply to no one else. It was made high treason to 
+    deny that the inheritance of the crown could be determined by the Queen and 
+    Parliament. To affirm in writing that any particular person was entitled to 
+    succeed the Queen, except the Queen's issue, or some one established by 
+    Parliament, was made punishable with imprisonment for life, and forfeiture 
+    of all property for the second offence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The plot which Ridolfi was so busily pushing 
+    in 1571 was, in fact, a continuation of the twin aristocratic conspiracies, 
+    one of which had exploded in the northern insurrection. By forcing that 
+    insurrection to break out before the southern conspirators had made up their 
+    minds what to do, the Government had effectually destroyed what chances of 
+    success the disaffected nobles had ever had. Alva was right in his judgment 
+    that, if the Percys, Nevilles, and Dacres could do so little, the Howard 
+    group, whose estates, vast as they were, lay, for the most part, in more 
+    orderly and civilised parts of the country, could do still less. There was, 
+    indeed, some talk among them of seizing the Queen at the opening of the 
+    Parliament of 1571, just as there had been a talk of arresting Cecil two 
+    years before. But the truth was that insurrection was a played-out game in 
+    England; and if Norfolk had been a ten-times abler and bolder man than he 
+    was, it would have made no difference. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The true history of the time is not to be 
+    read in the croakings and wailings privately exchanged between Cecil, 
+    Walsingham, and the rest of the Protestant junto, angry and alarmed because 
+    Elizabeth would not let them play her cards for her. It is a strange 
+    perversity which persists in adopting their view that she was on the brink 
+    of ruin, when the patent fact is that Protestantism was making rapid 
+    strides, that the Queen's personal popularity was increasing every day, and 
+    that Spain, France, and Scotland, the only countries with which she was 
+    concerned, were all humble suitors for her alliance on almost any terms that 
+    it might please her to exact. The correspondence of Philip with Alva is 
+    there to prove, that while writhing under the repeated aggressions of 
+    England, he was obliged to put up with them because a war would imperil his 
+    hold on the Netherlands. To all the invitations of the Norfolks and 
+    Northumberlands, the able and well-informed Alva turned a deaf ear, because 
+    he believed Elizabeth too strong to be overthrown. A French alliance she 
+    could always have as long as the Guises were excluded from power. If they 
+    regained their influence the Huguenots would keep them fully occupied. 
+    Scotland, unless foreign troops made their appearance there, could be no 
+    source of danger to England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's policy was thus, in its broad 
+    lines, as simple as it was successful. At home it was her wisdom to wink as 
+    long as possible at the disaffection of the few, to win the affection of the 
+    many by economical government, to reserve the persecuting laws for special 
+    cases, while preventing any general and sweeping application of them, and, 
+    lastly, to drive no party to desperation by a too pronounced encouragement 
+    of its opponents. Spain, as being the centre of reaction and the hope of her 
+    disloyal nobles, she meant to harass and weaken as far as she could do so 
+    without bringing on an open war. With Charles IX. and his mother she desired 
+    a defensive alliance, and an understanding that neither country should send 
+    troops into Scotland or permit Spain to do so. In its general conception, I 
+    repeat, this policy was simple and coherent. How it succeeded we know. There 
+    was nothing sentimental about it, though, where individuals were concerned, 
+    Elizabeth's judgment was sometimes warped by sentiment. Upon the whole, she 
+    kept herself at the English point of view. Whereas Cecil was compelled by 
+    personal considerations to place himself too much at the point of view of 
+    his &amp;quot;brethren in Christ,&amp;quot; both at home and abroad. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;However, a plot there was, and it was 
+    necessary that it should be unravelled and punished. Almost from its 
+    inception, Cecil (created Lord Burghley February 1571), had been more or 
+    less on the scent of it. Hints had come from abroad: spies had been 
+    employed: suspected persons had been closely watched: inferior agents had 
+    been imprisoned, questioned, racked: and enough had been discovered to make 
+    it certain that Englishmen of the highest rank were plotting treason. Who 
+    they were might be suspected, but was not ascertained until a lucky arrest 
+    put the Minister in possession of evidence incriminating Norfolk, Arundel, 
+    Southampton, Lumley, Cobham, the Spanish ambassador, the Bishop of Ross, and 
+    Mary herself (September 1571). Norfolk was sent to the Tower, and the other 
+    peers placed under arrest. The ambassador was dismissed. The Bishop made 
+    ample confessions. Mary, who had hitherto lived as the guest of Lord 
+    Shrewsbury, enjoying field-sports, receiving her friends and corresponding 
+    with whom she would, was confined to a single room, and carefully cut off, 
+    for a time, from all communication with the outer world. Both in England and 
+    abroad it was universally expected that she would be brought to trial and 
+    executed. James was at length officially styled &amp;quot;King&amp;quot; and his mother &amp;quot;late 
+    Queen.&amp;quot; Her partisans in Edinburgh Castle were informed that she would never 
+    be restored, and that, if they did not surrender the Castle to the Regent 
+    Mar, an English force would be sent to take it. The casket letters had 
+    hitherto been withheld from publication under pressure from Elizabeth; they 
+    were now at last given to the world in the famous &amp;quot;Detection&amp;quot; of Buchanan.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Under any other Tudor, or under the Stuarts, 
+    all the peers arrested would undoubtedly have lost their heads. Norfolk 
+    alone was brought to trial (January 1572). There was much in the proceedings 
+    which, according to modern notions, was unfair to the accused. But the peers 
+    who tried him felt sure that he was guilty, and they were right. Subsequent 
+    investigations have established beyond a doubt that he had conspired to 
+    bring a foreign army into the country--the worst form that treason can take. 
+    He had done this with contemptible hypocrisy, for a purely selfish object, 
+    and after the most lenient and generous construction had been placed on his 
+    first steps in crime. And yet historians have been found to make light of 
+    the offence, and to pity the malefactor as the victim of a romantic 
+    attachment to a woman whom he had never seen, and whom he believed to be an 
+    adulteress and a murderess. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During the spring of 1572 Elizabeth hesitated 
+    to let justice take its course. She had reigned fourteen years without 
+    taking the life of a single noble. The scaffold on Tower Hill from such long 
+    disuse was falling to pieces, and Norfolk's sentence had made it necessary 
+    to erect a new one. Elizabeth was loath to break the spell. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not knowing with any certainty how many of 
+    her nobles might have given more or less approval to the Ridolfi plot, but 
+    confident that she could cow them by letting the voice of the untitled 
+    aristocracy and middle class be heard, she called a new Parliament (May 
+    1572). The response went beyond her expectation. Of Mary's well-wishers, 
+    once so numerous, all except a few fanatics had now given her up. Two 
+    alternative courses of action with respect to her were submitted for 
+    consideration, with the intimation that the Queen would accept whichever of 
+    them Parliament should approve. The first was attainder. The second was that 
+    she should be disabled from succession to the crown; that if she attempted 
+    treason again she should &amp;quot;suffer pains of death without further trouble of 
+    Parliament;&amp;quot; and that it should be treason if she assented to any enterprise 
+    to deliver her out of prison. Both houses at once voted to proceed with the 
+    attainder. Elizabeth, we may be sure, was not sorry for this unmistakable 
+    exhibition of feeling. It would open the eyes of her enemies both at home 
+    and abroad. But she had no intention of proceeding to such extremities this 
+    time. Mary should have fair warning. Accordingly Parliament was desired to 
+    &amp;quot;defer&amp;quot; the bill of attainder, and to proceed with the second measure. But 
+    the Commons were in grim earnest. They immediately resolved that the second 
+    bill would be useless and even mischievous, as it would imply that at 
+    present Mary had a right of succession, whereas she was already disabled by 
+    law; and that they therefore preferred to proceed with the attainder. With 
+    this resolution the Lords concurred. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Here they were on dangerous ground. To rake 
+    up the law empowering Henry VIII. to determine the succession was to disable 
+    all the Stuarts, James included, and so to throw away the opportunity of 
+    uniting the crowns. Elizabeth had always, for excellent reasons, refused to 
+    allow this question to be raised. Accordingly she again directed the House 
+    to defer the attainder; she would not have the Scottish Queen &amp;quot;either 
+    enabled or disabled to or from any manner of title to the crown,&amp;quot; nor &amp;quot;any 
+    other &lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; to the same whatsoever touched at all;&amp;quot; to make sure of 
+    which she would have the second bill drawn by her own law officers. To the 
+    repeated demands of the Commons for the execution of Norfolk, she at length 
+    gave way, and a few days later he was beheaded (2 June 1572). The second 
+    bill, as drawn by the law officers, passed both Houses. Its exact terms are 
+    not known, for it never received the royal assent. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Burghley who was of opinion (as some one 
+    afterwards said about Strafford) that &amp;quot;stone dead hath no fellow,&amp;quot; bemoaned 
+    himself privately to Walsingham on the disappointment of their hopes; and 
+    modern historians, with whom his authority is final, are loud in their 
+    condemnation of Elizabeth's vacillation and blindness. Vacillation there was 
+    really none. She had determined from the first not to allow Mary to be 
+    punished. She had gained all she wanted when the temper of Parliament had 
+    been ascertained and displayed to the world. There have always been plenty 
+    of people to accuse her of treachery and cruelty because she put Mary to 
+    death fifteen years later, for complicity in an assassination plot. How 
+    would her name have gone down to posterity if the Scottish Queen had been 
+    executed in 1572 merely for inviting a foreign army to rescue her from 
+    captivity? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. The oath of supremacy imposed on members of 
+    the House of Commons in 1562 practically excluded conscientious Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptersix.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VI: Foreign Affairs: 1572-1583&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082624&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082624&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5329</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The obituary of King Henry VII, 1509</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd90f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1509.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1509.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1509: The obituary of King Henry VII&quot; width=&quot;436&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was recorded in the &lt;i&gt;Anglica Historia&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VII was the first Tudor king of England.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+      born on 28 January 1457 to Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, earl of 
+      Richmond and half-brother of the ill-fated King Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; Henry was 
+      born when his mother was just 13 years old; he was her only child.&amp;nbsp; 
+      His father died a few months prior to his birth.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry had a tumultuous life, much of it spent in exile 
+      until he fought King Richard III at Bosworth Field in the summer of 1485.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Richard's own forces betrayed him, most notably Henry's step-uncle and 
+      stepfather; he died in battle.&amp;nbsp; Henry was crowned king of England and 
+      soon married the royal princess Elizabeth of York.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's improbable rise encouraged those qualities which 
+      made him a very effective but personally unpopular king.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+      secretive, acquisitive, and rarely trusted others.&amp;nbsp; He gained a 
+      reputation as both greedy and miserly.&amp;nbsp; He may have been both but 
+      keep in mind that he inherited a bankrupt government; he died solvent, no 
+      small achievement for a king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;After the upheaval of the 'Wars of the Roses', the 
+      English people desired peace.&amp;nbsp; They were prepared to accept Henry's 
+      very dubious claim to the throne (via his mother, through a rumored 
+      marriage between her great-grandfather, a royal duke, and his mistress) if 
+      he provided a stable government.&amp;nbsp; He did so, and his position was 
+      greatly strengthened by his marriage to the popular Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Even more importantly, he provided two male heirs within a few years of 
+      marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's true genius was in administration.&amp;nbsp; He did 
+      not reform government, but he did increase its effectiveness.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      also reestablished royal authority over the English nobility.&amp;nbsp; His 
+      later years were unexpectedly difficult.&amp;nbsp; The deaths of Prince Arthur 
+      and Elizabeth of York within a year of each other saddened him personally 
+      and made the succession more insecure.&amp;nbsp; His own death in 1509 was 
+      preceded by several years of illness.&amp;nbsp; He was succeeded by his 18 
+      year old son, Henry.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;He [Henry VII] well knew how to maintain his royal majesty and all
+which appertains to kingship at every time and in every place.&amp;nbsp; He
+was most fortunate in war, although he was constitutionally more inclined
+to peace than to war.&amp;nbsp; He cherished justice above all things; as a
+result he vigorously punished violence, manslaughter and every other kind
+of wickedness whatsoever.&amp;nbsp; Consequently he was greatly regretted on
+that account by all his subjects, who had been able to conduct their lives
+peaceably, far removed from the assaults and evil doings of scoundrels.&amp;nbsp;
+He was the most ardent supporter of our faith and daily participated with
+great piety in religious services....&lt;br&gt;But all these virtues were obscured latterly by avarice, from which
+he suffered.&amp;nbsp; This avarice is surely a bad enough vice in a private
+individual, whom it forever torments; in a monarch indeed it may be considered
+the worst vice since it is harmful to everyone and distorts those qualities
+of trustfulness, justice and integrity by which the State must be governed.
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082593&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082593&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28147</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter IX</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdaa0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER IX&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;EXECUTION OF THE QUEEN OF SCOTS: 1584-1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THROGMORTON'S plot--of which the Queen of 
+    Scots was undoubtedly cognisant, though it was not pressed against 
+    her--brought home to every one the danger in which Elizabeth stood (1584). 
+    To the Catholic conspiracy, the temptation to take her life was enormous. It 
+    was becoming clear that, while she lived, the much talked of insurrection 
+    would never come off. The large majority of Catholics would have nothing to 
+    do with it --still less with foreign invasion. They would obey their lawful 
+    sovereign. But if once Elizabeth were dead, by whatever means, their lawful 
+    sovereign would be Mary. The rebels would be the Protestants, if they should 
+    try to place any one else on the throne. The Protestants had no organisation. 
+    They had no candidate for the crown ready. It was to be feared that no great 
+    noble would step forward to lead them. Burghley himself, though longing as 
+    much as ever for Mary's head, had with a prudent eye to all eventualities, 
+    contrived some time before to persuade her that he was her well-wisher. 
+    Houses of Commons, it is true, had shown themselves strongly and 
+    increasingly Protestant. But with the demise of the crown, Parliament, if in 
+    being at the time, would be &lt;i&gt;ipso facto&lt;/i&gt; dissolved. The Privy Council, 
+    in like manner, would cease to have any legal existence. Burghley, 
+    Walsingham, and the other new men of whom it was mostly composed, had no 
+    power or weight, except as instruments of the sovereign. Her death would 
+    leave them helpless. The country would take its direction not from them, but 
+    from the great nobles of large ancestral possessions. Nor could they provide 
+    for such an emergency by privately selecting a Protestant successor 
+    beforehand, and privately organising their partisans. It would have been as 
+    much as their lives were worth if their mistress had caught them doing 
+    anything of the kind. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In this dilemma an ingenious plan suggested 
+    itself to them. They drew up a &amp;quot;Bond of Association,&amp;quot; by which the 
+    subscribers engaged that, if the Queen were murdered, they would never 
+    accept as successor any one &amp;quot;by whom &lt;i&gt;or for whom&lt;/i&gt;&amp;quot; such act should be 
+    committed, but would &amp;quot;prosecute such person to death.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was a hypothetical way of excluding Mary 
+    and organising a Protestant resistance to which Elizabeth could make no 
+    objection. But the ministers knew that, as a merely voluntary association 
+    without Parliamentary sanction, it would add little strength or confidence 
+    to the Protestant party. It would not even test their numbers; for no Marian 
+    ventured to refuse the oath. Mary herself desired to be allowed to take it. 
+    The bond was therefore converted into a Statute by Parliament, though not 
+    without some important alterations (March 1585). It was enacted that if the 
+    realm was invaded, or a rebellion instigated, by &lt;i&gt;or for&lt;/i&gt; any one 
+    pretending a title to the succession, or if the Queen's murder was plotted 
+    by any one, or with the privity of any one that pretended title, such 
+    pretender, &lt;i&gt;after ezamination and judgment&lt;/i&gt; by an extraordinary 
+    commission to be nominated by the Queen, and consisting of at least 
+    twenty-four privy councillors and lords of Parliament assisted by the chief 
+    judges, should be excluded from the succession, and that, on proclamation of 
+    the sentence and direction by the Queen, all subjects might and should 
+    pursue the offender to death. If the Queen were murdered, the lords of the 
+    Council at the time of her death, or the majority of them, should join to 
+    themselves at least twelve other lords of Parliament not making title to the 
+    crown, and the chief judges; and if, after examination, they should come to 
+    the above-mentioned conclusion, they should without delay, by all forcible 
+    and possible means, prosecute the guilty persons to death, and should have 
+    power to raise and use such forces as should in that behalf be needful and 
+    convenient; and no subjects should be liable to punishment for anything done 
+    according to the tenor of the Statute. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Here, then, was a legal way provided by which 
+    the Protestant ministers might act against Mary if Elizabeth were murdered. 
+    They were in fact created a Provisional Government, with power to exclude 
+    Mary from the throne. Whether they would have the courage or strength to do 
+    so remained to be seen; but they would at least have formal law on their 
+    side. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It had never entered into Mary's plans to 
+    wait for Elizabeth's natural death. She therefore read the new Act as a 
+    sentence of exclusion. Another blow soon fell on her. In 1584, elated by her 
+    son's victory over the raiders of Ruthven, and believing that he was willing 
+    to recognise her joint sovereignty and cooperate with a Guise invasion, she 
+    had scornfully refused the last overtures that Elizabeth ever made to her. 
+    She now learnt that he had never intended to accept association with her, 
+    and that he had urged Elizabeth not to release her. In the following year he 
+    had accepted an annual pension of Â£4000 with some grumbling at its amount; 
+    and a defensive alliance was at length concluded between the two countries, 
+    Mary's name not being mentioned in the treaty (July 1586). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As the prospects of the Scottish Queen became 
+    darker both in England and her own country, she grew more desperate and 
+    reckless. Early in 1586, Walsingham contrived a way of regularly inspecting 
+    all her most secret correspondence. He soon discovered that she was 
+    encouraging Babington's plot for assassinating Elizabeth. Some of the 
+    conspirators, though avowed Catholics, had offices in the royal household; 
+    such was Elizabeth's easy-going confidence. It was hoped that Parma would at 
+    the moment of the murder land troops on the east coast. Mendoza, now Spanish 
+    ambassador in Paris, warmly encouraged the project. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Scottish Queen was now in the case 
+    contemplated by the Statute of the previous year. But it required all the 
+    urgency of the Council to prevail with Elizabeth to have her brought to 
+    trial. Elizabeth's whole conduct shows that she would even now have 
+    preferred to deal with her rival as she did in the inquiry into the Darnley 
+    murder. She would have been content to discredit her, to expose her guilt, 
+    and, if possible, to bring her to her knees confessing her crimes and 
+    pleading for mercy. But Mary was not of the temper to confess. Humiliation 
+    and effacement were to her worse than death. She chose to brazen it out with 
+    a well-grounded confidence that, as long as she asserted her innocence, 
+    people would always be found to believe in it, let the evidence be what it 
+    would. Besides, long impunity had convinced her that Elizabeth did not dare 
+    to take her life. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There was nothing for it, therefore, but to 
+    bring her to trial. A Special Commission was nominated under the provisions 
+    of the Statute of 1585, consisting of forty-five persons--peers, privy 
+    councillors, and judges--who proceeded to Fotheringay Castle, whither Mary 
+    had been removed. She at first refused their jurisdiction; but on being 
+    informed that they would proceed in her absence, she appeared before them 
+    under protest (14 October 1586). After sitting at Fotheringay for two days, 
+    the Court adjourned to Westminster, where it pronounced her guilty (25 
+    October). A declaration was added that her disqualification for the 
+    succession, which followed by the Statute, did not affect any rights that 
+    her son might possess. The verdict was immediately known; but its 
+    proclamation was deferred till Parliament could be consulted. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A general election had been held while the 
+    trial was going on, and Parliament met four days after its conclusion (29 
+    October). The whole evidence was gone into afresh. Not a word seems to have 
+    been said in Mary's favour; and an address was presented to the Queen 
+    praying for execution. If precedents were wanted for the capital punishment 
+    of an anointed sovereign, there were the cases of Agag, Jezebel, Athaliah, 
+    Deiotarus, king of Galatia, put to death by Julius CÃŠsar, Rhescuporis, king 
+    of Thrace, by Tiberius, and Conradin by Charles of Anjou. In vain did 
+    Elizabeth request them to reconsider their vote, and devise some other 
+    expedient. Usually so deferential to her suggestions, they reiterated their 
+    declaration that &amp;quot;the Queen's safety could no way be secured as long as the 
+    Queen of Scots lived.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's hesitation has been generally set 
+    down to hypocrisy. It has been taken for granted that she desired Mary's 
+    death, and was glad to have it pressed upon her by her subjects. I believe 
+    that her reluctance was most genuine. If not of generous disposition, 
+    neither was she revengeful or cruel. She had no animosity against her 
+    enemies. She lacked gall. She was never in any hurry to punish the 
+    disaffected, or even to weed them out of her service. She rather prided 
+    herself on employing them even about her person. Since her accession only 
+    two English peers had been put to death, though several had richly deserved 
+    it. She could affirm with perfect truth that, for the last fifteen years, 
+    she, and she alone, had stood between Mary and the scaffold, and this at 
+    great and increasing risk to her own life. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There had, perhaps, been a time when to 
+    destroy the prospect of a Catholic succession would have driven the 
+    Catholics into rebellion. But that time had long gone by, as every one knew. 
+    Elizabeth had only two dangers now to fear, invasion and assassination, the 
+    latter being the most threatening. There would be little inducement to 
+    attempt it if Mary were not alive to profit by it. Yet Elizabeth hesitated. 
+    The explanation of her reluctance is very simple. She flinched from the 
+    obloquy, the undeserved obloquy, which she saw was in store for her. 
+    Careless to an extraordinary degree about her personal danger, she would 
+    have preferred, as far as she was herself concerned, to let Mary live. It 
+    was her ministers and the Protestant party who, for their own interest, were 
+    forcing her to shed her cousin's blood; and it seemed to her unfair that the 
+    undivided odium should fall, as she foresaw it would fall, on her alone.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The suspense continued through December and 
+    January. In the meantime it became abundantly clear that no foreign court 
+    would interfere actively to save Mary's life. While she had been growing old 
+    in captivity, new interests had sprung up, fresh schemes had been formed in 
+    which she had no place. She stood in the way of half-a-dozen ambitions. 
+    Everybody was weary of her and her wrongs and her pretensions. The Pope had 
+    felt less interest of late in a princess whose rights, if established, would 
+    pass to a Protestant heir. Philip could not intercede for her even if he had 
+    desired to save her life. He was already at war with England, and, if she 
+    had known it, not with any intention of supporting her claims. James by his 
+    recent treaty with England had tacitly treated his mother as an enemy. Her 
+    scheme for kidnapping and disinheriting him, found among her papers at 
+    Chartley, had been promptly communicated to him. Decency required that he 
+    should make a show of remonstrance and menace. But he had every reason to 
+    desire her death, and his only thought was to use the opportunity for 
+    extorting from Elizabeth a recognition of his title to the English crown and 
+    an increase of his pension. He sent the Master of Gray to drive this 
+    bargain. The very choice of his envoy, the man who had persuaded him to 
+    break with his mother, showed Elizabeth how the land lay, and she did not 
+    think it worth her while to bribe him in either way. The Marian nobles 
+    blustered and called for war. Not one of them wanted to see Mary back in 
+    Scotland or cared what became of her; but they had got an idea that Philip 
+    would pay them for a plundering raid into England, and the doubly lucrative 
+    prospect was irresistible. James, however, though pretending resentment and 
+    really sulky at his rebuff, knew his own interests too well to quarrel with 
+    England. What the action of the French King was is less certain. Openly he 
+    remonstrated with considerable vigour and persistence; not entering into the 
+    question of Mary's guilt, but protesting against the punishment of a Queen 
+    and a member of his family. Probably his efforts, so far as they went, were 
+    sincere, for he instructed his ambassador to bribe the English ministers if 
+    possible to save her life. But it was evident that, however offended Henry 
+    III might be by the execution of his sister-in-law, he would not be provoked 
+    into playing the game of Spain. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A warrant for the execution had been drawn 
+    soon after the adjournment of Parliament, and all through December and 
+    January Elizabeth's ministers kept urging her to sign it. At length, when 
+    the Scotch and French ambassadors were gone, and with them the last excuse 
+    for delay, she signed it in the presence of Davison (who had lately been 
+    made co-secretary with Walsingham), and directed him to have it sealed (1 
+    February). What else passed between them on that occasion must always remain 
+    uncertain, because Davison's four written statements, and his answers at his 
+    trial, differ in important particulars not only from the Queen's account but 
+    from one another. So much, however, will to most persons who examine the 
+    evidence be very clear. Elizabeth meant the execution to take place. There 
+    is no reason to doubt Davison's statement that she &amp;quot;forbade him to trouble 
+    her any further, or let her hear any more thereof till it was done, seeing 
+    that for her part she had now performed all that either in law or reason 
+    could be required of her.&amp;quot; But signing the warrant, as both of them knew, 
+    was not enough. The formal delivery of it to some person, with direction to 
+    carry it out, was the final step necessary. This, by Davison's own 
+    admission, the Queen managed to evade. He saw that she wished to thrust the 
+    responsibility upon him and Walsingham, and he suspected that she meant to 
+    disavow them. Although, therefore, she had enjoined strict secrecy, he laid 
+    the matter before Hatton and Burghley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Burghley assembled in his own room the Earls 
+    of Derby and Leicester, Lords Howard of Effingham, Hunsdon, and Cobham, 
+    Knollys, Hatton, Walsingham, and Davison (3 February). (1) These ten were 
+    probably the only privy councillors then at Greenwich. He laid before them 
+    Davison's statement of what had passed between the Queen and himself at both 
+    interviews. He said that she had done as much as could be expected of her; 
+    that she evidently wished her ministers to take whatever responsibility 
+    remained upon themselves without informing her; and that they ought to do 
+    so. His proposal was agreed to. A letter was written to the Earls of Kent 
+    and Shrewsbury instructing them to carry out the execution. This letter all 
+    the ten signed, and it was at once despatched along with the warrant. They 
+    quite understood that Elizabeth would disavow them. They saw that she wished 
+    to have a pretext for saying that Mary had been put to death without her 
+    knowledge, and before she had finally made up her mind. They were willing to 
+    furnish her with this pretext. Of course there would be more or less of a 
+    storm to keep up the make-believe. But ten privy councillors acting together 
+    could not well be punished. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On Thursday (9 February) the news of the 
+    execution arrived. Elizabeth now learnt for the first time that the 
+    responsibility which she had intended to fix on the two secretaries, one a 
+    nobody and the other no favourite, had been shared by eight others of the 
+    Council, including all its most important members. Storm at them the might 
+    and did, and all the more furiously because they had combined for 
+    self-protection. But to punish she whole ten was out of the question. Yet if 
+    no one were punished, with what face could she tender her improbable 
+    explanation to foreign courts? The unlucky Davison was singled out. He could 
+    be charged with divulging what he had been ordered to keep secret and 
+    misleading the others. He was tried before a Special Commission, fined 
+    10,000 marks, and imprisoned for some time in the Tower. The fine was 
+    rigidly exacted, and it reduced him to poverty. Burghley, whose tool he had 
+    been almost as much as Elizabeth's, took pains to make his disgrace 
+    permanent, because he wanted the secretaryship for his son, Robert Cecil.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The strange thing is, that Elizabeth not only 
+    expected her transparent falsehoods to be formally accepted as satisfactory, 
+    but hoped that they would be really believed. Her letter to James was an 
+    insult to his understanding. &amp;quot;I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme 
+    dolour that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far 
+    contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. . . . I beseech you that as God and 
+    many more know how innocent I am in this case, so you will believe me that 
+    if I had bid [bidden] ought I would have bid [abided] by it. . . . Thus 
+    assuring yourself of me that as I know this [the execution] was deserved, 
+    yet if I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders, no more 
+    will I not damnify myself that thought it not.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Little as James cared what became of his 
+    mother, it was impossible that he should not feel humiliated when he was 
+    expected to swallow such a pill as this --and ungilded too. He had no 
+    intention of going to war with the country of which he might now at any 
+    moment become the legitimate King. But to let Elizabeth see that unless he 
+    was paid he could be disagreeable, he winked at raids across the border and 
+    coquetted with the faction who were inviting Philip to send a Spanish army 
+    to Scotland. It was but a passing display of temper. The end of the year 
+    (1587) saw him again drawing close to Elizabeth, and she was able to give 
+    her undivided attention to the coming Armada. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It cannot be seriously maintained that 
+    because Mary was not an English subject she could not be lawfully tried and 
+    punished for crimes committed in England. Those, if any there now be, who 
+    adopt her own contention that, being an anointed Queen, she was not amenable 
+    to any earthly tribunal, but to God alone, are beyond the reach of earthly 
+    argument. The English government had a right to detain her as a dangerous 
+    public enemy. She, on the other hand, had a right to resist such restraint 
+    if she could, and she might have carried conspiracy very far without 
+    incurring our blame. But for good reasons we draw a line at conspiracy to 
+    murder. No government ever did or will let it pass unpunished. If Napoleon 
+    at St. Helena had engaged in conspiracies for seizing the island, no one 
+    could have blamed him, even though they might have involved bloodshed. But 
+    if he had been convicted of plotting the assassination of Sir Hudson Lowe, 
+    he would assuredly have been hanged. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;That the execution was a wise and opportune 
+    stroke of policy can hardly be disputed. It broke up the Catholic party in 
+    England at the moment when their disaffection was about to be tempted by the 
+    appearance of the Armada. There had been a time when they had hopes of 
+    James. But he was now known to be a stiff Protestant. Only the small 
+    Jesuitical faction was prepared to accept Philip either as an heir of John 
+    of Gaunt or as Mary's legatee. There was no other Catholic with a shadow of 
+    a claim. The bulk of the party therefore ceased to look forward to a 
+    restoration of the old religion, and rallied to the cause of national 
+    independence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE ON PAULET'S ALLEGED REFUSAL TO MURDER MARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;I have not alluded in the text to the story, 
+    generally repeated by historians, that Elizabeth urged Paulet and Drury to 
+    murder Mary privately. There is no doubt that, after the signature of the 
+    warrant, Walsingham and Davison, by Elizabeth's direction, urged Paulet and 
+    Drury to put Mary to death, and that they refused. But was it a private 
+    murder that was meant or a public execution without delivery of the warrant? 
+    There is nothing in any of Davison's statements inconsistent with the latter 
+    and far more probable explanation. The blacker charge is founded solely on 
+    the two letters which are generally accepted as being those which passed 
+    between the secretaries and Paulet, but which may be confidently set down as 
+    impudent forgeries. They were first given to the world in 1722 by Dr. George 
+    Mackenzie, a violent Marian, who says that &lt;i&gt;a copy&lt;/i&gt; of them was sent 
+    him by Mr. Urry of Christ Church, Oxford, and that they had been found among 
+    Paulet's papers. Two years later they were printed by Hearne, an Oxford 
+    Jacobite and Nonjuror, who says he got them from &lt;i&gt;a ropy&lt;/i&gt; furnished him 
+    by a friend unnamed (Urry?), who told him he had &lt;i&gt;copied&lt;/i&gt; them in 1717 
+    from a MS. letter-book of Paulet's. There is also a MS. &lt;i&gt;copy&lt;/i&gt; in the 
+    Harleian collection, which contains erasures and emendations--an 
+    extraordinary thing in a copy. It is said to be in the handwriting of the 
+    Earl of Oxford himself. There is nothing to show whence he copied it. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;No one has ever seen the originals of these 
+    letters. Neither has any one, except Hearne's unnamed friend, seen the &amp;quot;letterbook&amp;quot; 
+    into which Paulet it; supposed to have copied them. Where had this 
+    &amp;quot;letter-book&amp;quot; been before 1717? Where was it in 1717? What became of it 
+    after 1717? To none of these questions is there any answer. The most 
+    rational conclusion is that the &amp;quot;letter-book&amp;quot; never existed, and that the 
+    letters were fabricated in the reign of George I. by some Oxford Jacobite, 
+    who thought it easier and more prudent to circulate &lt;i&gt;copies&lt;/i&gt; than to 
+    attempt an imitation of Paulet's well-known handwriting, with all the other 
+    difficulties involved in forging a manuscript. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But it may be said, Do not the letters fit in 
+    with Davison's narrative? Of course they do. It was for the very purpose of 
+    putting an odious meaning on that narrative that they were fabricated. It 
+    was known that letters about putting Mary to death had passed. The real 
+    letters had never been seen, and had doubtless been destroyed. Here 
+    therefore was a fine opportunity for manufacturing spurious ones.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. 
+    The remaining Privy Councillors were Archbishop Whitgift, Lord Chancellor 
+    Bromley, the Earls of Shrewsbury and Warwick, Lord Buckburst, Sir James 
+    Crofts, Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir Walter Mildmay, Sir Amyas Pualet, and the 
+    Latin Secretary, Wolley.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    X: War with Spain: 1587-1603&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082627&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082627&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,706 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">39559</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdee0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosbiography.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosbiographyblack.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosmain13.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryfrancis-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marysig.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">darnley-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bothwell.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-film.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-death.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiography.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;764&quot; height=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; Mary, queen of Scots is one of the most fascinating and
+controversial monarchs of 16th century Europe.&amp;nbsp; At one time, she
+claimed the crowns of four nations - Scotland, France, England and
+Ireland.&amp;nbsp; Her physical beauty and kind heart were acknowledged
+even by her enemies.&amp;nbsp; Yet she lacked the political skills to rule
+successfully in Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Her second marriage was unpopular and
+ended in murder and scandal; her third was even less popular and ended
+in forced abdication in favor of her infant son.&amp;nbsp; She fled to
+England in 1568, hoping for the help of her cousin, Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp;
+Her presence was dangerous for the English queen, who feared Catholic
+plotting on Mary's behalf.&amp;nbsp; The two queens never met and Mary
+remained imprisoned for the next nineteen years.&amp;nbsp; She was executed
+in 1587, only forty-four years old.&amp;nbsp; By orders of the English
+government, all of her possessions were burned.&amp;nbsp; In 1603, upon
+Elizabeth's death, Mary's son became king of England as James I.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiographyblack.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;521&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FURTHER READING&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+You may also view a &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;
+chronology&lt;/a&gt; of her life, read &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;,
+including letters written by Mary, view &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;portraits of Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and her contemporaries, test your knowledge of Mary's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;,
+and learn more about her famous cousin, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Sources&quot;&gt;
+Click here to view sources&lt;/a&gt; for this biography; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Weblinks&quot;&gt;
+click here for weblinks&lt;/a&gt; related to Mary, queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; My
+personal favorite is &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt; website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp; April
+2004&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;Two new studies of Mary, queen of Scots have arrived in
+bookstores.&amp;nbsp; Jane Dunn's &lt;i&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.randomhouse.com%2fknopf%2fcatalog%2fdisplay.pperl%3f0375408983&quot;&gt;
+Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is a dual biography
+with a beautiful selection of portraits and judicious use of primary
+sources.&amp;nbsp; John Guy's &lt;i&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.houghtonmifflinbooks.com%2fcatalog%2ftitledetail.cfm%3ftitleNumber%3d688331&quot;&gt;
+Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (published in the
+UK as &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f184115752X%2fref%3dpd%5fsim%5fb%5fdp%5f2%2f026-6790542-2760433&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;
+is the first biography dedicated to the Scottish queen in over thirty
+years.&amp;nbsp; Its central thesis argues that Burghley was the true
+villain of Mary's story.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+September 2004&lt;/b&gt;: I am working on a new, detailed biography of
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Please check back soon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'As a sinner I am
+truly conscious of having often offended my Creator and I beg him to
+forgive me, but as a Queen and Sovereign, I am aware of no fault or
+offence for which I have to render account to anyone here
+below.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots to her
+jailer, Sir Amyas Paulet; October 1586&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In November 1542, King James V of Scotland, lay dying at his
+beloved Falkland Palace, built just five years earlier.&amp;nbsp; He was
+devastated by his army's defeat by the English at Solway Moss and saw
+little hope for the future.&amp;nbsp; At Falkland, he was told that Mary of
+Guise, his French-born wife once wooed by Henry VIII, had given birth
+to a daughter at Linlithgow Palace on December 8.&amp;nbsp; This was a
+feast-day in honor of the Virgin Mary and many took it as a good omen
+for the little &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;407&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Mary, queen of Scots, age 12 or 13, by Clouet&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosmain13.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;250&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;princess; for her father,
+however, it was otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Upon receiving news of Mary's birth,
+he reportedly said, 'Woe is me. My dynasty came with a lass.&amp;nbsp; It
+will go with a lass.'&amp;nbsp; James's ancestor, Robert II, had become
+King of Scots in 1371.&amp;nbsp; The son of Robert the Bruce's daughter
+Marjorie
+and Walter, the High Steward of Scotland, Robert was nearest in
+succession to the throne.&amp;nbsp; He called his&amp;nbsp; new dynasty
+'Stewart,' a variation on his father's title; in France, it was spelled
+Stuart. Mary's father, James V, believed this lineage had ended with
+his daughter's birth.&amp;nbsp; He certainly never contemplated that his
+grandson would one day rule both Scotland and its old enemy,
+England.&amp;nbsp; James died within a week of Mary's birth and, before she
+was even a year old, the child was crowned queen of Scots. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The regents of Scotland made a treaty with
+Henry VIII in which Edward, Henry's long-awaited and precious son,
+would wed Mary.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII became increasingly erratic and
+despotic in his later years and continued to send his army north.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1546, Henry also encouraged the murder of Cardinal Beaton, a great
+Scots patriot; the proof - shortly before the murder, he had offered
+one
+thousand pounds for expenses associated with a plot to murder
+Beaton.&amp;nbsp; After this, the Scots were determined to avoid the
+proposed English marriage. In July 1548, they sent the five-year-old
+Mary to France, her mother's homeland.&amp;nbsp; The Scots Parliament had
+agreed to her marriage with Francis, the heir of Henry II, king of
+France from 1547 to 1559.&amp;nbsp; Mary sailed from Dumbarton Castle to
+France, using this route to avoid English ships patrolling the English
+Channel.&amp;nbsp; According to most contemporary reports, Mary was
+exceptionally lovely (even in an age when most noble women were
+accorded the title of 'fair' or 'beautiful'), intelligent and full of
+vitality.&amp;nbsp; One French observer wrote admiringly: 'It is not
+possible to hope for more from a Princess on this earth.'&amp;nbsp; From
+this vantage point, Mary's life seemed to be set on a glorious course;
+but like a later foreign queen of France, Marie Antoinette, Mary's life
+was not destined to be peaceful and happy. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary left for Scotland, she traveled
+with the children of Scotland's nobility, including the 'Four Maries,'
+the women who would stay with her throughout her later imprisonment and
+execution.&amp;nbsp; They were Mary Fleming, Mary Seton, Mary Beaton and
+Mary Livingstone.&amp;nbsp; Mary Seton was the only one to die unmarried
+and lived on until 1615, praying for Mary's soul and giving alms in her
+memory.&amp;nbsp; The group arrived in France in August 1548. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;France, 1548-61&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mary was given a royal welcome in France by King Henry II.&amp;nbsp;
+He ordered that she would have precedence over his own daughters as she
+was sovereign of an independent country and also because she was to wed
+his heir, the Dauphin.&amp;nbsp; The king also became very fond of the
+child, saying, 'The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child I
+have ever seen.'&amp;nbsp; While in France, Mary's maternal grandmother,
+Antoinette de Guise, wrote to her daughter in Scotland that Mary was
+'very pretty, graceful and self-assured.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was 5 when she first met the
+four-year-old Dauphin, her betrothed husband.&amp;nbsp; According to most
+contemporaries, they were close and affectionate with one another even
+as children.&amp;nbsp; They traveled from one royal palace to another -
+Fountaineblea to Meudon, or to Chambord or Saint-Germain.&amp;nbsp; They
+were always attended to by a retinue of servants and, even then, Mary
+had developed a fondness for animals, especially dogs, which was to
+continue throughout her life.&amp;nbsp; Mary was also educated in the
+traditional manner of French princesses; she spoke French and learned
+Latin, Italian, Spanish and a little Greek.&amp;nbsp; She learned to dance,
+sing, play the lute as well as converse on religious matters.&amp;nbsp; Her
+religious tutor was the prior of Inchmahome, a Scottish priest.&amp;nbsp;
+When she was seven, her mother came to France to visit her; when Mary
+of Guise returned to Scotland, neither realized that they would never
+see each other again. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By the age of eleven, Mary was deemed to be
+as intelligent and well-spoken as a woman of twenty-five by her doting
+father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; It is worth noting that the Guise family regarded
+Mary as one of their own; not only was betrothed to the heir to the
+throne but her mother was a Guise as well.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle, Cardinal
+Guise, taught her about statecraft, perhaps encouraging her natural
+feelings of clemency and mercy.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Mary was to be
+remarkably free from bigotry during her short reign in Scotland, even
+towards her subjects of a different religion. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Mary queen of Scots and her first husband, Francis II of France&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryfrancis-crop.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; height=&quot;226&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+In 1555, Mary sent back letters to her mother in Scotland to be used
+for administrative purposes and it is from these that we first see her
+royal signature &lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marysig.jpg&quot;&gt;'MARIE R'&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1558, she married the Dauphin in an incredible celebration in
+Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris.&amp;nbsp; Exceptionally tall for a woman in
+the 16th century, Mary was every inch the regal Queen; she had an oval
+face, shapely chin, and small mouth which were set off by her
+golden-red hair, her large forehead, and hazel eyes.&amp;nbsp; Many
+considered Mary to be the most beautiful princess in Europe, much as
+they had thought of her relative, Henry VIII's sister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;,
+who had also come to France as queen for a short while.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+not always in the best of health but, unlike her husband, there were no
+immediate concerns for her life. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1558, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;
+of England passed away and Henry II of France encouraged his
+daughter-in- law to assume the royal arms of England.&amp;nbsp; In his
+opinion - and that of most of Catholic Europe - Mary of Scotland was
+the next heir to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; This belief, of course,
+would have serious repercussions throughout Mary's life.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth I never forgot this first offense and never rested easily
+while her Catholic relative was alive.&amp;nbsp; But the matter was
+smoothed over when Elizabeth was persuadd the assumption was due more
+to Guise ambitions than Mary's actual wish.&amp;nbsp; In 1559, Henry II of
+France, died at the age of 40. Mary and her husband were crowned Queen
+and King of France.&amp;nbsp; But in June of 1560, Mary's mother died in
+Scotland at the age of 45.&amp;nbsp; And just six months later, her young
+husband also died of an ear infection.&amp;nbsp; Mary was understandably
+devastated by this chain of tragic events.&amp;nbsp; Thockmorton, the
+English ambassador, commented that Francis had left 'as dolorous a wife
+as she had good cause to be.&amp;nbsp; By long watching with him during his
+sickness and painful diligence about him' she had become exhausted and
+made herself ill.&amp;nbsp; She wrote a poem, in French, about her grief at
+his death; this is a translation of one verse: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;By day, by night, I think of him/ In wood or mead, or where I
+be/ My heart keeps watch for one who's gone./ And yet I feel he's aye
+with me.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What was Mary to do next?&amp;nbsp; She left for
+Scotland, a land rife with religious and civil discord. Without waiting
+for a safe-conduct pass from Elizabeth, whose ships were patrolling her
+route, Mary set out for Scotland on 14 August 1561 and, five days
+later, reached Leith, the port of Edinburgh. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;Scotland, 1561-68&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew very well that she was succeeding
+to a most troubled heritage.&amp;nbsp; But after her recent years of loss
+and grief, she was determined to make a bright future.&amp;nbsp; Also, in
+an age of religious persecution which earned her cousin Mary Tudor the
+nickname 'Bloody Mary,' Mary was determined that every one of her
+Scottish subjects should worship God as their conscience bade; there
+would be no religious persecution under her rule. &amp;nbsp;In this, she
+resembled her cousin &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;copy of a French miniature of Mary, painted c1565&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The Scots received their new queen with great joy and
+celebration.&amp;nbsp; At once, she began to try and help them; within a
+year of her arrival, one-sixth of all Church benefices was given to the
+Protestant ministers to relieve their poverty.&amp;nbsp; She also attempted
+to strengthen the power of the Crown against Scotland's notoriously
+difficult-to-control nobles.&amp;nbsp; Of course, such a strategy would
+lead to more peace and stability within the realm.&amp;nbsp; As a result,
+she was popular with the common people but not the nobility; she played
+croquet, golfed, went for hunts and archery practice, sung, danced,
+and, in general, showed an admirable zest for life.&amp;nbsp; In 1562 the
+English ambassador reported to Elizabeth, 'When the soldiers came back
+from the night's sentry-duty, she said she was sorry she was not a man
+to be all night on the fields and to walk the causeway with buff-coat,
+steel-helmet, buckler, and broadsword.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1563, Mary began the traditional 'royal
+progress' throughout Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In 1564, the fourth Earl of Atholl
+organized a great hunt in honor of the queen and, yet again, Mary
+charmed all who met her.&amp;nbsp; Yet she also treaded dangerous ground
+with her policy of non-discrimination and desire to unify the nation,
+taking power away from the independent nobles.&amp;nbsp; Though a Catholic,
+Mary became friends with one of the most learned Protestants of the
+time, George Buchanan.&amp;nbsp; In the political realm, Mary kept up
+peaceful relations with France, Spain, and England, though she never
+met Elizabeth face-to-face.&amp;nbsp; But, in 1566, her patience was tried
+by the English ambassador's persistent and obvious spying; she ordered
+him out of the kingdom and declared him persona non grata.&amp;nbsp; And
+her peace with France and Spain was kept without a treaty, though a
+treaty would have given Scotland some measure of protection against
+England in the possibility of conflict.&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was aware
+that any treaty could compromise her subjects, involving them in yet
+another war and causing strife.&amp;nbsp; Above all, she wanted peace and
+prosperity, and she kept Scotland safely distanced from political
+machinations.&amp;nbsp; When the threat to Mary's reign finally came, it
+was not from one of these outside powers; indeed, it came from within
+her own nation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;Mary's second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/darnley-crop.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;197&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As queen, Mary was more than aware that she should marry and provide
+heirs to the throne.&amp;nbsp; In July of 1565, she wed a cousin named
+Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, a weak, vain, and unstable young man; like
+Mary, he was also a grandchild of Henry VIII's sister Margaret.&amp;nbsp;
+Why Mary wed Darnley remains a mystery; he was superficially charming
+and, unlike most men, taller than the queen. &amp;nbsp;He was fond of
+courtly amusements and thus a nice change from the dour Scottish lords
+who surrounded her. &amp;nbsp;But he never seemed to care for Mary and
+sought far more power than she was willing to give him.&amp;nbsp; When she
+was six months pregnant in March of 1566, Darnley joined a group of
+Scottish nobles who broke into her supper-room at Holyrood Palace and
+dragged her Piedmontese secretary, David Riccio, into another room and
+stabbed him to death.&amp;nbsp; They claimed Riccio had undue influence
+over her foreign policy but, in reality, they probably meant to cause
+Mary, from watching this horrific crime, to suffer a miscarriage, thus
+losing her child and her own life as well since one usually meant the
+other in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; Mary certainly believed that Darnley,
+angry because she had denied him the crown matrimonial, wanted to kill
+her and the child, thus becoming King of Scots.&amp;nbsp; But it is
+unlikely that, had he been successful, Darnley would have long survived
+his wife. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After Riccio's death, the nobles kept Mary
+prisoner at Holyrood Palace.&amp;nbsp; Entering the later stages of her
+pregnancy, she was desperate to escape and - somehow - won over Darnley
+and they escaped together.&amp;nbsp; Three months later the future James VI
+of Scotland was born and congratulations came from all over
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Still young and healthy after the birth, Mary now had an
+heir.&amp;nbsp; This was the apex of her reign, her greatest and happiest
+moment.&amp;nbsp; In December 1566 James was baptized in the Chapel Royal
+of Stirling Castle. Mary, once the fragile last hope of the Stewart
+dynasty, was just 23 years old and had fulfilled one of a monarch's
+greatest duties - providing a healthy son and heir.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth of
+England, ten years older, watched these events with interest for, even
+then, she knew her own future would be - by choice - unmarried and
+childless.&amp;nbsp; She could well imagine that Mary's son would be her
+heir as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But this future soon seemed perilous for
+James's birth provided only a temporary calm.&amp;nbsp; The nobles who had
+plotted with Darnley now felt betrayed by him; after all, they had
+captured the queen and her potential heir, murdered her dear friend,
+and were in a position to demand anything.&amp;nbsp; But Darnley's decision
+to help Mary escape infuriated them.&amp;nbsp; In February of 1567 they had
+Darnley's house, Kirk o' Field, blown up; Darnley's strangled body was
+found in the garden.&amp;nbsp; Many nobles were implicated, most
+particularly James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell. Certainly Bothwell's
+later life (imprisoned in Denmark, he died in 1578, virtually insane)
+was a degree of punishment for this crime.&amp;nbsp; However, in the
+immediate aftermath of Darnley's murder, he met with Mary about six
+miles outside of Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; He had 600 men with him and asked to
+escort Mary to his castle at Dunbar; he told her she was in danger if
+she went to Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; Mary, unwilling to cause further bloodshed
+and understandably terrified, followed his suggestions.&amp;nbsp;
+Bothwell's noble friends had previously pressed her to marry him and
+he, too, had told her she needed a strong husband who could help unify
+the nobles behind her.&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused the proposal then,
+preferring to marry Darnley, but now she knew herself to be
+powerless.&amp;nbsp; She also had an infant son to consider. So she
+consented to wed Bothwell, hoping that this would finally stabilize the
+country.&amp;nbsp; Also, Bothwell showed&amp;nbsp;&lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Mary's third husband, James Hepburn, Lord Bothwell&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bothwell.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;226&quot; height=&quot;224&quot;&gt; Mary an agreement the nobles
+had signed which indicated they were prepared to accept him as their
+overlord.&amp;nbsp; In May 1567 they wed at Holyrood and Mary wrote to the
+foreign courts that it was the right decision for her country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the nobles were still not to be
+trusted.&amp;nbsp; Now, they were angry that Bothwell would be all-powerful
+and they decided to wage war against him.&amp;nbsp; Barely a month after
+the marriage, rebel nobles and their forces met Mary's troops at
+Carberry Hill, 8 miles south-east of Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; The nobles
+demanded that Mary abandon Bothwell, whom they had earlier ordered her
+to wed.&amp;nbsp; She refused and reminded them of their earlier
+order.&amp;nbsp; To avoid the bloodshed of battle, she turned herself over
+and the rebels took her to Edinburgh while Bothwell struggled to rally
+troops of his own.&amp;nbsp; Mary was taken to Lochleven Castle and held
+prisoner in that island fortress; fearing for her own life, she became
+desperately ill.&amp;nbsp; She was forced to sign a document abdicating the
+crown in favor of her year-old son.&amp;nbsp; At the end of that month,
+July 1567, James was crowned king and James Stewart, the Earl of Moray,
+Mary's bastard half-brother, became Regent.&amp;nbsp; Moray wasted no time
+in repaying Mary's earlier kindness to him by stealing her son and
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Scottish history reveals that all these
+nefarious nobles came to a bad end - Moray was murdered just 3 years
+later and the next regents were also killed; in fact, her son James had
+one of the traitors executed in 1580, when he was just a teenager. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's cause was aided in 1568 when John Hay,
+before his execution, made a statement from the scaffold that told how
+the nobles had murdered Darnley.&amp;nbsp; Before this, the nobles had
+attempted to make the people believe Mary was responsible.&amp;nbsp; Now,
+she was able to win sympathy and friends.&amp;nbsp; George Douglas, one of
+the brothers of her keeper at Lochleven, helped her escape.&amp;nbsp; After
+10 months of captivity, she was free to fight for the throne.&amp;nbsp; Her
+supporters gathered an army and, on their way to Dumbarton Castle, a
+battle was fought at Langside, Glasgow.&amp;nbsp; Mary's forces lost and
+she was forced to flee with her supporters.&amp;nbsp; Against all advice,
+she was determined to go south and ask Elizabeth I for support.&amp;nbsp;
+As James's godmother and Mary's cousin as well as a fellow independent
+Queen, Mary felt certain Elizabeth would help her.&amp;nbsp; As most know,
+this was the beginning of yet another chapter of suffering and misery
+for Mary. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;The Final Years, 1568-87&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mary set sail for England on 16 May 1568.&amp;nbsp; She soon arrived
+in Workington, Cumbria; Elizabeth did not know what to do and kept Mary
+guarded in the north.&amp;nbsp; After all, without Mary's knowledge, she
+had been helping her enemies, promising money and&amp;nbsp;&lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Mary, queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, as portrayed by Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton in the film 'Mary Queen of Scots', 1971&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-film.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; height=&quot;247&quot;&gt; sanctuary in return
+for their treacherous behavior against their queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's
+motives for this were obvious - Mary was the closest Catholic claimant
+to the English throne and Elizabeth knew some of her subjects were not
+above hoping she could be deposed and Mary made queen of both Scotland
+and England.&amp;nbsp; So she had determined to keep her cousin's kingdom
+in continual strife; if Mary was busy at home, she would have less
+chance to plot against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth's conscience was
+determined to be clear so she appointed commissioners to look into the
+matter; they met throughout 1568 and 1569.&amp;nbsp; In December of 1569,
+the so-called Casket Letters were first presented at Westminster.&amp;nbsp;
+They were supposedly letters and other papers belonging to Bothwell and
+found in his casket (letter box).&amp;nbsp; They disappeared soon
+afterwards and only translations and copies remain.&amp;nbsp; However, few
+believed they were either real or important at the time for Elizabeth,
+in January 1569, released a statement that 'Nothing had been
+sufficiently proved, whereby the Queen of England should conceive an
+evil opinion of her good sister.'&amp;nbsp; Everyone took this to mean that
+Mary was not guilty of any conspiracy alleged in the letters. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But in this same year, conservative nobles in
+England supported an idea that Mary should wed the Duke of
+Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; This also indicated that Elizabeth, and most English
+nobles, believed Mary innocent of Darnley's murder and any charges in
+the Casket Letters.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth did not consent to the marriage
+and kept Mary under lock and key.&amp;nbsp; Soon, this arrangement had
+settled into stone; Mary was moved from prison to prison, eventually
+ending up at Fotheringhay Castle, about 70 miles north-west of London
+and as close to Elizabeth as she ever came.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Mary
+plotted from the very beginning to escape.&amp;nbsp; She felt justified in
+doing so since she was being held against her will.&amp;nbsp; However, as
+the years passed, the plots grew more outlandish and murderous.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary's imprisonment was only to end with her execution.&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Read a more detailed account of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;Mary's
+arrival in England&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;the plots
+which led to her trial and execution&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;i&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/i&gt;
+website.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In October of 1586, Mary was put on trial at
+Fotheringhay for plotting to kill Elizabeth and claim the English
+throne.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's last letter to Mary was delivered at the
+start of the trial: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never
+proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected
+and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you
+and all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles
+and peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore
+require, charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well
+informed of your arrogance. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner be
+able to obtain favour of me. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary defended herself admirably though she
+had no friends or supporters at the trial and, essentially, the verdict
+had been decided before the proceedings had begun.&amp;nbsp; Mary admitted
+her desire to escape but stated, 'I have not procured or encouraged any
+hurt against Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; And she appealed for
+mercy, mentioning her own reputation for tolerance and kindness: 'My
+subjects now complain they were never so well off as under my
+government.'&amp;nbsp; But she also accepted the inevitable, telling the
+assembled nobles, 'May God keep me from having to do with you all
+again.'&amp;nbsp; When the verdict was read to her, she said, 'I do not
+fear to die in a good cause.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The trial lasted just two days and was over
+on 16 October 1586 but it was not until 7 February 1587 that she was
+told she would be executed the next morning.&amp;nbsp; She asked for her
+chaplain but was refused this last comfort.&amp;nbsp; The Earl of Kent
+said: 'Your life would be the death of our religion, your death would
+be its life.'&amp;nbsp; In fact, Mary had been a tolerant ruler in Scottish
+religious matters.&amp;nbsp; But such was the extreme religious upheaval of
+the time, tolerance itself was a sign of weakness.&amp;nbsp; The
+death-sentence was signed by Elizabeth who later argued that her
+secretary Davison had deceived her as to its contents; she said she
+would not have signed it otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Her letter to Mary's son
+James about the execution, written on 14 February, is a remarkable
+document:&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the
+extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident
+which (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this
+kinsman of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to
+instruct you truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you.
+I beseech you that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this
+case : so you will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid
+by it. I am not so base minded that fear of any living creature or
+Prince should make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny
+the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But,
+as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my
+actions, but cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring
+yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it
+I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify
+myself that thought it not. &lt;br&gt;
+The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for your
+part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor a
+more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully to
+preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave
+to trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and cousin, &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;A year later, the Catholic Philip V of Spain invaded England
+with his Armada, perhaps - to some degree - urged on by Mary's
+execution. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Laslett John Pott's painting 'Mary Queen of Scots being led to execution', 1871&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-death.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;282&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Mary did not retire until two in the morning on the last day of her
+life.&amp;nbsp; She spent her final hours making a will and generously
+providing to those who had served her faithfully.&amp;nbsp; Early on the
+morning of 8 February 1587, dressed in black satin and velvet, she
+entered the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle.&amp;nbsp; She commanded her
+servant, Melville, to go to her son and tell him that she had never
+done anything to compromise their kingdom of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+calm and composed before the several hundred spectators present; she
+listened while the execution warrant was read and then prayed aloud in
+English for the Church and her son.&amp;nbsp; She also mentioned Queen
+Elizabeth and prayed for her to continue to serve God in the years to
+come. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary comforted her weeping servants, her
+friends and supporters to the last.&amp;nbsp; They helped her undress;
+beneath her all-black gown, she wore a red petticoat and bodice.&amp;nbsp;
+Her women helped her attach the long red sleeves.&amp;nbsp; Mary thus died
+wearing the liturgical color of Catholic martyrdom.&amp;nbsp; She gave them
+her golden rosary and Agnus Dei, asking them to remember her in their
+prayers.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes were covered with a white cloth.&amp;nbsp; While
+her servants wept and called out prayers in a medley of languages, she
+laid her neck upon the block, commended herself to God and received the
+death-stroke.&amp;nbsp; But the executioner was unsteady and the first blow
+cut the back of her head; Mary whispered, 'Sweet Jesus', and the second
+blow descended.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When the executioner lifted her head and
+cried out, 'God save the Queen,' a macabre surprise occurred.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary, queen of Scots had worn an auburn wig to her execution.&amp;nbsp; It
+was left in the executioner's hand as her head, with its short, grey
+hair, fell to the floor.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had always loved animals and her little
+Skye terrier had brought her great comfort during the years in
+prison.&amp;nbsp; It had curled itself around her feet while she knelt at
+the block and died just days after the queen.&amp;nbsp; As queen of Scots,
+Mary's motto had been 'In my end is my beginning'.&amp;nbsp; And certainly
+the end of her life marked the beginning of her legend.&amp;nbsp; The
+Catholic nations which had condemned her behavior during Darnley's
+murder and the marriage to Bothwell now celebrated her as a
+martyr.&amp;nbsp; Her former brother-in-law, Henri III of France, held a
+funeral mass at Notre-Dame, where Mary had wed Francis almost thirty
+years before.&amp;nbsp; Accounts of her execution, illustrated by crude
+woodcuts, were sold throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; She was now the
+sympathetic heroine; the past could be forgotten.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sixteen years later, Mary's son
+became King of England and Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In 1612, he moved her body
+to Westminster Abbey, London, constructing a magnificent tomb which
+rivaled Elizabeth I's.&amp;nbsp; In her &lt;i&gt; Essay on Adversity&lt;/i&gt;,
+written in 1580 while she was imprisoned, Mary had written of rulers:
+'Tribulation has been to them as a furnace to fine gold - a means of
+proving their virtue.'&amp;nbsp; It was a fitting epitaph for her own
+infamous life.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;You can &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt; read
+Mary's last letter&lt;/a&gt;, written to Henri III of France just six hours
+before her execution, &lt;br&gt;
+as well as &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;an
+eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;i&gt;Primary Sources &lt;/i&gt;
+section.&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;CHRONOLOGY&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+The major events of her life.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IMAGES&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Portraits of the queen, her friends and
+family, with
+commentary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;PRIMARY
+SOURCES&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Letters written by Mary, as well as an
+eyewitness account of her execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt;Test your knowledge of Mary's
+life and times.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt;Learn about Mary's famous cousin.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; margin-left: 80px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Sources&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sources:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+Life of Mary, Queen of Scots (2 vol) by George Chalmers -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;My Heart is My Own by John Guy&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of
+Scots: The Daughter of Debate by Marjorie Bowen&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary,
+Queen of Scots: The Daughter of Debate (yes, same title - earlier book)
+by Sir Arthur MacNalty&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;The Castles, Palaces, and
+Prisons of Mary of Scotland by Charles MacKie&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;On the
+Trail of Mary, Queen of Scots by JK Cheetham&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;The
+Queen of Scots by Stefan Zweig&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of Scots
+by Antonia Fraser&lt;/small&gt;&amp;nbsp; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of Scots by Susan
+Watkins&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Two Queens in One Isle by Alison Plowden - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;The
+Casket Letters: A Solution to the&amp;nbsp; Mystery of Mary, Queen of Scots
+and the Murder of Lord Darnley by MH Davison - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tudor
+Cousins: Rivals for the Throne by Dulcie Ashdown - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;All
+the Queen's Men by Gordon Donaldson - The First Trial of Mary, Queen of
+Scots by Gordon Donaldson - Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord
+Darnley by Alison Weir - In My End is My Beginning: A Life of Mary,
+Queen of Scots by James Mackay - Mary Queen of Scots: A Study in
+Failure by Jenny Wormald - The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and
+Stuart Britain, edited by John Morrill - Two Queens in One Isle by
+Alison Plowden - New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors by
+Susan Brigden - The Life of Mary, Queen of Scots by Agnes Strickland -
+The Mystery of Mary Stuart by Andrew Lang - Mary, Queen of Scots and
+Her Accusers by John Hosack - Scotland Under Mary Stuart: An Account of
+Everyday Life by Marjorie Bowen - Elizabeth and Mary by Jane Dunn -
+Original Letters Illustrative of English History, edited by Henry Ellis
+- Mary, Queen of Scots: A Study of the Lennox Narrative in the
+University Library of Cambridge, edited by Reginald H. Mahon - The
+Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed -
+Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Documents connected with her
+personal history, edited by Agnes Strickland&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Weblinks&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Weblinks:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is the most detailed Mary, queen of Scots site
+on the web.&amp;nbsp; It has a&amp;nbsp; lengthy biography of the queen,
+samples of her poetry and letters, and much more - too much to list
+here, in fact. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fles%5fvalois&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+This site is currently available in French.&amp;nbsp; It's beautifully
+designed and has lots of information; go visit and try out your foreign
+language skills!&amp;nbsp; Its creator also made this &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f09764a.htm&quot;&gt;The Catholic
+Encyclopedia's biography of Mary&lt;/a&gt;, with links to other topics.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082705&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082705&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8241</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">marilee &amp; jeremy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Scottish Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdee8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Scottish Genealogy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;for now, this page only concerns James II through Mary queen of Scots
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James II, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;son of King James I of Scotland and Lady Joan
+Beaufort&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born 16 October 1430 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 25 March 1437 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;married 3 July 1449 at Holyrood Abbey to Marie von Geldern
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;eight children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Child, born 19 May 1450
+&lt;br&gt;Mary, born c.1451
+&lt;br&gt;James, later James III of Scotland, king of Scotland, born 10 July
+1451
+&lt;br&gt;Margaret
+&lt;br&gt;Alexander of Albany, duke of Albany, born c.1454
+&lt;br&gt;David, earl of Moray, born c.1454
+&lt;br&gt;John of Mar, earl of Mar &amp;amp; Garioch, born c.1459
+&lt;br&gt;John
+&lt;br&gt;died 3 August 1460 at Roxburgh Castle
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James III, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son of King James II and Queen Joan of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 10 July 1451 at Stirling
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 10 August 1460 at Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire
+&lt;br&gt;married 13 July 1469 to Margaret Oldenburg, called Margaret of Denmark
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;three children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James, later James IV of Scotland, king of Scotland, born 17 March
+1473
+&lt;br&gt;James, duke of Ross, born March 1476
+&lt;br&gt;John, earl of Mar, born December 1479
+&lt;br&gt;died 11 June 1488 at Milltown, Bannockburn
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Cambuskenneth Abbey, Stirlingshire
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James IV, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son King James III and Queen Margaret of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 17 March 1473
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 26 June 1488 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire
+&lt;br&gt;married 8 August 1503 to Margaret Tudor, princess of England, at Holyrood
+Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;seven children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;James of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born 21
+February 1507&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;daughter, born 15 July 1508&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Arthur, duke of Rothesay, born 20 October 1509&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;James, later King James V of Scotland, born 15
+April 1512&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;daughter, born November 1512&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Alexander, duke of Ross, born 30 April 1514&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;died 9 September 1513 at the Battle of Flodden Field, Northumberland
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;mistresses&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(1) &lt;/font&gt;Mary Boyd, also called Marion Boyd
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Alexander Stuart, called Alexander of St. Andrews, Archbishop of St.
+Andrews, born about 1493
+&lt;br&gt;Catherine Stuart
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/font&gt; Jean Kennedy, also called Janet Kennedy
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called James of Moray, earl of Moray, born about 1499
+&lt;br&gt;two children who died young
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/font&gt; Margaret Drummond
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Margaret Stuart, born about 1497
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/font&gt; Isabel, Lady Stewart
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Jean Stuart, also called Janet Stuart&lt;/ul&gt;
+(As you can see, James IV was a procreative guy!&amp;nbsp; Here are two more
+interesting facts about him:&amp;nbsp; Margaret Tudor, his wife, petitioned
+for divorce in 1514, arguing that James had survived the Battle of Flodden
+and was living in the Holy Land.&amp;nbsp; In reality, his corpse was kept
+in a lumber room at Richmond Palace, home of his brother-in-law Henry VIII.)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James V, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son of King James IV and Queen Margaret of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 15 April 1512 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 21 September 1513 at Chapel Royal, Stirling Castle
+&lt;br&gt;married 1 January 1537 to Madeleine of France at Notre Dame Cathedral,
+Paris
+&lt;br&gt;married 9 May 1538 to Mary de Guise (also called Mary de Lorraine)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;three children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born 22 May 1540; died in infancy
+&lt;br&gt;Arthur (Robert) of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born April 1541; died
+in infancy
+&lt;br&gt;Mary 'Queen of Scots', queen of Scotland, born 7 December 1542
+&lt;br&gt;died 14 December 1542 at Falkland Palace, Fife
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;mistresses&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth Shaw
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called James of Kelso and Melrose, Abbot of Kelso and
+Melrose, born c.1529
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/font&gt; Margaret Erskine
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;James Stuart, called James of Moray, earl of Moray, Regent of
+Scotland, born c.1531
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/font&gt; Eupheme Elphinstone
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Robert Stuart, called Robert of Orkney, earl of Orkney, born c.1533
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(4) &lt;/font&gt;Elizabeth Carmichael, also called
+Katherine Carmichael
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called John of Coldinghame, Prior of Coldinghame, born
+c.1531
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth Stewart
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Adam Stewart, Adam of Charterhouse, Prior of Charterhouse, born ?
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(6) &lt;/font&gt;Elizabeth Bethune
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Jean Stuart, born ?&lt;/ul&gt;
+(As you can see, James V, much like his father, was fond of the ladies.&amp;nbsp;
+When Mary queen of Scots returned to Scotland, most of her troubles began
+with her various half-siblings.&amp;nbsp; These various royal bastards caused
+most of Scotland's notorious political instability.&amp;nbsp; Think of poor
+Henry VIII - he could barely manage two sons!)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Mary Stuart; later titled
+Queen Mary of Scotland (called Mary queen of Scots)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of King James V and Queen Mary of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 7 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;titled Queen of Scotland 9 September 1543 at Stirling Castle
+&lt;br&gt;married 24 April 1558 to Francis de Valois, later called Francis II,
+king of France, at Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris
+&lt;br&gt;married 29 July 1565 to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley at Holyrood Palace,
+Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, later titled James VI, king of Scotland &amp;amp; James I,
+king of England, born 19 June 1566
+&lt;br&gt;married 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn 4th earl Bothwell at Holyrood
+Palace, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;twins, born and died July 1568
+&lt;br&gt;surrendered the throne in favor of her son at Carberry Hill 15 June
+1567
+&lt;br&gt;executed 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, Northampton
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Westminster Abbey, London in 1612
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealog.html&quot;&gt;return
+to Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;return
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;read
+about Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082761&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082761&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe0d5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER II&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE CHANGE OF RELIGION: 1559&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;MARY died on the 17th of November 1558. 
+    Parliament was then sitting, and, in communicating the event to both Houses, 
+    Archbishop Heath frankly took the initiative in recognising
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt;, &amp;quot;of whose most lawful right 
+    and title in the succession of the Crown, thanks be to God, we need not to 
+    doubt.&amp;quot; He was a staunch Catholic, and two months later refused to officiate 
+    at her coronation. But he was an Englishman, and even the most convinced 
+    Catholics, though looking forward with uneasiness to the religious policy of 
+    the new &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Queen&lt;/font&gt;, were sincerely glad 
+    that there was no danger of a disputed succession. Besides, it was by no 
+    means clear that &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; would not 
+    accept the ecclesiastical constitution as established in the late reign. 
+    That there would be an end of burnings, and of the harassing tyranny of the 
+    bishops, every one felt certain; but it seemed quite upon the cards that
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; would continue to recognise 
+    the headship of the Pope in a formal way and maintain the Mass. It must be 
+    remembered that the religious changes had only begun some thirty years 
+    before. All middle-aged men could remember the time when the ecclesiastical 
+    fabric stood to all appearance unbroken, as it had stood for centuries. Only 
+    twenty-four years had passed since the Act of Supremacy had transferred the 
+    headship of the Church from the Pope to the King; only eleven since the 
+    Protestant doctrine and worship had been forced on the country by the 
+    Protector Somerset, to the horror and disgust of the great majority of 
+    Englishmen. The nation had sorrowed for the death of Edward VI., because it 
+    darkened the prospects of the succession, and seemed likely sooner or later 
+    to bring on a civil war. But apart from the hot Protestant minority, chiefly 
+    to be found in London, the mass of the nation was conservative, and welcomed 
+    the reestablishment of the old religion as a return to order and common 
+    sense after a short and bitter experience of revolutionary anarchy. There 
+    was a rooted objection to restore the old meddlesome tyranny of the bishops, 
+    and the nobles and squires who had got hold of the abbey lands would not 
+    hear of giving them up. But the return to communion with the Catholic Church 
+    and the recognition of the Pope as its head gave satisfaction to 
+    three-fourths, perhaps to five-sixths, of the nation, and to a still larger 
+    proportion of its most influential class, the great landed proprietors. 
+    Mary's accession was the great and unique opportunity for the old Church. If 
+    Mary and Pole had been coolheaded politicians instead of excitable fanatics, 
+    if they had contented themselves with restoring the old worship, depriving 
+    the few Protestant clergy of their benefices, and punishing only outrageous 
+    attacks on the State religion, Elizabeth would not have had the power, it 
+    may be doubted whether she would have had the inclination, to undo her 
+    sister's work. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This great opportunity was thrown away. 
+    Mary's bishops came back brooding over the long catalogue of humiliations 
+    and indignities which their Church had suffered, and thirsting to avenge 
+    their own wrongs. For six years they had their fling, and contrived to make 
+    the country forget the period of Protestant misgovernment. England had never 
+    before known what it was to be governed by clergymen. It was a sort of rule 
+    as hateful to most Catholic laymen as to Protestants. Catholics therefore 
+    for the most part, as well as Protestants, hailed the accession of 
+    Elizabeth. At any rate there would be an end of the clerical tyranny. Nor 
+    were they without hope that she would maintain the old worship. She had 
+    conformed to it for the last five years, and Philip had given the word that 
+    she was to be supported. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are now accustomed to the Papal &lt;i&gt;non 
+    possumus&lt;/i&gt;. No nation or Church can hope that the smallest deviation from 
+    Roman doctrine or discipline will be tolerated. But in 1558 the hard and 
+    fast line had not yet been drawn. France was still pressing for such changes 
+    as communion in both kinds, worship in the vulgar tongue, and marriage of 
+    priests. The Council of Trent, it is true, had already in 1545 decided that 
+    Catholic doctrine was contained in the Bible &lt;i&gt;and tradition&lt;/i&gt;, and in 
+    1551 had defined transubstantiation and the sacraments. But in 1552 the 
+    Council was prorogued, and it did not resume till 1562. Doctrine and 
+    discipline therefore might be, and were still considered to be, in the 
+    melting-pot, and no one could be certain what would come out. If Elizabeth 
+    had contented herself with the French programme, and had joined France in 
+    pressing it, the other sovereigns, who really cared for nothing but 
+    uniformity, would probably have forced the Pope to compromise. The Lutheran 
+    doctrine of consubstantiation might have been tolerated. The Anglican 
+    formulÃŠ have been held by many to be compatible with a belief in the Real 
+    Presence. The formal severance of England from Catholic unity might thus 
+    have been postponed--possibly avoided--in the same sense that it has been 
+    avoided in France. After the completion of the Council of Trent (1562-3) it 
+    was too late. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Two years after her accession Elizabeth told 
+    the Spanish ambassador, De Quadra, that her belief was the belief of all the 
+    Catholics in the realm; and on his asking her how then she could have 
+    altered religion in 1559, she said she had been compelled to act as she did, 
+    and that, if he knew how she had been driven to it, she was sure he would 
+    excuse her. Seven years later she made the same statement to De Silva. 
+    Elizabeth was habitually so regardless of truth that her assertions can be 
+    allowed little weight when they are improbable. No doubt, as a matter of 
+    taste and feeling, she preferred the Catholic worship. She was not pious. 
+    She was not troubled with a tender conscience or tormented by a sense of 
+    sin. She did not care to cultivate close personal relations with her God. A 
+    religion of form and ceremony suited her better. But her training had been 
+    such as to free her from all superstitious fear or prejudice, and her 
+    religious convictions were determined by her sense of what was most 
+    reasonable and convenient. There is not the least evidence that she was a 
+    reluctant agent in the adoption of Protestantism in 1559. Who was there to 
+    coerce her? The Protestants could not have set up a Protestant competitor. 
+    The great nobles, though opposed to persecution and desirous of minimising 
+    the Pope's authority, would have preferred to leave worship as it was. But 
+    upon one thing Elizabeth was determined. She would resume the full 
+    ecclesiastical supremacy which her father had annexed to the Crown. She 
+    judged, and she probably judged rightly, that the only way to assure this 
+    was to make the breach with the old religion complete. If she had placed 
+    herself in the hands of moderate Catholics like Paget, possessed with the 
+    belief that she could only maintain herself by the protection of Philip, 
+    they would have advised her to be content with the practical authority over 
+    the English Church which many an English king had known how to exercise. 
+    That was not enough for her. She desired a position free from all ambiguity 
+    and possibility of dispute, not one which would have to be defended with 
+    constant vigilance and at the cost of incessant bickering. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;From the point of view of her foreign 
+    relations the moment might seem to be a dangerous one for carrying out a 
+    religious revolution, and many a statesman with a deserved reputation for 
+    prudence would have counselled delay. But this disadvantage was more than 
+    counterbalanced by the unpopularity which the cruelties and disasters of 
+    Mary's last three years had brought upon the most active Catholics. Again, 
+    Elizabeth no doubt recognised that the Catholics, though at present the 
+    strongest, were the declining party. The future was with the Protestants. It 
+    was the young men who had fixed their hopes upon her in her sister's time, 
+    and who were ready to rally round her now. By her natural disposition, and 
+    by her culture, she belonged to the Renaissance rather than to the 
+    Reformation. But obscurantist as Calvinism essentially was, the Calvinists, 
+    as a minority struggling for freedom to think and teach what they believed, 
+    represented for a time the cause of light and intellectual emancipation. Was 
+    she to put herself at the head of reaction or progress? She did not love the 
+    Calvinists. They were too much in earnest for her. Their narrow creed was as 
+    tainted with superstition as that of Rome, and, at bottom, was less humane, 
+    less favourable to progress. But whom else had she to work with? The 
+    reasonable, secular-minded, tolerant sceptics are not always the best 
+    fighting material; and at that time they were few in number and tending--in 
+    England at least--to be ground out of existence between the upper and nether 
+    millstones of the rival fanaticisms. If she broke with Catholicism she would 
+    be sure of the ardent and unwavering support of one-third of the nation; so 
+    sure, that she would have no need to take any further pains to please them. 
+    As for the remaining two-thirds, she hoped to conciliate most of them by 
+    posing as their protector against the persecution which would have been 
+    pleasing to Protestant bigots. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the policy of a complete breach with Rome, 
+    Cecil was disposed to go as far as the Queen, and further. Cecil was at this 
+    time thirty-eight. For forty years he continued to be the confidential and 
+    faithful servant of Elizabeth. One of those new men whom the Tudors most 
+    trusted, he was first employed by Henry VIII. Under Edward he rose to be 
+    Secretary of State, and was a pronounced Protestant. On the fall of his 
+    patron Somerset he was for a abort time sent to the Tower, but was soon in 
+    office again--sooner, some thought, than was quite decent--under his 
+    patron's old enemy, Northumberland. He signed the letters patent by which 
+    the crown was conferred on Lady Jane Grey; but took an early opportunity of 
+    going over to Mary. During her reign he conformed to the old religion, and, 
+    though not holding any office, was consulted on public business, and was one 
+    of the three commissioners who went to fetch Cardinal Pole to England. 
+    Thoroughly capable in business, one of those to whom power naturally falls 
+    because they know how to use it, a shrewd balancer of probabilities, without 
+    a particle of fanaticism in his composition and detesting it in others, 
+    though ready to make use of it to serve his ends, entirely believing that &amp;quot;whate'er 
+    is best administered is best,&amp;quot; Cecil nevertheless had his religious 
+    predilections, and they were all on the side of the Protestants. Moreover he 
+    had a personal motive which, by the nature of the case, was not present to 
+    the Queen. She might die prematurely; and if that event should take place 
+    before the Protestant ascendancy was firmly established his power would be 
+    at an end, and his very life would be in danger. A time came when he and his 
+    party had so strengthened themselves, if not in absolute numerical 
+    superiority, yet by the hold they had established on all departments of 
+    Government from the highest to the lowest, that they were in a condition to 
+    resist a Catholic claimant to the throne, if need were, sword in hand. But 
+    during the early years of the reign Cecil was working with the rope round 
+    his neck. Hence he could not regard the progress of events with the 
+    imperturbable &lt;i&gt;sang-froid&lt;/i&gt; which Elizabeth always displayed; and all 
+    his influence was employed to push the religious revolution through as 
+    rapidly and completely as possible. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The story that Elizabeth was influenced in 
+    her attitude to Rome by an arrogant reply from Pope Paul IV. to her official 
+    notification of her accession, though refuted by Lingard and Hallam in their 
+    later editions, has been repeated by recent historians. Her accession was 
+    notified to every friendly sovereign except the Pope. He was studiously 
+    ignored from the first. Equally unsupported by facts are all attempts to 
+    show that during the early weeks of her reign she had not made up her mind 
+    as to the course she would take about religion. All preaching, it is true, 
+    was suspended by proclamation; and it was ordered that the established 
+    worship should go on &amp;quot;until consultation might be had in Parliament by the 
+    Queen and the three Estates.&amp;quot; In the meantime she had herself crowned 
+    according to the ancient ritual by the Catholic Bishop of Carlisle. But this 
+    is only what might have been expected from a strong ruler who was not 
+    disposed to let important alterations be initiated by popular commotion or 
+    the presumptuous forwardness of individual clergymen. The impending change 
+    was quite sufficiently marked from the first by the removal of the most 
+    bigoted Catholics from the Council and by the appointment of Cecil and Bacon 
+    to the offices of Secretary and of Lord Keeper. The new Parliament, 
+    Protestant candidates for which had been recommended by the Government, met 
+    as soon as possible (25 January 1559). When it rose (8 May) the great change 
+    had been legally and decisively accomplished. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The government, worship, and doctrine of the 
+    Established Church are the most abiding marks left by Elizabeth on the 
+    national life of England. Logically it might have been expected that the 
+    settlement of doctrine would precede that of government and worship. It is 
+    characteristic of a State Church that the inverse order should have been 
+    followed. For the Queen the most important question was Church government; 
+    for the people, worship. Both these matters were disposed of with great 
+    promptitude at the beginning of 1559. Doctrine might interest the clergy; 
+    but it could wait. The Thirty-nine Articles were not adopted by Convocation 
+    till 1563, and were not sanctioned by Parliament till 1571. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The government of the Church was settled by 
+    the &lt;i&gt;Act of Supremacy (April 1559)&lt;/i&gt;. It revived the Act of Henry VIII., 
+    except that the Queen was styled Supreme Governor of the Church instead of 
+    Supreme Head, although the nature of the supremacy was precisely the same. 
+    The penalties were relaxed. Henry's oath of supremacy might be tendered to 
+    any subject, and to decline it was high treason; Elizabeth's oath was to be 
+    obligatory only on persons holding spiritual or temporal office under the 
+    Crown, and the penalty for declining was the loss of such office. Those who 
+    chose to attack the supremacy were still liable to the penalties of treason 
+    on the third offence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Worship was settled with equal expedition by 
+    the &lt;i&gt;Act of Uniformity (April 1559)&lt;/i&gt;, which imposed the second or more 
+    Protestant Prayer-book of Edward VI., but with a few very important 
+    alterations. A deprecation in the Litany of &amp;quot;the tyranny of the Bishop of 
+    Rome and all his detestable enormities,&amp;quot; and a rubric which declared that by 
+    kneeling at the Communion no adoration was intended to any real and 
+    essential presence of Christ, were expunged. The words of administration in 
+    the present communion service consist of two sentences. The first sentence, 
+    implying real presence, belonged to Edward's first Prayer-book; the second, 
+    implying mere commemoration, belonged to his second Prayer-book. The 
+    Prayerbook of 1559 simply pieced the two together, with a view to satisfy 
+    both Catholics and Protestants. Lastly, the vestments prescribed in Edward's 
+    first Prayer-book were retained till further notice. These alterations of 
+    Edward's second Prayer-book, all of them designed to propitiate the 
+    Catholics, were dictated by Elizabeth herself. In all this legislation 
+    Convocation was entirely ignored. Both its houses showed themselves strongly 
+    Catholic. But their opinion was not asked, and no notice was taken of their 
+    remonstrances. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While determining that England should have a 
+    purely national Church, and for that reason casting in her lot with the 
+    Protestants, Elizabeth, as we have seen, made very considerable sacrifices 
+    of logic and consistency in order to induce Catholics to conform. Like a 
+    strong and wise statesman, she did not allow herself to be driven into one 
+    concession after another, but went at once as far as she intended to go. At 
+    the same time the coercion applied to the Catholics, while sufficient to 
+    influence the worldly-minded majority, was, during the early part of her 
+    reign, very mild for those times. She wished no one to be molested who did 
+    not go out of his way to invite it. Outward conformity was all she wanted. 
+    And of this mere attendance at church was accepted as sufficient evidence. 
+    The principal difficulty, of course, was with the clergy. From them more 
+    than a mere passive conformity had to be exacted. To sign declarations, take 
+    oaths, and officiate in church was a severer strain on the conscience. It is 
+    said that less than 200 out of 9400 sacrificed their benefices rather than 
+    conform, and that of these about 100 were dignitaries. The number must be 
+    under-stated; for the chief difficulty of the new bishops, for a long time, 
+    was to find clergymen for the parish churches. But we cannot doubt that the 
+    large majority of the parish clergy stuck to their livings, remaining 
+    Catholics at heart, and avoiding, where they could, and as long as they 
+    could, compliance with the new regulations. It must not be supposed that the 
+    enactment of religious changes by Parliament was equivalent, as it would be 
+    at the present day, to their immediate enforcement throughout the country; 
+    especially in the north where the great proprietors and justices of the 
+    peace did not carry out the law. A certain number of the ejected priests 
+    continued to celebrate the ancient rites privately in the houses of the more 
+    earnest Catholics; for which they were not unfrequently punished by 
+    imprisonment. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of course this was persecution. But according 
+    to the ideas of that day it was a very mild kind of persecution; and where 
+    it occurred it seems to have been due to the zeal of some of the bishops, 
+    and to private busybodies who set the law in motion, rather than to any 
+    systematic action on the part of the Government.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterthree.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    III: Foreign Relations: 1559-1563&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082621&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082621&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12382</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What's New at Tudor England?</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHea16.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">whatsnew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ivesbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8miniseries.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">dunnbook.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">guyscots.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/whatsnew.gif&quot; alt=&quot;What's New?&quot; width=&quot;377&quot; height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ivesbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;95&quot; height=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;29 September 2004&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Professor 
+      Eric Ives, who wrote the definitive biography of Anne Boleyn in 1986, has 
+      just released &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f104-8047124-6243950%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      UK&lt;/a&gt;), which incorporates new research and addresses issues raised by 
+      the biographies of Anne which followed his own (including Warnicke and 
+      Starkey's work.)&amp;nbsp; Tudor enthusiasts know that
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0521406773%2fqid%3d1096481812%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      Warnicke's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn&lt;/i&gt; questioned many of 
+      Ives's conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;I should stress that this is a &lt;i&gt;new&lt;/i&gt; biography, 
+      not simply a new edition of the 1986 work.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;I'm still working on the Reviews section; please check back soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;If you haven't been to &lt;i&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/i&gt; in a 
+      while, please visit.&amp;nbsp; I did post &lt;b&gt;lots&lt;/b&gt; of new portraits in the last 
+      month or so, - check out the
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fhenry7images.html&quot;&gt;Henry VII&lt;/a&gt; -
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fhenry8images.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt; - 
+      and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/a&gt; pages. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;I will be adding some new Elizabeth I portraits soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;20 September 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The Henry VIII miniseries starring Ray Winstone is &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;being
+released on Region 1 dvd&lt;/a&gt; on 16 November for US viewers. &lt;br&gt;
+However, it will appear on PBS as a two-part 'Masterpiece Theatre'
+presentation before its DVD release, on 7 November and 14
+November.&amp;nbsp; Click here to visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.pbs.org%2fpreviews%2fhenryVIII&quot;&gt;the PBS Previews page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8miniseries.jpg&quot; title=&quot;&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Henry VIII dvd&quot; style=&quot;width: 105px; height: 150px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry's
+38-year reign saw England transformed from a sleepy backwater of
+jousting tournaments and Catholic piety to a nation torn by religious
+and political strife - all because the king wanted a male heir.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&quot;He was a very troubled man,&quot; observes Winstone, who in
+the course of the film ages from the young athletic king to the burly
+icon familiar from Hans Holbein paintings. &quot;This is a man who allowed
+two of his wives - women he loved passionately - to be murdered. At the
+same time, he wrote beautiful love letters, understood science and, to
+a certain extent, was a great ambassador. He was an intelligent,
+gentle, romantic man who lost his way when it came to love.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/div&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;July 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+According to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gallifreyone.com%2fnewstv.php&quot;&gt;Outpost
+Gallifrey&lt;/a&gt;, the new &lt;b&gt;Doctor Who&lt;/b&gt; series will feature &lt;b&gt;an
+appearance by Henry VIII&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;An article in the
+June 29 Daily Star says that the new Doctor Who series &quot;will feature
+historic figures including Shakespeare, Henry VIII and Einstein - who
+are locked up together inside a Big Brother-style house. Famous
+housemates will face eviction and death from aliens when the classic
+sci-fi show comes back to our screens next year. The new series, which
+stars Christopher Eccleston as Dr Who, is aiming to win over a whole
+new generation of young followers of the Tardis timelord. Christopher
+said: 'We can parallel things with science fiction and address what's
+going on around us to a certain extent for young people without being
+pompous.' In one of the planned episodes of the hotly-awaited series,
+some of the world's most famous figures from the past are kidnapped
+from their time zones by aliens. They are put in a Big Bruvstyle house
+for extraterrestrial television entertainment.&quot;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; (Thanks
+to Paul Engelberg)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Ninth Doctor is
+being played by Christopher Eccleston, who played the duke of Norfolk
+in 1998's &lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Yes, these are tenuous Tudor links
+but I'm a Doctor Who fan as well.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 2px;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks to the
+Barbie collector who emailed me the link to
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.barbiecollector.com%2fshowcase%2fproduct.asp%3ftype%3d%26amp;subtype%3d%26amp;product%5fid%3d1003486&quot;&gt;the
+'World of Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I' doll&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For those of you
+who missed the 1995 Elizabeth doll, mark September in your
+calendars.&amp;nbsp; And start saving - the doll will probably retail at
+$250.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;
+sequel in the works?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(Source: &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.comingsoon.net%2fnews.php%3fid%3d4977&quot;&gt;http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=4977&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Aussie's &lt;i&gt;The
+Daily Telegraph&lt;/i&gt; spoke to &lt;b&gt;
+Elizabeth&lt;/b&gt; director Shekhar Kapur who says that he is working on a
+sequel to the 1998 Cate Blanchett drama.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+Blanchett is expected to take the throne again and star in the epic -
+based on Queen Elizabeth I - which has the working title of &lt;b&gt;Golden
+Age&lt;/b&gt;. &quot;It is about the battle between her life as a monarch and her
+personal life,&quot; Kapur said. &quot;It ends in the destruction of the Spanish
+Armada on the larger level.&quot;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+The Indian-born Kapur said the script, which Michael Hirst is working
+on, would be ready in six months. &quot;And then it depends on Cate's
+schedule and my schedule as to when we start shooting.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+More links:&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0127536%2fnews&quot;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0127536/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fin.news.yahoo.com%2f040604%2f139%2f2dhbb.html&quot;&gt;http://in.news.yahoo.com/040604/139/2dhbb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;EARLIER NEWS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth
+and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/i&gt; by Jane Dunn was recently
+released.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; I am &lt;i&gt;still&lt;/i&gt; working on the new and improved Reviews
+section, but here is a quick review - this is a worthwhile addition to your
+Tudor library.&amp;nbsp; I've read enough about both women to wonder if I
+would learn anything from this book, but I was pleasantly
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; A liberal use of primary sources plus a lovely
+selection of portraits - and the book jacket and boards are beautifully
+designed.&amp;nbsp; As competition for Alison Plowden's &lt;i&gt;Two Queens in
+One Isle&lt;/i&gt;, this book is the better choice.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/guyscots.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;John Guy biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        At last!&amp;nbsp;
+Finally, another major biography of Mary Stuart has been
+released.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/i&gt; is by
+noted Tudor historian John Guy&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Antonia Fraser's biography
+was serviceable but my own casual research revealed large gaps in her
+use of primary sources.&amp;nbsp; I always wondered - when would another
+historian focus on Mary's tumultuous life?&amp;nbsp; I should note that the
+UK version of this work is entitled &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of
+Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt; and the jacket features the Clouet sketch of an
+adolescent Mary.&amp;nbsp; The American edition, shown above, has the 'hat'
+portrait &lt;i&gt;minus&lt;/i&gt; the hat!&amp;nbsp; As an admirer of
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqos1565.jpg&quot;&gt;the hat&lt;/a&gt;
+and its fluffy feather, I'm rather disappointed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynbook.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;70&quot; height=&quot;108&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/i&gt; by Joanna Denny
+was published in April 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-4110626-7673264&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;In comparison with the
+two existing major biographies of Anne (by Carrolly Erickson and Retha
+Warnicke), this one is the most successful 'popular' biography.&amp;nbsp;
+And no, I don't mean 'popular' as a slur; far from it.&amp;nbsp; I'll post
+my review at the new Reviews section when I've finished.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+        Library has finished its nine-year restoration of the Trevelyon 
+        Miscellany.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It's now the focus of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.folger.edu%2fpublic%2fexhibit%2fTrevelyon%2fintro.asp&quot;&gt;an excellent 
+        exhibit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;News
+prior to summer 2004 has been deleted.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082526&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082526&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5547</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronation of Lady Jane Grey, 1553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf07a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">jane1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/jane1.gif&quot; width=&quot;518&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Jane Grey's coronation was written by Henry Machyn, a London undertaker.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Jane was the great-niece of King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; She is 
+      famous as the 'Nine Days' Queen', for she ruled for that small amount of 
+      time in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; Her reign was the direct result of the duke of 
+      Northumberland's ambition.&amp;nbsp; When it was clear that King Edward VI was 
+      dying, Northumberland married Jane to his son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; As the 
+      leading Protestant nobleman, he could not accept the rule of Henry VIII's 
+      Catholic daughter, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Nor did he wish to lose the power he 
+      amassed during Edward's reign.&amp;nbsp; Under the term of Henry's will, Mary 
+      was to follow Edward upon the throne.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland urged Edward VI 
+      to write his own will, settling the succession upon his Protestant cousin 
+      Jane instead.&amp;nbsp; The young king did so.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Jane and Guildford were executed in 1554.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;On 6 July died the noble King Edward VI, in the seventh year of his
+reign, son and heir to the noble King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; And he was poisoned,
+as everybody says, for which now, thanks be to God, there are many of the
+false traitors brought to their end, and I trust God that more will follow
+as they may be spied out.
+&lt;p&gt;On 7 July a proclamation was made that all penthouses should be no lower
+than 10 foot, and all private lights be condemned.
+&lt;p&gt;The same day an old man was set on the pillory for counterfeit, false
+writings.
+&lt;p&gt;The same day there came to the Tower the lord treasurer, the earl of
+Shrewsbury, and the lord admiral with others; and there they discharged
+Sir James Croft of the constableship of the Tower, and there they put in
+the said lord admiral, and he took his oath and charge of the Tower, and
+the next day after he conveyed into all places in the Tower and... great
+guns, such as the White Tower on high.
+&lt;p&gt;On 9 July all the head officers and the guard were sworn to Queen Jane
+as queen of England.... daughter of the duke of Suffolk, and served as
+queen of....
+&lt;p&gt;The following day queen Jane was received into the Tower with a great
+company of lords and nobles of... after the queen, and the duchess of Suffolk
+her mother, bearing her train, with many ladies, and there was a firing
+of guns and chamber such as has not often been seen, between 4 and 5 o'clock;
+by 6 o'clock began the proclamation on the same afternoon of Queen Jane,
+with two heralds and a trumpet blowing, declaring that Lady Mary was unlawfully
+begotten, and so went through Cheapside to Fleet Street, proclaiming Queen
+Jane.&amp;nbsp; And there was a young man taken at that time for speaking certain
+words about Queen Mary, that she had the true title.
+&lt;p&gt;On 11 July, at 8 o'clock in the morning the young man was set on the
+pillory for speaking this, and both his ears were cut off.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a herald and a trumpeter blowing, and he was quickly taken down.&amp;nbsp;
+And the same day the young man's master, dwelling at St John's Head, whose
+name was Sandur Onyone, and another Master Owen, a gun-maker at London
+Bridge, living at Ludgate, were drowned.
+&lt;p&gt;On 12 July by night were carried to the Tower 3 carts full of all manner
+of ordnance, such as great guns and small, bows, bills, spears, morrish
+pikes, armour, arrows, gunpowder and stakes, money, tents and all manner
+of ordnance, a great number of cannon balls, and a great number of men
+at arms; and it was for a great army near Cambridge; and two days after
+the duke and various lords and knights went with him, and many gentlemen
+and gunners, and many men of the guard and men of arms towards Lady Mary's
+grace, to destroy her grace, and so to Bury, and all was against him, for
+his men forsook him.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to the Lady 
+Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082604&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082604&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">16th century England primary sources letters of Henry VIII The Six Wives of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots Lady Jane Grey Edward VI's journal executions etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">16th century England primary sources letters of Henry VIII The Six Wives of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots Lady Jane Grey Edward VI's journal executions etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Eyewitness accounts of people and events in Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf2d1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primarynew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bigbooks.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;552&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primarynew.gif&quot; width=&quot;546&quot; height=&quot;168&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=153 alt=&quot;stack of old books&quot; 
+    src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bigbooks.gif&quot; width=207 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Primary sources are important historical 
+    documents which allow readers an unparalleled glimpse into the past.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They are written from the perspective of a participant or observer and can 
+    include letters, speeches, diary / journal entries, and manuscripts.&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html#Notation&quot;&gt;*&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;The sources at this page &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=Arial color=#000000&gt;represent a unique opportunity to view&amp;nbsp;Tudor 
+    England through the eyes of its inhabitants.&amp;nbsp; They are arranged in 
+    chronological order.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1502&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fdarthur.html&quot;&gt;two accounts of the death of Prince 
+    Arthur&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1503&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2felizdeat.html&quot;&gt;the death of Elizabeth 
+    of York &amp;amp; betrothal of Princess Margaret to the king of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1509&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhobit.html&quot;&gt;Henry VII's 
+    obituary&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1509&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; 
+    Katharine of Aragon's coronations at Westminster Abbey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1500s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fskelton.html&quot;&gt;the poetry of John 
+    Skelton, Henry VII's poet laureate &amp;amp; Henry VIII's tutor&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1500s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprihenry.html&quot;&gt;the lyrics of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1505-1547&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;Letters of the Six Wives 
+    of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1515&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhenrydes.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+    description of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1523&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;the romance of Anne 
+    Boleyn &amp;amp; Henry Percy&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Also describes the 
+    beginning of Henry VIII's infatuation with Anne.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8joust.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's jousting 
+    accident&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1520s/undated&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;poetry 
+    about Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpriwols1.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Cardinal 
+    Wolsey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;selections from Henry 
+    VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;contemporary 
+    descriptions of Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1533&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;the coronation of Anne 
+    Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1535&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimore.html&quot;&gt;the last letter of Sir 
+    Thomas More&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1535&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2f1535exec.html&quot;&gt;the executions of John 
+    Fisher, Thomas More &amp;amp; others&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Anne 
+    Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn's speech at 
+    her execution&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary account of 
+    Anne Boleyn's execution&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;letter of Princess Mary 
+    to Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Mary acknowledges her 
+    illegitimacy and Henry's title as head of the English church.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgrace.html&quot;&gt;the Pilgrimage of 
+    Grace&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1537&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+    pregnancy is announced&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1539&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of Cleves arrives 
+    in England &amp;amp; marries Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 
+    size=-1&gt;Describes the first meeting between Anne and Henry.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricath.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Catherine 
+    Howard&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1545&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8speech.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's speech 
+    before Parliament&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1549-1551&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed1.html&quot;&gt;Edward VI's 
+    journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1552&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsomerset.html&quot;&gt;the execution of the 
+    Duke of Somerset&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1553&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;the coronation of Queen 
+    Jane&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;Mary I's speech at the 
+    Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;letter of Lady Jane 
+    Grey to Mary I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Jane explains the 
+    circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine days.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;the executions of Lady 
+    Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1556&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpcranmer.html&quot;&gt;the execution of 
+    Archbishop Thomas Cranmer&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1557&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+    description of Mary I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;letters of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;poetry of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;speeches of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1586&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;letter from 
+    Elizabeth I to Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;letter from 
+    Elizabeth I to James VI of Scotland&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt;the last letter 
+    of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;the execution of Mary, 
+    queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Are you quoting a Primary 
+    Source in your paper, or research project?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    color=#000000 size=-1&gt;The correct format is based upon both the 
+    Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Here 
+    is an example:&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Hanson, Marilee. 
+    &quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&quot; &lt;I&gt;EnglishHistory.net&lt;/I&gt;. 2004. 
+    http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004).&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+    &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=1&gt;Please note: you must use the year and date you read the 
+    source here.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;HR&gt;
+
+    &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+    name=Notation&gt;&lt;/A&gt;*Memoirs / autobiographies are not considered primary 
+    sources. &amp;nbsp;They are typically written after the fact and bad memories, 
+    bias, or a change in perspective can limit their reliability. 
+    &amp;nbsp;Newspapers and magazine articles are considered primary sources if the 
+    piece is written directly after the event and does not include any 
+    'analysis' or subjective reporting.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; 
+    &lt;CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+    &lt;CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+    England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082544&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082544&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The last letter of Sir Thomas More, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911922</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf6d1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primore.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">moresketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primore.gif&quot; width=&quot;527&quot; height=&quot;70&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/moresketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's sketch of Thomas More&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Th&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;e 
+    following letter was written to More's daughter Margaret on 5 July 1535, the 
+    day before his execution.&amp;nbsp; More wrote with a stick of charcoal on 
+    cloth; King Henry VIII had ordered his books and writing materials to be 
+    removed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;More had been appointed Lord Chancellor upon
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpriwols1.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey's fall&lt;/a&gt; in 
+    1529.&amp;nbsp; He was already a respected philosopher and writer throughout 
+    Europe.&amp;nbsp; But to his English contemporaries, he was most famous as a 
+    lawyer.&amp;nbsp; He was a brilliant jurist; he served in parliament and on 
+    diplomatic missions.&amp;nbsp; Unlike most royal servants, he had unimpeachable 
+    integrity.&amp;nbsp; He could not be bribed.&amp;nbsp; He believed, above all else, 
+    in the impartial supremacy of the law.&amp;nbsp; As Chancellor, he worked 
+    industriously to promote justice and faith in the courts.&amp;nbsp; However, he 
+    resigned in 1532 when the king's determination to annul his marriage to 
+    Katharine of Aragon caused Henry to reject papal authority in England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;More was deeply pious.&amp;nbsp; He recognized the abuses of the 
+    Catholic church, but he believed it could reform itself from within.&amp;nbsp; 
+    He could not accept spiritual reformation via secular power.&amp;nbsp; As a 
+    young man, he had been torn between a career in the church and a career in 
+    law.&amp;nbsp; Though he had chosen the latter, he never lost his passion for 
+    theology.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;After resigning the chancellorship, More retired to his 
+    family home.&amp;nbsp; He attempted to live modestly and quietly, hoping to be 
+    left alone.&amp;nbsp; But he was too famous and respected to be forgotten.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Henry VIII knew that his controversial reformation would be far more 
+    credible if men such as More accepted it.&amp;nbsp; As the premier intellectual 
+    in England, More's opinion was too important to remain his own.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It should be noted that More accepted parliament's ability 
+    to decide the succession in favor of the king's children with Anne Boleyn, 
+    for it was a legal issue and parliament was within rights to decide it.&amp;nbsp; 
+    However, he would not take an oath recognizing Henry's position as Supreme 
+    Head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; He simply could not repudiate the 
+    spiritual authority of the papacy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;And so he was arrested in the spring of 1534.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+    kept in the Tower of London for over a year, under increasingly harsh 
+    conditions.&amp;nbsp; The king hoped that imprisonment would alter More's 
+    disposition.&amp;nbsp; It did not.&amp;nbsp; More was finally charged with high 
+    treason and tried at Westminster on 1 July 1533.&amp;nbsp; Despite his brilliant 
+    defense, he was found guilty and executed on 6 July.&amp;nbsp; The news shocked 
+    all of Europe.&amp;nbsp; It remains the most famous example of judicial murder 
+    during Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; More was later canonized by the Catholic church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;Our Lord bless you, good daughter, and your good husband, and
+your little boy, and all yours, and all my children, and all my god-children
+and all our friends. Recommend me when ye may to my good daughter Cecily,
+whom I beseech Our Lord to comfort; and I send her my blessing and to all
+her children, and pray her to pray for me. I send her a handkercher, and
+God comfort my good son, her husband. My good daughter Daunce hath the
+picture in parchment that you delivered me from my Lady Coniers, her name
+on the back. Show her that I heartily pray her that you may send it in
+my name to her again, for a token from me to pray for me.
+&lt;p&gt;I like special well Dorothy Colly. I pray you be good unto her. I would
+wot whether this be she that you wrote me of. If not, yet I pray you be
+good to the other as you may in her affliction, and to my good daughter
+Jane Aleyn too. Give her, I pray you, some kind answer, for she sued hitherto
+me this day to pray you be good to her.
+&lt;p&gt;I cumber you, good Margaret, much, but I would be sorry if it should
+be any longer than to-morrow, for it is St. Thomas's even, and the utas
+of St. Peter; and therefore, to-morrow long I to go to God. It were a day
+very meet and convenient for me.
+&lt;p&gt;I never liked your manner towards me better than when you kissed me
+last; for I love when daughterly love and dear charity hath no leisure
+to look to worldly courtesy. Farewell, my dear child, and pray for me,
+and I shall for you and all your friends, that we may merrily meet in heaven.
+I thank you for your great cost. I send now my good daughter Clement her
+algorism stone, and I send her and my godson and all hers God's blessing
+and mine. I pray you at time convenient recommend me to my good son John
+More. I liked well his natural fashion. Our Lord bless him and his good
+wife, my loving daughter, to whom I pray him to be good, as he hath great
+cause; and that, if the land of mine come to his hands, he break not my
+will concerning his sister Daunce. And the Lord bless Thomas and Austin,
+and all that they shall have.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;to the Thomas 
+      More website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082599&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082599&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911921</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHfda5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">monarchs.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizmonarchs2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=56 alt=&quot;Tudor Monarchs&quot; 
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/monarchs.gif&quot; width=326&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 
+      1485 to 1603.&amp;nbsp; Their story encompasses some of the most dramatic and 
+      unforgettable events in European history.&amp;nbsp; And they remain the most 
+      famous and controversial of royal families.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about the Tudor monarchs.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the 
+      monarchs and their courtiers.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizmonarchs2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Coronation Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; width=&quot;235&quot; height=&quot;341&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;the above portrait is of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry7.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+  VII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1485 to 1509&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+  VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;ruled 1509 to 1547&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;THE SIX WIVES 
+  OF HENRY VIII&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, 
+  Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Katharine Parr&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward 
+  VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1547 to 1553&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1553&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1553 to 1558&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1558 to 1603&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082528&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082528&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The announcement of Jane Seymour's pregnancy, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1665911918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1665911920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20221016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHff55.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6birth.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6birth.gif&quot; width=&quot;582&quot; height=&quot;72&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;King Henry VIII's third marriage, made when he was almost 
+      forty-five, finally brought him the longed-for son.&amp;nbsp; Edward's mother 
+      was Jane Seymour, the daughter of a Wiltshire knight.&amp;nbsp; She died a 
+      fortnight after his birth in October.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;On 27 May 1537, Trinity Sunday, there was a &lt;i&gt;Te Deum&lt;/i&gt;
+sung in St Paul's cathedral for joy at the queen's quickening of her child,
+my lord chancellor, lord privy seal and various other lords and bishops
+being then present; the mayor and aldermen with the best guilds of the
+city being there in their liveries, all giving laud and praise to God for
+joy about it.&amp;nbsp; The bishop of Worcester, Dr Latimer, made an oration
+before all the lords and commons after the &lt;i&gt;Te Deum&lt;/i&gt; was sung, explaining
+the reason for their assembly, which oration was marvelously fruitful to
+the hearers.&amp;nbsp; And also the same night various great fires were made
+in London, with a hogshead of wine at every fire for the poor people to
+drink as long as it lasted.&amp;nbsp; I pray Jesus, if it be his will, to send
+us a prince.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6cdcc8060a932a503b1581</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/index/buildConfig.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/index/buildConfig.xml	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/index/buildConfig.xml	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<buildConfig xmlns:gsf="http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/schema/ConfigFormat">
+<metadataList>
+<metadata name="numDocs">151</metadata>
+<metadata name="buildType">mgpp</metadata>
+<metadata name="indexStem">Tudor-Formatted</metadata>
+<metadata name="infodbType">gdbm</metadata>
+<metadata name="buildDate">1665911932</metadata>
+<metadata name="earliestDatestamp">1665911919</metadata>
+</metadataList>
+<serviceRackList>
+<serviceRack name="GS2MGPPSearch">
+<indexStem name="Tudor-Formatted" />
+<databaseType name="gdbm" />
+<indexList>
+<index name="text" shortname="TX" />
+<index name="dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title" shortname="TI" />
+<index name="Source" shortname="SO" />
+</indexList>
+<defaultIndex shortname="TX" />
+<indexOptionList>
+<indexOption name="stemIndexes" value="7" />
+<indexOption name="maxnumeric" value="4" />
+</indexOptionList>
+<levelList>
+<level name="document" shortname="Doc" />
+<level name="section" shortname="Sec" />
+</levelList>
+<defaultLevel shortname="Doc" />
+<defaultDBLevel shortname="Sec" />
+<searchTypeList>
+<searchType name="plain" />
+<searchType name="form" />
+</searchTypeList>
+<indexSubcollectionList>
+<indexSubcollection name="citizens,monarchs,others,relatives" shortname="cm" />
+<indexSubcollection name="monarchs" shortname="mo" />
+<indexSubcollection name="relatives" shortname="re" />
+<indexSubcollection name="citizens" shortname="ci" />
+<indexSubcollection name="others" shortname="ot" />
+</indexSubcollectionList>
+<defaultIndexSubcollection shortname="cm" />
+</serviceRack>
+<serviceRack name="GS2MGPPRetrieve">
+<defaultIndexSubcollection shortname="cm" />
+<indexStem name="Tudor-Formatted" />
+<defaultLevel shortname="Sec" />
+<databaseType name="gdbm" />
+</serviceRack>
+<serviceRack name="GS2Browse">
+<indexStem name="Tudor-Formatted" />
+<databaseType name="gdbm" />
+<classifierList>
+<classifier name="CL1" content="dc.Title;Title" />
+<classifier name="CL2" content="dc.Subject" metadata="dc.Subject" hfile="" />
+</classifierList>
+</serviceRack>
+<serviceRack name="PhindPhraseBrowse" />
+</serviceRackList>
+</buildConfig>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 36815)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Formatted/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 36815)
@@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6cdcc8060a932a503b1581</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</link>
+</item>
