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+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Applications for Bibliometric Research&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;in the Emerging Digital Libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham&lt;br&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt;  Large numbers of research documents have recently become available on&lt;br&gt;
+the Internet through  âdigital librariesâ, and these collections are seeing high levels of&lt;br&gt;
+use  by  their  related  research  communities.  A  secondary    use  for  these  document&lt;br&gt;
+repositories and indexes is as a platform for bibliometric research.  We examine the&lt;br&gt;
+extent to which the new digital libraries support conventional bibliometric analysis, and&lt;br&gt;
+discuss  shortcomings  in  their  current  forms.    Interestingly,  these  electronic  text&lt;br&gt;
+archives also provide opportunities for new types of studies:  generally the full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents are available for analysis, giving a finer grain of insight than abstract-only&lt;br&gt;
+online databases;  these repositories often contain technical reports or pre-prints, the&lt;br&gt;
+âgrey  literatureâ  that  has  been  previously  unavailable  for  analysis;  and  document&lt;br&gt;
+âusageâ  can  be  measured  directly  by  recording  user  accesses,  rather  than  studied&lt;br&gt;
+indirectly through document references.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1.  Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+In recent years a number of &amp;quot;digital libraries&amp;quot; have become available through the&lt;br&gt;
+Internet.  While the technology promises in the future to support large, heterogenous&lt;br&gt;
+collections, at present the most widely used of the academically-focussed digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are generally repositories of one or two types of document (typically technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports, journal articles, pre-prints, or conference proceedings), grouped by discipline.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+A distinguishing characteristic of these digital libraries is that the full text of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are often available for retrieval, as well as bibliographic records.The sciences are&lt;br&gt;
+represented much more heavily in the present crop of digital libraries than the social&lt;br&gt;
+sciences, arts, or humanities. They are maintained by professional societies,&lt;br&gt;
+universities, research laboratories, and even private individuals.  Access is generally&lt;br&gt;
+free, both to search and to download documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The emergence of these subject-specific digital libraries is particularly important&lt;br&gt;
+given the pattern of access to materials presently employed by research scientists.&lt;br&gt;
+Informal exchanges of preprints, reprints, and photocopies of papers passed on by&lt;br&gt;
+colleagues currently are major venues for the transmission of scientific information&lt;br&gt;
+between researchers in the sciences.  In one study, the dependence on these sources&lt;br&gt;
+ranges from 12% (for chemistry)  to 39% (for mathematics) of all papers cited in&lt;br&gt;
+researchers' own publications [11]. A qualitative study of study of how computer&lt;br&gt;
+scientists locate and retrieve documents (computing is one of the domains considered&lt;br&gt;
+later in this paper) indicates that for that field, technical reports and research documents&lt;br&gt;
+found in various locations on the Internet are a preferred source of information [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Many of the digital library systems discussed in this paper are repositories for just this&lt;br&gt;
+type of literature.  The documents tend to be of high quality:  primarily  technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports or working papers from research institutions (both academic and commercial),&lt;br&gt;
+as well as advance copies of work accepted for publication in conventional paper&lt;br&gt;
+journals. Moreover, these digital libraries are also coming to include refereed work&lt;br&gt;
+published digitally (in electronic journals).  Anecdotal evidence suggests that in their&lt;br&gt;
+fields, these digital libraries are coming to be the resource of choice for locating cutting&lt;br&gt;
+edge work.&lt;br&gt;
+For specialized subjects such as high energy physics, this dependence on&lt;br&gt;
+informal or extra-library dissemination can be much higher. Ginsparg ([9], [10])&lt;br&gt;
+reports that fields in physics have traditionally relied heavily on preprint exchanges, and&lt;br&gt;
+the digital repositories of physics preprints begun in 1991 (the PHYSICS E-PRINT&lt;br&gt;
+ARCHIVES) have to a large extent supplanted conventional publishing and physical&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+paper mailing of technical reports.  By providing ready access to information sources&lt;br&gt;
+that are already preferentially utilized by scientists, the digital libraries show potential to&lt;br&gt;
+increase access to information that until recently was expensive or difficult to acquire in&lt;br&gt;
+paper form.  Indeed, in some fields (most notably physics) this process has already&lt;br&gt;
+begun, as researchers in less developed countries report access to ongoing research&lt;br&gt;
+through the Internet repositories that their local libraries could not afford to acquire&lt;br&gt;
+through conventional journal subscriptions ([9], [10]).&lt;br&gt;
+The primary use for new bibliographic resources is, of course, for the contents&lt;br&gt;
+of the documents involved.  A secondary use for emerging resources is as a basis for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric analysis of the subject field.  With the conventionally published scientific&lt;br&gt;
+literature, the sheer difficulty of accumulating statistics discouraged bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+research until the advent of large bibliographic databases in the 1960's. Computerized&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases sparked a significant increase in the number of large-scale&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic studies, as significant portions of the collection and analysis of data could&lt;br&gt;
+be automated ([12], [13]).  The availability of CD-ROM versions of bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+databases has been of particular importance, since they provide a cheaper alternative to&lt;br&gt;
+the online commercial databases [3].&lt;br&gt;
+These computerized bibliographic resources have drawbacks, however.  The&lt;br&gt;
+greatest is that the full text of documents are rarely available, and even abstracts are not&lt;br&gt;
+always present.  This obviously limits the types of bibliometric research that can be&lt;br&gt;
+conducted &lt;i&gt;solely&lt;/i&gt; through these databases.  In addition, these databases are generally&lt;br&gt;
+limited to formally published documents (those appearing in selected books, journals,&lt;br&gt;
+and conference proceedings).  The &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; of technical reports, pre-prints, and&lt;br&gt;
+other works not formally published are largely ignored, and it is this absence of easy&lt;br&gt;
+access to these documents that has hampered the analysis of these important forms of&lt;br&gt;
+scientific communication.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries currently in existence complement the online and CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases.  They are best suited for examinations of the &amp;quot;physical&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents (for example, document length), analysis based on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+bibliographic information that can be automatically extracted from the document text or&lt;br&gt;
+the sometimes unevenly formatted bibliographic records (such as obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+studies),  and usage studies (geographic or institutional origin of users, date/time of&lt;br&gt;
+access, individual patterns of document retrieval, etc.).  Because  references are present&lt;br&gt;
+in the document file but not identified by field, co-citation and bibliographic coupling&lt;br&gt;
+research is not well-supported, and conducting these studies requires considerable&lt;br&gt;
+effort on the part of the researcher.&lt;br&gt;
+The variety of bibliographic repositories in the available digital libraries in itself&lt;br&gt;
+has great potential in conducting bibliometric research.  Sigogneau et al [15] present a&lt;br&gt;
+case study illustrating the ways in which the strengths of different databases can be&lt;br&gt;
+played off each other; they conduct a fine-grained analysis of the emergence of research&lt;br&gt;
+fronts in molecular and cellular biology, and demonstrate that the observations gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from two complementary bibliographic databases provide greater insight into their&lt;br&gt;
+problem. Similarly, it appears that  the types of bibliographic data that can be gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from the relatively unstructured digital libraries can be profitably combined with data&lt;br&gt;
+from online databases, CD-ROMS, and other more conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+resources.&lt;br&gt;
+This paper is organized as follows:  Section 2 discusses the types of indexing&lt;br&gt;
+and searching available with current digital libraries; Section 3 gives examples of&lt;br&gt;
+conventional bibliometric techniques applied to Internet-accessible archives; Section 4&lt;br&gt;
+discusses opportunities to directly measure usage of documents and to detect&lt;br&gt;
+information-seeking patterns in researchers; and Section 5 presents our conclusions.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2.  Indexing and searching in current digital libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+At present, the types of indexing fields for most academically-oriented digital&lt;br&gt;
+library systems are limited.  Many schemes index on user-supplied document&lt;br&gt;
+descriptions, abstracts, or similar document surrogates (for example, the PHYSICS E-&lt;br&gt;
+PRINT ARCHIVE [10], a collection of physics pre-prints and technical reports). As will&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+be discussed below, the quality of this user-provided data can be highly variable, and&lt;br&gt;
+may unfavorably impact the usefulness of the index for searching. Alternatively, a&lt;br&gt;
+designated site librarian may maintain a catalog (eg, the WATERS [14] system, now&lt;br&gt;
+subsumed by NCSTRL (http://www.ncstrl.org/), both primarily collections of&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports);  in this case the quality of the bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+information may be expedited to be higher, but fewer sites will be likely to support&lt;br&gt;
+such a librarian and therefore fewer documents are likely to be included in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+library. In a âharvestingâ system such as the computer science technical report&lt;br&gt;
+collections supported by HARVEST  [2] or the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical report collection ([16], [17]), documents are indexed from&lt;br&gt;
+passive repositories (that may not even be aware that their documents are being&lt;br&gt;
+included in the digital library). Harvesting systems therefore cannot rely on the&lt;br&gt;
+presence of bibliographic data of any sort.&lt;br&gt;
+Because of the relative paucity of high-quality bibliographic data available to&lt;br&gt;
+many of the current academically- or research-focussed digital library collections, their&lt;br&gt;
+search interfaces tend to be more primitive than those ordinarily found in online&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases or library catalogs.  Systems such as NCSTRL can support&lt;br&gt;
+author, title, and subject searching, but  this more sophisticated search functionality&lt;br&gt;
+comes at the expense of requiring participating repositories to use specific software.  As&lt;br&gt;
+a consequence, these latter systems may provide access to a small number of sites than&lt;br&gt;
+harvesting systems. Harvesters may access a broader range of providers, but at the&lt;br&gt;
+penalty of being limited to unfielded, keyword searches over the raw text of the&lt;br&gt;
+document or document surrogate.&lt;br&gt;
+Specifically, the indexing in existing digital libraries has a variety of shortcomings for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric applications:&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of fielded indexing:&lt;/i&gt;   As noted above, some large and widely used digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries (such as the computer science technical report collection of the  NEW&lt;br&gt;
+ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY) may lack formal cataloging entirely, and rely on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+keyword searching over the raw document text. Obviously this  makes  field-&lt;br&gt;
+dependent analysis more difficult (for example, locating documents produced by&lt;br&gt;
+specific authors), and in the worst case my require a manual examination of all&lt;br&gt;
+files in the collection in order to reliably identify a desired document subset.&lt;br&gt;
+However, keyword search techniques that approximate fielded searching results&lt;br&gt;
+may suffice:  for example in the  NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY computer&lt;br&gt;
+science technical report collection,  limiting the keyword search for âJohnsonâ&lt;br&gt;
+to a search of first pages only is likely to retrieve documents written by Johnson&lt;br&gt;
+(since for the  majority  of  computer  science  technical  reports,  the  first  page&lt;br&gt;
+contains little more than author, title, date, and institution details).&lt;br&gt;
+A more principled  approach to extracting bibliographic information is embodied&lt;br&gt;
+in  the  CiteSeer  tool  [1].  This  software  parses  raw,  unfielded  academic&lt;br&gt;
+documents and attempts to identify such indexing information as author, title,&lt;br&gt;
+reference list, etc. Obviously such a tool cannot attain 100% accuracy over a&lt;br&gt;
+heterogenous document collection, but in practice it appears useful in that it can&lt;br&gt;
+make a good first pass in processing a set of documents, providing an initial set&lt;br&gt;
+of parsed documents for analysis. The remaining (presumably much smaller) set&lt;br&gt;
+of unparsable documents can then be dealt with manually.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of consistency in field formatting:&lt;/i&gt;  Current digital libraries usually acquire&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic  information  from  either  the  authors  of  submitted  articles  or&lt;br&gt;
+automatic extraction routines (retrieving bibliographic details from catalog files&lt;br&gt;
+that may or may not be in a given document site, and that may or may not be in&lt;br&gt;
+an  easily  parsable  form).  Neither  of  these  methods  produce  records  with&lt;br&gt;
+standard  formatting,  which  causes  problems  with  automated  bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+analysis.   Consider the following examples selected from entries in the hep-th&lt;br&gt;
+(high energy physics) collection of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVES:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+(i)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. Yu. Alekseev, V. Schomerus&lt;br&gt;
+(ii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Adel Bilal and Ian. I. Kogan&lt;br&gt;
+(iii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Paul S. Aspinwall and David R. Morrison (with an appendix &lt;br&gt;
+by Mark Gross)&lt;br&gt;
+(iv)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. H. Chamseddine and Herbi Dreiner (ETH-Zurich)&lt;br&gt;
+In this case, typical for existing digital libraries, there is no standardized format&lt;br&gt;
+for authors' names (here, appearing with full names, initials plus last name, and&lt;br&gt;
+a mixture of  the  two);  no  standard  convention  for  separating  author  names&lt;br&gt;
+(here, either a comma or &amp;quot;and&amp;quot; are  used);  and  parenthetical  information  can&lt;br&gt;
+include a variety of information such as the name of an associate author or the&lt;br&gt;
+institutional affiliations of an author.  Manual processing or specially  crafted&lt;br&gt;
+software would be required to reformat these fields for analysis.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;duplicate entries: &lt;/i&gt; Digital libraries that draw documents from a variety of sources&lt;br&gt;
+may  inadvertently  contain  duplicate  items.    Unfortunately,  the  irregular&lt;br&gt;
+formatting of the bibliographic information makes it difficult to  automatically&lt;br&gt;
+detect these duplicates.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;implicit field tagging:&lt;/i&gt;  In some repositories, items are not explicitly tagged with&lt;br&gt;
+certain  types  of  information  â  most  commonly  the  document's  date  of&lt;br&gt;
+publication or production.  Instead, the date is implicit in the document's title&lt;br&gt;
+(eg, its numeration in a technical report series) or in the location of the document&lt;br&gt;
+in the file structure of the repository  (eg,  separate  directories  exist  for  each&lt;br&gt;
+year).  A second common piece of  implicit  data  is  the  authorsâ  institutional&lt;br&gt;
+affiliations.  This may be contained in the document itself (typically on a cover&lt;br&gt;
+page),  or  may  be  implicit  in  the  documentâs  location  (for  example,  a&lt;br&gt;
+corporationâs technical reports are stored in its ftp repository).  Again, in these&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+cases  special  processing  is  required  to  append  this  field  information  to  a&lt;br&gt;
+document record for bibliometric analysis.  &lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;extraction of document text:&lt;/i&gt;  Few of  the  documents  stored  in  the  research-&lt;br&gt;
+oriented digital libraries discussed in this paper are straight ascii text; instead,&lt;br&gt;
+documents may appear in a variety of file formats, such as LaTeX, PostScript,&lt;br&gt;
+PDF, etc.  If the contents of the documents are to be automatically processed&lt;br&gt;
+(for  example,  to  count  the  words  in  a  document,  or  to  extract  reference&lt;br&gt;
+publication dates for an obsolescence study), then the text must be extracted.&lt;br&gt;
+Utilities are available to convert most common document formats to ascii.&lt;br&gt;
+It is likely that many of these problems will be addressed as the Internet-based&lt;br&gt;
+document indexing systems mature.  Even minor changes can greatly increase the&lt;br&gt;
+useability of a bibliographic database for bibliometric research.  For example, the&lt;br&gt;
+addition of an explicit date tag to many online databases in 1975 sparked new&lt;br&gt;
+applications in time series research [3].&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3.  Opportunities for applications of bibliometric techniques&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One type of bibliometric research concentrates on quantifying fundamental,&lt;br&gt;
+structural details about a subject literature:  how many items are published, how many&lt;br&gt;
+authors are publishing, over what time period documents are likely to be used, etc.&lt;br&gt;
+More complex studies analyze the relationships between documents, such as how&lt;br&gt;
+documents cluster into subjects.  The following examples give a flavour of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric research that is possible using the emerging digital libraries:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;examining the âphysicalâ characteristics of archived documents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One relatively straightforward type of bibliometric study characterizes the&lt;br&gt;
+formats of different literatures.   For example, Figure 1 presents a the range of the size&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+of computer science technical reports as measured by their length in pages.   Of the&lt;br&gt;
+45,720 documents in the CSTR collection as of April 1998, nearly 1600 did not contain&lt;br&gt;
+page divisions in their files (and hence are excluded from analysis). Note that the&lt;br&gt;
+number of pages in the shorter documents (&amp;lt;50 pages) falls into an approximately&lt;br&gt;
+normal distribution (slightly skewed to the left), while presumably the longer&lt;br&gt;
+documents represent Mastersâ and Doctoral theses. A surprising number of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are very short (between one and 5 pages); these may represent the type of condensed&lt;br&gt;
+results frequently found in the âtechnical notesâ, âshort papersâ, and âposter sessionsâ&lt;br&gt;
+of computing conferences and journals. The average number of pages per document,&lt;br&gt;
+27.5, appears to be slightly longer than the common upper bound for a computing&lt;br&gt;
+journal article, although this observation must be confirmed by a similar study of the&lt;br&gt;
+lengths of formally published computing articles.&lt;br&gt;
+This type of analysis is of particular interest for technical reports, since they&lt;br&gt;
+have not been studied in the same detail as formally published papers.  A comparison of&lt;br&gt;
+the physical characteristics of the formal and informal literature could provide&lt;br&gt;
+supporting evidence for common beliefs about the relationship between the two types&lt;br&gt;
+of documents. For example,  do publishing constraints force journal and proceedings&lt;br&gt;
+articles to be shorter than technical reports, and therefore presumably omit technical&lt;br&gt;
+details of findings?  Do technical reports contain more/less extensive reference sections?&lt;br&gt;
+If reference sections of technical reports are longer than those of published articles, then&lt;br&gt;
+citation links are being ommitted in published works; if technical reports contain fewer&lt;br&gt;
+references, then this may confirm earlier indications that computer scientists tend to&lt;br&gt;
+âresearch firstâ and do literature surveys later [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 1.  Range of sizes of CS technical reports, measured by number of pages&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;obsolescence studies.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+A document is considered obsolete when it is no longer referenced by the&lt;br&gt;
+current literature. Typically, documents receive their greatest number and frequency of&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+citations immediately after publication, and the frequency of citation falls rapidly as time&lt;br&gt;
+passes. One technique for estimating the obsolescence rate of a body of  literatureâ the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;synchronous&lt;/i&gt; method â  is to find the median date in the references of the documents.&lt;br&gt;
+This median date is subtracted from the year of publication for the documents, yielding&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;median citation age&lt;/i&gt;.  As would be expected, this median varies between the&lt;br&gt;
+disciplines.  Typically the social sciences and arts have a higher median citation age&lt;br&gt;
+than the âhardâ sciences and engineering, indicating that documents obsolesce more&lt;br&gt;
+quickly for the latter fields.&lt;br&gt;
+As noted in Section 2, references are not generally explicitly tagged in existing&lt;br&gt;
+digital repositories.  However, reference dates can usually be extracted from the&lt;br&gt;
+document text by first locating the reference section (usually delimited by a &amp;quot;references&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+or &amp;quot;bibliography&amp;quot; section heading), and then extracting all numbers in the appropriate&lt;br&gt;
+ranges for dates  for the field under study.&lt;br&gt;
+To illustrate this process, 188 technical reports were sampled from Internet-&lt;br&gt;
+accessible repositories1 and used as source documents for a synchronous obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+study.  Conveniently, the repositories chosen organize technical reports into sub-&lt;br&gt;
+directories by their date of publication.  The reference dates for each technical report&lt;br&gt;
+were automatically extracted by software that scanned the documentâs file for numbers&lt;br&gt;
+of the form 19XX, since previous studies indicate that few if any computing reports&lt;br&gt;
+reference documents published in previous centuries [5].  Table 1 presents the median&lt;br&gt;
+citation age calculated for these documents, broken down by repository and the year of&lt;br&gt;
+publication for the source documents from which the reference dates were extracted:&lt;br&gt;
+Table 1.  Median citation ages for technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+The median citation age ranges between 2 and 4 years, which is consistent with&lt;br&gt;
+previous examinations of computing and information systems literature ([5], [4]).&lt;br&gt;
+When graphed, the distribution of reference dates show the exponential curve typically&lt;br&gt;
+found in obsolescence studies, including the final droop due to an âimmediacy effectâ&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+as fewer very new documents are available for citation [7].  These types of results&lt;br&gt;
+provide confirmation that references used in computer science technical reports (the pre-&lt;br&gt;
+eminent âgrey literatureâ of  the computing field) conforms to the same patterns as&lt;br&gt;
+references found in the formally published literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;co-citation and bibliographic coupling studies&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The rate at which documents cite each other (co-citation) or cite the same&lt;br&gt;
+documents (bibliographic coupling) can be used to produce &amp;quot;maps&amp;quot; of a subject&lt;br&gt;
+literature.  These techniques rely on analysis of the references of documents, and these&lt;br&gt;
+references must be in a common format.  While digital libraries contain full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents, their references are not standardized, and indeed are not  even tagged as&lt;br&gt;
+such.  To perform these studies the references must be manually extracted and&lt;br&gt;
+processedâa tedious process that is only worthwhile for documents (such as technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports) that are not included in existing citation databases such as the Science Citation&lt;br&gt;
+Index and Social Science Citation Index.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;detecting cycles or regularities in the rate of production of research&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Analysis of trends in the production of technical reports can give indications&lt;br&gt;
+about working conditions that affect research; for example, is more research produced&lt;br&gt;
+over the summer, when the teaching load is lighter?  or is research steadily produced&lt;br&gt;
+throughout the year?&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 2.  Distribution of the number of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+Figures 2 and 3 present statistics on document accumulation in the hep-th (high&lt;br&gt;
+energy physics) e-print server, a part of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVE.  This system&lt;br&gt;
+is one of the oldest formal pre-print archives, and has become the primary means for&lt;br&gt;
+information dissemination in its field.  Examination of these figures reveals several&lt;br&gt;
+trends.  Clearly the absolute number of documents deposited in the repository has&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+tended to increase over the time period.  For all three years, research production has its&lt;br&gt;
+lowest point in January and February, increases through May and June, then decreases&lt;br&gt;
+until August and September.  At that point the rate of production steps up, reaching a&lt;br&gt;
+yearly peak in November and December.  This pattern is less clear for 1992, which&lt;br&gt;
+might be expected as the archive was established in mid-1991.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 3.  Distribution of the percentage of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4.  Analysis of usage data&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The emerging Internet-based digital libraries will permit research on scientific&lt;br&gt;
+information collection and use at a much finer grain than is possible with current paper&lt;br&gt;
+libraries or online bibliographic databases.  Current bibliometric or scientometric&lt;br&gt;
+research of this type must measure information use indirectly â for example,  through&lt;br&gt;
+examination of the list of references appended to published articles.  However, it is well&lt;br&gt;
+known that authors do not necessarily include in the reference list all documents that&lt;br&gt;
+could have been cited, and conversely that not all references listed may have been&lt;br&gt;
+actually âusedâ in performing the research; citation behavior can be affected by a&lt;br&gt;
+number of motivating factors (Garfield lists &lt;i&gt;15&lt;/i&gt; possible reasons in [8]).&lt;br&gt;
+Digital library transaction logs provide a powerful tool for direct analysis of&lt;br&gt;
+document âusageâ: since  digital libraries contain the actual document (rather than only a&lt;br&gt;
+document surrogate), the relative amount of âuseâ that a digital libraryâs clients make of&lt;br&gt;
+a given document sees can be estimated from the number of times the document file is&lt;br&gt;
+downloaded (and, presumably, the document is read). Note that file downloading is a&lt;br&gt;
+much stronger statement on the part of the user than, for example, having a&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic record appear in the query result set for a conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+system; the user downloads only &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; the document has been found potentially relevant&lt;br&gt;
+through examination of its document surrogate. Additionally,  downloading is&lt;br&gt;
+frequently time-consuming  and sometimes costly (depending on local pricing for&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+Internet access). Downloaded documents are therefore highly likely at least to be&lt;br&gt;
+scanned, if not read closely.  The transaction logs for a digital library can provide a&lt;br&gt;
+global picture of the use of documents in the collection, since all user interactions with&lt;br&gt;
+the library can be automatically logged  for analysis. By contrast, it is of course&lt;br&gt;
+impossible to track usage of print bibliographies, and very difficult to monitor usage of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic data available on CD-ROM across more than one or two sites.&lt;br&gt;
+Furthermore, analysis of search requests by geographic location, institution,&lt;br&gt;
+and sometimes even individual user are also possible.  As an example, Table 2 presents&lt;br&gt;
+a portion of the summary of usage statistics (broken down by domain code) for queries&lt;br&gt;
+to the computer science technical collection of the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY.&lt;br&gt;
+Examination of the data indicates that the heaviest use of the collection comes from&lt;br&gt;
+North America, Europe (particularly Germany and Finland), as well as the local New&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand community and nearby Australia.  As expected for such a collection, a large&lt;br&gt;
+proportion of users are from educational (.edu) institutions; surprisingly, however, a&lt;br&gt;
+similar number of queries come from commercial (.com) organizations, indicating&lt;br&gt;
+perhaps that the documents are seeing use in commercial research and development&lt;br&gt;
+units.&lt;br&gt;
+Table 2. Accesses to the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY CS collection  by Domain&lt;br&gt;Code&lt;br&gt;
+Of course, usage levels can also be further broken down by IP number&lt;br&gt;
+(indicating  institutions), and systems requiring users to register may also be able to&lt;br&gt;
+analyze usage on an individual basis. Since the query strings themselves are also&lt;br&gt;
+recorded in the transaction logs, this domain/institution/individual activity could also be&lt;br&gt;
+linked to specific subjects through the query terms.  Summaries of this type could be&lt;br&gt;
+invaluable for studies of geographic diffusion and distribution of research topics.&lt;br&gt;
+Transaction log analysis can also indicate time-related  patterns in the&lt;br&gt;
+information seeking behavior of digital library users.   As a sample of this type of&lt;br&gt;
+analysis,  Paul Ginsparg notes a seven day periodicity in the number of search requests&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+made to the PHYSICS E-PRINT archives (Figure 4, reproduced from [9]).  From this he&lt;br&gt;
+adduces that many physicists do not yet have weekend access to the Internet (an&lt;br&gt;
+alternative, slightly more cynical hypothesis is that even high energy theoretical&lt;br&gt;
+physicists take the weekend off).&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 4.  Summary of search requests to the physics pre-print archives&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;5.  Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+This study suggests opportunities for conducting bibliometric research on the&lt;br&gt;
+evolving digital libraries.  These repositories are suitable platforms for conventional&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric techniques (such as obsolescence studies, quantification of physical&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents comprising a subject literature, time analysis, etc.).  The&lt;br&gt;
+ability to directly monitor access to documents in digital libraries also enables&lt;br&gt;
+researchers to explicitly quantify document usage, as well as to implicitly measure&lt;br&gt;
+usage through citations.  Additional facilities could aid in the performance of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic experiments, such as: improved tagging of document fields; provision of&lt;br&gt;
+utilities to strip out titles, authors, etc. from common document formats; and the ability&lt;br&gt;
+to easily eliminate duplicate entries from downloaded library subsets.  Unfortunately,&lt;br&gt;
+the most useful of these additional facilities â those associated with a higher degree of&lt;br&gt;
+cataloging â run counter to the underlying philosophy of many digital libraries:  to&lt;br&gt;
+avoid, if possible,  manual processing and formal cataloging of documents.   While&lt;br&gt;
+adherence to this principle can limit the accuracy of fielded searching (or indeed,&lt;br&gt;
+preclude it altogether), it can also avoid the cataloging bottleneck and permit digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries to provide access to larger numbers of documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries complement the information currently available through&lt;br&gt;
+paper, online, and CD-ROM bibliographic resources.  While these latter databases&lt;br&gt;
+generally have the advantage of standardized formatting of bibliographic fields, the&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries are freely accessible, often contain &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; that is otherwise&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">15</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+unavailable for analysis, and generally make the full text of documents available.  The&lt;br&gt;
+insights gained from analysis of digital libraries will add to the store of &amp;quot;information&lt;br&gt;
+about information&amp;quot; that we have gained from older types of bibliographic repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+[1] Bollacker, K.D., S. Lawrence, and C.L.Giles, CiteSeer: An Autonomous Web&lt;br&gt;
+Agent for Automatic  Retrieval  and  Identification  of  Interesting  Publications,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Second International Conference  on  Autonomous  Agents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+(Minneapolis/St. Paul, May 9-13), 1998.&lt;br&gt;
+[2] Bowman, C.M., P.B. Danzig, U. Manber,  and M.F. Schwartz,  Scalable Internet&lt;br&gt;
+resource discovery:  Research problems and approaches,  &lt;i&gt;Communications of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;the ACM 37(8)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994)  98-107.&lt;br&gt;
+[3] Burton, Hilary D. , Use of a virtual information system for bibliometric analysis,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Informaton Processing &amp;amp; Management 24(1)&lt;/i&gt;  (1988) 39-44.&lt;br&gt;
+[4] Cunningham, S.J., An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for&lt;br&gt;
+information systems literature, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Research&lt;/i&gt;., 1996, http://library.fgcu.edu/iclc/lisrissu.htm&lt;br&gt;
+ [5]  Cunningham,  S.J.,  and  D.  Bocock,    Obsolescence  of  computing  literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;i&gt;34(2) &lt;/i&gt; (1995), pp. 255-262.&lt;br&gt;
+ [6] Cunningham, S.J. and Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Information searching&lt;br&gt;
+preferences and practices of computer science researchers, &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;OZCHI '96&lt;/i&gt; (1996)  294-299.&lt;br&gt;
+[7] de Solla Price, D.J.,  Citation measures of hard science, soft science, technology,&lt;br&gt;
+and nonscience.  In: C.E. Nelson  and  D.K.  Pollock  (eds),  &lt;i&gt;Communication&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;among scientists and engineers&lt;/i&gt;  (Heath Lexington, 1970).&lt;br&gt;
+[8]  Garfield, E., &lt;i&gt;Citation Indexing:  Its theory and application in Science, Technology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and Humanities (&lt;/i&gt;Wiley, 1979).&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">16</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+[9]  Ginsparg, P.  After dinner remarks:  14 Oct â94 APS meeting at LANL, 1994&lt;br&gt;
+(&amp;lt;URL: http://xxx.lanl.gov/blurb&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[10] Ginsparg, P., First steps towards electronic research communication, &lt;i&gt;Computers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;in Physics 8(4)&lt;/i&gt; (1994)  390-401.  &lt;br&gt;
+[11] Hallmark,  J., Scientists' access and retrieval of references cited in their recent&lt;br&gt;
+journal articles, &lt;i&gt; College and Research Libraries 55(3)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994) 199-210.&lt;br&gt;
+[12] Hawkins, D.T. , Unconventional uses of on-line information retrieval systems:&lt;br&gt;
+on-line bibliometric studies,  &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Society for Information&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Science 28&lt;/i&gt;  (1977)  13-18.&lt;br&gt;
+[13] McGhee, P.E. , P.R. Skinner, K. Roberto,  N.J. Ridenour,  and S.M. Larson,&lt;br&gt;
+Using online databases to study current research trends:  an online bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+study, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science Research 9&lt;/i&gt;  (1987)   285-291.&lt;br&gt;
+[14] Maly, K., E.A. Fox,  J.C. French,  and A.L. Selman,  Wide area technical report&lt;br&gt;
+server    (&lt;i&gt;Technical    Report  ,  &lt;/i&gt;  Dept.  of  Computer  Science,  Old  Dominion&lt;br&gt;
+University, &lt;br&gt;
+1994. &lt;br&gt;
+Also &lt;br&gt;
+available &lt;br&gt;
+at &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;URL:&lt;br&gt;
+http://www.cs.odu.edu/WATERS/WATERS-paper.ps&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[15] Sigogneau, M.J. , S. Bain, J.P. Courtial, and H. Feillet,  Scientific innovation in&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographical databases:  a comparative study of the Science Citation Index&lt;br&gt;
+and the Pascal database,  &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics 22(1)&lt;/i&gt;   (1991)  65-82.&lt;br&gt;
+[16] Witten, I.H., S.J. Cunningham, M. Vallabh,  and T.C. Bell,  A New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+digital library for computer science research,  &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of Digital Libraries&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;'95&lt;/i&gt; (1995) 25-30.&lt;br&gt;
+[17]  Witten, I.H., C. Nevill-Manning, and S.J. Cunningham, A public library based&lt;br&gt;
+on full-text retrieval, &lt;i&gt;Communications of the ACM&lt;/i&gt; 41(4), 1998, p. 71&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">17</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+                                    &lt;br&gt;
+1Documents were randomly sampled from the DEC&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://crl.dec.com/pub/DEC/CRL/tech-reports/), Sony&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/CSL/CSL-Papers), and Ohio (ftp://archive.cis.ohio-&lt;br&gt;
+state.edu/pub/tech-report/) technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml
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+&lt;b&gt;Digital Library Software System&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,* Rodger J. McNab,â  Stefan J. Boddie,* David Bainbridge*&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+* Dept of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+â  Digilib Systems&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing&lt;br&gt;protocols, from interoperability to search engine&lt;br&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library&lt;br&gt;
+technology, from metadata standards to multiformat&lt;br&gt;
+software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the&lt;br&gt;
+document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating&lt;br&gt;
+construction and presentation of information collections.&lt;br&gt;
+systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs.&lt;br&gt;
+Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text&lt;br&gt;searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are&lt;br&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New&lt;br&gt;
+attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely&lt;br&gt;
+by providing a new way of organizing information and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. The system is extensible: software&lt;br&gt;
+making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of&lt;br&gt;
+âpluginsâ accommodate different document and metadata&lt;br&gt;
+information comprises several (typically several thousand,&lt;br&gt;
+types.&lt;br&gt;
+or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is&lt;br&gt;provided to all documents in a collection. A library may&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+include many different collections, each organized&lt;br&gt;differentlyâthough there is a strong family resemblance in&lt;br&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+how collections are presented.&lt;br&gt;
+library field during the second half of the 1990s,&lt;br&gt;comprehensive software systems for creating digital&lt;br&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution&lt;br&gt;
+than âjust putting it on the Web.â The collection becomes&lt;br&gt;
+when creating a digital library is also the most&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection,&lt;br&gt;
+obviousâjust put it on the Web. But consider how much&lt;br&gt;
+prior to presentation, undergoes a âbuildingâ process that,&lt;br&gt;
+effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital&lt;br&gt;
+once established, is completely automatic. This process&lt;br&gt;
+library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive&lt;br&gt;
+creates all the structures that are used at run-time for&lt;br&gt;
+and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and&lt;br&gt;
+accessing the collection. Searching is based on various&lt;br&gt;
+powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural&lt;br&gt;
+indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata;&lt;br&gt;
+browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain&lt;br&gt;
+support structures for both are created during the building&lt;br&gt;
+and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any&lt;br&gt;
+operation. When new material appears it can be fully&lt;br&gt;
+manual organization is involved.&lt;br&gt;
+incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.&lt;br&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through&lt;br&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital&lt;br&gt;
+software tools. But the broad scope of digital library&lt;br&gt;
+libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued&lt;br&gt;
+requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the&lt;br&gt;
+under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-&lt;br&gt;
+software should incorporate facilities ranging from&lt;br&gt;
+source software, users are invited to contribute&lt;br&gt;modifications and enhancements. Only through an&lt;br&gt;international cooperative effort will digital library software&lt;br&gt;become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the worldâs&lt;br&gt;needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in&lt;br&gt;Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the&lt;br&gt;US, and collections range from newspaper articles to&lt;br&gt;technical documents, from educational journals to oral&lt;br&gt;history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has&lt;br&gt;been used for collections in many different languages, and&lt;br&gt;for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United&lt;br&gt;Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium,&lt;br&gt;France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing&lt;br&gt;countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999;&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be&lt;br&gt;obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-2_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+become a first-class component of the library. And what&lt;br&gt;permits it to be integrated into existing searching and&lt;br&gt;browsing structures without any manual intervention is&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of&lt;br&gt;âdigital libraryâ to support the development of a&lt;br&gt;construction kit.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF GREENSTONE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Information collections built by Greenstone combine&lt;br&gt;extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes&lt;br&gt;based on different metadata types. There are several ways&lt;br&gt;for users to find information, although they differ between&lt;br&gt;collections depending on the metadata available and the&lt;br&gt;collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular&lt;br&gt;words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a&lt;br&gt;document, or within a title or section heading. You can&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book&lt;br&gt;icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a&lt;br&gt;shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 1: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+come complete with a table of contents (constructed&lt;br&gt;automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to&lt;br&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a&lt;br&gt;
+open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full&lt;br&gt;
+digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities&lt;br&gt;
+document.&lt;br&gt;
+offered by Greenstone and show how end users find&lt;br&gt;information in collections. Next we describe the files and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where&lt;br&gt;
+directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the Global Help Projectâs Humanity&lt;br&gt;
+processes of updating existing collections and creating new&lt;br&gt;
+Development Library (HDL) are being searched for&lt;br&gt;
+ones, including extending the software to provide new&lt;br&gt;
+chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same&lt;br&gt;
+facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.&lt;br&gt;
+collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the&lt;br&gt;bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;WHAT IS A DIGITAL LIBRARY?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in&lt;br&gt;butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ten definitions of the term âdigital libraryâ have been&lt;br&gt;
+book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is&lt;br&gt;
+culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is&lt;br&gt;
+displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically&lt;br&gt;
+captured in the following brief characterization:&lt;br&gt;
+constructed table of contents appears at the start of the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;video, and audio, along with methods for access&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+starting further down the page.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and retrieval, and for selection, organization&lt;br&gt;and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In accordance with Leskâs advice, a statement of purpose&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an&lt;br&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital&lt;br&gt;
+explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the&lt;br&gt;
+libraries as âorganized collections of digital information,â&lt;br&gt;
+start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;br&gt;
+and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, andâdepending on the&lt;br&gt;
+governing what is included and how the collection is&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs designâthe user can choose between indexes&lt;br&gt;
+organized.&lt;br&gt;
+built from different parts of the documents, or from&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the&lt;br&gt;
+different metadata. Some collections have an index of full&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in&lt;br&gt;
+documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs,&lt;br&gt;
+selection and organization. But they are not generally&lt;br&gt;
+an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of&lt;br&gt;
+distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant&lt;br&gt;
+which can be searched for particular words or phrases.&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence&lt;br&gt;
+Browsing involves data structures created from metadata&lt;br&gt;
+the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not&lt;br&gt;
+that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles,&lt;br&gt;
+just put the information on the Web?&lt;br&gt;
+lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are&lt;br&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a&lt;br&gt;
+built according to instructions in a configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one&lt;br&gt;
+which controls both building and serving the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+should easily be able to add new material to a library&lt;br&gt;
+Sample configuration files are discussed below.&lt;br&gt;
+without having to integrate it manually or edit its content&lt;br&gt;in any way. Once added, new material should immediately&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-3_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to&lt;br&gt;build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous&lt;br&gt;scheme of âclassifiersâ is used: classifiers create indexes&lt;br&gt;of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are&lt;br&gt;brought into the Greenstone system through a process&lt;br&gt;called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers&lt;br&gt;specified in the collection configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The international Unicode character set is used throughout,&lt;br&gt;so documentsâand interfacesâcan be written in any&lt;br&gt;language. Collections have so far been produced in&lt;br&gt;English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and&lt;br&gt;Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples.&lt;br&gt;Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and&lt;br&gt;video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also&lt;br&gt;provided to accommodate visually impaired users.&lt;br&gt;Compression technology is used to ensure best use of&lt;br&gt;storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al &lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is&lt;br&gt;either linked to textual documents or accompanied by&lt;br&gt;textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-&lt;br&gt;text searching and browsing. However, the architecture&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 2: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even&lt;br&gt;for non-textual data.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+linking parts of documents together and building explicit&lt;br&gt;
+The system includes an âadministrativeâ function whereby&lt;br&gt;
+indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created&lt;br&gt;
+specified users can examine the composition of all&lt;br&gt;
+linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into&lt;br&gt;
+collections, protect documents so that they can only be&lt;br&gt;
+disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone&lt;br&gt;
+accessed by registered users on presentation of a password,&lt;br&gt;
+software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all&lt;br&gt;
+by creating all searching and browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this&lt;br&gt;
+automatically from the documents themselves. No links&lt;br&gt;
+facility can be disabled).&lt;br&gt;
+are inserted by hand. This means that when new&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Although primarily designed for Internet access over the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the same format become available, they can&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in&lt;br&gt;
+be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is&lt;br&gt;
+precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they&lt;br&gt;
+done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new&lt;br&gt;
+are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-&lt;br&gt;
+material, and rebuild the indexesâall without manual&lt;br&gt;
+ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X,&lt;br&gt;
+intervention.&lt;br&gt;
+95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing&lt;br&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of&lt;br&gt;
+the collection on the Webâexcept that response is faster&lt;br&gt;
+thousands, or even millions. Each document may be&lt;br&gt;
+and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early&lt;br&gt;
+hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-&lt;br&gt;
+Windows systems is one that plagues the software design,&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or&lt;br&gt;
+but is crucial for many usersâparticularly those in&lt;br&gt;
+more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date,&lt;br&gt;
+underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian&lt;br&gt;
+keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents,&lt;br&gt;
+aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network&lt;br&gt;
+or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw&lt;br&gt;
+(intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided&lt;br&gt;
+material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly&lt;br&gt;
+on each CD makes exactly the same information available&lt;br&gt;
+for each document and section (for example, in an&lt;br&gt;
+to others through their standard Web browser. The use of&lt;br&gt;
+accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically&lt;br&gt;
+compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of&lt;br&gt;
+from the source documents. Metadata is converted to&lt;br&gt;
+information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.&lt;br&gt;
+Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The collection-serving software operates under Unix and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to accommodate different kinds of source&lt;br&gt;
+Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A&lt;br&gt;
+documents, the software is organized so that âpluginsâ can&lt;br&gt;
+flexible process structure allows different collections to be&lt;br&gt;
+be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain&lt;br&gt;
+served by different computers, yet be presented to the user&lt;br&gt;
+text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and&lt;br&gt;
+in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by&lt;br&gt;
+same digital library, even as part of the same collection&lt;br&gt;
+saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a&lt;br&gt;
+(McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be&lt;br&gt;
+preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially&lt;br&gt;
+updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without&lt;br&gt;
+written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as&lt;br&gt;
+bringing the system down; the process responsible for the&lt;br&gt;
+that used by the BBC archives department. A collection&lt;br&gt;
+user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when&lt;br&gt;
+may have source documents in different forms: it is just a&lt;br&gt;
+new collections appear and add them to the list presented&lt;br&gt;to the user.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-4_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FILES IN A COLLECTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;When a new collection is created or material is added to an&lt;br&gt;existing one, the original source documents are first&lt;br&gt;brought into the system through a process known as&lt;br&gt;âimporting.â This involves converting documents into a&lt;br&gt;simple HTML-like format known as GML (for&lt;br&gt;âGreenstone Markup Languageâ), which includes any&lt;br&gt;metadata associated with the document. Documents are&lt;br&gt;assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the&lt;br&gt;ASCII characters form a subset).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;There is a separate directory for each collection, which&lt;br&gt;contains five subdirectories: the original raw material&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the&lt;br&gt;final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory&lt;br&gt;for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for&lt;br&gt;any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)âincluding the configuration file&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 3: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional&lt;br&gt;files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy&lt;br&gt;of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FINDING INFORMATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Greenstone digital library systems generally include&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+several separate collections. A home page allows you to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to identify documents internally, a unique object&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page that gives you information about how the&lt;br&gt;
+identifier or OID is assigned to each original source&lt;br&gt;
+collection is organized and the principles governing what&lt;br&gt;
+document when it is imported (formed by hashing the&lt;br&gt;
+is included.&lt;br&gt;
+content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1â4 are clickable.&lt;br&gt;
+mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It&lt;br&gt;
+Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page,&lt;br&gt;
+is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-&lt;br&gt;
+provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and&lt;br&gt;
+building processâso that a userâs search history is&lt;br&gt;
+searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath&lt;br&gt;
+unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned&lt;br&gt;
+gives access to the searching and browsing facilities,&lt;br&gt;
+by hashing the contents of the original source document.&lt;br&gt;
+which differ from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once imported, each document is stored in its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find&lt;br&gt;
+subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated&lt;br&gt;
+information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that&lt;br&gt;
+filesâfor example, images. To ensure compatibility with&lt;br&gt;
+appear in the text from the âsearchâ page (or from the&lt;br&gt;
+Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes&lt;br&gt;
+and file names, which causes annoying but essentially&lt;br&gt;
+of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default&lt;br&gt;
+trivial complications.&lt;br&gt;
+search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users;&lt;br&gt;advanced searchingâwhich allows full Boolean&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming&lt;br&gt;controlâcan be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They&lt;br&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You&lt;br&gt;
+can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections.&lt;br&gt;
+can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OIDs are extended to identify these components by&lt;br&gt;
+button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by&lt;br&gt;
+appending numbers, separated by periods, to a documentâs&lt;br&gt;
+bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list&lt;br&gt;
+as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections,&lt;br&gt;
+of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core âpublisherâ), bringing up&lt;br&gt;
+âsectionsâ within the document. In some collections&lt;br&gt;
+a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;âhow toâ listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the&lt;br&gt;
+but are split into pages to permit browsing within a&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and&lt;br&gt;
+retrieved document.&lt;br&gt;
+extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the&lt;br&gt;individual requirements of collection designers.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The document structure is used for searchable indexes.&lt;br&gt;There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-5_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into&lt;br&gt;GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which&lt;br&gt;GML files have previously been created is not re-imported.&lt;br&gt;Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite&lt;br&gt;indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and&lt;br&gt;the new version of the collection automatically becomes&lt;br&gt;live.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps&lt;br&gt;are necessary for efficient operation with large collections.&lt;br&gt;The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during&lt;br&gt;the building operationâbut because building indexes is a&lt;br&gt;multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be&lt;br&gt;repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take&lt;br&gt;considerable timeâa day or two, for very large&lt;br&gt;collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it&lt;br&gt;will continue to be served to users in its old form&lt;br&gt;throughout the building operation.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when&lt;br&gt;the new version becomes liveâthey will probably not&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions&lt;br&gt;remain coherentâusers who are examining the results of a&lt;br&gt;query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML&lt;br&gt;
+documentsâand if a search is actually in progress when&lt;br&gt;
+makesâthe hierarchical structure is flattened for the&lt;br&gt;
+the change takes place the program detects the resulting&lt;br&gt;
+purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text,&lt;br&gt;
+file-structure inconsistency and automatically and&lt;br&gt;
+or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a&lt;br&gt;
+transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new&lt;br&gt;
+searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or&lt;br&gt;
+version of the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+document descriptions, as well as the document text.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;UPDATING EXISTING COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Updating an existing collection with new files in the same&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any&lt;br&gt;
+format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL&lt;br&gt;
+format, and plugins are required to process each format&lt;br&gt;
+is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with&lt;br&gt;
+type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and&lt;br&gt;
+in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is&lt;br&gt;
+reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each&lt;br&gt;
+to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a&lt;br&gt;
+plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When&lt;br&gt;
+directory that contains a single HTML file representing the&lt;br&gt;
+updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to&lt;br&gt;
+book, and separate files containing the associated images.&lt;br&gt;
+process new material should already have been specified in&lt;br&gt;
+An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the&lt;br&gt;
+the configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file&lt;br&gt;format (using Excelâs &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The building step creates the indexes for both searching&lt;br&gt;and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up&lt;br&gt;
+searching (Witten  &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is&lt;br&gt;
+with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection&lt;br&gt;
+required. For example, the Humanity Development Library&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters,&lt;br&gt;and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory are created for each of these indexes.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;10&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+11&lt;br&gt;
+(a)&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text document:From&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+DateList&lt;br&gt;
+10&lt;br&gt;11&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+13&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+14&lt;br&gt;15&lt;br&gt;
+format&lt;br&gt;
+QueryResults \\\\&lt;br&gt;
+16&lt;br&gt;
+(b)&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br&gt;
+17&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the&lt;br&gt;
+certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to&lt;br&gt;
+image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now&lt;br&gt;
+use a standardized format such as XML. This is&lt;br&gt;
+none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories&lt;br&gt;
+straightforward to implementï£§just write an XML&lt;br&gt;
+is needed to run the collection and can be removed from&lt;br&gt;
+pluginï£§although we have not done so ourselves. Given&lt;br&gt;
+the file system (though they would be needed if the&lt;br&gt;
+the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have&lt;br&gt;
+collection were rebuilt).&lt;br&gt;
+found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Associated with each collection is a database stored in&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CREATING NEW COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an&lt;br&gt;entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Building new collections from scratch is only slightly&lt;br&gt;
+document number, and metadata such as title. Information&lt;br&gt;
+different from updating an existing collection. The key&lt;br&gt;
+for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons&lt;br&gt;
+new requirement is creating a collection configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted&lt;br&gt;
+and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of&lt;br&gt;
+during the building process and stored in the database. A&lt;br&gt;
+information are required for this: the name of the directory&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifierâ program is required for each browsing index to&lt;br&gt;
+that the collection will use (into which the source data and&lt;br&gt;
+extract the appropriate information from GML documents.&lt;br&gt;
+other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail&lt;br&gt;
+Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for&lt;br&gt;
+address for use if any problems are encountered by the&lt;br&gt;
+the particular information required, and where possible&lt;br&gt;
+software once the collection is up and running. The utility&lt;br&gt;
+reused from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+creates files and directories within the newly-named&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory to support a generic collection of plain text&lt;br&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on&lt;br&gt;
+documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin&lt;br&gt;
+directory, building the collection at this point will yield a&lt;br&gt;
+specified by all collections is one that processes GML&lt;br&gt;
+document-level searchable index of all the text and a&lt;br&gt;
+files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be&lt;br&gt;
+browsable list of âtitlesâ (defined in this case to be the&lt;br&gt;
+processed correctly. If it contains material in the original&lt;br&gt;
+document filenames).&lt;br&gt;
+format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin.&lt;br&gt;Thus the import process is optional.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To enhance the functionality and presentationâ something&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+anything but the most trivial collection will requireâthe&lt;br&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced&lt;br&gt;
+requirement when millions of documents are to be&lt;br&gt;
+from documents in an already supported data format,&lt;br&gt;
+processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be&lt;br&gt;
+presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the&lt;br&gt;
+lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-7_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;These are modules of code that can be slotted into the&lt;br&gt;system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse&lt;br&gt;documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed.&lt;br&gt;Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to&lt;br&gt;form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an&lt;br&gt;object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize&lt;br&gt;the amount of code written.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can&lt;br&gt;handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin&lt;br&gt;is recursive. File formats are normally determined using&lt;br&gt;regular expression matching on the filename. For example,&lt;br&gt;the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, . &lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write&lt;br&gt;plugins that âlook insideâ the file as well.) For other files,&lt;br&gt;the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the&lt;br&gt;next plugin in the collectionâs configuration file (e.g.&lt;br&gt;Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and&lt;br&gt;returns the number of documents processed. This involves&lt;br&gt;extracting text and metadata and adding it to the libraryâs&lt;br&gt;content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Some plugins (ârecursiveâ ones) add extra files into the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+stream of data processed during the building phase by&lt;br&gt;artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how&lt;br&gt;directory hierarchies are traversed.&lt;br&gt;
+amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats&lt;br&gt;and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write.&lt;br&gt;
+more complex activities that require programming skills.&lt;br&gt;
+We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that&lt;br&gt;was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to&lt;br&gt;make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files,&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the motivation being to produce a convenient way of&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+searching and browsing oneâs bookmarked Web pages.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the&lt;br&gt;
+about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write,&lt;br&gt;
+new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with&lt;br&gt;
+and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts&lt;br&gt;
+comments)âabout the average length of existing plugins.&lt;br&gt;
+metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier&lt;br&gt;for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Classifiers are more general than plugins because they&lt;br&gt;
+browsable chronologically. The default presentation of&lt;br&gt;
+work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that&lt;br&gt;
+search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the&lt;br&gt;
+generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin&lt;br&gt;
+title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender&lt;br&gt;
+core can request the collection to be browsable&lt;br&gt;
+(i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets,&lt;br&gt;
+chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the&lt;br&gt;
+such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are&lt;br&gt;
+with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom&lt;br&gt;
+produces a suitable image that represents the document&lt;br&gt;
+required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230&lt;br&gt;
+(such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]âŠ[/link]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+lines.&lt;br&gt;
+construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is&lt;br&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization&lt;br&gt;
+solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the&lt;br&gt;
+routine, how individual documents are classified, and the&lt;br&gt;
+page being displayed.&lt;br&gt;
+final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of&lt;br&gt;any options specified in the configuration file (such as&lt;br&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying&lt;br&gt;
+within the bounds of the libraryâs established capabilities&lt;br&gt;
+individual documents is an iterative process: for each one,&lt;br&gt;
+falls within the capability of many computer usersâfor&lt;br&gt;
+a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the&lt;br&gt;
+instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending&lt;br&gt;
+documentâs OID, the necessary metadata is located and&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse&lt;br&gt;
+used to control where the document is added to the&lt;br&gt;
+metadata in new ways is more challenging.&lt;br&gt;
+browsable data structure being constructed.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once all documents have been added, a request is made for&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the&lt;br&gt;data structure directly; others transform the data structure&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.&lt;br&gt;
+before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-8_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+a page number, next and previous page buttons, and&lt;br&gt;displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text&lt;br&gt;version of the page is also available upon which a&lt;br&gt;searching option is also provided.&lt;br&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research&lt;br&gt;project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source&lt;br&gt;data from the Internet and distributing indexing&lt;br&gt;information over the Internet. This is accomplished&lt;br&gt;through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating,&lt;br&gt;updating and searching a collection; the last two help to&lt;br&gt;improve performance over the Internet through transparent&lt;br&gt;mirroring and caching techniques.&lt;br&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While&lt;br&gt;searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine&lt;br&gt;that supports incremental updates and Boolean&lt;br&gt;combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is&lt;br&gt;possible to control what type of documents are gathered&lt;br&gt;during creation and updating, and how the query interface&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+looks and is laid out.&lt;br&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000&lt;br&gt;
+divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages.&lt;br&gt;
+separate pages of about the same size and returns the&lt;br&gt;
+Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-&lt;br&gt;
+alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).&lt;br&gt;
+related electronic journals and magazines called âtomato-&lt;br&gt;juiceâ (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF RELATED WORK&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+index of library-related electronic serials&lt;br&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also&lt;br&gt;
+library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998)&lt;br&gt;
+often used to index Web sites (for example&lt;br&gt;
+and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term&lt;br&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are&lt;br&gt;
+has come to represent three entities: a conceptual&lt;br&gt;
+both similarities and differences. All provide substantial&lt;br&gt;
+architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open&lt;br&gt;
+digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but&lt;br&gt;
+protocol for service communication; and a software&lt;br&gt;
+they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest,&lt;br&gt;
+system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample&lt;br&gt;
+for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries have been built using this technology.&lt;br&gt;
+at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering&lt;br&gt;
+They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports&lt;br&gt;
+process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it&lt;br&gt;
+and primary source documents.&lt;br&gt;
+provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the&lt;br&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer&lt;br&gt;
+complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds&lt;br&gt;
+Science Technical Reference Library project&lt;br&gt;
+no structure or order to the documents collected, relying&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by&lt;br&gt;
+on whatever structures are present in the site that they&lt;br&gt;
+title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author,&lt;br&gt;
+were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its&lt;br&gt;
+across a distributed network of document repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+flexibility through configuration and customizationï£§an&lt;br&gt;
+Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various&lt;br&gt;
+element also present in Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the&lt;br&gt;
+Dienstï£§best exemplified through the NCSTRL&lt;br&gt;
+pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.&lt;br&gt;
+workï£§supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a&lt;br&gt;
+Both use open protocols. Differences include a high&lt;br&gt;
+collection based around primary sourcesï£§in this case&lt;br&gt;
+reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a&lt;br&gt;
+American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different&lt;br&gt;
+document is added, and a smaller range of document types&lt;br&gt;
+âlook and feelâ to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented&lt;br&gt;
+supportedâalthough Dienst does include a document&lt;br&gt;
+toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates&lt;br&gt;
+model that should, over time, allow this to expand with&lt;br&gt;
+their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to&lt;br&gt;
+relative ease.&lt;br&gt;
+reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of&lt;br&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar&lt;br&gt;
+scanned images: delivery options include going directly to&lt;br&gt;
+digital library services to those described. However, since&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+opportunity for advancement through a shared&lt;br&gt;
+1.  Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) âReport on First&lt;br&gt;
+collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed&lt;br&gt;
+Summit on International Cooperation on Digital&lt;br&gt;
+here.&lt;br&gt;
+Libraries.â ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.&lt;br&gt;
+2.  Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Schwartz, M.F. âScalable Internet resource discovery:&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for&lt;br&gt;
+Research problems and approachesâ &lt;i&gt;Communications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+creating digital library collections. It builds data structures&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.&lt;br&gt;
+for searching and browsing from the material provided,&lt;br&gt;
+3.  Fox, E. (1998) âDigital library definitions.â&lt;br&gt;
+rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is&lt;br&gt;
+ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.&lt;br&gt;
+controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection&lt;br&gt;exists new material can be added completely&lt;br&gt;
+4.  Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help&lt;br&gt;
+metadata.&lt;br&gt;
+Project, Antwerp, Belgium.&lt;br&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if&lt;br&gt;
+5.  Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D âDefining Collections in&lt;br&gt;
+they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved&lt;br&gt;
+Distributed Digital Librariesâ &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov.&lt;br&gt;
+through software âpluginsâ that can be written to&lt;br&gt;
+1998.&lt;br&gt;
+accommodate documents, and metadata, in different&lt;br&gt;
+6.  PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types;&lt;br&gt;
+produced by the Pan-American Health Organization,&lt;br&gt;
+new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by&lt;br&gt;
+Washington DC, USA.&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifiersâ that process metadata into browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+7.  McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) âA&lt;br&gt;
+(by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).&lt;br&gt;
+distributed digital library architecture incorporating&lt;br&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is&lt;br&gt;
+different index styles.â &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+achieved not by technical means but by making the source&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36â45.&lt;br&gt;
+code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only&lt;br&gt;
+8.  Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H.&lt;br&gt;
+through an international cooperative effort will digital&lt;br&gt;
+(1998) âExtracting text from PostScriptâ&lt;br&gt;
+library software become sufficiently comprehensive to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;SoftwareâPractice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp.&lt;br&gt;
+meet the worldâs needs with the richness and flexibility&lt;br&gt;
+481â491; April.&lt;br&gt;
+that users deserve.&lt;br&gt;
+9.  UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, Paris, France.&lt;br&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on&lt;br&gt;the Greenstone software, and all members of the New&lt;br&gt;
+10. UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and&lt;br&gt;
+ROM produced by the United Nations University&lt;br&gt;
+ideas.&lt;br&gt;
+Press, Tokyo, Japan.&lt;br&gt;
+11. Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and&lt;br&gt;images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH2bdf.dir/doc.xml
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Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASHbb6e.dir/doc.xml
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+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASHbb6e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 37443)
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+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
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+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
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+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
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+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
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+    <Metadata name="Image">7.jpg</Metadata>
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+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">7.jpg</Metadata>
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+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">793</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">299557B</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">7_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
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+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">706</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
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+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">8.jpg</Metadata>
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+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">793</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">511927B</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">8_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">706</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">9.jpg</Metadata>
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+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">793</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">479042B</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">9_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">9_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">706</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
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+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
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+    <Metadata name="Image">10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10.jpg</Metadata>
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+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">793</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">369364B</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">10_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">706</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">233140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">793</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">233140B</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">11_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">11_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">706</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">116538</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">793</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">116538B</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">12_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">12_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">706</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/archiveinf-timestamp.out
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/archiveinf-timestamp.out	(revision 37443)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/archiveinf-timestamp.out	(revision 37443)
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+gdbm:1678172939
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 37443)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 37443)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2bdf3b19cf094fd01ac7ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbb6e0c8f087c9c5b2e301a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/build.cfg	(revision 37443)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/build.cfg	(revision 37443)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1678172940
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1678172927
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	Source->SO
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	Source
+indexlevels	Doc	Sec
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;Source;->idx
+indexstem	Enhanced-PDF
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc	section->Sec
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	79188
+numdocs	4
+numsections	51
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 37443)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 37443)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2bdf3b19cf094fd01ac7ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbb6e0c8f087c9c5b2e301a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Untitled</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/HASHccc7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/HASHccc7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 37443)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/HASHccc7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 37443)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "https://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">untitled</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://Scratch/ak19/gs2-diffcol-7Mar2023/tmp/F626.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://Scratch/ak19/gs2-diffcol-7Mar2023/tmp/F626.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/A9-access-best-practices.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">/Scratch/ak19/gs2-diffcol-7Mar2023/tmp/F626.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">F626.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">A9-access-best-practices.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">A9-access-best-practices.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1329651</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">A9-access-best-practices</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Adobe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Source">www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/accessibility/products/acrobat/pdfs/A9-access-best-practices.pdfâ</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Best Practices for Accessibility</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">12.19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/Scratch/ak19/gs2-diffcol-7Mar2023/collect/PDFBox/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileAccessDate">2023:03:07 20:08:46+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileInodeChangeDate">2023:03:07 20:08:46+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2023:03:07 20:08:46+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">A9-access-best-practices.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">100664</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1329651</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileTypeExtension">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2009:02:17 22:33:44Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">FrameMaker 9.0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">true</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.ModifyDate">2009:02:27 12:37:43-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageMode">UseOutlines</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 &amp;#40;Windows&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.TaggedPDF">true</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">untitled</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreateDate">2009:02:17 22:33:44Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreatorTool">FrameMaker 9.0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.DocumentID">uuid:e09b572c-54b4-4dc6-9177-9daf38f3f1f7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Format">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.InstanceID">uuid:a355fe85-9ac6-433b-98c8-783bae38f4ed</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.MetadataDate">2009:02:27 12:37:43-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ModifyDate">2009:02:27 12:37:43-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Producer">Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 &amp;#40;Windows&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Title">untitled</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.XMPToolkit">Adobe XMP Core 4.2.1-c041 52.342996&amp;#44; 2008/05/07-20:48:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHccc7f4b2749b7bf1174ade</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1678172926</Metadata>
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+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1678172943</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20230307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHccc7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;AdobeÂ® AcrobatÂ® 9 Pro Accessibility Guide: &lt;br /&gt;Best Practices for Accessibility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, Acrobat Connect, the Adobe PDF logo, Creative Suite, LiveCycle, and Reader are either registered trade-&lt;br /&gt;marks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. AutoCAD is either a registered trade-&lt;br /&gt;mark or a trademark of Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and/or other countries. GeoTrust is a registered trademark of GeoTrust, Inc. Microsoft &lt;br /&gt;and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All &lt;br /&gt;other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â© 2008 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contents&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contents i&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;PDF Accessibility 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Each PDF File is Different 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Two Workflows for Creating Accessible PDF Files 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making an Existing PDF File Accessible  1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generating Accessible PDF Files from Authoring Applications  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Characteristics of Accessible PDF files 2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Searchable text  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fonts that allow characters to be extracted to text  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Interactive form fields  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other Features: Buttons, hyperlinks, and navigational aids  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document language  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Security that will not interfere with assistive technology  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document structure tags and proper read order  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternative text descriptions  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader Accessibility Features 3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Features for Accessible Reading of PDFs  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Features for Creating Accessible PDFs  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow 5&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contentsii |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;PDF Accessibility Workflow Summary 5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 1: Analyze the PDF File 5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 2: Determine if the PDF is a Scanned Document 5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to Tell if a PDF File is a Scanned Document  6&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to Do if the PDF is a Scanned Document  7&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to Do if the PDF is Not a Scanned Document  8&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 3: Add Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttons 8&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PDF Form Fields  9&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use Acrobat to Detect and Create Interactive Form Fields  9&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat Form Wizard  9&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enter Forms Editing Mode Directly  10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create Form Fields Manually  10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Forms Editing Mode  11&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating a New Form Field  11&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Form Field Properties  12&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tooltips for Form Fields  12&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tooltips for Radio Buttons  13&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Editing or Modifying an Existing Form Field  14&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deleting a Form Field  14&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Buttons  15&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set the Tab Order  15&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 4: Add Other Accessibility Features 16&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document Language  16&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set Security That Permits Accessibility  17&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create Accessible Links  19&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add Bookmarks  19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contents | iii&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 5: Determine if the PDF File is a Tagged PDF File 20&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to Tell if a PDF File is Tagged  20&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to do if the PDF File is Not Tagged  22&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;About the Add Tags Report  22&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to do if the PDF File is Tagged  23&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Tagged 23&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Tool (TURO)  23&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Selecting the TouchUp Reading Order Tool  24&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Tool Options  25&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tips for using the TouchUp Reading Order tool  26&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Checking Read Order with the Touch Up Read Order Tool  26&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check reading order with the TouchUp Reading Order tool  27&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the reading order by dragging on the page  27&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the reading order using the Order panel  27&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Editing Tags with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tag a region  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the tag for a region  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add or remove content from a tagged region  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Split a region into two regions  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apply a heading tag  29&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove page elements from the tag structure  29&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apply a figure tag  29&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using TouchUp Reading Order to Check and Correct Figure Tags  29&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adding Alternate Text with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool  30&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using the TouchUp Reading Order Tool Table Editor  31&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add a Table Summary  31&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Place the Table in Editing Mode  31&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove or replace document structure tags  35&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contentsiv |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Replace the existing tag structure  35&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove all tags from a PDF  35&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Complex Structures  35&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Content Panel  35&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Content Tab Options  37&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Order Panel  37&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tags Panel  38&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edit tags with the Tags Panel  39&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edit a tag title  40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Move a tag  40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the element type  40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tags tab options  40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text and supplementary information to tags  41&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text to links  42&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text for a figure  42&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text for an abbreviated term  42&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create a new child tag  43&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add tags to comments  43&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Correct table tags with the Tags tab  43&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check table elements  43&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set ColSpan and RowSpan attributes  44&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 7: Use the Accessibility Checker to Evaluate the PDF File 44&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quick Check  44&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quick Check Results  44&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Full Check  45&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accessibility Full Check Options  46&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Continue Checking Until All Issues are Addressed  47&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Additional Validation Techniques  47&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contents | v&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt; Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications 49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction 49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Create an Accessible Microsoft Word Document 49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use Styles  49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Text  49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Headings  50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2003 Headings  50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2007 Headings  50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add Alternative Text to Word Graphics and Images  51&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2003  51&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2007  51&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Configure the PDFMaker 52&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Show or activate PDFMaker in Microsoft Word  53&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For Office 2003 or earlier,  53&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For Office 2007  53&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;View PDFMaker conversion settings  53&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Settings Tab  54&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Security Tab  56&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word Tab  57&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bookmarks Tab (Microsoft Word)  58&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Video Tab (Microsoft Word and PowerPoint)  59&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Settings for Other Microsoft Office Applications  60&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Excel-specific options on the Settings tab  60&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PowerPoint-specific options on the Settings tab  60&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Convert the Word Document to Accessible PDF 61&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Microsoft Office 2003  61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contentsvi |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Office 2007  61&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;If the Word Document is a Form 62&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Check the PDF Version of the Document Using Acrobat 62&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Changes to the Conversion Settings  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Repairs You Should Make in the Source File  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Repairs You Should Make in the PDF File  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document Language  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tab Order is Consistent with Structure Order  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Establish Table Headings for Tables  63&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;PDF Accessibility&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A document or application is accessible if it can be used by people with disabilitiesâsuch as mobility &lt;br /&gt;impairments, blindness, and low visionâand not just by people who can see well and use a mouse. &lt;br /&gt;Accessibility features in Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Reader, and Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) make &lt;br /&gt;it easier for people with disabilities to use PDF documents and forms, with or without the aid of assistive &lt;br /&gt;software and devices such as screen readers, screen magnifiers, and braille printers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDFs accessible tends to benefit all users. For example, the underlying document structure that &lt;br /&gt;makes it possible for a screen reader to properly read a PDF out loud also makes it possible for a mobile &lt;br /&gt;device to correctly reflow and display the document on a small screen. Similarly, the preset tab order of an &lt;br /&gt;accessible PDF form helps all usersânot just users with mobility impairmentsâfill the form more easily.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Each PDF File is Different&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Not all PDFs are the same. PDF files are created in a variety of ways, from a variety of applications, and for a &lt;br /&gt;variety of purposes. In addition to applying the proper accessibility enhancements to PDF documents, &lt;br /&gt;achieving your accessibility goals for an individual PDF file requires understanding the nature of the PDF &lt;br /&gt;and the uses for which it is intended. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using this guide, you will learn how to assess existing PDF files for certain characteristics which influence &lt;br /&gt;their accessibility. The order in which this assessment is conducted is important. By following these &lt;br /&gt;procedures in the recommended order, users can efficiently proceed through the analysis of a PDF file in a &lt;br /&gt;systematic fashion. Systematically ruling out or confirming certain characteristics which a PDF file may &lt;br /&gt;possess will guide you to the most appropriate next step for making an individual PDF accessible &lt;b&gt;(See &lt;br /&gt;âAcrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflowâ on page 5).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This guide also discusses techniques for converting source files to accessible PDF. Using the Adobe &lt;br /&gt;PDFMaker with Microsoft Word as an example, this guide provides best practices for designing your source &lt;br /&gt;document with accessibility in mind so that the original document can be efficiently transformed into an &lt;br /&gt;accessible PDF version &lt;b&gt;(See âCreating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applicationsâ on page 53).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: These Best Practices techniques assume the user has access to Adobe Acrobat Pro 9 or &lt;br /&gt;Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro Extended for Windows. Adobe Reader 9 and Adobe Acrobat 9 &lt;br /&gt;Standard do not have the complete set of tools needed to create and validate PDF &lt;br /&gt;documents for accessibility.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Two Workflows for Creating Accessible PDF Files&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The PDF format is a destination file format. PDF files are typically created in some other application. What &lt;br /&gt;this means is that the author who is concerned with PDF accessibility will be confronted with one of two &lt;br /&gt;situations: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Individuals working with an existing PDF file will want to know how to edit/update it to be &lt;br /&gt;an accessible PDF file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Authors will want to know how to use some other software application, such as a word processing &lt;br /&gt;or desktop publishing application, to generate an accessible PDF file from that application if &lt;br /&gt;possible. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making an Existing PDF File Accessible&lt;br /&gt;âAcrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflowâ on pageÂ 5&lt;/b&gt; provides a step-by-step approach for &lt;br /&gt;analyzing PDF files and making them accessible based upon that analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction2 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Generating Accessible PDF Files from Authoring Applications&lt;br /&gt;âCreating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applicationsâ on pageÂ 53&lt;/b&gt; provides an example using &lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Word of how to use Acrobatâs PDFMaker to make an accessible PDF files from a word processing &lt;br /&gt;application. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even if you generate an accessible PDF file from an authoring application, you should then follow the steps &lt;br /&gt;in &lt;b&gt;âAcrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflowâ on pageÂ 5&lt;/b&gt; in order to identify any items that may &lt;br /&gt;have been missed in the initial conversion or to add PDF accessibility features that are not provided by the &lt;br /&gt;authoring tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Characteristics of Accessible PDF files&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) is the native file format of the AdobeÂ® AcrobatÂ® family of &lt;br /&gt;products. The goal of these products is to enable users to exchange and view electronic documents easily and &lt;br /&gt;reliably, independently of the environment in which they were created. PDF relies on the same imaging &lt;br /&gt;model as the PostScriptÂ® page description language to describe text and graphics in a device-independent &lt;br /&gt;and resolution-independent manner. To improve performance for interactive viewing, PDF defines a more &lt;br /&gt;structured format than that used by most PostScript language programs. PDF also includes objects, such as &lt;br /&gt;annotations and hypertext links, that are not part of the page itself but are useful for interactive viewing and &lt;br /&gt;document interchange. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accessible PDFs have the following characteristics:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Searchable text&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A document that consists of scanned images of text is inherently inaccessible because the content of the &lt;br /&gt;document is a graphic representing the letters on the page, not searchable text. Assistive software cannot &lt;br /&gt;read or extract the words in a graphic representation, users cannot select or edit the text, and you cannot &lt;br /&gt;manipulate the PDF for accessibility. You must convert the scanned images of text to searchable text using &lt;br /&gt;optical character recognition (OCR) before you can use other accessibility features with the document &lt;b&gt;(See &lt;br /&gt;âStep 2: Determine if the PDF is a Scanned Documentâ on page 5).&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fonts that allow characters to be extracted to text&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The fonts in an accessible PDF must contain enough information for Acrobat to correctly extract all of the &lt;br /&gt;characters to text for purposes other than displaying text on the screen. Acrobat extracts characters to &lt;br /&gt;Unicode text when you read a PDF with a screen reader or the Read Out Loud tool, or when you save as text &lt;br /&gt;for a braille printer. This extraction fails if Acrobat cannot determine how to map the font to Unicode &lt;br /&gt;characters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interactive form fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Some PDFs contain forms that a person is to fill out using a computer. To be accessible, form fields must be &lt;br /&gt;interactiveâmeaning that a user must be able to enter values into the form fields &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 3: Add &lt;br /&gt;Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttonsâ on page 8).&lt;/b&gt; Interactive PDF forms also have a defined tab &lt;br /&gt;order allowing users of assistive technology to use the tab key in order to progress from one form field or &lt;br /&gt;interactive control in a logical manner.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Other Features: Buttons, hyperlinks, and navigational aids&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Navigational aids in a PDFâsuch as links, bookmarks, headings, a table of contents, and a preset tab order &lt;br /&gt;for form fieldsâassist all users in using the document without having to read through the entire document, &lt;br /&gt;word by word. Bookmarks are especially useful and can be created from document headings. Many of these &lt;br /&gt;aids can be accessed using the keyboard without relying on the mouse &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 3: Add Interactive &lt;br /&gt;Features: Form Fields and Buttonsâ on page 8).&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 4: Add Other Accessibility Featuresâ on &lt;br /&gt;page 16).&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction | 3&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Document language&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Specifying the document language in a PDF enables some screen readers to switch to the appropriate &lt;br /&gt;language &lt;b&gt;(See âDocument Languageâ on page 16).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Security that will not interfere with assistive technology&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Some authors of PDFs restrict users from printing, copying, extracting, adding comments to, or editing text. &lt;br /&gt;The text of an accessible PDF must be available to a screen reader. You can use Acrobat to ensure that &lt;br /&gt;security settings donât interfere with a screen readerâs ability to convert the on-screen text to speech &lt;b&gt;(See âSet &lt;br /&gt;Security That Permits Accessibilityâ on page 17).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Document structure tags and proper read order&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;To read a documentâs text and present it in a way that makes sense to the user, a screen reader or other text-&lt;br /&gt;to-speech tool requires that the document be structured. Document structure tags in a PDF define the &lt;br /&gt;reading order and identify headings, paragraphs, sections, tables, and other page elements &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 5: &lt;br /&gt;Determine if the PDF File is a Tagged PDF Fileâ on page 20).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alternative text descriptions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Document features such as images and interactive form fields canât be read by a screen reader unless they &lt;br /&gt;have associated alternative text. Though web links are read by screen readers, you can provide more &lt;br /&gt;meaningful descriptions as alternative text. Alternative text and tool tips can aid many users, including those &lt;br /&gt;with learning disabilities &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ on page 23).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader Accessibility Features&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Accessibility features in Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader fall into two broad categories: features to make &lt;br /&gt;the reading of PDF documents more accessible and features to create accessible PDF documents. To create &lt;br /&gt;accessible PDF documents, you must use Acrobat, not Reader.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Features for Accessible Reading of PDFs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Preferences and commands to optimize output for assistive software and devices, such as saving as &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;accessible text for a Braille printer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Preferences and commands to make navigation of PDFs more accessible, such as automatic &lt;br /&gt;scrolling and opening PDFs to the last page read&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Accessibility Setup Assistant for easy setting of most preferences related to accessibility&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Keyboard alternates to mouse actions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Reflow capability to temporarily present the text of a PDF in a single easy-to-read column&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Read Out Loud text-to-speech conversion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Support for screen readers and screen magnifiers&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Features for Creating Accessible PDFs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Creation of tagged PDFs from authoring applications&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Conversion of untagged PDFs to tagged PDFs from within Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Security setting that allows screen readers to access text while preventing users from copying, &lt;br /&gt;printing, editing, and extracting text&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Ability to add text to scanned pages to improve accessibility&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Tools for editing reading order and document structure &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Tools for creating accessible PDF forms &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction4 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though Acrobat Standard provides some functionality for making existing PDFs accessible, you must use &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat Pro or Acrobat Pro Extended to perform certain tasksâsuch as editing reading order or editing &lt;br /&gt;document structure tagsâthat may be necessary to make some PDF documents and forms accessible &lt;b&gt;(See &lt;br /&gt;âTable 1: Features for Creating Accessible PDF Files by Productâ on pageÂ 4)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Table 1: Features for Creating Accessible PDF Files by Product  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Reader 9 Acrobat 9 Standard&lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pro&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 &lt;br /&gt;Pro &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Extended&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create PDF documents from any &lt;br /&gt;application that prints&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ â¢ â¢&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Convert Microsoft Word, Excel, &lt;br /&gt;PowerPoint, Publisher, and &lt;br /&gt;Access files to PDF with one-&lt;br /&gt;button ease*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ â¢ â¢&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Capture web pages as rich, &lt;br /&gt;dynamic PDF files for review &lt;br /&gt;and archiving&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ â¢ â¢&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Scan paper documents to PDF &lt;br /&gt;and automatically recognize text &lt;br /&gt;with optical character recogni-&lt;br /&gt;tion (OCR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ â¢ â¢&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Save PDF files as Microsoft &lt;br /&gt;Word documents, retaining the &lt;br /&gt;layout, fonts, formatting, and &lt;br /&gt;tables, to facilitate reuse of con-&lt;br /&gt;tent&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ â¢ â¢&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Easily create fillable PDF forms &lt;br /&gt;from paper or existing files using &lt;br /&gt;the Form Wizard&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ â¢ â¢&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enable users of Adobe ReaderÂ® &lt;br /&gt;(version 8 or later) to fill in and &lt;br /&gt;save PDF forms locally&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ â¢ â¢&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create dynamic XML forms with &lt;br /&gt;Adobe LiveCycleÂ® Designer ES &lt;br /&gt;(included)*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ â¢&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create and validate accessible &lt;br /&gt;PDF documents&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ â¢&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;* Windows Only&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility &lt;br /&gt;Repair Workflow&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;PDF Accessibility Workflow Summary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;At a high level, the process of making existing PDF files accessible consists of a few basic steps:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. Analyze and evaluate the PDF document before you &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 1: Analyze the PDF Fileâ on &lt;br /&gt;page 5).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. Determine if the PDF file originated from a scan. If so, perform Optical Character Recognition &lt;br /&gt;(OCR) using the OCR Text Recognition command in Adobe Acrobat 9 &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 2: Determine if &lt;br /&gt;the PDF is a Scanned Documentâ on page 5).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. Add fillable form fields and buttons with short descriptions if the PDF file is intended to work as an &lt;br /&gt;interactive document. Set the tab order for the form field &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 3: Add Interactive Features: &lt;br /&gt;Form Fields and Buttonsâ on page 8).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;4. Add other accessibility features to the PDF such as bookmarks and security that does not interfere &lt;br /&gt;with assistive technology &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 4: Add Other Accessibility Featuresâ on page 16).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. Add tags to the PDF if it has not been tagged &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 5: Determine if the PDF File is a Tagged &lt;br /&gt;PDF Fileâ on page 20).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;6. Determine if the PDF file has been properly tagged &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is &lt;br /&gt;Properly Taggedâ on page 23).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;7. Use the Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro accessibility checker to evaluate the PDF and repair tagging problems &lt;br /&gt;and other issues such as missing alternate text descriptions, missing short descriptions for form &lt;br /&gt;fields, and improper read order. Run the accessibility checker and follow its suggestions for repair &lt;br /&gt;until no problems are found &lt;b&gt;(See âStep 7: Use the Accessibility Checker to Evaluate the PDF Fileâ &lt;br /&gt;on page 44).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Though these stages are presented in an order that suits most needs, you may perform tasks in these stages in &lt;br /&gt;a different order or iterate between some of the stages. In all cases, you should first examine the document, &lt;br /&gt;determine its intended purpose, and use that analysis to determine the workflow that you should apply.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 1: Analyze the PDF File&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;When you open the PDF file, take a moment to analyze the document before you. Take a moment to note its &lt;br /&gt;characteristics. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Is it a short document with a small number of pages or a long document consisting of many pages? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Is the document mostly text or a mixture of text and graphics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Does the document appear to have form fields?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Another item to note is the complexity of the documentâs layout. In some instances, documents of &lt;br /&gt;shorter length may be more challenging from an accessibility perspective than longer docments &lt;br /&gt;because their layout and read order are more complex.  Is the layout simple, a single column with a &lt;br /&gt;limited number of graphics, or is it complex with multiple columns, mixed layouts, tables and many &lt;br /&gt;graphics?  Complex layouts are an indicator that you may be spending more time with the &lt;br /&gt;document doing more detailed accessibility enhancements with the Touch Up Read Order Tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 2: Determine if the PDF is a Scanned Document&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A common method for making PDF documents is to place a paper copy of a document into a scanner and &lt;br /&gt;then opening the resulting electronic version using Adobe Acrobat to view the newly scanned document as a &lt;br /&gt;PDF file. Unfortunately, this process results in creating an image of text and not the actual text itself. This &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow6 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;means the content is not accessible to users who rely on assistive technology to hear the contents of the page. &lt;br /&gt;Additional work must take place to make the document accesible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: If you are certain that the PDF document is not a scanned document or it has previously &lt;br /&gt;undergone optical character recognition, you can skip this discussion and proceed to &lt;br /&gt;âStep 3: Add Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttonsâ on pageÂ 8.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;How to Tell if a PDF File is a Scanned Document&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;There are a number of indications that a PDF file originated from a scanned page. Onscreen, the document &lt;br /&gt;appears to contain text, but the page is actually an image. Choose the method that suits you best for &lt;br /&gt;determining if the PDF is from a scan and is an âimage onlyâ PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Note if the page appears to be skewed.  &lt;/b&gt;Sometimes sheets are not properly fed into the &lt;br /&gt;scanner with the effect being the page appears to be crooked, or skewed on the screen . &lt;br /&gt;Lines of text will not be straight but will appear to slant up or down &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 1 Skewed &lt;br /&gt;Text Indicates a Scanned PDFâ on pageÂ 6)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  1 Skewed Text Indicates a Scanned PDF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Search for characters that appear on the page. &lt;/b&gt;Use the find command in Acrobat to &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;search for text that appears on the page. Select Edit &amp;gt; Find (Ctrl + F on Windows or &lt;br /&gt;Option + F on Mac OS) and type a term that appears on the page in the search field.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the document was scanned, Acrobat will not find the search but will display a message &lt;br /&gt;indicating âAcrobat has finished searching the document. No matches were foundâ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Zoom in and check for jagged edges on smooth characters. &lt;/b&gt;Scanned images are bitmaps &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 2 Bitmap text (top) and text that has undergone OCR (bottom)â on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 7)&lt;/b&gt;The edges of curves on bit maps will not appear to be smooth or rounded but will &lt;br /&gt;be jagged as shown in the top sample illustrating the word âOzoneâ in &lt;b&gt;Figure 2 on pageÂ 7 &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Use the marquee zoom tool in Acrobat to define the area and magnify the edges of curved &lt;br /&gt;letters such as âcâ, âsâ, and âoâ. Text that has undergone the OCR process using the &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 7&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ClearScan option will display smoother edges as shown in the bottom illustration of the &lt;br /&gt;word âOzoneâ in &lt;b&gt;Figure 2 on pageÂ 7 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  2 Bitmap text (top) and text that has undergone OCR (bottom)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Use assistive technology or the Read Out Loud feature. &lt;/b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro can detect the &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;presence of assistive technology and if it encounters a scanned document will announce an &lt;br /&gt;audible empty page warning and display the Scanned Page Alert dialog &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 3 &lt;br /&gt;Scanned Page Alert Dialogâ on pageÂ 7)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  3 Scanned Page Alert Dialog&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;What to Do if the PDF is a Scanned Document&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Perform Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to convert the bitmap image of text to actual characters. In &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro. You can do this by selecting âOKâ from the Scanned Page Alert dialog &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 3 &lt;br /&gt;Scanned Page Alert Dialogâ on pageÂ 7)&lt;/b&gt; You can also run the âRecognize Text Using OCRâ command in &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Document &amp;gt; OCR Text Recognition &amp;gt; Recognize Text Using OCR...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ or use the keyboard accelerator: ALT + D + C + R &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;All three of these methods will result in the display of the Recognize Text dialog &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 4 Recognize &lt;br /&gt;Text Dialog and Recognize Text Settingsâ on pageÂ 8)&lt;/b&gt; Use the Edit button in the scanned page dialog to set &lt;br /&gt;the desired characteristics for the resulting file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Primary OCR Language (user should select the applicable document language)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ PDF Output Style should be ClearScan. ClearScan will allow the resulting PDF to âreflowâ. The &lt;br /&gt;other two options, âSearchable Imageâ and âSearchable Image Exactâ will work with assistive &lt;br /&gt;technology but will result in a PDF file that cannot be reflowed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Downsample should be set to the lowest downsampling which results in the highest resolution as &lt;br /&gt;measured in dots per inch (dpi). This should be 600 dpi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow8 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  4 Recognize Text Dialog and Recognize Text Settings&lt;br /&gt;For additional information on performing optical character recognition using Adobe Acrobat, refer to the &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9 Help.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;What to Do if the PDF is Not a Scanned Document&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Proceed to &lt;b&gt;âStep 3: Add Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttonsâ on pageÂ 8&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 3: Add Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttons&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Determining if a PDF file is meant to be an interactive form is a matter of visually examining the file and &lt;br /&gt;looking for the presence of form fields, or areas in the document where some kind of information is being &lt;br /&gt;asked for such as name, address, social security number. Boxes or fields drawn on the page are also typical &lt;br /&gt;indications that the document is meant to function as a form. If you want users to be able to complete the &lt;br /&gt;form online, rather than resort to printing a paper copy in order to complete the form, then the form is &lt;br /&gt;meant to be an interactive form. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: If you are certain the PDF document is not intended to have fillable form fields or buttons, &lt;br /&gt;you can skip this discussion and proceed to âStep 4: Add Other Accessibility Featuresâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 16.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can make form fields accessible to vision impaired users and users with mobility challenges by adding &lt;br /&gt;fillable fields to the PDF and by properly structuring it. In addition, you can use the Tooltip field property to &lt;br /&gt;provide the user with information about the field or to provide instructions. For example, using the Tooltip &lt;br /&gt;property value, the screen reader user would hear âCheck this box if you will be attending the luncheon.â  &lt;br /&gt;Without the tool tip property, a screen reader simply provides the name of  the form field (Check Box 1), its &lt;br /&gt;type (Check Box), and its state (Unchecked). It would not be clear to someone listening to the form that they &lt;br /&gt;are indicating their desire to attend a luncheon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can have Acrobat Pro detect and create the form fields automatically or you can manually create the &lt;br /&gt;necessary fields using Acrobat Proâs form tools.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 9&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This discussion limits itself to the accessibility issues involved with PDF forms. For a more detailed &lt;br /&gt;discussion of forms, refer to the Adobe Acrobat 9 Online Help.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;PDF Form Fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A PDF form created with Acrobat can contain the following types of fields:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Text field.  &lt;/b&gt;Lets the user type in text, such as name, address, or phone number. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Check box.  &lt;/b&gt;Presents yes-or-no choices for individual items. If the form contains multiple &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;check boxes, the user can typically select as many or few of these as needed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Radio button. &lt;/b&gt;Presents a group of choices from which the user can select only one item. &lt;br /&gt;All radio buttons with the same name work together as a group.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ List box. &lt;/b&gt;Displays a list of options the user can select. You can set a form field property &lt;br /&gt;that enables the user to Shift-click or Control-click to select multiple items on the list.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Combo box.  &lt;/b&gt;Lets the user either choose and item from a pop-up menu or type in a value.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Button.  &lt;/b&gt;Initiates a change on the userâs computer, such as opening a file, playing a sound, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;or submitting data to a web server. These buttons can be customized with images, text, and &lt;br /&gt;visual changes triggered by mouse actions.  Action buttons have a different purpose than &lt;br /&gt;radio buttons, which represent data choices made by the user.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Digital signature field.  &lt;/b&gt;Lets the user electronically sign a PDF document with a digital &lt;br /&gt;signature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Barcode.  &lt;/b&gt;Encodes the input form selected fields and diplays it as a visual pattern that can &lt;br /&gt;be interpreted by decoding software or hardware (available separately). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Use Acrobat to Detect and Create Interactive Form Fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can convert an existing electronic document (for example a Word, Excel, or PDF document) or scan a &lt;br /&gt;paper document to a PDF form, and then add interactive form fields to the form. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you convert a document to an Acrobat form, Acrobat can detect the form fields in the document. In &lt;br /&gt;many instances, Acrobat will use the form field labels to name the field and provide a Tooltip. While the &lt;br /&gt;results are often acceptable, this is not a foolproof process. You will need to examine the document carefully &lt;br /&gt;to verify that Acrobat accurately detected the fields and labelled them appropriately.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat Form Wizard&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can use the Form Wizard in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro or Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro Extended to create &lt;br /&gt;interactive forms from an existing electronic document (for example a Word, PDF, or Excel document) or &lt;br /&gt;scan a paper form into a PDF form. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose Forms &amp;gt; Start Form Wizard.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;This displays the Create or Edit Form Dialog. From the Create or Edit Form Dialog, do one of the following, &lt;br /&gt;and then follow the on-screen instructions. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To convert an existing electronic document (for example Word or PDF) to a PDF form, select An &lt;br /&gt;Existing Electronic Document. This places the document in Form Editing Mode.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To scan a paper form and convert it to a PDF form, select A Paper Form. The form will be scanned &lt;br /&gt;and placed in Form Editing Mode.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To use LiveCycle Designer to create a form from scratch or from one of the available templates, &lt;br /&gt;select No Existing Form.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: Using the Adobe LiveCycle Designer, included in Adobe Acrobat Pro and Adobe Acrobat &lt;br /&gt;Pro Extended for Windows, to create accessible PDF forms is beyond the scope of this Best &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow10 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Practices Guide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Form Wizard completes its analysis of the document, adds any form fields it may detect and places the &lt;br /&gt;PDF form in Forms Editing Mode where you can edit the automatically created fields or add additional form &lt;br /&gt;fields &lt;b&gt;(See âForms Editing Modeâ on page 11).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;During form field detection, Acrobat may have missed some fields or created unneeded fields. It may have &lt;br /&gt;also created fields of the wrong type. Please verify the fields and field names on your form. You can select &lt;br /&gt;Add New Field on the Forms Editing toolbar to add more fields or right click on the form to edit or delete &lt;br /&gt;fields.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Enter Forms Editing Mode Directly&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;If you donât want to use the Form Wizard, you can open the file, and  place the document in Form Editing &lt;br /&gt;Mode directly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ From the Acrobat Menu, select Forms &amp;gt; Add Or Edit Fields  (Keyboard shortcut is Shift + Ctrl 7).  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;This displays the Add or Edit Form Fields dialog &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 5 Add or Edit Form Fields Dialogâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 10)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Answering âYesâ to the Add or Edit Form Fields dialog question âDo you want Acrobat to detect form fields &lt;br /&gt;for you?â  results in the automatic detection of form fields prior to placing the document in Form Editing &lt;br /&gt;Mode. This is the same as if you had proceeded using the Form Wizard on the current PDF.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat completes its analysis of the document, adds any form fields it may detect and places the PDF form &lt;br /&gt;in Forms Editing Mode where you can edit the automatically created fields or add additional form fields &lt;b&gt;(See &lt;br /&gt;âForms Editing Modeâ on page 11).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;During form field detection, Acrobat may have missed some fields or created unneeded fields. It may have &lt;br /&gt;also created fields of the wrong type. Please verify the fields and field names on your form. You can select &lt;br /&gt;Add New Field on the Forms Editing toolbar to add more fields or right click on the form to edit or delete &lt;br /&gt;fields.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Answering âNoâ to the Add or Edit Form Fields dialog question âDo you want Acrobat to detect form fields &lt;br /&gt;for you?â also places the document in Form Editing mode, but does not create form fields automatically. You &lt;br /&gt;will have to add the form fields manually.  Proceed to the next section, &lt;b&gt;âCreate Form Fields Manuallyâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 10&lt;/b&gt; for futher information.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Create Form Fields Manually&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;To add form fields manually you first select Forms &amp;gt; Add or Edit Fields (Keyboard shortcut is Shift + Ctrl 7) &lt;br /&gt;and answer âNoâ to the question âDo you want Acrobat to detect the Form Fields for you?â in the resulting &lt;br /&gt;dialog &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 5 Add or Edit Form Fields Dialogâ on pageÂ 10)&lt;/b&gt; This places the document in Forms &lt;br /&gt;Editing Mode without automatically creating any fields. You can now add new form fields to the PDF form. &lt;br /&gt;Proceed to the next section &lt;b&gt;âForms Editing Modeâ on pageÂ 11&lt;/b&gt; for further instruction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  5 Add or Edit Form Fields Dialog&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 11&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Forms Editing Mode&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;With the PDF form in Forms Editing Mode, you can add new fields and buttons to the form and edit or &lt;br /&gt;delete any existing field or button &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 6 Adobe Acrobat 9 Forms Editing Modeâ on pageÂ 11)&lt;/b&gt; The &lt;br /&gt;Forms Editing Mode changes the Acrobat user interface slightly. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ A Forms Editing Toolbar provides access to the Select Object tool, the Add New Field button,  and &lt;br /&gt;the Form Preview button.  You can configure the Add New Field button to display the Forms tools &lt;br /&gt;on the toolbar instead of the Add New Field button if you prefer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ On the right hand side of the Forms Editing Toolbar, are the Distribute Form button and the Close &lt;br /&gt;Form editing button.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ A fields panel  appears on the left side of the document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ There is a forms menu bar which offers users choices that are mostly restricted to forms editing &lt;br /&gt;functions. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  6 Adobe Acrobat 9 Forms Editing Mode&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating a New Form Field&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In Acrobat, you create a form field by choosing one of the form tools. For each field type, you can set a &lt;br /&gt;variety of options through the form field Properties dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can access the forms tools one of three ways.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ You can select âAdd New Fieldâ on the Forms Editing Toolbar to add more fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ From the Forms Editing menu you can select Forms &amp;gt; Form Tools (Keyboard accelerator ALT + R &lt;br /&gt;+ O). This will provide access to the Acrobat form tools.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow12 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ You can right click over the form to present options that allow you to add, edit, or delete fields.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The cursor becomes a cross hair.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ On the page, click where you want to add the field to create a field with the default size. To create a &lt;br /&gt;field using a custom size, drag a rectangle to define the size of the field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Field Name box, type the name of the field and specify if you want the field to be a required &lt;br /&gt;field.  Acrobat provides a default name based upon the field type and the number of fields drawn on &lt;br /&gt;the page. You should choose a name that is relevant and descriptive to make organizing and &lt;br /&gt;collecting the data easier &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 7 Field Name Boxâ on pageÂ 12)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To display the Properties dialog box and modify any other field properties, click Show All &lt;br /&gt;Properties &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 7 Field Name Boxâ on pageÂ 12)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: If you have selected the Keep Tool Selected option in the forms toolbar, the Field Name &lt;br /&gt;box doesnât appear after adding a field. Each time you click the page, a new field is added &lt;br /&gt;to the form. To exit this mode, press the Esc key or click the Select Object Tool button. To &lt;br /&gt;modify the properties of the field, double-click the field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  7 Field Name Box&lt;br /&gt;To test your form, click the Preview button. Previewing a form allows you to view the form the same way the &lt;br /&gt;form recipients will and gives you a chance to verify the form. If you are previewing a form, you can click the &lt;br /&gt;Edit Layout button to go back to the Forms Editing mode.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Form Field Properties&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;How a form field behaves is determined by settings in the Properties dialog box for that individual field. You &lt;br /&gt;can set properties that apply formatting, determine how the form field information relates to other form &lt;br /&gt;fields, impose limitations on what the user can enter in the form field, trigger custom scripts, and so forth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can set a variety of properties for an Acrobat form field, depending on the form field type. The &lt;br /&gt;properties for each type of form field are selected on a series of tabs. When you change a property, it is &lt;br /&gt;applied as soon as you select another property or press Enter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;All the form field types have a General tab, Appearance tab, and an Actions tab. Other tabs appear only in &lt;br /&gt;specific types of form fields. The Options tab appears for most form field types but the options available are &lt;br /&gt;unique to each type of form field.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you are changing the properties of multiple fields, you can leave the Properties dialog box open. Click on &lt;br /&gt;each field to change its properties.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tooltips for Form Fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;For accessibility, the Tooltip option on the General tab is important for entering text that will be announced &lt;br /&gt;by screen readers. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can make form fields accessible to people with disabilities by adding tags to the PDF and by properly &lt;br /&gt;structuring it. In addition, you can use the tool tip form field property to provide the user with information &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 13&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;about the field or to provide instructions. For example, using the tool tip property value, the screen reader &lt;br /&gt;could say âYour first name.â Without the tool tip property, a screen reader announces the type and name of &lt;br /&gt;the form field &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 8 Adding a Tooltip for Form Fieldsâ on pageÂ 13)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If necessary, choose Forms &amp;gt; Add or Edit Fields, and make sure that the Select Object tool is &lt;br /&gt;selected. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Double-click a selected form field to open the Properties window. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the General tab, type a description into the tool tip box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Tooltip also displays text that users may find helpful in filling in the form field. Tooltips appear when &lt;br /&gt;the pointer hovers briefly over the form field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  8 Adding a Tooltip for Form Fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tooltips for Radio Buttons&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;To create a set of mutually exclusive Radio Buttons, where only one field can be selected at a time, give each &lt;br /&gt;field the same name but different Button values. The Button value is a field in the options tab of the Radio &lt;br /&gt;Button Properties dialog &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To make a radio button accessible, in addition to entering  unique text in the Button Value field for each &lt;br /&gt;choice, you would enter identical text in the Tooltip field of the General properties tab for each radio button &lt;br /&gt;in the group &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 9 Tooltips and Button Values for Radio Button Short Descriptionsâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 14)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;For example, you may have a radio button group that asks the question, âAre You a Citizen?â. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ You would create two radio buttons. For each button, you would enter the text âAre You a &lt;br /&gt;Citizen?â in the Tooltip field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ For one button you would enter âYesâ in the Button Value field under the options tab, for the other &lt;br /&gt;âNoâ should be entered in the Button Value field.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow14 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  9 Tooltips and Button Values for Radio Button Short Descriptions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Editing or Modifying an Existing Form Field&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can access Acrobat form field properties only when you are in editing mode (by choosing Forms &amp;gt; Add &lt;br /&gt;Or Edit Fields). You can change the properties for multiple form fields at a time. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open the Properties dialog box using one of the following methods: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To edit a single form field, double-click it or right-click/Control-click it and choose Properties. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To edit multiple form fields, select the fields that you want to edit, right-click/Control-click one of &lt;br /&gt;the selected fields, and choose Properties. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the properties on each of the available tabs, as needed. The property is changed as soon as you select &lt;br /&gt;another property or press Enter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click Close to close the Properties dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you select form fields that have different property values, some options in the Properties dialog box are not &lt;br /&gt;available. Otherwise, changes to the available options are applied to all selected form fields. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To avoid accidental changes to the form field, select Locked in the lower left corner of the Properties dialog &lt;br /&gt;box before you close it. To unlock, click the check box again.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Deleting a Form Field&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;With the document in Forms Editing mode, click on the field you would like to delete and do any of the &lt;br /&gt;following.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Right mouse click and select delete&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Press the delete key.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ From the menu, select Edit &amp;gt; Delete (ALT + ED)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 15&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: You can select multiple fields by holding the Control key as you click on each one.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Buttons&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Buttons are most commonly associated with forms, but you can add them to any document. Buttons can &lt;br /&gt;open a file, play a sound or movie clip, submit data to a web server, and much more. When deciding on how &lt;br /&gt;to initiate an action, remember that buttons offer the following capabilities that links and bookmarks do not:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ A button can activate a single action or a series of actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ A button can change appearance in response to mouse actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ A button can be easily copied across many pages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Mouse actions can activate different button actions. For example, Mouse Down (a click), Mouse Up &lt;br /&gt;(releasing after a click), Mouse Enter (moving the pointer over the button), and Mouse Exit &lt;br /&gt;(moving the pointer away from the button) can all start a different action for the same button.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Buttons are an easy, intuitive way to let users initiate an action in PDF documents. Buttons are added the &lt;br /&gt;same way as form fields while in Forms Editing mode. They also should be given a name and a Tooltip and &lt;br /&gt;their behavior is determined by the actions the user assigns the button on the actions tab of the Button &lt;br /&gt;Properties dialog. They also appear in the Tab order tree. See the Adobe Acrobat Help for a complete &lt;br /&gt;discussion of PDF fields and buttons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Set the Tab Order&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;If a PDF document doesnât have a specified tab order, the default tabbing order is based on the document &lt;br /&gt;structure unless the user has deselected the Tab Order option in the Accessibility preferences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can change the tabbing order after you create the fields. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If you are in Forms Editing mode, you can order the tabs by document structure (default), row, or &lt;br /&gt;column. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ You can also choose the order manually by dragging and dropping fields in the Fields panel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If you are not in Forms Editing mode, you can change the page properties to order the tabs by row &lt;br /&gt;or column. However, you canât customize the tab order manually.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To change the tab order, first select âOrder Tabs Manuallyâ from the Tab Order button on the Fields panel. &lt;br /&gt;Then you can drag and drop fields where you want them within the Fields panel to modify the tab order &lt;b&gt;(See &lt;br /&gt;âFigure 10 Rearranging Tab Order with the Fields Panelâ on pageÂ 16)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;To assist in determining tab order, you can select âShow Tab Numbersâ from the Tab Order button of the &lt;br /&gt;Fields panel &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 10 Rearranging Tab Order with the Fields Panelâ on pageÂ 16)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In the example shown in &lt;b&gt;Figure 10 on pageÂ 16 &lt;/b&gt;, the check box labelled âoperating systemâ is in the fifth &lt;br /&gt;position. Selecting the entry for operating system in the Forms panel highlights the corresponding field in &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow16 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;the document view. To move it to the second position, drag it up and drop it below the check box for âoffice &lt;br /&gt;suiteâ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  10 Rearranging Tab Order with the Fields Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 4: Add Other Accessibility Features&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This stage includes setting the document language, making sure that security settings do not interfere with &lt;br /&gt;screen readers, creating accessible links, and adding bookmarks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Document Language&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Setting the document language in a PDF enables some screen readers to switch to the appropriate language. &lt;br /&gt;You can set the document language for an entire document with Acrobat Pro, Acrobat Pro Extended, or &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat Standard. You can set the document language for specific portions of a multilanguage document &lt;br /&gt;with Acrobat Pro or Acrobat Pro Extended &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 11 Setting the document languageâ on pageÂ 17)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;To set the language for an entire document:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose File &amp;gt; Properties, (Cntrl + D for Windows, Cmnd + D Mac OS) and select a language from &lt;br /&gt;the Language menu in the Reading Options area of the Advanced tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To set the language for an entire document to a language not in the Language menu: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ choose File &amp;gt; Properties (Cntrl + D for Windows, Cmnd + D Mac OS), and enter the ISO 639 code &lt;br /&gt;for the language in the Language field in the Reading Options area of the Advanced tab. For more &lt;br /&gt;information, see the ISO Language Codes on http://www.loc.gov/standards. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also set the language for individual sections or words: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the desired text element in the Tags tab and right click &lt;b&gt;(See â Tags Panelâ on pageÂ 38)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Choose Properties from the Options menu. In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, select the Tag &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;tab. Select a language from the Language menu, and click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: The language that you specify for an element also applies to all elements nested under it &lt;br /&gt;in the logical structure tree.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 17&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  11 Setting the document language&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Set Security That Permits Accessibility&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You should ensure the Acrobat 9 security settings permit access to the document by assistive technology. &lt;br /&gt;You can verify the Acrobat 9 or Adobe Reader 9 security settings do not prohibit access to assistive &lt;br /&gt;technology by checking the security preferences tab of the document properties dialog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select File &amp;gt; Properties (Cntrl + D for Windows, Cmnd + D Mac OS)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the Security Tab of the Document Properties dialog &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 12 Security Tab Location &lt;br /&gt;in Document Properties Dialogâ on pageÂ 18)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow18 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  12 Security Tab Location in Document Properties Dialog&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Select âPassword Securityâ as the security method from the drop-down list. In the Permissions &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;section of the Password Security Settings dialog, verify the box labelled âEnable text access for &lt;br /&gt;screen reader devices for the visually impairedâ is checked. This is the default setting for Adobe &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9 and Adobe Reader 9 &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 13 Password Security Settingsâ on pageÂ 18)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  13 Password Security Settings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Certain applications allow you to set the security settings for PDF files you plan to generate from within the &lt;br /&gt;application &lt;b&gt;(See âCreating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applicationsâ on page 53).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 19&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Create Accessible Links&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;With thoughtfully provided links, users can quickly move from one part of a document to another, to related &lt;br /&gt;information in a different document, or to a website that is relevant to the content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For URLs to be accessible to screen readers, you must convert them to active links and make sure that they &lt;br /&gt;are correctly tagged in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: If you tagged the Adobe PDF during conversion from an authoring application, the links &lt;br /&gt;and URLs in the document are probably already active and included in the tag tree so that &lt;br /&gt;they are accessible to screen readers. You probably donât have to do this task unless you &lt;br /&gt;want to add more links. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat provides several ways to create active links for text, objects, and URLs in a PDF. However, the &lt;br /&gt;methods differ in how they affect the tag tree. The best way to create accessible links is with the Create Link &lt;br /&gt;command.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unlike the other methods for creating links in a tagged PDF (by using the Links tool or the Create From &lt;br /&gt;URLs In Document command), the Create Link command adds all three tags that screen readers require in &lt;br /&gt;order to recognize a link. The other methods create only one of the three tags, meaning that you must &lt;br /&gt;manually edit the tag tree to add the remaining two tags for each link and place these tags in the proper &lt;br /&gt;reading order in the tree. Although you must activate links one by one, using the Create Link command &lt;br /&gt;provides the fastest results and the least amount of follow-up work to make the links accessible to screen &lt;br /&gt;readers. All that is left to do is optional editing of the tag tree to add alternate text to the new links.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: Automatically detected URLs in PDF documents are not accessible. Avoid using the Create &lt;br /&gt;Links from URLs command (Advanced &amp;gt; Document Processing &amp;gt; Create Links from URLs... &lt;br /&gt;or ALT + A D C) . Also, ensure that the Basic Tools General Preference, âCreate Links from &lt;br /&gt;URLsâ is unchecked (Edit &amp;gt; Preferences &amp;gt; General). While these are a convenient way to &lt;br /&gt;detect text that is possibly a URL which allows users to click and go to the URL, the result is &lt;br /&gt;not an accessible link.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating links with Acrobat Standard doesnât generate any tags for the links. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do the following to make links active and add them to the tag tree:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the text or object for which you want to create a link. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Right-click the selection, and choose Create Link from the context menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Create Link dialog box, select the appropriate options, and then follow the on-screen &lt;br /&gt;instructions to specify a URL, page view, or file as the link target. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;By default, the selected text for each link becomes the link text. After you add all the links, you can edit the &lt;br /&gt;tag tree to add alternate text to the links, further improving the accessibility of the PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Add Bookmarks&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A bookmark is a type of link with representative text in the Bookmarks panel in the navigation pane. Each &lt;br /&gt;bookmark goes to a different view or page in the document. Bookmarks are generated automatically during &lt;br /&gt;PDF creation from the table-of-contents entries of documents created by most desktop publishing &lt;br /&gt;programs. These bookmarks are often tagged and can be used to make edits in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Initially, a bookmark displays the page that was in view when the bookmark was created, which is the &lt;br /&gt;bookmarkâs destination. In Acrobat, you can set bookmark destinations as you create each bookmark. &lt;br /&gt;However, it is sometimes easier to create a group of bookmarks, and then set the destinations later. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow20 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Acrobat, you can use bookmarks to mark a place in the PDF to which you want to return, or to jump to a &lt;br /&gt;destination in the PDF, another document, or a web page. Bookmarks can also perform actions, such as &lt;br /&gt;executing a menu item or submitting a form. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: An Acrobat user can add bookmarks to a document only if the security settings allow it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 5: Determine if the PDF File is a Tagged PDF File&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Tagging is essential for PDF accessibility, it is used to establish logical read order and to provide hooks for &lt;br /&gt;adding alternative text descriptions to non-text elements that are in the PDF document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you have been following the workflow up to this point,  you will have a PDF file that is searchable because &lt;br /&gt;you performed optical character recognition on a scanned document, or it was searchable to begin with. You &lt;br /&gt;have also added any desired interactivity in the form of navigational controls or interactive form fields. At &lt;br /&gt;this point it may or may not be a tagged PDF file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: If you are certain the PDF document has been tagged, you can skip this discussion and &lt;br /&gt;proceed to âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ on pageÂ 23.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;How to Tell if a PDF File is Tagged&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;There are several ways to determine if a PDF file has been tagged. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ View Document Properties. &lt;/b&gt;File &amp;gt; Document Properties (Ctrl +D) - In the lower left &lt;br /&gt;hand corner of the Description tab, is an indication as to whether or not the document is &lt;br /&gt;tagged &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 14 Tagged PDF File Propertyâ on pageÂ 21)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 21&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  14 Tagged PDF File Property&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Reveal the Tags Panel. &lt;/b&gt;View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Tags. An untagged document will &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;display the words &amp;quot;No Tags Available&amp;quot; as its root. A tagged document will show structure.  &lt;br /&gt;To expand the entire tree fully, Cntrl + click on the root node labelled âTagsâ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: In certain instances, a document may not be considered tagged by Acrobat even though a &lt;br /&gt;structure is visible in the Tags panel.  Select the tags options icon and ensure a check mark &lt;br /&gt;appears before the entry âDocument is Tagged PDF.â If it does not, simply select this entry &lt;br /&gt;to add the missing check mark (See âFigure 15 Document is Tagged PDF Indicator in a &lt;br /&gt;Structured Documentâ on pageÂ 22)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow22 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  15 Document is Tagged PDF Indicator in a Structured Document&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Run the Accessibility Quick Check . &lt;/b&gt;Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Quick Check (Shift + &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ctrl + 6). If the document is not tagged, the Accessibility Quick Check will indicate the &lt;br /&gt;document is not structured.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Run the Accessibility Full Check. &lt;/b&gt;Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Full Check. If the &lt;br /&gt;document is not tagged, the Accessibility Full Check will indicate the document is not &lt;br /&gt;tagged.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Use the Touch Up Read Order Tool. &lt;/b&gt;Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; TouchUp Reading &lt;br /&gt;Order - An untagged document will not appear to have undergone a change. A tagged &lt;br /&gt;document will display shaded areas on the page that are numbered. An untagged &lt;br /&gt;document will not display these numbered rectangles &lt;b&gt;(See â TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;Tool (TURO)â on pageÂ 23)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;What to do if the PDF File is Not Tagged&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Add tags to the document using Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ From the menu, select Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Add Tags to Document (Keyboard Accelerator is &lt;br /&gt;ALT + AAA)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;About the Add Tags Report&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;If Acrobat encounters potential problems while running the Add Tags To Document command, the Add &lt;br /&gt;Tags Report opens in the navigation pane. The report lists potential problems by page, provides a &lt;br /&gt;navigational link to each problem, and offers suggestions for fixing them. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 23&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You could choose to repair the problems at this time by following the suggestions in the Add Tags report or &lt;br /&gt;now that the file is tagged proceed to the next step &lt;b&gt;âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ &lt;br /&gt;on pageÂ 23&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;If you choose to repair the document at this stage, remember to assess the context of any error before &lt;br /&gt;following a particular suggestion for fixing it. For example, the report might state that an element that has &lt;br /&gt;been tagged as a figure and requires alternate text to make it accessible. When you examine the figure in its &lt;br /&gt;context on the page, you may decide that the figure is a background design element, not an illustration that &lt;br /&gt;conveys valuable meaning to the user. In the case of a nonessential image, and you would change the Figure &lt;br /&gt;tag to a Background tag; in the case of an image intended to convey meaning to the reader, you would add &lt;br /&gt;the missing alternate text &lt;b&gt;(See â Step 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ on pageÂ 23)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: The Add Tags Report highlights tagging-related problems only, and it is a temporary file &lt;br /&gt;that you cannot save. You can assess other tagging, reading order, and accessibility &lt;br /&gt;problems by using Full Check.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If adding tags to a PDF in Adobe Acrobat results in a tagging structure that is overly complicated or too &lt;br /&gt;problematic to fix, you can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to remove or replace the current structure. &lt;br /&gt;If the document contains mostly text, you can select a page and then remove headings, tables, and other &lt;br /&gt;elements to create a cleaner, simpler tagging structure &lt;b&gt;(See âTouchUp Reading Order Tool (TURO)â on &lt;br /&gt;page 23).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;What to do if the PDF File is Tagged&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Proceed to the next step, &lt;b&gt;âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ on pageÂ 23&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Tagged&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The easiest way to determine if the PDF file has been properly tagged is to use the TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;Tool &lt;b&gt;(See â TouchUp Reading Order Tool (TURO)â on pageÂ 23)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ From the menu, select Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Touchup Reading Order.... (Keyboard &lt;br /&gt;Accelerator is ALT + AAT)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Touch Up Reading Order Tool divides a tagged page into shaded segments. Each segment is numbered &lt;br /&gt;indicating the read order of the item on the page. You can also verify the read order of items on the page by &lt;br /&gt;displaying the order panel from the Touch Up Read Order Tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: If you are certain the PDF document is properly tagged, you can skip this discussion and &lt;br /&gt;proceed to âStep 7: Use the Accessibility Checker to Evaluate the PDF Fileâ on pageÂ 44.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Tool (TURO)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The TouchUp Reading Order tool provides the easiest and quickest way to fix reading order and basic &lt;br /&gt;tagging problems. When you select the TouchUp Reading Order tool, a dialog box opens that lets you see &lt;br /&gt;overlay highlights that show the order of page content. Each highlighted region is numbered and highlighted &lt;br /&gt;with gray or colored blocks; the number indicates the regionâs placement in the pageâs reading order. After &lt;br /&gt;you check the reading order of the page, you can correct other, more subtle tagging issues as needed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The TouchUp Reading Order tool is intended for repairing PDFs that were tagged using Acrobat, not for &lt;br /&gt;repairing PDFs that were tagged during conversion from an authoring application. Whenever possible, you &lt;br /&gt;should return to the source file and add accessibility features in the authoring application. Repairing the &lt;br /&gt;original file ensures that you donât have to repeatedly touch up future iterations of the PDF in Acrobat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to perform the following accessibility tasks:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Visually check, and then repair, the reading order of page content&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow24 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Tag fillable form fields and their labels&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Add alternative text to figures and descriptions to form fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Fix the tagging of simple tables, and prepare complex tables for more advanced manipulation in the &lt;br /&gt;logical structure tree&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Remove nonessential content, such as ornamental page borders, from the logical structure tree&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  16 TouchUp Reading Order Dialog&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Selecting the TouchUp Reading Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;To select the TouchUp Reading Order Tool, do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; TouchUp Reading Order (ALT + AAT)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose Tools &amp;gt; Advanced Editing &amp;gt; TouchUp Reading Order Tool (ALT + TAG).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click the TouchUp Reading Order tool button in the Advanced Editing toolbar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you select TouchUp Reading Order, a dialog box opens that lets you see overlay highlights that show &lt;br /&gt;the order of page content &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 17 Result of Selecting the TouchUp Reading Order Toolâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 25)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 25&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each highlighted region is numbered and highlighted with gray or colored blocks; the number indicates the &lt;br /&gt;regionâs placement in the pageâs reading order.l&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  17 Result of Selecting the TouchUp Reading Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Tool Options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can select TouchUp Reading Order options from the dialog box, from the pop-up menu that appears &lt;br /&gt;when you right-click a highlighted region, or from the Options menu in the Order tab. The TouchUp &lt;br /&gt;Reading Order tool includes the following options:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Text . &lt;/b&gt;Tags the selection as text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Figure . &lt;/b&gt;Tags the selection as a figure. Text contained within a figure tag is defined as part &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;of the image and is not read by screen readers. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Form Field . &lt;/b&gt;Tags the selection as a form field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Figure/Caption . &lt;/b&gt;Tags a selected figure and caption as a single tag. Any text contained in &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;the tag is defined as a caption. Useful for tagging photos and captions and preventing &lt;br /&gt;caption text from being incorrectly added to adjacent text blocks. Figures may require &lt;br /&gt;alternate text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 . &lt;/b&gt;Tags the selection as a first, second, or third level &lt;br /&gt;heading tag. You can convert heading tags to bookmarks to help users navigate the &lt;br /&gt;document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Table . &lt;/b&gt;Tags the selection as a table after the selection is analyzed to determine the location &lt;br /&gt;of headings, columns, and rows. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Cell . &lt;/b&gt;Tags the selection as a table or header cell. Use this option to merge cells that are &lt;br /&gt;incorrectly split. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow26 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Formula . &lt;/b&gt;Tags the selection as a formula. Because speech software may handle formula &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;tags differently from normal text, you may want to add a description using alternate text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Background . &lt;/b&gt;Tags the selection as a background element, or artifact, removing the item &lt;br /&gt;from the tag tree so that it doesnât appear in the reflowed document and isnât read by &lt;br /&gt;screen readers. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Table Editor . &lt;/b&gt;Automatically analyzes the selected table into cells and applies the &lt;br /&gt;appropriate tags. The table must be tagged as a table before you can use the Table Editor &lt;br /&gt;command on it. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Show Page Content Order . &lt;/b&gt;Shows content elements as highlighted areas that contain &lt;br /&gt;numbers to indicate the reading order. The rectangle next to this entry is a color swatch. &lt;br /&gt;Specify the desired highlight color for page content order by clicking the color swatch. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Show Table Cells . &lt;/b&gt;Highlights the content of individual table cells. The rectangle next to &lt;br /&gt;this entry is a color swatch. Specify the highlight color for Table Cells by clicking the color &lt;br /&gt;swatch. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Show Tables And Figures . &lt;/b&gt;Outlines each table and figure with a crossed-out box. The &lt;br /&gt;box also indicates whether the element includes alternate text. The rectangle next to this &lt;br /&gt;entry is a color swatch. Specify the highlight color for Tables and Figures by clicking the &lt;br /&gt;color swatch. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Clear Page Structure . &lt;/b&gt;Removes the tagging structure from the page. Use this option to &lt;br /&gt;start over and create a new structure if the existing structure contains too many problems. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Show Order Panel . &lt;/b&gt;Opens the Order tab to allow you to reorder highlighted content. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Edit Alternate Text . &lt;/b&gt;Available in the menu that appears when you right-click a &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;highlighted figure. Allows the user to add or edit a text description about the figure &lt;br /&gt;properties that is read by a screen reader or other assistive technology. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Edit Form Field Text . &lt;/b&gt;Available in the menu that appears when you right-click a form &lt;br /&gt;field. Allows the user to add or edit a form field text description that is read by a screen &lt;br /&gt;reader or other assistive technology. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Edit Table Summary . &lt;/b&gt;Available in the menu that appears when you right-click a &lt;br /&gt;highlighted table. Allows the user to add or edit a text description about the table &lt;br /&gt;properties that is read by a screen reader or other assistive technology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tips for using the TouchUp Reading Order tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;When using the TouchUp Reading Order tool, you should be mindful of the following tips for use:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Save the document (or a copy of it) before you use the TouchUp Reading Order tool. You canât use &lt;br /&gt;Undo to reverse changes made with this tool, so reverting to a saved document is the only way to &lt;br /&gt;undo such a change. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose View &amp;gt; Page Display &amp;gt; Single Page, when using the TouchUp Reading Order tool. When &lt;br /&gt;you click the Clear Structure button, Acrobat clears tags from all visible pagesâeven pages that are &lt;br /&gt;only partially visible. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Checking Read Order with the Touch Up Read Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can quickly check the reading order of tagged PDFs by using the TouchUp Reading Order tool. You can &lt;br /&gt;also use this tool to add alternate text to images and correct many types of tagging problems that are outlined &lt;br /&gt;in the report that Acrobat generates when you add tags to a PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reading-order problems are readily apparent when you use the TouchUp Reading Order tool. Each section &lt;br /&gt;of contiguous page content appears as a separate highlighted region and is numbered according to its &lt;br /&gt;placement in the reading order. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 27&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Within each region, text is ordered left to right and top to bottom. (You can change this order in the &lt;br /&gt;TouchUp preferences.) If a single highlighted region contains two columns of text or text that wonât flow &lt;br /&gt;normally, divide the region into parts that can be reordered. Because highlighted regions are rectangular, &lt;br /&gt;they may overlap somewhat, especially if their page content is irregularly shaped. Unless page content &lt;br /&gt;overlaps or is contained within two highlighted regions, no reading order problem is indicated. Page content &lt;br /&gt;should belong to no more than one highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can change the reading order of the highlighted regions by moving an item in the Order Panel or by &lt;br /&gt;dragging it on the page in the document pane. By reordering highlighted regions on the page, you can make &lt;br /&gt;a figure and caption read at the specific point that they are referenced in the text. By changing the order of a &lt;br /&gt;highlighted region, you effectively change the reading order of that item without changing the actual &lt;br /&gt;appearance of the PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Check reading order with the TouchUp Reading Order tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: If highlighted regions donât appear in the document pane, the document doesnât contain &lt;br /&gt;tags.  You will need to tag the document (See â What to do if the PDF File is Not Taggedâ &lt;br /&gt;on pageÂ 22)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Optionally, do any of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To specify a highlight color, click the color swatch, and then click the color you want.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To highlight tables and figures, and to view alternate text for figures, select Show Tables And &lt;br /&gt;Figures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Check the reading order of text within each highlighted region. Zooming in can make this step &lt;br /&gt;easier. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Check the numbered order of all highlighted regions. If consecutive, numbered regions donât &lt;br /&gt;follow one another, reorder them in the Order tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click Show Order Panel, and then select each content entry (in square brackets [ ]) in the Order tab &lt;br /&gt;to highlight that content region in the document pane. Use this method to find numbered regions &lt;br /&gt;that you canât see or locate on the page.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Change the reading order by dragging on the page&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the document pane, place the pointer over the number for the highlighted region you want to &lt;br /&gt;move, and drag it to where you want it to be read. The text-insertion pointer shows target locations &lt;br /&gt;within the text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you release the highlighted region, the location of the text-insertion pointer becomes the &lt;br /&gt;dividing line as the underlying highlighted region is split into two new highlighted regions. All &lt;br /&gt;highlighted regions are renumbered to show the new reading order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Change the reading order using the Order panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, click Show Order Panel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Order tab, navigate to view a list of highlighted regions that appear in the document pane. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Order tab, drag the tag for a highlighted region to the location you want. As you drag, a line &lt;br /&gt;appears to show potential locations. After you drag an item to a new location, the highlighted &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow28 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;regions are renumbered to show the new reading order. You can select and move multiple, adjacent &lt;br /&gt;regions &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 25 Acrobat 9 Pro Order Panelâ on pageÂ 38)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Editing Tags with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to create tags in untagged PDFs or to add new tags to an &lt;br /&gt;existing structure. However, this manual tagging doesnât provide the same level of detail to the tagging &lt;br /&gt;structure as the Add Tags To Document command, such as paragraphs, bulleted and numbered lists, line &lt;br /&gt;breaks, and hyphens. Before you clear the existing structure, make sure that manual tagging is your only &lt;br /&gt;recourse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tag a region&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Using the TouchUp Reading Order tool, drag within the document pane to select a region of the &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;page that contains one type of content (for example, a text block). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To add more page content to the current selection, Shift-drag.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To remove page content from the current selection, Ctrl-drag/Command-drag.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click the appropriate button in the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box to specify the tag type.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Change the tag for a region&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;If Acrobat tags a page element incorrectly, you can change the tag type for the highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To select a highlighted region, do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Drag to select it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click the number of a highlighted region.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click the button for the tag type that you want for the highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Add or remove content from a tagged region&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The TouchUp Reading Order tool always displays as few highlighted regions as possible. If content within a &lt;br /&gt;highlighted region doesnât flow properly, you may need to split a region to reorder it. Highlighted regions &lt;br /&gt;may also contain adjacent page content that is unrelated or that requires a different tag type. Page content &lt;br /&gt;may become orphaned from related elements, particularly if the content doesnât fit within a rectangular &lt;br /&gt;shape. Use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to add or remove content from a region, or to split a region to &lt;br /&gt;reorder the content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the document pane, select a highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To add content to the current selection, Shift-click the content you want to add. The pointer &lt;br /&gt;changes to include a plus sign (+).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To remove content from the current selection, Ctrl-click/Command-click the content you want to &lt;br /&gt;remove. The pointer changes to include a minus sign (-).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click the button for the tag type that you want for the highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Split a region into two regions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 29&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the document pane, drag to select a small portion of content near the boundary of the first region &lt;br /&gt;that you want to create. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click the Background button in the dialog box. The highlighted region splits into two regions, &lt;br /&gt;numbered from right to left. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If you need to correct the reading order, click Show Order Panel, and drag the new highlighted &lt;br /&gt;region to the correct location in the Order tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drag to select the first content region you created, including the region you defined as Background, and then &lt;br /&gt;set the tag by clicking a button in the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Apply a heading tag&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;To help readers navigate a document and find the information they need, make sure that headings are tagged &lt;br /&gt;with the appropriate level to indicate their hierarchy in the content. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool, and then select the heading text in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, click the button corresponding to the appropriate &lt;br /&gt;heading tag (for example, Heading 1, Heading 2). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Remove page elements from the tag structure&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;When tagging a PDF, Acrobat canât always distinguish between instructive figures and decorative page &lt;br /&gt;elements. Items that visually enhance page layout, such as decorative borders, lines, or background elements, &lt;br /&gt;can add clutter to the structure layout and should be removed. Therefore, Acrobat may incorrectly tag &lt;br /&gt;artifacts or page elements as figure tags. You can remove artifacts and irrelevant page elements from the tag &lt;br /&gt;structure by redefining them with the Background tag or by deleting their tags. If a tagged image in the &lt;br /&gt;document doesnât contain useful or illustrative information for the user, you can remove the element from &lt;br /&gt;the tagging structure so that it isnât read out loud or reflowed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order and Show Tables And &lt;br /&gt;Figures. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Remove the page element by doing one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the document pane, select the page element, and then click Background in the dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Order tab, select the page element, and then press Delete.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Apply a figure tag&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can select an element and define it as a figure by using the TouchUp Reading Order tool. Once you &lt;br /&gt;define it as a figure, you can add alternate text to describe the figure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Using the TouchUp Reading Order tool, select the figure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, click Figure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the document pane, right-click the region and choose Edit Alternate Text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enter alternate text, and click OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Using TouchUp Reading Order to Check and Correct Figure Tags&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to identify and correct tagging results for figures. Determine &lt;br /&gt;whether figures include or require alternate text in order to be read correctly with assistive technologies. &lt;br /&gt;Ideally, figure tags should identify image content that is meaningful to the document as a whole, such as &lt;br /&gt;graphs or illustrative photographs. If background elements that shouldnât be read are tagged as figures, &lt;br /&gt;redefine them as background.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool, and then click Show Tables And Figures in the dialog box. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow30 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Do any of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If a figure isnât tagged as a figure, select the content region you want, and then click Figure or &lt;br /&gt;Figure/Caption in the dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To remove text that was incorrectly combined with a figure, drag to select the text, and click the &lt;br /&gt;Text button in the dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To include a caption that is grouped with the figure, select the figure and caption, and click the Figure/&lt;br /&gt;Caption button in the dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adding Alternate Text with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;If you want screen readers to describe graphical elements that illustrate important concepts in a document, &lt;br /&gt;you must provide the description using alternate text. Figures arenât recognized or read by a screen reader &lt;br /&gt;unless you add alternate text to the tag properties. If you apply alternate text to text elements, only the &lt;br /&gt;description, not the actual text, is read. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select Show Tables And Figures in the dialog box. Figures that are missing Alternate Text will have &lt;br /&gt;a flag indicating âFigure - No alternate text existsâ &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 18 Add / Edit Alternate Text with &lt;br /&gt;TouchUp Reading Orderâ on pageÂ 30)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Right-click the figure, and choose Edit Alternate Text from the pop-up menu. &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 18 Add &lt;br /&gt;/ Edit Alternate Text with TouchUp Reading Orderâ on pageÂ 30)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Edit Alternate Text dialog box, type a new (or edit an existing) description for the figure, and then &lt;br /&gt;click OK &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 19 TouchUp Reading Order Alternate Text Dialogâ on pageÂ 31)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  18 Add / Edit Alternate Text with TouchUp Reading Order&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 31&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  19 TouchUp Reading Order Alternate Text Dialog&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Using the TouchUp Reading Order Tool Table Editor&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Tables pose a special challenge for screen readers because they present textual or numerical data to be easily &lt;br /&gt;referenced visually. Content within table cells can be complex and might contain lists, paragraphs, form &lt;br /&gt;fields, or another table.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The TouchUp Reading Order Table Editor automatically analyzes the selected table into cells and applies the &lt;br /&gt;appropriate tags. The table must be tagged as a table before you can use the Table Editor command on it. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For best results when tagging tables, use the application that you created the document with to add tags &lt;br /&gt;when you create the PDF. If a PDF isnât tagged, you can add tags by using the Add Tags To Document &lt;br /&gt;command. Most tables are properly recognized using this command; however, the command may not &lt;br /&gt;recognize a table that lacks clear borders, headings, columns, and rows. Use the TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;tool to determine if the table has been properly recognized and to correct recognition problems. To add &lt;br /&gt;specialized formatting to tables and table cells, use the Tags tab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can use the Table Editor to automatically analyze a table into its components and apply the appropriate &lt;br /&gt;tags, but you may still need to check and correct some of these tags manually. By viewing table tags, you can &lt;br /&gt;determine whether columns, rows, and cells have been correctly identified. Tables that lack well-defined &lt;br /&gt;borders and rules are often tagged incorrectly or contain adjacent page elements. You can correct poorly &lt;br /&gt;tagged tables by selecting and redefining them; you can split combined cells by creating a tag for each cell. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool, and then click Show Tables And Figures. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If the table isnât clearly labeled in the document pane, drag to select the entire table, and then click &lt;br /&gt;Table in the dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click Show Table Cells to make sure that all cells in the table are defined as individual elements.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If cells donât appear as separate elements, do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If one or more cells are merged, use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to select the area within a &lt;br /&gt;single cell, and then click Cell in the dialog box. Repeat for each merged cell.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If cells arenât highlighted, the table might not use standard table formatting. Re-create the table in &lt;br /&gt;the authoring application.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Add a Table Summary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ With the cursor over the table, right click to add a Table Summary. The Edit Table Summary option &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;is available in the menu that appears when you right-click a highlighted table. This allows the user &lt;br /&gt;to add or edit a text description about the table properties that is read by a screen reader or other &lt;br /&gt;assistive technology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Place the Table in Editing Mode&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;There are two ways to place Tables in Table Editing Mode with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow32 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ With the cursor over the table, right click to select Table Editor from the drop down list to place the &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;table in Table Editing mode.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ You can also click the Show Order Panel in the TouchUp Reading Order dialog and select the table &lt;br /&gt;from the Order Panel. One technique is to highlight the snippets of text in the Order Panel that &lt;br /&gt;match the headings of  the first row in the table. This often activates the Table Editor when it cannot &lt;br /&gt;otherwise be activated. You then select the Table Editor button on the TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;dialog  to place the table in Table Editing Mode &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 20 Using the Order Panel to Activate &lt;br /&gt;the Table Editorâ on pageÂ 32)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  20 Using the Order Panel to Activate the Table Editor&lt;br /&gt;Once in Table Editing Mode, the borders of the table cells are highlighted. You can change the color of the &lt;br /&gt;border to suit your needs &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 21 Table Editing Modeâ on pageÂ 33)&lt;/b&gt;. You can select individual cells &lt;br /&gt;by clicking within the borders with the mouse. You can select multiple table cells by holding down Shift and &lt;br /&gt;clicking. This is an effecient method for selecting the first row of data cells in a table which need to be &lt;br /&gt;changed to header cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 33&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  21 Table Editing Mode&lt;br /&gt;Once in Table Editing Mode, you can right click to display the Table Cell Properties dialog or the Table &lt;br /&gt;Editor Options dialog. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Table Cell Properties dialog &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 22 Table Cell Propertiesâ on pageÂ 34)&lt;/b&gt; allows you to: &lt;br /&gt;â¢ Specify the type of cell the selected cell should be, whether a Header cell or Data cell&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Set the cells attibutes for row span and column span. Assign a unique header ID for Table Headers &lt;br /&gt;or associate Data cells with Header IDs that have been created for the table&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow34 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  22 Table Cell Properties&lt;br /&gt;The Table Editor Options dialog allows users to control how table cells and table headers are displayed by &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat when using the TouchUp Reading Order Table Editor &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 23 Table Editor Optionsâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 34)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  23 Table Editor Options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: To correct complex tagging problems for tables, you often must use the Tags Panel. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 35&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Remove or replace document structure tags&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;If the tags in a PDF file in Acrobat appear to be overly complicated you can try retagging an already tagged &lt;br /&gt;document.  To do this,  you must first remove all existing tags from the tree. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If adding tags to a PDF in Adobe Acrobat results in a tagging structure that is overly complicated or too &lt;br /&gt;problematic to fix, you can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to remove or replace the current structure. &lt;br /&gt;If the document contains mostly text, you can select a page and then remove headings, tables, and other &lt;br /&gt;elements to create a cleaner, simpler tagging structure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat can retag an already tagged document after you first remove all existing tags from the tree. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Replace the existing tag structure&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This procedure works best in pages that contain a single column of text. If the page contains multiple &lt;br /&gt;columns, each column must be selected and tagged individually.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the document pane, drag to select the entire page. The selection includes both text and nontext &lt;br /&gt;elements. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Ctrl-drag/Command-drag around nontext page elementsâsuch as figures and captionsâto &lt;br /&gt;deselect them, until only text is selected on the page. Click Text in the TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the document pane, select a nontext page element, such as a figure and caption, and click the appropriate &lt;br /&gt;button in the dialog box to tag it. Repeat until all page content is tagged. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Remove all tags from a PDF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Open the Tags tab (View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Tags) and select the root (topmost) tag, Tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Tags tab, choose Options &amp;gt; Delete tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: The Clear Page Structure command in the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box removes all &lt;br /&gt;tags from the currently visible pages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Complex Structures&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;While you can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to create tags in untagged PDFs or to add new tags to an &lt;br /&gt;existing structure, this manual tagging doesnât provide the same level of detail to the tagging structure as the &lt;br /&gt;Add Tags To Document command, such as paragraphs, bulleted and numbered lists, line breaks, and &lt;br /&gt;hyphens. Before you clear the existing structure, make sure that manual tagging is your only recourse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To perform more advanced reading order and tagging tasksâsuch as fixing complex tables, removing &lt;br /&gt;obsolete tags after you delete pages, and adding alternative text to linksâyou may need to use the Content &lt;br /&gt;Panel and the Tags panel, which provide an alternate set of tools and features for manipulating PDF tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Content Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Use the Content Panel to correct reflow problems in a PDF that canât be corrected by using the TouchUp &lt;br /&gt;Reading Order tool. Because you can damage a PDF by editing content objects, make sure that youâre &lt;br /&gt;familiar with PDF structure before you change anything. For comprehensive information about PDF &lt;br /&gt;structure, see the &lt;i&gt;PDF Reference Sixth Edition: Adobe Portable Document Format Version 1.7&lt;/i&gt;, on the PDF &lt;br /&gt;reference page (English only) of the Adobe website.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Content Panel provides a hierarchical view of the objects that make up a PDF, including the PDF object &lt;br /&gt;itself. Each document includes one or more pages, a set of annotations (such as comments and links), and &lt;br /&gt;the content objects for the page, consisting of containers, text, paths, and images. Objects are listed in the &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow36 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;order in which they appear on the page, similar to tags in the logical structure tree. However, PDFs donât &lt;br /&gt;require tags for you to view or change the object structure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Content Panel may open in the document viewing area. It may be part of a panel group that also &lt;br /&gt;includes the Order Panel and the Tags Panel. You can drag the individual panel and dock it in the &lt;br /&gt;Navigation pane. You can also a the menu command to dock all panels in the Navigation Pane:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢  View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Dock All Panels (ALT + VNK) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click the plus sign (+) (Windows) or the triangle (Mac OS) next to the document name to view pages and &lt;br /&gt;objects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: You may find it helpful to have Acrobat highlight items in the document view when the &lt;br /&gt;associated item in the Content Panel is selected. From the Content Panel Options Menu, &lt;br /&gt;select âHighlight Contentâ (See âFigure 24 Set Highlighting On for the Content Panelâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 36). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Move a container or object by selecting it and doing one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Drag it to the location you want. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose Cut from the Options menu, select the tag above the location you want to paste the cut tag, &lt;br /&gt;and choose Paste from the Options menu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  24 Set Highlighting On for the Content Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: Container elements canât be pasted directly to page elements. To move a container to &lt;br /&gt;another page, cut the container you want to move, select a container on the page you &lt;br /&gt;want to move the container to, and choose Paste from the Options menu. Then, drag the &lt;br /&gt;container out one level to the location that you want. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 37&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Content Tab Options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In the Content tab, use the Options menu or right-click an object to choose from the following options:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ New Container . &lt;/b&gt;Adds a new container object at the end of the selected page or container. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Edit Container Dictionary . &lt;/b&gt;Specifies the dictionary for the container. Errors in this &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;dialog box may damage the PDF. Available only for containers that include dictionaries. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Cut . &lt;/b&gt;Cuts and copies the selected object (not the related page content). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Paste . &lt;/b&gt;Pastes content directly below the selected object at the same hierarchical level. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Paste Child . &lt;/b&gt;Pastes content into the selected object as a child content item. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Delete . &lt;/b&gt;Removes the object (not the related page content) from the document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Find Content From Selection . &lt;/b&gt;Searches for the object in the Content tab that contains &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;the object selected in the document pane. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Find . &lt;/b&gt;Searches for unmarked (untagged) artifacts, content, comments, and links. Options &lt;br /&gt;allow you to search the page or document, and to add tags to found items. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Create Artifact . &lt;/b&gt;Defines selected objects as artifacts. Artifacts are not read by a screen &lt;br /&gt;reader or by the Read Out Loud feature. Page numbers, headers, and footers are often best &lt;br /&gt;tagged as artifacts. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Remove Artifact . &lt;/b&gt;Removes the artifact definition from the selected object. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Highlight Content . &lt;/b&gt;When selected, highlights appear in the document pane around &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;content that relates to a selected object in the Content tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Show Metadata . &lt;/b&gt;Allows viewing and editing of image or object metadata. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Properties . &lt;/b&gt;Opens the TouchUp Properties dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Order Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can change the reading order of the highlighted regions by moving an item in the Order tab or by &lt;br /&gt;dragging it on the page in the document pane. By reordering highlighted regions on the page, you can make &lt;br /&gt;a figure and caption read at the specific point that they are referenced in the text. By changing the order of a &lt;br /&gt;highlighted region, you effectively change the reading order of that item without changing the actual &lt;br /&gt;appearance of the PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To select the Order Panel, do one of the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, click Show &lt;br /&gt;Order Panel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ From the Acrobat menu select View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Order (ALT + VNO)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Order Panel may open in the document viewing area. It may be part of a panel group that also includes &lt;br /&gt;the Content Panel and the Tags Panel. You can drag the individual panel and dock it in the Navigation pane. &lt;br /&gt;You can also use a menu command to dock all panels in the Navigation Pane:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢  View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Dock All Panels (ALT + VNK) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To change the order of content using the Order Panel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Order panel, navigate to view a list of highlighted regions that appear in the document pane. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Order tab, drag the tag for a highlighted region to the location you want. As you drag, a line &lt;br /&gt;appears to show potential locations. After you drag an item to a new location, the highlighted &lt;br /&gt;regions are renumbered to show the new reading order. You can select and move multiple, adjacent &lt;br /&gt;regions. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow38 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  25 Acrobat 9 Pro Order Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tags Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The Tags Panel allows you to view and edit tags in the logical structure tree, or tags tree, of a PDF. In the &lt;br /&gt;Tags Panel, tags appear in a hierarchical order that indicates the reading sequence of the document. The first &lt;br /&gt;item in this structure is the Tags root. All other items are tags and are children of the Tags root. Tags use &lt;br /&gt;coded element types that appear in angle brackets (&amp;lt; &amp;gt;). Each element, including structural elements such as &lt;br /&gt;sections and articles, appears in the logical structure order by type, followed by a title and the elementâs &lt;br /&gt;content or a description of the content. Structural elements are typically listed as containerâor parentâtags &lt;br /&gt;and include several smaller elementsâor child tagsâwithin them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Though you can correct most tagging issues by using the TouchUp Reading Order tool, you must use the &lt;br /&gt;Tags Panel to address detailed tagging of tables and substructure itemsâsuch as paragraphs, lists, and &lt;br /&gt;sections that require multiple languages. Add tags manually to a document using the Tags tab only as a last &lt;br /&gt;resort. First consider using the Add Tags To Document feature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: Important: Operations performed in the Tags tab cannot be undone with the Undo &lt;br /&gt;command.  Save a backup copy of a document before you begin work on it in the Tags tab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To select the Tags Panel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Then do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Expand the tag for the section you want.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Ctrl-click the plus sign (Windows) or Option-click the triangle (Mac OS) next to the Tags root to &lt;br /&gt;show all tags in the logical structure tree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: You may find it helpful to have Acrobat highlight items in the document view when the &lt;br /&gt;associated item in the Tags Panel is selected. From the Content Panel Options menu, &lt;br /&gt;select âHighlight Contentâ (See âFigure 26 Set Content Highlighting On for the Tags &lt;br /&gt;Panelâ on pageÂ 39). &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 39&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  26 Set Content Highlighting On for the Tags Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Edit tags with the Tags Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You can edit a tag title, change a tag location, or change the tag type for an element. All page content must be &lt;br /&gt;tagged, marked as an artifact, or removed from the logical structure tree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To reveal the TouchUp Properties for any tag select the desired tag in the Tags panel and do one of the &lt;br /&gt;following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Right click and select Properties from the context menu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select Properties from the Tags Panel Option Menu&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow40 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  27 Revealing TouchUp Properties for Tags &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Edit a tag title&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ In the Tags tab, expand the section of the logical structure that you want to edit. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ To edit the title, Select the tag, choose Properties from the Options menu, enter text in the Title box, &lt;br /&gt;and click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Move a tag&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ In the Tags tab, expand the Tags root to view all tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the Tag icon of the element that you want to move. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Drag the tag to the location you want. As you drag, a line appears at viable locations. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose Cut from the Options menu, and select the tag that appears above the location you want to &lt;br /&gt;paste the cut tag. From the Options menu, choose Paste to move the tag to the same level as the &lt;br /&gt;selected tag, or choose Paste Child to move the tag within the selected tag.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Change the element type&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ In the Tags tab, expand the section of the logical structure that you want to change. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select an element and choose Properties from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose a new element type from the Type menu, and then click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tags tab options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In the Tags tab, use the Options menu or right-click a tag in the logical structure tree to choose from the &lt;br /&gt;following options:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 41&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ New Tag . &lt;/b&gt;Creates a new tag in the logical structure tree after the currently selected item. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Specify type and title of the new tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Cut . &lt;/b&gt;Removes the selected tag from its current location and puts it on the clipboard. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Paste . &lt;/b&gt;Places the tag thatâs on the clipboard into the location specified, replacing the &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;selected tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Paste Child . &lt;/b&gt;Places the tag thatâs on the clipboard into the location specified, as a child of &lt;br /&gt;the selected tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Delete Tag . &lt;/b&gt;Removes the selected tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Find Tag From Selection . &lt;/b&gt;Searches for the tag in the Tags tab that contains the text or &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;object selected in the document pane. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Create Tag From Selection . &lt;/b&gt;Creates a new tag in the logical structure tree after the item &lt;br /&gt;selected in the document pane. Specify type and title of the new tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Find . &lt;/b&gt;Searches for artifacts, OCR suspects, and unmarked (untagged) content, comments, &lt;br /&gt;links, and annotations. Options allow you to search the page or document and add tags to &lt;br /&gt;found items. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Change Tag To Artifact . &lt;/b&gt;Changes selected tags to artifacts and removes the tagged &lt;br /&gt;content from the structure tree. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Copy Contents To Clipboard . &lt;/b&gt;Copies all content contained within the selected tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Edit Class Map . &lt;/b&gt;Allows you to add, change, and delete the class map, or style dictionary, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;for the document. Class maps store attributes that are associated with each element. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Edit Role Map . &lt;/b&gt;Allows you to add, change, and delete role maps for the document. Role &lt;br /&gt;maps allow each document to contain a uniquely defined tag set. By mapping these &lt;br /&gt;custom tags to predefined tags in Acrobat, custom tags are easier to identify and edit. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Tag Annotations . &lt;/b&gt;When selected, all new comments and form fields are added to the tag &lt;br /&gt;tree after the selected tag element; existing comments and form fields arenât added to the &lt;br /&gt;tag tree. Highlight and Underline comments are automatically associated and tagged with &lt;br /&gt;the text that they annotate and donât require this option. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Document Is Tagged PDF . &lt;/b&gt;Flags the PDF as a tagged document. Deselect to remove the &lt;br /&gt;flag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Important: This option doesnât necessarily indicate that the PDF conforms to PDF guidelines and &lt;br /&gt;should be used judiciously. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Highlight Content . &lt;/b&gt;When selected, causes highlights to appear around content in the &lt;br /&gt;document pane when you select the related tag in the Tags tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Show Metadata . &lt;/b&gt;Opens a read-only dialog box that contains reference information about &lt;br /&gt;the selected tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Properties . &lt;/b&gt;Opens the TouchUp Properties dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Add alternate text and supplementary information to tags&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Some tagged PDFs might not contain all the information necessary to make the document contents fully &lt;br /&gt;accessible. For example, if you want to make a document available to a screen reader, the PDF should &lt;br /&gt;contain alternate text for figures, language properties for portions of the text that use a different language &lt;br /&gt;than the default language for the document, and expansion text for abbreviations. Designating the &lt;br /&gt;appropriate language for different text elements ensures that the correct characters are used when you &lt;br /&gt;repurpose the document and that it is spell-checked with the correct dictionary. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow42 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can add alternate text and multiple languages to a tag from the Tags tab. (If only one language is &lt;br /&gt;required, choose the language with File &amp;gt; Properties instead.) You can also add alternate text by using the &lt;br /&gt;TouchUp Reading Order tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: Note: Keep alternate text descriptions as concise as possible. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Add alternate text to links&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Screen readers can read the URLs of web links out loud, but adding meaningful alternate text to links can &lt;br /&gt;help users immensely. For example, by adding alternate text you can have a screen reader tell a user to âgo to &lt;br /&gt;the Acrobat accessibility page of adobe.comâ rather than âgo to http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/&lt;br /&gt;solutionsacc.html.â &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You add alternate text to the &amp;lt;Link&amp;gt; tag of a link.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: Note: You must add alternate text only to tags that donât have child tags. Adding &lt;br /&gt;alternate text to a parent tag prevents a screen reader from reading any of that tagâs child &lt;br /&gt;tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the tag tree, select the &amp;lt;Link&amp;gt; tag for the link and choose Options &amp;gt; Properties. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, select the Tag tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Type alternate text for the link, and click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Add alternate text for a figure&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Choose View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Expand the logical structure tree to find and select the &amp;lt;Figure&amp;gt; tag element for the image. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To find a tag more easily, use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to select the figureâor text near the &lt;br /&gt;figureâin the document pane, and then choose Find Tag From Selection from the Options menu &lt;br /&gt;in the Tags tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose Highlight Content from the Options menu in the Tags tab to see a highlighted area in the &lt;br /&gt;document that corresponds to the tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose Properties from the Options menu in the Tags tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, click the Tag tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ For Alternate Text, type text that describes the figure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Add alternate text for an abbreviated term&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In the Tags panel, locate the abbreviated term by doing one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Expand the tag tree as needed to see the elements that contain the abbreviation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Use the TouchUp Text tool or the Select tool to select the abbreviation in the document, and then &lt;br /&gt;choose Find Tag From Selection from the Options menu to locate the text in the tag tree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the tag for that element, and choose Properties from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: Note: If the abbreviation includes additional text, cut the additional text and place it in a &lt;br /&gt;new &amp;lt;Span&amp;gt; child tag within the same &amp;lt;Span&amp;gt; parent tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, select the Tag tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ For Alternate Text, type the unabbreviated version of the term. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click Close. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 43&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Create a new child tag&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Tags tab, select the parent node (the icon located at the same level at which you want to &lt;br /&gt;create a child tag) in the Tags tree for which you want to create a child tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose New Tag from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Select the appropriate tag type from the Type pop-up menu, or type a custom tag type, name the tag &lt;br /&gt;(optional), and then click OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Add tags to comments&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;When you tag a PDF that includes comments, the comments are tagged as well. However, if you add &lt;br /&gt;comments to a PDF thatâs already tagged, your comments are untagged unless you enable comment tagging &lt;br /&gt;first. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: To Enable comment tagging in a PDF, in the Tags tab, choose Tag Annotations from the &lt;br /&gt;Options menu. Comments or markups that you add to the PDF are tagged automatically. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a document contains untagged comments, you can locate them in the logical structure tree and tag them &lt;br /&gt;by using the Find command in the Tags tab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Tags tab, choose Find from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Find Element dialog box, choose Unmarked Comments from the Find pop-up menu, and &lt;br /&gt;click Find. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ When the comment type appears in the Type field (for example, Text), click Tag Element, choose &lt;br /&gt;Annotation from the Type pop-up menu in the New Tag dialog box, and then click OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Find Element dialog box, click Find Next to locate and tag all comments, and then click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Correct table tags with the Tags tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to make sure that tables are tagged correctly. If you need to structure &lt;br /&gt;figures and text within the cells of your table, you may prefer to re-create the table in the authoring &lt;br /&gt;application before you convert it as an accessible PDF. Adding tags on a cell level in Acrobat is a labor-&lt;br /&gt;intensive procedure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Before you make any changes to table elements, use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to determine that the &lt;br /&gt;table is tagged correctly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Check table elements&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ In the Tags tab, expand the tags root to view a table tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the table tag &amp;lt;Table&amp;gt; and verify that it contains one of the following elements: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Table Rows, each of which contains Table Header &amp;lt;TH&amp;gt; or Table Data &amp;lt;TD&amp;gt; cells.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;lt;THead&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;TBody&amp;gt;, and &amp;lt;TFoot&amp;gt; sections, each of which contains Table Rows. (The Table Rows &lt;br /&gt;contain &amp;lt;TH&amp;gt; cells, &amp;lt;TD&amp;gt; cells, or both.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one or more of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If the tag for the table doesnât contain these elements, but rows, columns, and cells appear in the &lt;br /&gt;table in the document pane, use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to select and define the table or &lt;br /&gt;individual cells.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If the table contains rows that span two or more columns, set ColSpan and RowSpan attributes for &lt;br /&gt;these rows in the tag structure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Re-create the table in the authoring application, and then convert it to a tagged PDF.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow44 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Set ColSpan and RowSpan attributes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Tags tab, select a &amp;lt;TD&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;TH&amp;gt; element. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose Properties from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, click the Tag tab, and then click Edit Attribute Objects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select Attribute Objects, and then click New Item to create a new Attribute Object Dictionary. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Expand the new dictionary, select the Layout attribute, and then click Change Item. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Change the Layout value to Table. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the Attribute Object Dictionary, and click New Item. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Add Key And Value dialog box, type ColSpan or RowSpan in the Key box, enter the number of &lt;br /&gt;columns or rows spanned in the Value box, choose Integer from the Value Type pop-up menu, and click &lt;br /&gt;OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 7: Use the Accessibility Checker to Evaluate the PDF File&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: The accessibility checker tools (Quick Check and Full Check) can help to identify areas of &lt;br /&gt;documents that may be in conflict with Adobe's interpretations of the accessibility &lt;br /&gt;guidelines referenced in the application and its documentation. However, these tools &lt;br /&gt;donât check documents against all accessibility criteria, including those in such referenced &lt;br /&gt;guidelines, and Adobe does not warrant that documents comply with any specific &lt;br /&gt;guidelines or regulations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quick Check&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Use Quick Check to check for document structure tags, searchable text, and appropriate security settings for &lt;br /&gt;accessibility. This method is often the best way to check for accessibility before attempting to use a PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quick Check Results&lt;br /&gt;â¢ This document has logical structure but it is not a Tagged PDF.  &lt;/b&gt;Some accessibility &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;information may be missing.â Quick Check has found an underlying document structure &lt;br /&gt;in the document, so Acrobat will use the available document structure to control the &lt;br /&gt;reading order, rather than analyzing the document itself. However, this untagged &lt;br /&gt;document structure might be incomplete or unreliable, so assistive software and the &lt;br /&gt;accessibility features in Acrobat (such as the Read Out Loud and the Save As Text features) &lt;br /&gt;may not read the page properly. If the reading order of the page seems to be wrong, select &lt;br /&gt;Override The Reading Order In Tagged Documents in the Reading panel of the &lt;br /&gt;Preferences dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ This document is not structured, so the reading order may not be correct. Try different reading &lt;br /&gt;orders using the Reading Preferences panel.â . &lt;/b&gt;Quick Check has found no underlying &lt;br /&gt;document structure that Acrobat can use for reading order. Acrobat will analyze the &lt;br /&gt;reading order of the document using the current analysis method set in the Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;preference, but this PDF might not be read correctly by screen readers. If the reading order &lt;br /&gt;seems wrong, select a different option for Reading Order in the Reading panel of the &lt;br /&gt;Preferences dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ No accessibility problems were detected in this quick check. Choose the Full Check command to &lt;br /&gt;check more thoroughly. &lt;/b&gt;Quick Check has found that the PDF contains searchable text, is &lt;br /&gt;tagged, has an underlying document structure, and has no security settings that prohibit &lt;br /&gt;access for screen readers. To check for other types of accessibility problems that may be &lt;br /&gt;present in the PDF, use Full Check. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 45&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ This documentâs security settings prevent access by screen readers. &lt;/b&gt;Quick Check has &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;found that the PDF has security settings that interfere with screen readersâ ability to extract &lt;br /&gt;text for conversion to speech. You may be able to use a screen reader with this document if &lt;br /&gt;your assistive technology product is registered with Adobe as a Trusted Agent. Contact &lt;br /&gt;your assistive technology product vendor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ This document appears to contain no text. It may be a scanned image. &lt;/b&gt;Quick Check has &lt;br /&gt;found that the PDF contains no searchable text, probably because the document consists &lt;br /&gt;entirely of one or more scanned images. This means that screen readers, Read Out Loud, &lt;br /&gt;Reflow view, and most other accessibility featuresâwhich rely on text as inputâwill not &lt;br /&gt;work with this document&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Full Check&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Use Full Check to perform a more thorough check for many characteristics of accessible PDFs, such as the &lt;br /&gt;use of fonts that can be mapped reliably to Unicode text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Full Check checks a PDF for many of the characteristics of accessible PDFs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can choose which kinds of accessibility problems to look for and how you want to view the results.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Choose Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Full Check. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select options for how you want to view the results.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can save the results as an HTML file or as comments that are located where the accessibility problems &lt;br /&gt;are detected. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select a page range if you prefer to do a full check on individual sections of a document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you have a large document, running a full check one section at a time can be more efficient. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select an accessibility standard (Adobe PDF, Section 508 (U.S.), or W3C ) from the Name menu, &lt;br /&gt;and then select the accessibility options to check for. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The standard that you select in the Name menu determines which accessibility options are &lt;br /&gt;available.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click Start Checking. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results are displayed in the left panel, which also has helpful links and hints for repairing issues &lt;b&gt;(See &lt;br /&gt;âFigure 28 Acrobat 9 Pro Accessibility Reportâ on pageÂ 46)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;If you created a report in step 2, the results are available in the selected folder. Clicking on the links &lt;br /&gt;highlights the problem areas in the document. The Accessibility Checker panel also provides hints for repair &lt;br /&gt;which you should follow &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow46 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  28 Acrobat 9 Pro Accessibility Report&lt;br /&gt;Because the Full Check feature is unable to distinguish between essential and nonessential content types, &lt;br /&gt;some issues it reports donât affect readability. Itâs a good idea to review all issues to determine which ones &lt;br /&gt;require correction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Accessibility Full Check Options&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Create Accessibility Report . &lt;/b&gt;Creates an HTML report of accessibility issues, which is &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;opened in the navigation pane and saved in the location indicated by the Folder field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Include Repair Hints In Accessibility Report . &lt;/b&gt;Adds suggestions for fixing accessibility &lt;br /&gt;problems to the HTML report or comments. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Create Comments In Document . &lt;/b&gt;Adds comments to the document that indicate &lt;br /&gt;accessibility problems. Delete all accessibility comments from the PDF after you repair the &lt;br /&gt;accessibility issues. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Page Range . &lt;/b&gt;The range of pages to check. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Name . &lt;/b&gt;The set of accessibility criteria to check. For the Section 508 and W3C guidelines, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;the options area includes a Browse button that links to the website for the respective &lt;br /&gt;guidelines. Select Adobe PDF to choose from options for the Adobe PDF accessibility &lt;br /&gt;standard&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Alternative Descriptions Are Provided . &lt;/b&gt;Checks for tagged figures that are missing &lt;br /&gt;alternate text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Text Language Is Specified . &lt;/b&gt;Checks for paragraphs that donât have a language specified &lt;br /&gt;for them. Setting the language for an entire document in the Document Properties dialog &lt;br /&gt;box corrects all errors related to this option. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 47&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Reliable Character Encoding Is Provided . &lt;/b&gt;Checks for fonts that are inaccessible to &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;screen readers and other assistive software. Fonts must contain enough information for &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat to correctly extract all the characters to text. If one or more fonts donât allow for &lt;br /&gt;the correct extraction of all the characters, the PDF is inaccessible. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ All Content Is Contained In The Document Structure . &lt;/b&gt;Checks for page elements that &lt;br /&gt;may have been overlooked during tagging. Adding these elements to the tag tree (if &lt;br /&gt;necessary) ensures that a screen reader can present the content to a user. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ All Form Fields Have Descriptions . &lt;/b&gt;Checks for form fields that are missing descriptions. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Tab Order Is Consistent With The Structure Order . &lt;/b&gt;Checks whether tags properly &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;reflect the documentâs structure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ List And Table Structure Is Correct . &lt;/b&gt;Checks whether tags that have been generated for &lt;br /&gt;lists and tables meet the requirements of tagged PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Continue Checking Until All Issues are Addressed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Repeat the process of running the Accessibility Checker and using familiar repair techniques or following &lt;br /&gt;the Hints for Repair until the Accessibility Checker indicates âThe checker found no problems in this &lt;br /&gt;documentâ for the tests you have selected &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 29 A Successful Accessibility Checkâ on pageÂ 47)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: While the Accessibility Checker helps you evaluate the accessibility of your documents &lt;br /&gt;and helps identify areas that may be in conflict with Adobe's interpretations of the &lt;br /&gt;referenced guidelines, the Accessibility Checker does not check all accessibility guidelines &lt;br /&gt;and criteria, including those in such referenced guidelines, and Adobe does not warrant &lt;br /&gt;that your documents will comply with any specific guidelines or regulations. Please &lt;br /&gt;consult with your legal counsel for guidance on compliance with the referenced &lt;br /&gt;guidelines or any other accessibility guidelines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  29 A Successful Accessibility Check&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Additional Validation Techniques&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Of course, the best way to test the accessibility of a document is to attempt to use the document with the &lt;br /&gt;tools that your readers will use. However, even if you donât have a screen reader or braille printer, you can &lt;br /&gt;still use any of several methods provided by Acrobat for checking the accessibility of a PDF file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Use Reflow view to quickly check reading order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Use Read Out Loud to experience the document as it will be experienced by readers who use this &lt;br /&gt;text-to-speech conversion tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Save the document as accessible text and then read the saved text file in a word-processing &lt;br /&gt;application to experience the document as it will be experienced by readers who use a braille &lt;br /&gt;printer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Use the TouchUp Reading Order tool, Tags tab, and Content tab to examine the structure, reading &lt;br /&gt;order, and contents of a PDF in detail.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow48 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt; Creating Accessible PDF Files Using &lt;br /&gt;Authoring Applications&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In many cases, you can create tagged PDFs from within an authoring application, such as Adobe &lt;br /&gt;FrameMakerÂ®, Adobe InDesign, Adobe LiveCycle Designer. This functionality extends to applications that &lt;br /&gt;are not from Adobe Systems, such as MicrosoftÂ® Office and OpenOffice.org Writer. Creating tags in the &lt;br /&gt;authoring application generally provides better results than adding tags in Acrobat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Windows, Acrobat installs both an Acrobat PDFMaker toolbar and an Adobe PDF menu in many &lt;br /&gt;popular authoring applications. PDFMaker provides conversion settings that let you create tagged PDFs in &lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Excel, PowerPoint, and Word among others. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can use either the toolbar buttons or the Adobe PDF menu (the Action menu in Lotus Notes) to create &lt;br /&gt;PDFs, but the menu also provides access to conversion settings. Although many of the conversion options &lt;br /&gt;are common to all authoring applications, a few are application-specific.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: For Microsoft Office 2007 applications such as Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Access, the &lt;br /&gt;options for creating PDFs are available from the Acrobat Ribbon. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In general, the following rules apply.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Design your source document with accessibility in mind&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Do NOT use character formatting for headings, use the programâs styles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Do add alternative text to graphics in the source file &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Do use a table editor if available to create tables&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Do NOT use a table editor to design layouts&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Do generate the PDF file in a way that generates tags&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Do set your PDF output preferences option to tagged PDF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Do check the results in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro using Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Full Check &lt;br /&gt;(shortcut: Alt + A + A + F)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Do follow the suggestions for repair and repeat checking until no errors are detected&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Create an Accessible Microsoft Word Document&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;You should author the original source document with accessibility in mind. This means you should add &lt;br /&gt;structure to the document by using styles rather than character formats for such items as headings and lists. &lt;br /&gt;You should also add alternate text descriptions to graphics that appear in the Word file using the format &lt;br /&gt;picture dialog. You should use Wordâs column command and not tables to create multi-column documents. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Use Styles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Design your documents with styles. Styles add the structure necessary to make your documents usable to &lt;br /&gt;people with disabilities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Text&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The default text style for Microsoft Word is Normal. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Text should be at least 12 point type. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Avoid using Microsoft Word text boxes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;49&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications50 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Avoid using Enter to create space between paragraphs. Use the space before and space after &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;properties in your styles &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Headings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Use Styles to create heading formats. Title, Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3, etc. Make styles progress in a &lt;br /&gt;logical manner , a Heading 2 should come after a Heading 1 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Word 2003 Headings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;To create headings in Microsoft Word 2003 do the following&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Format &amp;gt; Styles and Formatting to reveal the styles and formatting task pane &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 30 &lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Word 2003 Styles and Formattingâ on pageÂ 50)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Apply the appropriate heading from the Styles and Formatting panel to your document text &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  30 Microsoft Word 2003 Styles and Formatting&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Word 2007 Headings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Select the Home Ribbon in Word 2007 and select the proper heading from the styles group &lt;b&gt;(See &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;âFigure 31 Microsoft Word 2007 Styles and Formattingâ on pageÂ 50)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  31 Microsoft Word 2007 Styles and Formatting&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 51&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Add Alternative Text to Word Graphics and Images&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Alternative Text or Alt Text refers to text that can be read by a screen reader to describe graphics and images &lt;br /&gt;which people with visual dis-abilities cannot see.  All Graphics and Images should be provided with &lt;br /&gt;alternative text descriptions. Avoid placing graphics too close to text. This can cause problems when &lt;br /&gt;converting to PDF. Place white space between text and graphics. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Word 2003 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Double Click on an image or right click and select the format picture dialog. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select the Web tab and enter the alternative text &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 32 Microsoft Word 2003 Web Tab &lt;br /&gt;for adding Alternative Textâ on pageÂ 51)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  32 Microsoft Word 2003 Web Tab for adding Alternative Text&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Word 2007 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Right Click on an image and choose Size &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications52 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Select the Alt Text tab and enter the alternative text &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 33 Microsoft Word 2007 Alt Text &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;for adding Alternative Textâ on pageÂ 52)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  33 Microsoft Word 2007 Alt Text for adding Alternative Text&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Configure the PDFMaker&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Once you have authored your Microsoft Word document with accessibility in mind, you are ready to &lt;br /&gt;convert it to an accessible PDF file. To generate an accessible PDF document directly from the Microsoft &lt;br /&gt;Word source, you should use the Adobe PDFMaker to convert the file to PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PDFMaker is an Acrobat feature that operates within many business applications, such as Microsoft Office &lt;br /&gt;applications and Lotus Notes. When you install Acrobat, PDFMaker controls appear in the work area of the &lt;br /&gt;authoring application. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using PDFMaker within an authoring application is a simple, one-click procedure. It involves clicking an &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat PDFMaker toolbar button or choosing a command on the Adobe PDF menu. It is not necessary to &lt;br /&gt;open Acrobat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Windows, Acrobat installs both an Acrobat PDFMaker toolbar and an Adobe PDF menu in many &lt;br /&gt;popular authoring applications. You can use either the toolbar buttons or the Adobe PDF menu to create &lt;br /&gt;PDFs, but the menu also provides access to conversion settings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: For Microsoft Office 2007 applications such as Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Access, the &lt;br /&gt;options for creating PDFs are available from the Acrobat ribbon (See âFigure 34 Microsoft &lt;br /&gt;Word 2007 Adobe Acrobat Ribbon and Groupâ on pageÂ 53).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 53&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  34 Microsoft Word 2007 Adobe Acrobat Ribbon and Group&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Show or activate PDFMaker in Microsoft Word&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;If you donât see the PDF toolbar buttons in Microsoft Word, you must show or activate the PDF toolbar. Use &lt;br /&gt;one of the following methods to show or activate PDFMaker.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;For Office 2003 or earlier, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;â¢ Choose View &amp;gt; Toolbars &amp;gt; Acrobat PDFMaker 9.0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;For Office 2007&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Do the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click the Office button, and then click the Word Options button&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click Add-Ins on the left side of the dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If PDFMOutlook or Acrobat PDFMaker Office COM Addin is not listed, choose COM Add-&lt;br /&gt;Ins from the Manage pop-up menu and click Go.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ If PDFMOutlook or Acrobat PDFMaker Office COM Addin is listed under Disabled &lt;br /&gt;Application Add-ins, select Disabled Items from the Manage pop-up menu and click Go.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select PDFMOutlook or Acrobat PDFMaker Office COM Addin and click OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Restart the Office application.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;View PDFMaker conversion settings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;PDFMaker conversion settings determine what features of the Microsoft Word document will be included in &lt;br /&gt;the PDF and how they will be translated into the resulting PDF file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one of the following: &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications54 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢  Choose Adobe PDF &amp;gt; Change Conversion Settings &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 35 Change PDFMaker Settings &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;in Word 2003â on pageÂ 54)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  35 Change PDFMaker Settings in Word 2003&lt;br /&gt;â¢ (Office 2007) In the Acrobat ribbon, click Preferences &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 36 Acrobat Preferences in &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Word 2007â on pageÂ 54)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  36 Acrobat Preferences in Word 2007&lt;br /&gt;If you wish to revert to the original default settings, click Restore Defaults on the Settings tab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Settings Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The settings available for PDFMaker depend on the application in which youâre using PDFMaker &lt;b&gt;(See &lt;br /&gt;âFigure 37 PDFMaker Settings Tabâ on pageÂ 56)&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Conversion Settings . &lt;/b&gt;Specifies the standard by which the PDF will be optimized. When &lt;br /&gt;you choose an item in the menu, a description of that preset appears immediately below it. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ View Adobe PDF Result . &lt;/b&gt;Opens the converted document directly into Acrobat. &lt;br /&gt;(Exception: when you choose Convert To Adobe PDF And Email.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Prompt For Adobe PDF File Name . &lt;/b&gt;Lets you enter a custom filename for the resulting &lt;br /&gt;PDF. Deselect this option to save the file in the same folder as the source file, using the &lt;br /&gt;same name but with a .pdf extension. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Document Information . &lt;/b&gt;Adds document information from the Properties &lt;br /&gt;dialog box of the source file. This setting overrides the printer preferences and settings in &lt;br /&gt;the Advanced panel of the Adobe PDF Settings dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: The Advanced Settings button opens the Adobe PDF Settings dialog box, which contains &lt;br /&gt;many additional conversion options. These conversion settings apply to all Acrobat &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 55&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;features that create PDFs, such as Acrobat Distiller, PDFMaker, and the Acrobat &lt;br /&gt;application itself. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Create PDF/A Compliant PDF File . &lt;/b&gt;Creates the PDF so that it conforms to this ISO &lt;br /&gt;standard for long-term preservation of electronic documents. (In the Microsoft Publisher &lt;br /&gt;application alone, PDFMaker does not support the PDF/A standard.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: When Conversion Settings are opened from within Word, Excel, or PowerPoint, this &lt;br /&gt;option specifies PDF/A 1-a:2005. When opened from within Microsoft Visio, Access, &lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Project, or AutoCAD, it specifies PDF/A 1-b:2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Attach Source File . &lt;/b&gt;Includes the Word document that is being converted as an &lt;br /&gt;attachment to the resulting PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Create Bookmarks . &lt;/b&gt;Converts certain elements in original Office documents to PDF &lt;br /&gt;bookmarks: Word headings, Excel worksheet names, or PowerPoint titles. Selecting this &lt;br /&gt;option overrides any settings on the Bookmarks tab of the Conversion Settings dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Add Links . &lt;/b&gt;Includes active links and hypertext in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: If this option is deselected, but the recipient of the PDF has the Create Links From URLs &lt;br /&gt;preference selected, URLs in the PDF are still active. For more information, see &lt;br /&gt;Preferences for viewing PDFs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Enable Accessibility And Reflow With Tagged Adobe PDF . &lt;/b&gt;Embeds tags in the PDF &lt;br /&gt;(on by default).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications56 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  37 PDFMaker Settings Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Security Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The Security tab settings available for PDFMaker depend on the application in which youâre using &lt;br /&gt;PDFMaker &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 38 PDFMaker Security Tabâ on pageÂ 57)&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Require A Password To Open The Document . &lt;/b&gt;When selected, makes the Document &lt;br /&gt;Open Password option available, where you enter a password that users must use to open &lt;br /&gt;the document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Restrict Editing And Printing Of The Document . &lt;/b&gt;When selected, makes the other &lt;br /&gt;Permissions options available. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Change Permissions Password . &lt;/b&gt;Specifies a password you set that users must use in order &lt;br /&gt;to do any allowable printing or editing. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Printing Allowed . &lt;/b&gt;Specifies whether users who use the Permissions Password can print &lt;br /&gt;the document and at what resolution. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Changes Allowed . &lt;/b&gt;Specifies what kind of changes users who use the Permissions &lt;br /&gt;Password can make. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Enable Copying Of Text, Images, And Other Contents . &lt;/b&gt;Prevents or allows users from &lt;br /&gt;copying from the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Enable Text Access For Screen Reader Devices For The Visually Impaired . &lt;/b&gt;Prevents or &lt;br /&gt;allows screen reader devices to read text. (Selected by default.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Enable Plaintext Metadata . &lt;/b&gt;Specifies whether the search engine can read the document &lt;br /&gt;metadata. Available only when the PDF-compatibility is set to Acrobat 6.0 (PDF 1.5) or &lt;br /&gt;later.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 57&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  38 PDFMaker Security Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Word Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Use the Word Tab to control how certain features in Microsoft Word will be rendered in PDF &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure &lt;br /&gt;39 PDFMaker Word Tabâ on pageÂ 58)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Displayed Comments To Notes In Adobe PDF . &lt;/b&gt;Changes any Word comment &lt;br /&gt;entries to PDF comments. If the currently open Word document contains comments, &lt;br /&gt;more options appear in the Comments list on this tab: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Reviewer. &lt;/b&gt;Lists the names of reviewers who have entered comments in the current &lt;br /&gt;Word document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Include. &lt;/b&gt;When deselected, does not include the comments in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Notes Open. &lt;/b&gt;Specifies whether the PDF comment windows automatically open or are &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;closed for that reviewerâs comments. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Color . &lt;/b&gt;Shows the color for that reviewerâs comment icons. Clicking the color icon &lt;br /&gt;repeatedly cycles through a limited set of available colors. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ # Of Comments . &lt;/b&gt;Shows the number of comments that the reviewer made. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Cross-References And Table Of Contents To Links (Word 2002 and 2003 only). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enables one-click navigation of these elements in the new PDF. This option is not &lt;br /&gt;available in Word 2007. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Footnote And Endnote Links . &lt;/b&gt;Integrates these into the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Enable Advanced Tagging . &lt;/b&gt;Integrates this into the PDF. Useful for Microsoft Word &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;forms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications58 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  39 PDFMaker Word Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bookmarks Tab (Microsoft Word)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The options you specify on this tab determine which items are converted into PDF bookmarks in the PDF &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 40 PDFMaker Bookmarks Tabâ on pageÂ 59)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: To include bookmarks in the conversion process, the Add Bookmarks To Adobe PDF &lt;br /&gt;option on the Settings tab must be selected. If you deselect that option, it overrides any &lt;br /&gt;options you select on this tab and no bookmarks are created. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Word Headings To Bookmarks . &lt;/b&gt;Selects all the headings in the Elements list for &lt;br /&gt;conversion to PDF bookmarks. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Word Styles To Bookmarks . &lt;/b&gt;Selects all the text styles in the Elements list for &lt;br /&gt;conversion to PDF bookmarks. (Unselected by default.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Word Bookmarks . &lt;/b&gt;Converts any user-created Word bookmarks to PDF &lt;br /&gt;bookmarks. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Element list . &lt;/b&gt;Specifies which Word headings and styles are converted to PDF bookmarks. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Element . &lt;/b&gt;Lists the names of all available Word headings and styles. The icons for &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Headings and Styles indicate the element types. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Type . &lt;/b&gt;Also indicates whether the element is a heading or style in the Word &lt;br /&gt;document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Bookmark . &lt;/b&gt;Displays Xâs, indicating whether individual elements are converted to &lt;br /&gt;PDF bookmarks. Clicking an individual Bookmark option changes the selection &lt;br /&gt;status for that element. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 59&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Level . &lt;/b&gt;Specifies where the element fits in the hierarchy structure of the PDF &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bookmarks panel. Clicking an individual Level number opens a menu that you can &lt;br /&gt;use to change the value. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: When some but not all of the available Word headings and styles are selected for &lt;br /&gt;conversion to PDF bookmarks, the marker in the corresponding check boxes at the top of &lt;br /&gt;the tab change. If all elements of the type are selected, a check mark appears. If only some &lt;br /&gt;of the elements of that type are selected, a colored square appears. Otherwise, the check &lt;br /&gt;box is empty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  40 PDFMaker Bookmarks Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Video Tab (Microsoft Word and PowerPoint)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The options you specify on this tab determine settings for multimedia files that are converted to FLV format &lt;br /&gt;and inserted into Word or PowerPoint files &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 41 PDFMaker Video Tabâ on pageÂ 60)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Save Video In . &lt;/b&gt;To save the converted video file in the same folder as the document, select &lt;br /&gt;Same As Document Folder. To save the converted video file in a different folder, select Use &lt;br /&gt;This Folder, and click Browse to locate and select a folder. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Video Quality . &lt;/b&gt;A higher Video Quality setting results in a larger PDF file size. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Deinterlace . &lt;/b&gt;Activates the video deinterlacing filter, which can improve video quality. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Encode Audio . &lt;/b&gt;If unselected, the converted video file does not include audio. If selected, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;specify the data rate at which to encode the audio in the FLV file.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications60 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  41 PDFMaker Video Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Settings for Other Microsoft Office Applications&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;There are application specific options on the settings tab of the PDFMaker for other Microsoft Office &lt;br /&gt;applications.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Excel-specific options on the Settings tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;These options are specific to the Settings tab in the PDFMaker for the Excel spreadsheet application.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Comments . &lt;/b&gt;Converts user-created Excel comments to notes and lists them in &lt;br /&gt;the Acrobat Comments panel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Fit Worksheet To A Single Page . &lt;/b&gt;Adjusts the size of each worksheet so that all the entries &lt;br /&gt;on that worksheet appear on the same page of the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Fit To Paper Width . &lt;/b&gt;Adjusts the width of each worksheet so that all the columns on that &lt;br /&gt;worksheet appear on one page in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Prompt For Selecting Excel Sheets . &lt;/b&gt;Opens a dialog box at the beginning of the file &lt;br /&gt;conversion process. In this dialog box, you can specify which worksheets are included in &lt;br /&gt;the PDF and the order in which the sheets appear in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;PowerPoint-specific options on the Settings tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;These options are specific to the Settings tab in the PDFMaker for the PowerPoint presenation application.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Multimedia . &lt;/b&gt;Converts any linked audio-video file to an FLV file and embeds it &lt;br /&gt;in the PDF. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 61&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Preserve Animation (PowerPoint 2002 and 2003 only) . &lt;/b&gt;Converts any animation effects &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;in the PowerPoint file to equivalent animations in the PDF. This option is not available in &lt;br /&gt;PowerPoint 2007. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Preserve Slide Transitions . &lt;/b&gt;Converts PowerPoint slide transition effects to PDF &lt;br /&gt;transition effects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Hidden Slides To PDF Pages . &lt;/b&gt;Converts any PowerPoint slides that are not seen &lt;br /&gt;in the usual playing of the presentation to PDF pages. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Convert Speaker Notes . &lt;/b&gt;Converts any speaker notes for the PowerPoint presentation &lt;br /&gt;into Text notes in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;â¢ Use PowerPoint Printer Settings (PowerPoint 2002 and 2003 only) . &lt;/b&gt;Uses the same &lt;br /&gt;printer settings in the PDF as in the original file. This option is not available in PowerPoint &lt;br /&gt;2007.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Convert the Word Document to Accessible PDF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Open the Microsoft Word file. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Microsoft Office 2003&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;There are two controls on the Microsoft Word 2003 interface for converting to accessible PDF &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure &lt;br /&gt;42 Convert to Adobe PDF in Word 2003â on pageÂ 61)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Do one of the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click the Convert To Adobe PDF button on the Acrobat PDFMaker toolbar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert to Adobe PDF from the Adobe PDF menu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  42 Convert to Adobe PDF in Word 2003&lt;br /&gt;Enter a filename and location for the PDF, and click Save. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Microsoft Office 2007&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Do one of the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click the Create PDF button from the Create Adobe PDF Group on the Acrobat ribbon &lt;b&gt;(See &lt;br /&gt;âFigure 43 Create Accessible PDF in Word 2007â on pageÂ 61)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  43 Create Accessible PDF in Word 2007&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications62 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Select Save as Adobe PDF from the Office button &lt;b&gt;(See âFigure 44 Save as Accessible PDF in Word &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;2007â on pageÂ 62)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  44  Save as Accessible PDF in Word 2007&lt;br /&gt;Enter a filename and location for the PDF, and click Save. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;If the Word Document is a Form&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;If the Word document has been designed as a form and you want it to be a fillable PDF form, prepare the &lt;br /&gt;document as described. When you are ready to import it into PDF, do so from within Acrobat using the &lt;br /&gt;Form Wizard. From Acrobat 9 Pro do the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select Forms &amp;gt; Start Form Wizard&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Check the box indicating âAn existing electronic documentâ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select âImport a file from file systemâ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click the Browse button to locate the desired file&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click Next&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The document will be converted to PDF with Tags and fillable form fields. You may need to edit the results &lt;br /&gt;within Acrobat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Check the PDF Version of the Document Using Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Once you have converted the document, you will still need to check the results in Adobe Acrobat. To check &lt;br /&gt;the results, begin at Step 5 of the PDF Accessibility Workflow (see  &lt;b&gt;âStep 5: Determine if the PDF File is a &lt;br /&gt;Tagged PDF Fileâ on pageÂ 20&lt;/b&gt;).  Depending upon the type of error, you may have to make adjustments in a &lt;br /&gt;particular location.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Adjustments to the Conversion Settings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Repairs You Make to the Source File&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Repairs You Make to the PDF File&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 63&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Changes to the Conversion Settings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Some repairs will involve changes to the PDFMaker conversion settings. If, for example, your final check &lt;br /&gt;indicated that the PDF file was not tagged, you would need to verify that the Enable Accessibility and Reflow &lt;br /&gt;box was checked in the PDFMaker tabbed settings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Repairs You Should Make in the Source File&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Some repairs can be made on the PDF file, but they would be erased the next time a PDF file was created &lt;br /&gt;from the same source. A good example is missing alternative text descriptions. You can certainly use the &lt;br /&gt;Touchup Reading Order Tool in Acrobat to add these to a PDF file, but if you want the change to last during &lt;br /&gt;updates to the file, it is better to add the alternative text in the Word document using the format picture &lt;br /&gt;dialog &lt;b&gt;(See âAdd Alternative Text to Word Graphics and Imagesâ on page 51).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Repairs You Should Make in the PDF File&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Some repairs must take place on the PDF file using Adobe Acrobat 9.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Document Language&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In some instances, even if the document language has been specified in the source file, the information about &lt;br /&gt;document language is not conveyed to the PDFMaker.  Setting the language for an entire document in the &lt;br /&gt;Document Properties dialog box corrects all errors related to this option. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Select File &amp;gt; Properties (Ctrl + D)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Language drop down of the Reading Options section choose the appropriate language for the &lt;br /&gt;document.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tab Order is Consistent with Structure Order&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In some instances, even though the tags have been inherited from the source file, the Accessibility Checker &lt;br /&gt;will indicate that tab order is inconsistent with structure order. To correct this issue, do the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Open the Pages icon or select View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Pages (ALT + VNP)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Click on any page icon and  type Cntrl + A (Command + A for the Mac OS) to select all the pages&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ From the Options button on the pages panel select âPage Propertiesâ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ In the Tab Order Panel, check âUse Document Structureâ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Establish Table Headings for Tables&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Table headers are not always properly defined after the conversion from Microsoft Word to PDF. Use the &lt;br /&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Table Editor to change table data cells that should be table headings to table &lt;br /&gt;headers or change the TD tags directly into TH tags within the tags panel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications64 |&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/archiveinf-timestamp.out
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/archiveinf-timestamp.out	(revision 37443)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/archiveinf-timestamp.out	(revision 37443)
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+gdbm:1678172943
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 37443)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 37443)
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Best Practices for Accessibility</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHccc7f4b2749b7bf1174ade</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/index/build.cfg	(revision 37443)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/index/build.cfg	(revision 37443)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1678172943
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1678172940
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Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 37443)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 37443)
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Best Practices for Accessibility</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHccc7f4b2749b7bf1174ade</link>
+</item>
