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| 4 | <Section>
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| 5 | <Description>
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| 6 | <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
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| 14 | <Metadata name="Title">Mary Boleyn: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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| 26 | </Description>
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| 27 | <Content>
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| 28 |
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| 29 | <table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="100%" height="667">
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| 30 | <tbody>
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| 31 | <tr>
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| 32 | <td width="25%" height="29"><br>
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| 33 | </td>
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| 34 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="29"> <br>
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| 35 | </td>
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| 36 | <td width="25%" height="29"><br>
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| 37 | </td>
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| 38 | </tr>
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| 39 | <tr>
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| 40 | <td width="25%" height="3"><br>
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| 41 | </td>
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| 42 | <td width="50%" height="3">
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| 43 | <p align="center"> <img border="0"
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| 44 | src="_httpdocimg_/maryboleyn.gif" alt="Mary Boleyn"
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| 45 | width="493" height="144">
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| 46 | </p>
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| 47 | </td>
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| 48 | <td width="25%" height="3"><br>
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| 49 | </td>
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| 50 | </tr>
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| 51 | <tr>
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| 52 | <td width="25%" height="610"><br>
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| 53 | </td>
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| 54 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="610">
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| 55 | <p align="center"> <img border="3"
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| 56 | src="_httpdocimg_/maryboleynunknown.jpg"
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| 57 | width="359" height="480"
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| 58 | alt="portrait of Mary Boleyn by an unknown artist">
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| 59 | </p>
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| 60 |
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| 61 | <blockquote>
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| 62 | <p align="left"><br>
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| 63 | <font face="Arial" size="4">Mary Boleyn was the sister of
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| 64 | King Henry VIII's second wife, the infamous Anne Boleyn. But she was
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| 65 | also the king's mistress before her sister's ascendancy. She may also
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| 66 | have given birth to Henry's son.</font></p>
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| 67 |
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| 68 | <hr> </blockquote>
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| 69 |
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| 70 | <blockquote>
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| 71 | <p align="left"> </p>
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| 72 | </blockquote>
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| 73 | </td>
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| 74 | <td width="25%" height="610"><br>
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| 75 | </td>
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| 76 | </tr>
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| 77 |
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| 78 | </tbody>
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| 79 | </table>
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| 80 |
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| 81 | <blockquote>
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| 82 | <blockquote>
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| 83 | <p>Information about the life of Mary Boleyn is sketchy at best. Before
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| 84 | her sister's ascendancy, Mary was the most famous member of her family, a
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| 85 | dubious honor since it was based upon her adulterous affair with King Henry
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| 86 | VIII. There has been great debate over the exact year of her birth, with
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| 87 | many researchers unable to agree on which Boleyn sister was older. Some
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| 88 | speculate Anne was born in 1501 or 1502; others place it at 1507. The most
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| 89 | recent scholarship supports 1507 as the year of Anne's birth. Mary was
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| 90 | born a year later, in 1508. Their only surviving sibling was an older brother
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| 91 | George, born in 1503. </p>
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| 92 |
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| 93 | <p> Mary was born at Hever Castle, the family seat. She was named
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| 94 | after Princess Mary Tudor, the youngest child of Henry VII and Elizabeth
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| 95 | of York. Her family was loyal to the Tudor dynasty but had Yorkist connections.
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| 96 | Her mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas, earl of Surrey. His
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| 97 | father, the 1st duke of Norfolk, had died fighting for Richard III against
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| 98 | Henry VII. Mary's father, Thomas Boleyn, could trace his ancestry only to
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| 99 | the 13th century. His family was originally from Norfolk where they lived
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| 100 | as tenant farmers. In 1457, a Sir Geoffrey Boleyn was serving as Lord Mayor
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| 101 | of London. He wed Anne, heiress of Lord Hoo and Hastings, and - through
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| 102 | her - acquired Hever Castle in Kent and Blickling Hall in Norfolk. His
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| 103 | son became a knight under Richard III and a baron under Henry VII. He married
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| 104 | a great heiress as well; she was Margaret, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th
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| 105 | earl of Ormond. He was incredibly wealthy and bequeathed Margaret 36
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| 106 | manors. Their eldest child was Thomas Boleyn, Mary's father. Thomas had
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| 107 | married Elizabeth Howard by 1501. Their three surviving children were born
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| 108 | within the next 10 years. </p>
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| 109 |
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| 110 | <p> In 1512, Thomas was one of three envoys assigned to the regent
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| 111 | of Netherlands court. His skill in speaking French and his family connections
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| 112 | secured the appointment. Once there, he was a great success with the regent,
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| 113 | Margaret, archduchess of Austria. He used this friendship to secure a prestigious
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| 114 | appointment for his eldest daughter, Anne; she was to reside with the regent's
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| 115 | wards, sharing their royal education. This is the primary evidence that
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| 116 | Anne was the elder sister. In such cases, the elder sister would receive
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| 117 | the opportunity first. </p>
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| 118 |
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| 119 | <p> However, Mary was married before Anne - an unusual occurrence
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| 120 | and one which led many to believe Mary was older. However, it is completely
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| 121 | plausible that Anne was not married first because she was still in Europe,
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| 122 | gaining a royal education and hoping to wed a foreign nobleman. Mary, on
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| 123 | the other hand, wed a man named William Carey, a gentleman of the royal privy
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| 124 | chamber on 4 February 1520. Though he was not a titled lord, his duties
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| 125 | meant he had intimate contact with the king on a daily basis. He would
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| 126 | be a valuable connection for the Boleyns. Henry used his attendants, with
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| 127 | whom he spent his leisure hours, to carry out government work. Carey was
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| 128 | 24 years old and Mary not quite twelve, young even for 16th century marriage.
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| 129 | The consummation of the marriage was probably delayed for a few years.
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| 130 | </p>
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| 131 |
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| 132 | <p> Mary's wedding was held a few weeks before her father returned
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| 133 | from a mission abroad. This indicates that Thomas Boleyn had planned the
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| 134 | marriage well in advance. The king gave the newlyweds a cash present - 6s.8d.;
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| 135 | this was undoubtedly welcome since William Carey was a younger son and lacked
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| 136 | money and lands. Henry's favor (and, more particularly, Mary's affair with
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| 137 | Henry) helped in this respect - before his death in 1528, William had received
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| 138 | two keeperships, a stewardship, an annuity, and manors in two counties.
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| 139 | As to William's ancestry, he could trace his descent from Edward III; his
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| 140 | mother was a cousin of Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII's mother. His aunt
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| 141 | Catherine Spencer was married to Henry, fifth earl of Northumberland.
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| 142 | </p>
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| 143 |
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| 144 | <p> As William's wife, Mary had lodgings at court, information about
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| 145 | royal policies, and the great opportunity to participate in all court events.
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| 146 | Their first child, Catherine, was born about 1524 when Mary was just sixteen.
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| 147 | Meanwhile, her family continued its ascendancy during these years. Personally,
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| 148 | she and her sister Anne were two of eight women who participated in a celebration
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| 149 | at York Place, Cardinal Wolsey's home. Anne played Perseverance and Mary
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| 150 | was Kindness; they were clothed in white satin with bejeweled headdresses.
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| 151 | This was in 1522; Mary was just fourteen. By the time she was seventeen,
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| 152 | Mary was a first-time mother and Henry VIII's mistress. There is much
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| 153 | circumstantial evidence to support this: </p>
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| 154 |
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| 155 | <blockquote>
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| 156 | <p>* in 1527, Henry was planning to marry Anne Boleyn. He sought and
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| 157 | received a papal dispensation to marry the sister of a woman with whom he
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| 158 | had engaged in illicit/unlawful intercourse. Anne had only one sister -
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| 159 | Mary. </p>
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| 160 |
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| 161 | <p>* Reginald Pole reported the following - in 1528, a member of Parliament
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| 162 | insulted the king's morals by accusing Henry of sleeping with Anne's mother
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| 163 | <i>and</i> sister. Undoubtedly flustered, the king replied: "Never with
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| 164 | her mother." </p>
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| 165 |
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| 166 | <p>* the affair was known of in diplomatic circles - in 1532, Francis
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| 167 | I of France met Mary face-to-face when she accompanied Henry and Anne to
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| 168 | Calais. He mentioned her infamous behavior with her sister's spouse <i>before</i>
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| 169 | the marriage to Anne.</p>
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| 170 | </blockquote>
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| 171 |
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| 172 | <p> The affair was brief, ending in mid-1525 (probably July.) On
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| 173 | 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son, called Henry. He was widely assumed
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| 174 | to be the king's son. He physically resembled the king, a fact often remarked
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| 175 | upon. In 1535, for example, a man called 'young Master Carey' the king's
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| 176 | son. </p>
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| 177 |
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| 178 | <p> Perhaps more telling, Henry granted the Careys actual manors and
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| 179 | estates during the affair and immediately before the child's birth. Before,
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| 180 | the Careys had been granted rather minor offices. (You may recall that
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| 181 | Henry publicly acknowledged another illegitimate son, born in 1519. This
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| 182 | boy was called <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html">Henry
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| 183 | Fitzroy</a> - the surname traditionally given to royal bastards - and was
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| 184 | ennobled, given the title duke of Richmond. If Henry Carey was also his
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| 185 | son, why didn't Henry do the same for him? The answer lies in his determination
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| 186 | to divorce Katharine of Aragon and marry <a
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| 187 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html">Anne Boleyn</a>,
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| 188 | the child's aunt. It is likely that even Henry VIII would have been too
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| 189 | embarrassed to recognize his bastard son by his fiancee's younger sister.)
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| 190 | Henry Carey was eventually ennobled as Lord Hunsdon by Elizabeth I, the
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| 191 | queen who may have been his half-sister and was undoubtedly his cousin.
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| 192 | Though he served her ably, Elizabeth only offered Hunsdon a title upon
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| 193 | his deathbed. To this dubious honor, the old man aptly replied that if
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| 194 | the queen hadn't thought him worth it while he was in health, he would not
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| 195 | accept it while ill.</p>
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| 196 |
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| 197 | <p> Mary Boleyn was referenced in <a
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| 198 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html">Henry's love letters
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| 199 | to Anne</a> in 1528, the year her husband died. William had asked Mary to
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| 200 | seek her sister's influence with the king; his elder sister, Eleanor, wanted
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| 201 | the position of abbess at St Edith's Nunnery. The nuns wanted their prioress
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| 202 | elevated to the position instead. Anne asked the king to intervene. In
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| 203 | the end, Eleanor's dubious moral destroyed her chances. But the episode
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| 204 | demonstrates Anne's willingness to help Mary; also, Mary clearly expected
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| 205 | to benefit from her sister's closeness to the king. </p>
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| 206 |
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| 207 | <p> William Carey died on 23 June 1528 and Henry VIII promptly granted
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| 208 | Anne Boleyn the wardship of her nephew (and possibly his son), two-year-old
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| 209 | Henry Carey. In another letter to Anne, Henry remarked upon Mary's easy
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| 210 | virtue. He and Anne were concerned that, after William's death, Mary's behavior
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| 211 | would degenerate; in other words, she would be an embarrassment to the king
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| 212 | and his intended wife. </p>
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| 213 |
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| 214 | <p> In November 1530, Henry gave Anne 20 pds to redeem a jewel from
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| 215 | Mary; it was probably a gambling debt. Two years later, Mary was one of
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| 216 | thirty ladies who accompanied Henry and Anne on a visit to France (colorfully
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| 217 | known to history as 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold'.) They stayed in Calais
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| 218 | in late October, attending various events with Francis I; ostensibly, they
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| 219 | were celebrating a new peace agreement. But it was also a chance to present
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| 220 | Anne to a foreign king. When Henry wed Anne in 1533, Mary became a lady-in-waiting
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| 221 | to her sister. It was only in 1534 that she and Anne had a serious conflict.
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| 222 | </p>
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| 223 |
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| 224 | <p> In 1534, Mary secretly married William Stafford. He was the younger
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| 225 | son of Humphrey Stafford of Blatherwick in Northampton. This marriage was
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| 226 | a disaster for her, excepting her personal happiness. Mary undoubtedly loved
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| 227 | Stafford, a soldier she had met at Calais (he had been part of Henry VIII's
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| 228 | retinue.) But her relatives - all newly ennobled and very self-conscious
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| 229 | about their status - were outraged. He was a commoner, not fit for the queen's
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| 230 | sister. Accordingly, Mary and her new husband were banished from court.
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| 231 | (It is quite possible that her relatives planned to wed Mary to a nobleman,
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| 232 | further cementing their rise to prominence; instead, her marriage was a
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| 233 | step backwards socially.) In late 1534, while her father and brother received
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| 234 | numerous grants, titles, and other gifts, Mary was reduced to begging Thomas
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| 235 | Cromwell for assistance. Would he speak to Henry on her behalf? Mary hoped
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| 236 | Henry would persuade Anne to forgive her but her former lover was less than
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| 237 | helpful. So Mary asked Cromwell to speak to her father, her uncle, and
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| 238 | her brother. </p>
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| 239 |
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| 240 | <p> Meanwhile, her son was still living with his aunt, Queen Anne.
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| 241 | He was being tutored by the great French poet, Nicholas Bourbon, clearly
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| 242 | benefiting from the wardship. His mother's life between 1534 and her sister's
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| 243 | execution in 1536 is difficult to trace. She seems to have resided at Rochford
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| 244 | in Essex from the time of her disgrace to her death on 19 July 1543. When
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| 245 | her sister fell into disfavor and Henry sought a divorce, his earlier affair
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| 246 | with Mary was mentioned. Perhaps this would justify an annulment, even as
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| 247 | Katharine of Aragon's marriage to his brother had? But no one seriously
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| 248 | considered this (after all, there had been a papal dispensation) and it was
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| 249 | more expedient to press other charges. Mary did not visit her sister when
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| 250 | Anne was imprisoned in the Tower. Nor did she visit their brother George,
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| 251 | also condemned to death. There is no evidence that she wrote to them.
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| 252 | Like their uncle, the duke of Norfolk, she may have thought it wise to avoid
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| 253 | association with her disgraced relatives. </p>
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| 254 |
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| 255 | <p> Mary lived to see her children gain some royal favor. Her teenage
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| 256 | daughter Catherine (born 1524) was appointed a maid of honor to Anne of Cleves,
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| 257 | Henry VIII's fourth wife. Sometime in 1540, Catherine made a good match,
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| 258 | marrying Sir Francis Knollys, a popular member of Henry VIII's household.
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| 259 | Catherine also became one of her cousin Elizabeth Tudor's closest friends.
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| 260 | Her daughter, Lettice Knollys, would later marry Elizabeth's great love,
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| 261 | Robert Dudley; her son, the earl of Essex, would also be one of Elizabeth's
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| 262 | favorites (though eventually executed for treason.) Henry Carey, whose paternity
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| 263 | was the subject of such speculation, would be ennobled as Lord Hunsdon in
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| 264 | Elizabeth's reign. Elizabeth was kind to her Boleyn relatives, especially
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| 265 | Mary's children. Twenty-two years after Anne Boleyn's execution, a Boleyn
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| 266 | was sole ruler of England. It was a triumph few could have predicted.</p>
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| 267 |
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| 268 | <p> </p>
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| 269 |
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| 270 | <hr width="100%">
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| 271 | <p> <font size="2">Some other stuff about Mary Boleyn that I've found:
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| 272 | </font> </p>
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| 273 |
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| 274 | <p><font size="2">* Mary was considered more conventionally beautiful
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| 275 | than Anne but lacked her sister's style and wit. <br>
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| 276 | * As a child, Mary was taught French by Mademoiselle Semmonet; she also
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| 277 | studied music (practicing on the lute, harp, viol, and virginals.) <br>
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| 278 | * Mary also spent time in Archduchess Margaret's service; she was removed
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| 279 | in 1518/19 by her father and placed in Katharine of Aragon's service.
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| 280 | <br>
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| 281 | * Anne and George Boleyn were very close and reportedly had little use
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| 282 | for their sister, Mary. (This was reported by several foreign ambassadors.)
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| 283 | </font> </p>
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| 284 |
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| 285 | <p><font size="2">Note: I have read that Mary Boleyn accompanied Princess
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| 286 | Mary Tudor to France, as a lady-in-waiting. However, the trip occurred in
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| 287 | 1515; Mary would have been just 7 years old - so the assertion seems unlikely.
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| 288 | </font> </p>
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| 289 |
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| 290 | <p><font size="2">So the following questions remain: <br>
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| 291 | * did she accompany Mary to France? <br>
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| 292 | * did she use her influence with Mary Tudor to get Anne a position
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| 293 | as lady-in-waiting to Katharine of Aragon (thus allowing Henry VIII and
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| 294 | Anne to meet?) This has been mentioned in several books but, as I stated,
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| 295 | it would mean Mary was a lady-in-waiting at the age of seven. </font> </p>
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| 296 |
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| 297 | <p><font size="-1">I have used the spelling 'Boleyn' instead of 'Bullen'
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| 298 | for one simple reason - it is how the family chose to spell it when they
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| 299 | first rose to prominence. Certainly they thought 'Boleyn' was more elegant
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| 300 | - I'll stay mum on that issue, but since most history texts also use 'Boleyn',
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| 301 | it remains less confusing than switching between two surnames.</font></p>
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| 302 |
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| 303 | <p align="center"><b> <font face="Times New Roman"> <a
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| 304 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html">Visit the
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| 305 | Anne Boleyn website</a>.</font></b></p>
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| 306 |
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| 307 | <center>
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| 308 | <p><font size="-1"><a
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| 309 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to Tudor Citizens</a></font><br>
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| 310 | <font size="-1"><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
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| 311 | England<br>
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| 312 | </a></font></p>
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| 313 |
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| 314 | <p><font size="-1"><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html"><br>
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| 315 | </a></font></p>
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| 316 | </center>
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| 317 | </blockquote>
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| 318 | </blockquote>
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| 319 | <br>
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| 320 | <script type="text/javascript"><!--
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| 334 | </Section>
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| 335 | </Archive>
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