| 1 | ###########################################################################
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| 2 | #
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| 3 | # unicode.pm --
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| 4 | # A component of the Greenstone digital library software
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| 5 | # from the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the
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| 6 | # University of Waikato, New Zealand.
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| 7 | #
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| 8 | # Copyright (C) 1999-2004 New Zealand Digital Library Project
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| 9 | #
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| 10 | # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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| 11 | # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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| 12 | # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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| 13 | # (at your option) any later version.
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| 14 | #
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| 15 | # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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| 16 | # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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| 17 | # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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| 18 | # GNU General Public License for more details.
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| 19 | #
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| 20 | # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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| 21 | # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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| 22 | # Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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| 23 | #
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| 24 | ###########################################################################
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| 25 |
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| 26 | # useful functions for dealing with Unicode
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| 27 |
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| 28 | # Unicode strings are stored as arrays of scalars as perl
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| 29 | # lacks characters are 8-bit (currently)
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| 30 |
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| 31 | package unicode;
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| 32 |
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| 33 | eval {require bytes};
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| 34 |
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| 35 | use encodings;
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| 36 | use util;
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| 37 |
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| 38 | # ascii2unicode takes an (extended) ascii string (ISO-8859-1)
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| 39 | # and returns a unicode array.
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| 40 | sub ascii2unicode {
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| 41 | my ($in) = @_;
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| 42 | my $out = [];
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| 43 |
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| 44 | my $i = 0;
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| 45 | my $len = length($in);
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| 46 | while ($i < $len) {
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| 47 | push (@$out, ord(substr ($in, $i, 1)));
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| 48 | $i++;
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| 49 | }
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| 50 |
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| 51 | return $out;
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| 52 | }
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| 53 |
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| 54 | # ascii2utf8 takes a reference to an (extended) ascii string and returns a
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| 55 | # UTF-8 encoded string. This is just a faster version of
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| 56 | # "&unicode2utf8(&ascii2unicode($str));"
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| 57 | # "Extended ascii" really means "iso_8859_1"
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| 58 | sub ascii2utf8 {
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| 59 | my ($in) = @_;
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| 60 | my $out = "";
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| 61 |
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| 62 | if (!defined($in)|| !defined($$in)) {
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| 63 | return $out;
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| 64 | }
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| 65 |
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| 66 | my ($c);
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| 67 | my $i = 0;
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| 68 | my $len = length($$in);
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| 69 | while ($i < $len) {
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| 70 | $c = ord (substr ($$in, $i, 1));
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| 71 | if ($c < 0x80) {
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| 72 | # ascii character
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| 73 | $out .= chr ($c);
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| 74 |
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| 75 | } else {
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| 76 | # extended ascii character
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| 77 | $out .= chr (0xc0 + (($c >> 6) & 0x1f));
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| 78 | $out .= chr (0x80 + ($c & 0x3f));
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| 79 | }
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| 80 | $i++;
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| 81 | }
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| 82 |
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| 83 | return $out;
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| 84 | }
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| 85 |
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| 86 | # unicode2utf8 takes a unicode array as input and encodes it
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| 87 | # using utf-8
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| 88 | sub unicode2utf8 {
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| 89 | my ($in) = @_;
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| 90 | my $out = "";
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| 91 |
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| 92 | foreach $num (@$in) {
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| 93 | next unless defined $num;
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| 94 | if ($num < 0x80) {
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| 95 | $out .= chr ($num);
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| 96 |
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| 97 | } elsif ($num < 0x800) {
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| 98 | $out .= chr (0xc0 + (($num >> 6) & 0x1f));
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| 99 | $out .= chr (0x80 + ($num & 0x3f));
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| 100 |
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| 101 | } elsif ($num < 0xFFFF) {
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| 102 | $out .= chr (0xe0 + (($num >> 12) & 0xf));
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| 103 | $out .= chr (0x80 + (($num >> 6) & 0x3f));
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| 104 | $out .= chr (0x80 + ($num & 0x3f));
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| 105 |
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| 106 | } else {
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| 107 | # error, don't encode anything
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| 108 | die;
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| 109 | }
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| 110 | }
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| 111 | return $out;
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| 112 | }
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| 113 |
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| 114 | # utf82unicode takes a utf-8 string and produces a unicode
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| 115 | # array
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| 116 | sub utf82unicode {
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| 117 | my ($in) = @_;
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| 118 | my $out = [];
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| 119 |
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| 120 | my $i = 0;
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| 121 | my ($c1, $c2, $c3);
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| 122 | $len = length($in);
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| 123 | while ($i < $len) {
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| 124 | if (($c1 = ord(substr ($in, $i, 1))) < 0x80) {
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| 125 | # normal ascii character
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| 126 | push (@$out, $c1);
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| 127 |
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| 128 | } elsif ($c1 < 0xc0) {
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| 129 | # error, was expecting the first byte of an
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| 130 | # encoded character. Do nothing.
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| 131 |
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| 132 | } elsif ($c1 < 0xe0 && $i+1 < $len) {
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| 133 | # an encoded character with two bytes
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| 134 | $c2 = ord (substr ($in, $i+1, 1));
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| 135 | if ($c2 >= 0x80 && $c2 < 0xc0) {
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| 136 | # everything looks ok
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| 137 | push (@$out, ((($c1 & 0x1f) << 6) +
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| 138 | ($c2 & 0x3f)));
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| 139 | $i++; # gobbled an extra byte
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| 140 | }
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| 141 |
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| 142 | } elsif ($c1 < 0xf0 && $i+2 < $len) {
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| 143 | # an encoded character with three bytes
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| 144 | $c2 = ord (substr ($in, $i+1, 1));
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| 145 | $c3 = ord (substr ($in, $i+2, 1));
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| 146 | if ($c2 >= 0x80 && $c2 < 0xc0 &&
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| 147 | $c3 >= 0x80 && $c3 < 0xc0) {
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| 148 | # everything looks ok
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| 149 | push (@$out, ((($c1 & 0xf) << 12) +
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| 150 | (($c2 & 0x3f) << 6) +
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| 151 | ($c3 & 0x3f)));
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| 152 |
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| 153 | $i += 2; # gobbled an extra two bytes
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| 154 | }
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| 155 |
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| 156 | } else {
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| 157 | # error, only decode Unicode characters not full UCS.
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| 158 | # Do nothing.
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| 159 | }
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| 160 |
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| 161 | $i++;
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| 162 | }
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| 163 |
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| 164 | return $out;
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| 165 | }
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| 166 |
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| 167 | # unicode2ucs2 takes a unicode array and produces a UCS-2
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| 168 | # unicode string (every two bytes forms a unicode character)
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| 169 | sub unicode2ucs2 {
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| 170 | my ($in) = @_;
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| 171 | my $out = "";
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| 172 |
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| 173 | foreach $num (@$in) {
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| 174 | $out .= chr (($num & 0xff00) >> 8);
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| 175 | $out .= chr ($num & 0xff);
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| 176 | }
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| 177 |
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| 178 | return $out;
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| 179 | }
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| 180 |
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| 181 | # ucs22unicode takes a UCS-2 string and produces a unicode array
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| 182 | sub ucs22unicode {
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| 183 | my ($in) = @_;
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| 184 | my $out = [];
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| 185 |
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| 186 | my $i = 0;
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| 187 | my $len = length ($in);
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| 188 | while ($i+1 < $len) {
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| 189 | push (@$out, ord (substr($in, $i, 1)) << 8 +
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| 190 | ord (substr($in, $i+1, 1)));
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| 191 |
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| 192 | $i ++;
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| 193 | }
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| 194 |
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| 195 | return $out;
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| 196 | }
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| 197 |
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| 198 | # takes a reference to a string and returns a reference to a unicode array
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| 199 | sub convert2unicode {
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| 200 | my ($encoding, $textref) = @_;
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| 201 |
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| 202 | if (!defined $encodings::encodings->{$encoding}) {
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| 203 | print STDERR "unicode::convert2unicode: ERROR: Unsupported encoding ($encoding)\n";
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| 204 | return [];
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| 205 | }
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| 206 |
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| 207 | my $encodename = "$encoding-unicode";
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| 208 | my $enc_info = $encodings::encodings->{$encoding};
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| 209 | my $mapfile = &util::filename_cat($ENV{'GSDLHOME'}, "mappings",
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| 210 | "to_uc", $enc_info->{'mapfile'});
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| 211 | if (!&loadmapencoding ($encodename, $mapfile)) {
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| 212 | print STDERR "unicode: ERROR - could not load encoding $encodename\n";
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| 213 | return [];
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| 214 | }
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| 215 |
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| 216 | if (defined $enc_info->{'converter'}) {
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| 217 | my $converter = $enc_info->{'converter'};
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| 218 | return &$converter ($encodename, $textref);
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| 219 | }
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| 220 |
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| 221 | if ($translations{$encodename}->{'count'} == 1) {
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| 222 | return &singlebyte2unicode ($encodename, $textref);
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| 223 | } else {
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| 224 | return &doublebyte2unicode ($encodename, $textref);
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| 225 | }
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| 226 | }
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| 227 |
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| 228 | # singlebyte2unicode converts simple 8 bit encodings where characters below
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| 229 | # 0x80 are normal ascii characters and the rest are decoded using the
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| 230 | # appropriate mapping files.
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| 231 | #
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| 232 | # Examples of encodings that may be converted using singlebyte2unicode are
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| 233 | # the iso-8859 and windows-125* series.
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| 234 | sub singlebyte2unicode {
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| 235 | my ($encodename, $textref) = @_;
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| 236 |
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| 237 | my @outtext = ();
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| 238 | my $len = length($$textref);
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| 239 | my ($c);
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| 240 | my $i = 0;
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| 241 |
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| 242 | while ($i < $len) {
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| 243 | if (($c = ord(substr($$textref, $i, 1))) < 0x80) {
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| 244 | # normal ascii character
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| 245 | push (@outtext, $c);
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| 246 | } else {
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| 247 | $c = &transchar ($encodename, $c);
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| 248 | # put a black square if cannot translate
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| 249 | $c = 0x25A1 if $c == 0;
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| 250 | push (@outtext, $c);
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| 251 | }
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| 252 | $i ++;
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| 253 | }
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| 254 | return \@outtext;
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| 255 | }
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| 256 |
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| 257 | # doublebyte2unicode converts simple two byte encodings where characters
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| 258 | # below code point 0x80 are single-byte characters and the rest are
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| 259 | # double-byte characters.
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| 260 | #
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| 261 | # Examples of encodings that may be converted using doublebyte2unicode are
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| 262 | # CJK encodings like GB encoded Chinese and UHC Korean.
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| 263 | #
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| 264 | # Note that no error checking is performed to make sure that the input text
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| 265 | # is valid for the given encoding.
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| 266 | #
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| 267 | # Also, encodings that may contain characters of more than two bytes are
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| 268 | # not supported (any EUC encoded text may in theory contain 3-byte
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| 269 | # characters but in practice only one and two byte characters are used).
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| 270 | sub doublebyte2unicode {
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| 271 | my ($encodename, $textref) = @_;
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| 272 |
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| 273 | my @outtext = ();
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| 274 | my $len = length($$textref);
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| 275 | my ($c1, $c2);
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| 276 | my $i = 0;
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| 277 |
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| 278 | while ($i < $len) {
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| 279 | if (($c1 = ord(substr($$textref, $i, 1))) >= 0x80) {
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| 280 | if ($i+1 < $len) {
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| 281 | # double-byte character
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| 282 | $c2 = ord(substr($$textref, $i+1, 1));
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| 283 | my $c = &transchar ($encodename, ($c1 << 8) | $c2);
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| 284 | # put a black square if cannot translate
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| 285 | $c = 0x25A1 if $c == 0;
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| 286 | push (@outtext, $c);
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| 287 | $i += 2;
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| 288 |
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| 289 | } else {
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| 290 | # error
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| 291 | print STDERR "unicode: ERROR missing second half of double-byte character\n";
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| 292 | $i++;
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| 293 | }
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| 294 |
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| 295 | } else {
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| 296 | # single-byte character
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| 297 | push (@outtext, $c1);
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| 298 | $i++;
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| 299 | }
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| 300 | }
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| 301 | return \@outtext;
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| 302 | }
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| 303 |
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| 304 | # Shift-JIS to unicode
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| 305 | # We can't use doublebyte2unicode for Shift-JIS because it uses some
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| 306 | # single-byte characters above code point 0x80 (i.e. half-width katakana
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| 307 | # characters in the range 0xA1-0xDF)
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| 308 | sub shiftjis2unicode {
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| 309 | my ($encodename, $textref) = @_;
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| 310 |
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| 311 | my @outtext = ();
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| 312 | my $len = length($$textref);
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| 313 | my ($c1, $c2);
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| 314 | my $i = 0;
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| 315 |
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| 316 | while ($i < $len) {
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| 317 | $c1 = ord(substr($$textref, $i, 1));
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| 318 |
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| 319 | if (($c1 >= 0xA1 && $c1 <= 0xDF) || $c1 == 0x5c || $c1 == 0x7E) {
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| 320 | # Single-byte half-width katakana character or
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| 321 | # JIS Roman yen or overline characters
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| 322 | my $c = &transchar ($encodename, $c1);
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| 323 | # - put a black square if cannot translate
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| 324 | $c = 0x25A1 if $c == 0;
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| 325 | push (@outtext, $c);
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| 326 | $i++;
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| 327 |
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| 328 | } elsif ($c1 < 0x80) {
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| 329 | # ASCII
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| 330 | push (@outtext, $c1);
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| 331 | $i ++;
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| 332 |
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| 333 | } elsif ($c1 < 0xEF) {
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| 334 | if ($i+1 < $len) {
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| 335 | $c2 = ord(substr($$textref, $i+1, 1));
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| 336 | if (($c2 >= 0x40 && $c2 <= 0x7E) || ($c2 >= 0x80 && $c2 <= 0xFC)) {
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| 337 | # Double-byte shift-jis character
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| 338 | my $c = &transchar ($encodename, ($c1 << 8) | $c2);
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| 339 | # put a black square if cannot translate
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| 340 | $c = 0x25A1 if $c == 0;
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| 341 | push (@outtext, $c);
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| 342 | } else {
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| 343 | # error
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| 344 | print STDERR "unicode: ERROR Invalid Shift-JIS character\n";
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| 345 | }
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| 346 | $i += 2;
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| 347 | } else {
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| 348 | # error
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| 349 | print STDERR "unicode: ERROR missing second half of Shift-JIS character\n";
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| 350 | $i ++;
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| 351 | }
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| 352 | } else {
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| 353 | # error
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| 354 | print STDERR "unicode: ERROR Invalid Shift-JIS character\n";
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| 355 | $i ++;
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| 356 | }
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| 357 | }
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| 358 | return \@outtext;
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| 359 | }
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| 360 |
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| 361 | sub transchar {
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| 362 | my ($encoding, $from) = @_;
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| 363 | my $high = ($from / 256) % 256;
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| 364 | my $low = $from % 256;
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| 365 |
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| 366 | return 0 unless defined $translations{$encoding};
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| 367 |
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| 368 | my $block = $translations{$encoding}->{'map'};
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| 369 |
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| 370 | if (ref ($block->[$high]) ne "ARRAY") {
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| 371 | return 0;
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| 372 | }
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| 373 | return $block->[$high]->[$low];
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| 374 | }
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| 375 |
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| 376 | # %translations is of the form:
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| 377 | #
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| 378 | # encodings{encodingname-encodingname}->{'map'}->blocktranslation
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| 379 | # blocktranslation->[[0-255],[256-511], ..., [65280-65535]]
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| 380 | #
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| 381 | # Any of the top translation blocks can point to an undefined
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| 382 | # value. This data structure aims to allow fast translation and
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| 383 | # efficient storage.
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| 384 | %translations = ();
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| 385 |
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| 386 | # @array256 is used for initialisation, there must be
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| 387 | # a better way...
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| 388 | # What about this?: @array256 = (0) x 256;
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| 389 | @array256 = (0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 390 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 391 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 392 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 393 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 394 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 395 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 396 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 397 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 398 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 399 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 400 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 401 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 402 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 403 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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| 404 | 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
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| 405 |
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| 406 | # returns 1 if successful, 0 if unsuccessful
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| 407 | sub loadmapencoding {
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| 408 | my ($encoding, $mapfile) = @_;
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| 409 |
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| 410 | # check to see if the encoding has already been loaded
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| 411 | return 1 if (defined $translations{$encoding});
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| 412 |
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| 413 | return 0 unless open (MAPFILE, $mapfile);
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| 414 | binmode (MAPFILE);
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| 415 |
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| 416 | $translations{$encoding} = {'map' => [@array256], 'count' => 0};
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| 417 | my $block = $translations{$encoding};
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| 418 |
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| 419 | my ($in,$i,$j);
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| 420 | while (read(MAPFILE, $in, 1) == 1) {
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| 421 | $i = unpack ("C", $in);
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| 422 | $block->{'map'}->[$i] = [@array256];
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| 423 | for ($j=0; $j<256 && read(MAPFILE, $in, 2)==2; $j++) {
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| 424 | my ($n1, $n2) = unpack ("CC", $in);
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| 425 | $block->{'map'}->[$i]->[$j] = ($n1*256) + $n2;
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| 426 | }
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| 427 | $block->{'count'} ++;
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| 428 | }
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| 429 |
|
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| 430 | close (MAPFILE);
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| 431 | }
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| 432 |
|
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| 433 | # unicode2singlebyte converts unicode to simple 8 bit encodings where
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| 434 | # characters below 0x80 are normal ascii characters and the rest are encoded
|
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| 435 | # using the appropriate mapping files.
|
|---|
| 436 | #
|
|---|
| 437 | # Examples of encodings that may be converted using unicode2singlebyte are
|
|---|
| 438 | # the iso-8859 and windows-125* series, KOI8-R (Russian), and the Kazakh encoding.
|
|---|
| 439 | sub unicode2singlebyte {
|
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| 440 | my ($uniref, $encoding) = @_;
|
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| 441 |
|
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| 442 | my $outtext = "";
|
|---|
| 443 | my $encodename = "unicode-$encoding";
|
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| 444 | my $enc_info = $encodings::encodings->{"$encoding"};
|
|---|
| 445 | my $mapfile = &util::filename_cat($ENV{'GSDLHOME'}, "mappings",
|
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| 446 | "from_uc", $enc_info->{'mapfile'});
|
|---|
| 447 | if (!&loadmapencoding ($encodename, $mapfile)) {
|
|---|
| 448 | print STDERR "unicode: ERROR - could not load encoding $encodename\n";
|
|---|
| 449 | return "";
|
|---|
| 450 | }
|
|---|
| 451 |
|
|---|
| 452 | foreach my $c (@$uniref) {
|
|---|
| 453 | if ($c < 0x80) {
|
|---|
| 454 | # normal ascii character
|
|---|
| 455 | $outtext .= chr($c);
|
|---|
| 456 | } else {
|
|---|
| 457 | # extended ascii character
|
|---|
| 458 | $c = &transchar ($encodename, $c);
|
|---|
| 459 |
|
|---|
| 460 | # put a question mark if cannot translate
|
|---|
| 461 | if ($c == 0) {
|
|---|
| 462 | $outtext .= "?";
|
|---|
| 463 | } else {
|
|---|
| 464 | $outtext .= chr($c);
|
|---|
| 465 | }
|
|---|
| 466 | }
|
|---|
| 467 | }
|
|---|
| 468 | return $outtext;
|
|---|
| 469 | }
|
|---|
| 470 |
|
|---|
| 471 |
|
|---|
| 472 | # this makes sure that the referenced input string is utf8 encoded, and
|
|---|
| 473 | # will change/remove bytes that aren't.
|
|---|
| 474 | # returns 0 if the text was already utf8, or 1 if text modified to become utf8
|
|---|
| 475 | sub ensure_utf8 {
|
|---|
| 476 | my $stringref=shift;
|
|---|
| 477 |
|
|---|
| 478 | if (!defined($stringref) || ref($stringref) ne 'SCALAR') {
|
|---|
| 479 | return $stringref;
|
|---|
| 480 | }
|
|---|
| 481 |
|
|---|
| 482 | my $value=$$stringref;
|
|---|
| 483 |
|
|---|
| 484 | my $non_utf8_found = 0;
|
|---|
| 485 | $value =~ m/^/g; # to set \G
|
|---|
| 486 | while ($value =~ m!\G.*?([\x80-\xff]+)!sg) {
|
|---|
| 487 | my $highbytes=$1;
|
|---|
| 488 | my $highbyteslength=length($highbytes);
|
|---|
| 489 | # make sure this block of high bytes is utf-8
|
|---|
| 490 | $highbytes =~ /^/g; # set pos()
|
|---|
| 491 | my $byte_replaced = 0;
|
|---|
| 492 | while ($highbytes =~
|
|---|
| 493 | m!\G (?: [\xc0-\xdf][\x80-\xbf] | # 2 byte utf-8
|
|---|
| 494 | [\xe0-\xef][\x80-\xbf]{2} | # 3 byte
|
|---|
| 495 | [\xf0-\xf7][\x80-\xbf]{3} # 4 byte
|
|---|
| 496 | [\xf8-\xfb][\x80-\xbf]{4} # 5 byte
|
|---|
| 497 | [\xfc-\xfd][\x80-\xbf]{5} # 6 byte
|
|---|
| 498 | )*([\x80-\xff])? !xg
|
|---|
| 499 | ) {
|
|---|
| 500 | # this highbyte is "out-of-place" for valid utf-8
|
|---|
| 501 | my $badbyte=$1;
|
|---|
| 502 | if (!defined $badbyte) {next} # hit end of string
|
|---|
| 503 | my $pos=pos($highbytes);
|
|---|
| 504 | # replace bad byte. assume iso-8859-1 -> utf-8
|
|---|
| 505 | # ascii2utf8 does "extended ascii"... ie iso-8859-1
|
|---|
| 506 | my $replacement=&unicode::ascii2utf8(\$badbyte);
|
|---|
| 507 | substr($highbytes, $pos-1, 1, $replacement);
|
|---|
| 508 | # update the position to continue searching (for \G)
|
|---|
| 509 | pos($highbytes) = $pos+length($replacement)-1;
|
|---|
| 510 | $byte_replaced = 1;
|
|---|
| 511 | }
|
|---|
| 512 | if ($byte_replaced) {
|
|---|
| 513 | # replace this block of high bytes in the $value
|
|---|
| 514 | $non_utf8_found = 1;
|
|---|
| 515 | my $replength=length($highbytes); # we've changed the length
|
|---|
| 516 | my $textpos=pos($value); # pos at end of last match
|
|---|
| 517 | # replace bad bytes with good bytes
|
|---|
| 518 | substr($value, $textpos-$highbyteslength,
|
|---|
| 519 | $highbyteslength, $highbytes);
|
|---|
| 520 | # update the position to continue searching (for \G)
|
|---|
| 521 | pos($value)=$textpos+($replength-$highbyteslength)+1;
|
|---|
| 522 | }
|
|---|
| 523 | }
|
|---|
| 524 |
|
|---|
| 525 | $$stringref = $value;
|
|---|
| 526 | return $non_utf8_found;
|
|---|
| 527 | }
|
|---|
| 528 |
|
|---|
| 529 | 1;
|
|---|
