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_pagetitle_ {The Council of Independent Colleges: Historic Campus Architecture Project}
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Historic Campus Architecture Project |
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Welcome to the Historic Campus Architecture Project
   In 2002, CIC was awarded a two-year grant from the Getty Grant Program for the "Survey of Historic Architecture and Design on the Independent College and University Campus." This project aims to identify resources for further research about significant buildings, campus plans, open spaces, and heritage sites of American higher education. Initial activities for this project were completed in fall 2003, and included preparing an inventory, from approximately 725 active and potential CIC members, of places of significant historic interest, in relation to distinctive developments in architecture, landscape, American history, and the history of education, religion, engineering, and culture. In total, more than 1,900 places of historical significance on private college and university campuses were identified, and 4,000 images relating to sites of architectural, landscape, and planning interest and significance were collected. The survey was completed by 363 institutions, representing a return of more than 50 percent of the original list of schools that were invited to participate. In 2005, The Council of Independent Colleges (CIC) announced that the Getty Foundation, the philanthropic arm of the J. Paul Getty Trust, awarded a grant of $280,000 to CIC in support of the CIC Survey of Historic Architecture and Design on the Independent College and University Campus. The new grant brings the Getty’s support of this project to a total of $431,000. "We are delighted to offer this database as the first national architecture and landscape resource about independent college campuses," said CIC President Richard Ekman. "America’s private colleges and universities include most of the oldest institutions of higher education in America and their evolving physical campuses tell us a lot about American education. Documenting the historic buildings on college campuses provides a new window into understanding the distinctive educational mission of a college, the values of its founders, and the ways in which the physical campus embodies and supports the educational program." The Council of Independent Colleges is an association of more than 540 independent, liberal arts colleges and universities and higher education affiliates and organizations that work together to strengthen college and university leadership, sustain high-quality education, and enhance private higher education’s contributions to society. To fulfill this mission, CIC provides its members with skills, tools, and knowledge that address aspects of leadership, financial management and performance, academic quality, and institutional visibility. The Council is headquartered at One Dupont Circle in Washington, DC. The J. Paul Getty Trust is an international cultural and philanthropic organization devoted to the visual arts that includes the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Getty Research Institute, the Getty Conservation Institute, and the Getty Foundation. The J. Paul Getty Trust and its programs are based at the Getty Center in Los Angeles. Additional information is available on the Getty website at www.getty.edu. List of Participating Institutions: Click here to view the list of institutions and sites that are included in the historic architecture database. (This file is in PDF format. In order to view, the minimum software requirement is version 4.0. Adobe Acrobat, available for free from the Adobe Web site.) |
An advisory committee guiding the project includes Randall Mason, associate professor of architecture in the graduate program in historic preservation at the School of Design, University of Pennsylvania; Therese O’Malley, associate dean of the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC; Damie Stillman, professor of art history emeritus at the University of Delaware and editor-in-chief, Buildings of the United States series; John Strassburger, president of Ursinus College (PA); Thomas C. Celli, president of Celli-Flynn Brennan Turkall, Architects and Planners (PA); and Russell V. Keune, former director of international relations at the American Institute of Architects.
Dr. Barbara S. Christen, former Research Associate at the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts of the National Gallery of Art and an architectural historian, is directing the project as Senior Advisor to CIC.
} # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # COPYRIGHT (About -> Copyright Information) # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ package copyright _cicpagecontent_ {We ask you to adhere to the terms under which these materials are made available. The CIC Historic Campus Architecture Project as a whole, its texts, and its images are protected under the copyright laws of the United States and the Universal Copyright Convention. The copyright to the CIC Survey is held by the Council of Independent Colleges. The copyright to the images is held by the institutions and individuals who have generously contributed them.
Publication (print or electronic) or commercial use of any of the copyrighted materials without direct authorization from the copyright holders is prohibited. The copying of materials is permitted only under the fair-use provisions of copyright law. To obtain the right to reuse an image, in most cases, permission must be obtained from the owning institution.
The Library of Congress provides useful information on copyright at http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright as well as an explanation of the fair-use doctrine at http://fairuse.stanford.edu.
Web Links: It is not necessary to request permission in order to link to the CIC Survey from your website; however, we prefer that links be targeted to the introductory page of the CIC Survey (http://www.cicsurvey.org), and that any links to individual items be accompanied by a link to the introduction page.
Citations: To identify the CIC Survey as the source of information that you are using in a paper, article, or book, we ask that you include the complete title of the CIC Survey, its URL, and the date you accessed it, along with other relevant documentation. Here is an example: "Narrative History of Agnes Scott Hall, at Agnes Scott College," Council of Independent Colleges Historic Campus Architecture Project. 13 November 2005 <http://www.cicsurvey.org>.
By accessing the Survey, you acknowledge that you have read and accepted these conditions.
} # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # RELEASES (About -> Press Releases) # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ package releases _cicpagecontent_ {2005 Press Release: CIC Receives Second Getty Grant for Historic Architecture and Design Project
Spring 2005 Independent newsletter article: CIC Receives Second Getty Grant for Historic Campus Architecture and Design Project
Summer 2004 Independent newsletter article: CIC Develops Historic Architecture Database
Summer 2003 Independent newsletter article: Hundreds Respond to CIC Survey on Historic Architecture
} # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # DOCUMENTS (About -> Application Documents) # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ package documents _cicpagecontent_ {To view the application documents from phase one, click on the links below. (In order to view the PDF files, the minimum software requirement is version 4.0 Adobe Acrobat, available for free from the Adobe web site.)
Building Styles
(some based on definitions of the Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus)
| AMERICAN COLONIAL Refers to the culture and style of architecture created in the area of the current United States during the period when it was colonized by Europeans, primarily during the 17th and 18th centuries. The term generally refers specifically to the culture and styles of the British colonies on the East Coast of the United States, generally not including the French or Spanish colonies. |
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| FEDERAL Refers to the architectural movement in America that flourished from around 1785 to 1820 based on the revival of Roman architectural styles in the design of government buildings. The movement, endorsed by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Henry Latrobe, was driven partially by the metaphorical concept of the United States as analogous to the Roman Republic in its grandeur and political philosophy but also by the influence of such British neoclassical architects as Robert Adams. |
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| GREEK REVIVAL Refers to the style of architecture in Europe and the United States from the 1750s (in Europe) to circa 1850, characterized by the use of classical Greek forms and ornament. Inspired by 18th-century archaeological discoveries, it attempted to follow closely original models. Greek revival buildings often look like temples, with a series of large stone or wood columns marking part or all of the structure. They can also be symmetrical, with wings flanking either side of the central temple-like mass. |
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| GEORGIAN REVIVAL Refers to the late 19th and early 20th century English style of architecture that revived the architectural forms and decorative motifs of the Georgian period from 1714 to 1830, and sometimes well into the 19th and early 20th century. Georgian revival architecture, like its model, features symmetrical brick facades, pitched roofs, sashes, and fanlights. It also often includes white painted trim and decorative moldings and elements. |
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| GOTHIC REVIVAL Refers mainly to the style in English and American architecture from the mid- to late 18th century through the late 19th century. The style is characterized by the use of pointed arches, rosettes, pinnacles, tracery, foils, and polychrome effects inspired by Gothic architecture and often reproduced with the general aim of historical accuracy. |
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| ITALIANATE As a mid- to late 19th century architectural style, it was inspired by Italian Renaissance architects, but in a somewhat loose manner. Often residential and often featuring a low-pitched hipped roof topped by a belvedere, or rooftop pavilions intended as lookouts or for the enjoyment of a view, it can also refer to more formal buildings ranging from commercial to residential. |
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| ROMANESQUE REVIVAL Refers to the style in European and American architecture dating from the 1820s to the end of the 19th century. Based on the style of the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque church architecture, it is characterized by the use of massive blocks of masonry, semicircular arches, barrel and groin vaults, and, at times, the spare use of naturalistic ornament. |
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| VICTORIAN STYLES Refers to a wide variety of styles exhibited during the 19th century during Queen Victoria’s reign (1837-1900) that reflected great social, intellectual, and technological changes in Britain, the United States, and elsewhere. These style often provided alternatives to classicism such as the neo-Gothic revival and the Romantic, as well as eclecticism, and vernacular and Queen Anne revivals, and were expressed in all building types. |
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| BEAUX-ARTS CLASSICISM Refers to a largely classical response between approximately 1890 and 1920 in America and elsewhere in which the traditions of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts were championed. Begun as the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1671, and reorganized during the French Revolution to become the School of Fine Arts in Paris, the Ecole was the largest and most influential school of architecture in the 19th century. Its ideas of design included the use of classically articulated and often symmetrical massing, the use in plan of a primary axial orientation (often with subsidiary axes), and hierarchically arranged and related internal spaces that offered the opportunity for a directed, processional movement through a building. |
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| COLONIAL REVIVAL Refers to the movement in architecture and interior design prevalent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in countries formerly colonized by Great Britain. The style, mostly seen in domestic architecture and also in other building types, and promoted as a picturesque 'national' style, is a direct resurrection of building styles of the early colonial periods and of the related Georgian revival. The latter term refers to late 19th and early 20th century architecture that revived the architectural forms and decorative motifs of the Georgian period from 1714 to 1830. Georgian revival architecture, like its model, tends to feature symmetrical brick facades, pitched roofs, sashes, and fanlights. It also often includes white painted trim and decorative moldings and elements. |
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| MISSION/MISSION REVIVAL As a subtype of Spanish Colonial revival architectural style, this style is characterized by simplicity of form and ornamentation. Particularly between approximately 1900 and 1915 (although also later) in mostly the south, western, and southwestern regions on the United States, Mission revival architecture was utilized in public buildings of various kinds, as well as domestic and commercial building types. |
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| MODERN/PRE- AND POST-WWII Refers to the style of architecture that emerged in Holland, France, and Germany after World War I and spread throughout the world, becoming the dominant architectural style until the 1960s/1970s. This style is characterized by an emphasis on volume over mass; the use of lightweight, mass-produced, industrial materials; rejection of all ornament and color; repetitive modular forms; and the use of flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass. Some later examples may also be particularly sculptural in massing. |
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| POSTMODERN Refers to architecture as early as the mid-1960s but more often from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, in which a buildings’ form often has a renewed interest in the color and patterns of materials, and, in many cases, the use of stylistic quotations from many different periods combined to a contradictory effect of varying scale, proportions, and scenographic effect. |
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| CONTEMPORARY Architecture from 1995 to the present, encompassing a wide range of architectural styles and approaches, often incorporating elements of modernism and postmodernism. |
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| VERNACULAR/REGIONALIST Refers to architecture that does not fit easily into the stylistic categories given above that rely greatly on the building traditions and materials of a particular region. These buildings may have been constructed during any period in American architecture. Fieldstone buildings in Pennsylvania or the Midwest, adobe or stucco mission-type buildings with tile roofs in the West or Southwest, local limestone buildings in Indiana, are a few examples of this kind of response in campus architecture. |
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Terms Relating to Campus Plans and Building Groups
Unplanned
No comprehensive master plan was ever a part of campus building or landscaping activity.
Irregular/Picturesque
Master plan of part or all of the campus has curving roads and pathways that provide circulation amidst non-hierarchically placed buildings. Vegetation, either natural or planned, often is clustered in irregular, unsymmetrical groupings, so as to create a picturesque effect.
Quadrangle/Beaux-Arts Classicism
Master plan of part or all of the campus has a primary axis that serves as an important means of circulation and orientation for buildings. Structures are placed often in symmetrical arrangements, with a clear hierarchy in size and location established between a focal point of a central building or a structure placed at one end of the plan and subsidiary buildings located around it.
Modern (open plan)
Master plan has a more open orientation between buildings, with no obvious reliance on the hierarchical arrangements of the more traditional quadrangle and Beaux-Arts approaches.
Supporting Organizations
Council of Independent Colleges: http://www.cic.org
Getty Foundation: http://www.getty.edu
Related Websites
Society for College and University Planning: http://www.scup.org
National Historic Landmarks: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/
National Register of Historic Places: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/
State Historic Preservation Offices: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/shpolist.htm
Historic American Building Survey and Historic American Engineering Record: http://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer
Chronicle of Higher Education: http://chronicle.com
American Planning Association: http://www.planning.org
National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges: http://www.nasulgc.org
} # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # INSTITUTIONS (Browse -> Institution) # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ package institutions _cicpagecontent_ { Buildings |
 Building Groups |
 Landscape Sites |
 Campus Arrangements |
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package typesLandscapesite _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package typesCampusarrangement _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package typesBuildinggroup _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # DESIGNERS (Browse -> Designer) # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ package designers _cicpagecontent_ {
See the Glossary for full definition of terms.
} package stylesAmericancolonial _cicpagecontent_ {_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesFederal _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesGreekrevival _cicpagecontent_ {
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_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesRomanesquerevival _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesVictorian _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesBeauxArtsclassicism _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesColonialrevival _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesMissionMissionrevival _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesModernpreWWII _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesModernpostWWII _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesPostmodern _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesContemporary _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesRegionalistVernacular _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } package stylesOther _cicpagecontent_ {
_cicstaticbrowser_ } # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # DATES (Browse -> Time Period) # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ package dates _cicpagecontent_ {
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_cicstaticbrowser_ } package datespost1995 _cicpagecontent_ {
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