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2 | <!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
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3 | <Archive>
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4 | <Section>
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5 | <Description>
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6 | <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
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9 | <Metadata name="FileSize">21375</Metadata>
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10 | <Metadata name="Source">eliz4.html</Metadata>
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11 | <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz4.html</Metadata>
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12 | <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
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13 | <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
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14 | <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
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15 | <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
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16 | <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
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17 | <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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18 | <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
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19 | <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
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20 | <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
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21 | <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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23 | <Metadata name="lastmodified">1436940767</Metadata>
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24 | <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20150715</Metadata>
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28 | <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
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29 | <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
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30 | <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz4-four.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
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31 | <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-bettes1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
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32 | </Description>
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33 | <Content>
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34 |
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35 | <table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="100%" height="667">
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36 | <tr>
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37 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
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38 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="29"><p align="center">&nbsp;</td>
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39 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
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40 | </tr>
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41 | <tr>
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42 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
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43 | <td width="50%" height="3">
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44 | <p align="center">
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45 | <IMG height=98 alt="Queen Elizabeth I"
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46 | src="_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif" width=422></td>
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47 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
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48 | </tr>
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49 | <tr>
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50 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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51 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="610">
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52 | <p align="center">
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53 | <img border="2" src="_httpdocimg_/eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg" alt="Zuccaro's sketch of Queen Elizabeth I; c1570s; the most authentic likeness of the queen" width="300" height="482"><blockquote>
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54 | <p align="left">
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55 | &nbsp;</blockquote>
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56 | <DIV align=left>Visit
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57 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html">Elizabethan
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58 | Images</a> to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
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59 | commentary.<BR>Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at <A
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60 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary
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61 | Sources</A>.</DIV>
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62 | <DIV align=left>&nbsp;</DIV>
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63 | <DIV align=left>Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
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64 | Elizabeth I at <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html">
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65 | Secondary Sources</a>.<BR><BR>Visit <A
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66 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html">the Anne
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67 | Boleyn website</A> to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.<BR>Visit <A
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68 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html">the Mary,
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69 | queen of Scots website</A> to learn more about Elizabeth's
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70 | cousin.<BR><BR>Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at <A
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71 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html">Tudor
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72 | Quizzes</A>.</DIV>
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73 | <DIV align=left>&nbsp;</DIV>
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74 | <DIV align=left>Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
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75 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth">The Virgin Queen
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76 | fanlisting</a>.</DIV>
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77 | <DIV align=left>&nbsp;</DIV>
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78 | </td>
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79 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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80 | </tr>
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81 | </table>
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82 |
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83 | <blockquote>
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84 | <blockquote>
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85 | <blockquote>
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86 | <hr>
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87 | </blockquote>
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88 | </blockquote>
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89 | <p><font size="4">'I cannot but deplore my evil fortune, seeing
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90 | you have been pleased not only to refuse me your presence, causing me to
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91 | be declared unworthy of it by your nobles; but also suffered me to be torn
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92 | in pieces by my rebels.... not allowing me to have copies of their false
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93 | accusations, or affording me any liberty to accuse
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94 | them.'</font><SMALL><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font><I>Mary, queen of Scots to Elizabeth I after the Northern
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95 | Rebellion</I></SMALL></p>
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96 | <blockquote>
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97 | <blockquote>
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98 | <hr>
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99 | <p>There were three main plots concerning <A
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100 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html">Mary, queen of
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101 | Scots</A> - the duke of Norfolk's scheme of 1569, the Throckmorton Plot of
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102 | 1583, and the Babington Plot of 1586.&nbsp; For as long as Mary lived, she
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103 | was a potential threat to Elizabeth.&nbsp; And since she was now
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104 | imprisoned on English soil, she was an even greater menace.&nbsp; Domestic
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105 | enemies of the queen made no secret of their admiration for Mary
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106 | Stuart.&nbsp; And foreign ambassadors often communicated secretly with
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107 | her, particularly the French and Spanish ambassadors.&nbsp; As a former
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108 | queen of France, Mary had many friends in that country.&nbsp; And as a
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109 | Catholic queen, she was friendly with the increasingly pious Philip II of
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110 | Spain.&nbsp;&nbsp; </p>
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111 | <P>Elizabeth was always of two minds regarding her cousin.&nbsp; She
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112 | recognized the danger which Mary represented, but she was acutely
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113 | conscious of Mary's status as a sovereign queen unlawfully deposed by her
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114 | subjects.&nbsp; She could not impugn her cousin's dignity without risking
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115 | damage to the ideal of royal prerogative.&nbsp; The trick was to deprive
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116 | Mary of her standing as a sovereign.&nbsp; Mary's own behavior, in
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117 | Scotland and England, gave Elizabeth a distinct advantage.&nbsp; Even
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118 | staunch Catholic allies were troubled by Mary's reported crimes.&nbsp;
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119 | Perhaps she was innocent of complicity in her second husband's murder, but
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120 | she had married James Hepburn, the earl of Bothwell in a Protestant ceremony.&nbsp; And the
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121 | evidence of the 'Casket Letters' (now believed to be false) supported the
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122 | theory that Mary and Bothwell had an adulterous affair and then plotted
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123 | Darnley's murder.&nbsp; This erosion of Mary's reputation necessarily
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124 | alienated her moderate supporters.&nbsp; But for the extremists, such flaws
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125 | could be overlooked for the greater good of overthrowing the heretic
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126 | Elizabeth.&nbsp;&nbsp; </P>
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127 | <P>At first, Mary was content to avoid plotting against her cousin.&nbsp;
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128 | But when it became clear that Elizabeth would not help her return to
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129 | Scotland, she was forced into a corner.&nbsp; She wrote constantly to the
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130 | English queen, begging for a personal meeting, much as Elizabeth had
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131 | requested an audience with Mary I.&nbsp; Elizabeth refused.&nbsp; Mary was
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132 | originally placed in the care of the wealthy earl of Shrewsbury and his
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133 | formidable wife, Bess of Hardwick.&nbsp; She was kept in comfortable
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134 | quarters, with a large retinue of servants and accorded respect as a
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135 | sovereign queen; she even ate beneath a cloth of estate.&nbsp; But she was
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136 | essentially a prisoner and no material comforts could obscure that
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137 | essential fact. </P>
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138 | <P>
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139 | <IMG height=229
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140 | alt="portrait of Elizabeth I's cousin, Mary queen of Scots"
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141 | src="_httpdocimg_/eliz4-four.jpg" width=155 border=2 align="left">Those early years in England were spent in various hearings and
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142 | meetings, with Mary proclaiming her innocence of Darnley's murder and the
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143 | duplicity of her Scottish nobles.&nbsp; When these ended with her freedom
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144 | still denied, she became understandably bitter.&nbsp; She had been
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145 | condemned to prison without a fair hearing, with no end in sight.&nbsp;
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146 | For a lively young woman who had always lived openly and passionately,
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147 | with as great a love of the outdoors as Elizabeth, used to being her
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148 | own mistress and the former queen of two countries, the situation was intolerable.&nbsp; She was only 25 years
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149 | old when she arrived in England and all of her natural energy and
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150 | enthusiasm became fixed upon one goal - freedom. </P>
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151 | <P>She was essentially powerless.&nbsp; And so she turned to subterfuge,
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152 | relying upon a small network of Catholic and foreign allies.&nbsp; This
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153 | was surprisingly successful.&nbsp; She gained important news from the
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154 | continent and Elizabeth's court.&nbsp; But Shrewsbury complained
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155 | incessantly about the expense of Mary's imprisonment and Elizabeth's
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156 | councilors complained about her ceaseless correspondence with
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157 | Catholics.&nbsp; And so she was eventually removed from Shrewsbury's care
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158 | into less comfortable quarters. &nbsp;This had the paradoxical effect of
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159 | encouraging more plotting on Mary's part. &nbsp;<BR></P>
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160 | <P>After the plot to marry Norfolk and the Northern Rebellion failed in
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161 | 1569, Mary increasingly turned to her foreign supporters. &nbsp;They were
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162 | able to provide crucial encouragement as well as the names of trusted
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163 | English sympathizers. &nbsp;In 1583, the second serious plan to free Mary
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164 | and kill Elizabeth was discovered. &nbsp;It is known as the 'Throckmorton
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165 | Plot', after its leader Sir Francis Throckmorton. &nbsp;A well-born
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166 | Catholic Englishman, Throckmorton was given money and guidance by the
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167 | French prince, the duc de Guise. &nbsp;De Guise wished to invade Scotland
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168 | and England simultaneously, murder Elizabeth with the assistance of
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169 | English Catholics, and then place Mary on the throne. &nbsp;Elizabeth's
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170 | great spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham was notoriously suspicious, a trait
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171 | which most (including Elizabeth) often condemned. &nbsp;But in this case,
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172 | his prudence, and an agent named Fagot, foiled the plot. &nbsp;The 30 year
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173 | old Throckmorton was arrested and tortured on the rack before confessing
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174 | everything. &nbsp;He was executed at Tyburn on 10 July 1584. &nbsp;Based
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175 | upon his confession, the complicity of the Spanish ambassador Bernadino de
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176 | Mendoza was discovered; he was expelled from England in January 1584.<BR></P>
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177 | <P>In June 1584, even as Throckmorton awaited execution, the Protestant leader William of Orange was assassinated
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178 | at Delft by a Catholic. &nbsp;Elizabeth's councilors became even more terrified for
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179 | her safety. &nbsp;It did not help matters that France was in the midst of
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180 | terrible religious turmoil. &nbsp;Catherine de Medici had sought to
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181 | placate both parties by tolerating Protestant services; she also married
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182 | her daughter Marguerite to the Protestant prince Henri of Navarre in 1572.
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183 | &nbsp;The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre was the result. &nbsp;Henri had
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184 | saved his own life by renouncing Protestantism, but in 1576 he was able to
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185 | escape imprisonment and publicly embraced his faith again. &nbsp;In 1584,
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186 | King Henri III of France named Henri of Navarre his heir presumptive.
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187 | &nbsp;None of Catherine de Medici's sons had produced a male heir and so the
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188 | throne would pass to a Protestant king.</P>
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189 | <P>This decision led to 'The War of the Three Henrys' and, indirectly,
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190 | Henri III's assassination in 1589 by a Catholic fanatic, Jacques Clement.&nbsp;
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191 | Henri of Navarre was then
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192 | crowned king of France, but was forced to fight against the Catholic
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193 | League. &nbsp;He could not enter Paris until 1594, after once again
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194 | renouncing his faith with the famous remark, 'Paris is well worth a Mass.'
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195 | &nbsp;But he continued at war with Spain for several more years and
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196 | embarked upon a policy of religious toleration which culminated in the
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197 | Edict of Nantes in 1598.<BR></P>
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198 | <P>Elizabeth and her council carefully considered the events in France.
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199 | &nbsp;There were three great Protestant leaders in Europe - Elizabeth I
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200 | (however unwilling she was to accept the role), William of Orange, and
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201 | Henri of Navarre. &nbsp;Of the three, William was assassinated in 1584 and
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202 | Navarre was once again forced to convert. &nbsp;Elizabeth survived
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203 | unscathed, but the Throckmorton plot was a very troubling development.
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204 | &nbsp;It meant that foreign powers were determined to destroy her; there
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205 | would be no more marriage proposals, only a shadowy network of
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206 | plots.<BR></P>
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207 | <P>In October, Cecil and Walsingham were concerned enough to draft the
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208 | 'Bond of Association', a document which pledged protection of the queen
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209 | and destruction of her enemies. &nbsp;Walsingham was now secretary of
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210 | state, having assumed the more onerous duties of that office from Cecil in
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211 | 1568; his focus was primarily on diplomacy and espionage. &nbsp;In January
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212 | 1585, he arranged for Mary, queen of Scots to be moved to Tutbury Castle.&nbsp;
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213 | Her personal papers were minutely examined during the process, without her
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214 | knowledge. Walsingham wished to know all, but without rousing Mary's
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215 | suspicions.</P>
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216 | <P>Elizabeth approved of these plans. &nbsp;She was personally courageous
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217 | and refused to alter her many public appearances for fear of an assassin.
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218 | &nbsp;This caused her councilors many sleepless nights. &nbsp;But they
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219 | could not help but admire her bravery. &nbsp;She also took to keeping a
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220 | small sword beneath her pillow in case of an attack. &nbsp;It was her only
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221 | sign of distress and perfectly in keeping with her pragmatic approach to
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222 | life. &nbsp;The assassins might come, but she would be armed and ready to
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223 | fight<BR><BR>In February 1585, Parliament banished Catholic priests and
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224 | ordered the return of all Englishmen studying at seminaries abroad.
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225 | &nbsp;The 'Bond of<img border="2" src="_httpdocimg_/eliz1-bettes1.jpg" alt="Elizabeth I, painted by John Bettes the Younger, c1580s" align="right" width="350" height="478"> Association' was also given legal force, which meant
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226 | that noncompliance with its terms would be a treasonable offense. &nbsp;It
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227 | would be officially ratified by Parliament in July 1586. &nbsp;And in May,
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228 | relations with Spain deteriorated further when Philip II ordered the
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229 | seizure of English ships in Atlantic ports. &nbsp;Three months later,
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230 | England signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Alliance at Nonsuch Palace, in
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231 | which Elizabeth pledged military assistance to the Protestant Dutch
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232 | rebellion against Spain. &nbsp;Almost 7000 English soldiers under the
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233 | command of Robert Dudley immediately left for the Netherlands.</P>
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234 | <P>It was clear to everyone that conflict between England and Spain was
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235 | fast becoming inevitable. &nbsp;As much as she preferred to prevaricate
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236 | and remain neutral, Elizabeth was being forced to choose sides. &nbsp;The
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237 | problem of Mary, queen of Scots only encouraged Elizabeth's support for
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238 | the Protestant cause.</P>
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239 | <P>In December 1585, Mary was moved to Chartley Manor. &nbsp;Walsingham
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240 | knew she was plotting again, this time with increasing desperation.
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241 | &nbsp;Throckmorton's failure had shaken her badly, though she professed
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242 | innocence. &nbsp;Her exact role in that conspiracy remains unclear; it is
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243 | possible she only knew of it, but did not actively encourage it. &nbsp;But
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244 | she did enthusiastically support the treason of another English Catholic,
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245 | a young man named Sir Anthony Babington.<BR></P>
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246 | <P>Another well-born Englishman, Babington had served as a page in
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247 | Shrewsbury's household during the early years of Mary's imprisonment.
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248 | &nbsp;His romanticized memories of the queen, as well as his passionate
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249 | Catholicism, made him susceptible to the plans of Thomas Morgan, one of
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250 | Mary's trusted agents. &nbsp;In 1580, the 19 year old Babington was
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251 | traveling in France when he met Morgan. &nbsp;After he returned to
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252 | England, he became increasingly associated with Mary's admirers,
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253 | eventually smuggling letters from the French embassy to the imprisoned
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254 | queen.
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255 | &nbsp;Babington was only a half-hearted conspirator, but Walsingham was
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256 | content to use him to lure Mary into a final trap. &nbsp;When Babington
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257 | learned the Catholic priest Ballard planned to murder Elizabeth, he tried
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258 | to escape abroad but Walsingham refused him a passport. &nbsp;Babington
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259 | was frantic and turned to a friend for advice, confessing everything.
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260 | &nbsp;His friend then ran to Walsingham with the information. &nbsp;But
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261 | the queen's secretary of state did not act at once. &nbsp;He sensed this
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262 | was his best opportunity to catch Mary in the act, so to speak, and with
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263 | enough evidence to finally convince Elizabeth of her cousin's complicity.
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264 | &nbsp;The queen's refusal to condemn Mary was no longer a benevolent
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265 | quirk; for her councilors, it was a matter of life and death.<BR></P>
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266 | <P>Walsingham had soon collected a number of letters between Morgan, Mary,
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267 | and Babington. &nbsp;And in one of those, Mary explicitly approved the
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268 | murder of Elizabeth. &nbsp;It was this letter that Walsingham needed.
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269 | &nbsp;When confronted with it, Elizabeth was at first disbelieving and
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270 | then angry. &nbsp;She approved of moving Mary to Fotheringhay Castle and
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271 | sending a commission of statesmen there to investigate the Babington Plot.
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272 | &nbsp;She also sent along a letter to be delivered to her captive cousin.
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273 | &nbsp;It read:<BR></P>
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274 | <BLOCKQUOTE>
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275 | <p>You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my
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276 | life and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never
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277 | proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected
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278 | and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and
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279 | all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and
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280 | peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore require,
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281 | charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well informed
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282 | of your arrogance. <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Act plainly without reserve,
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283 | and you will sooner be able to obtain favour of me.
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284 | <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elizabeth.<BR></p>
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285 | </BLOCKQUOTE>
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286 | <p>Mary defended herself at
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287 | the resulting trial; her most potent argument was that she was a sovereign
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288 | queen and thus not liable to the laws of England. &nbsp;She also denied
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289 | ever plotting the death of Elizabeth. &nbsp;But it was too late. &nbsp;She
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290 | was condemned to death. &nbsp;Elizabeth at first refused to sign the
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291 | warrant for execution, much as she had earlier with Norfolk. &nbsp;It was
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292 | an agonizing decision. &nbsp;There is a possibility she was tricked into
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293 | signing it. &nbsp;Mary was finally beheaded on 8 February 1587. &nbsp;On
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294 | the 14th, Elizabeth sent the following letter to Mary's son, King James VI
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295 | of Scotland:<BR><BR>
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296 | </p>
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297 | <BLOCKQUOTE>
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298 | <p>My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the
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299 | extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which
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300 | (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman
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301 | of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you
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302 | truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you
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303 | that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you
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304 | will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am
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305 | not so base minded that fear of any living creature or Prince should
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306 | make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny the same. I am
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307 | not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But, as not to
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308 | disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my actions, but
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309 | cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring yourself of me, that
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310 | as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it I would never lay it
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311 | on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify myself that thought it
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312 | not. <BR>The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And
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313 | for your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman,
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314 | nor a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more
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315 | carefully to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise
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316 | persuade you, judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in
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317 | haste I leave to trouble you:&nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long
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318 | reign. <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and
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319 | cousin, <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elizabeth R.</p>
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320 | </BLOCKQUOTE>
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321 | <p>Elizabeth had been
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322 | queen for almost thirty years, surviving numerous obstacles and
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323 | conspiracies. &nbsp;Her councilors now believed the greatest threat to her
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324 | reign was over. &nbsp;But they were wrong, as the momentous events of 1588
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325 | would soon prove.</p>
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326 | <p>&nbsp;</p>
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327 | <CENTER>
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328 | <P align="center"><B>
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329 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz5.html">CONTINUE
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330 | READING</a></B> <BR>&nbsp; </P>
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331 | <P align="center"><FONT size=-1><A
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332 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html">to Tudor
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333 | Monarchs</A><BR>
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334 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html">back to Queen
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335 | Elizabeth I, part three</a></FONT><B><BR></B></P>
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336 | <P><b>Visit the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html">Mary,
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337 | queen of Scots Images site</a> to view portraits of the queen, with
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338 | commentary.</b></P>
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339 | </CENTER>
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340 |
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341 |
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342 | </blockquote>
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343 | </blockquote>
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344 | </blockquote>
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345 |
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346 |
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347 |
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349 | <IMG SRC="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&t=1108082759" ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1>
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350 | </Content>
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351 | </Section>
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352 | </Archive>
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