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    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</Metadata>
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    <Metadata name="Title">Pages 1-10</Metadata>
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    <Metadata name="Title">Page 1</Metadata>
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&lt;div id=&quot;page1&quot;&gt;

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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page1.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:166px; top:74px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:14px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Applications for Bibliometric Research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:184px; top:98px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:14px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;in the Emerging Digital Libraries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:246px; top:147px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Sally Jo Cunningham&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:219px; top:171px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Department of Computer Science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:245px; top:195px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;University of Waikato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:240px; top:219px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:226px; top:243px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;email: [email protected]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:291px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Abstract: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Large numbers of research documents have recently become available on&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:315px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the Internet through “digital libraries”, and these collections are seeing high levels of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:339px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;use by their related research communities. A secondary use for these document&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:363px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;repositories and indexes is as a platform for bibliometric research. We examine the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:387px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;extent to which the new digital libraries support conventional bibliometric analysis, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:411px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;discuss shortcomings in their current forms. Interestingly, these electronic text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:435px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;archives also provide opportunities for new types of studies: generally the full text of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:459px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;documents are available for analysis, giving a finer grain of insight than abstract-only&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:483px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;online databases; these repositories often contain technical reports or pre-prints, the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:507px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;“grey literature” that has been previously unavailable for analysis; and document&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:531px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;“usage” can be measured directly by recording user accesses, rather than studied&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:555px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;indirectly through document references.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:603px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;1. Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:639px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;In recent years a number of &amp;quot;digital libraries&amp;quot; have become available through the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:663px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Internet. While the technology promises in the future to support large, heterogenous&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:687px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;collections, at present the most widely used of the academically-focussed digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:711px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;libraries are generally repositories of one or two types of document (typically technical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:735px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p1f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;reports, journal articles, pre-prints, or conference proceedings), grouped by discipline.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page2.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;A distinguishing characteristic of these digital libraries is that the full text of documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;are often available for retrieval, as well as bibliographic records.The sciences are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;represented much more heavily in the present crop of digital libraries than the social&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;sciences, arts, or humanities. They are maintained by professional societies,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;universities, research laboratories, and even private individuals. Access is generally&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;free, both to search and to download documents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;The emergence of these subject-specific digital libraries is particularly important&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;given the pattern of access to materials presently employed by research scientists.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Informal exchanges of preprints, reprints, and photocopies of papers passed on by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;colleagues currently are major venues for the transmission of scientific information&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;between researchers in the sciences. In one study, the dependence on these sources&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;ranges from 12% (for chemistry) to 39% (for mathematics) of all papers cited in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;researchers' own publications [11]. A qualitative study of study of how computer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;scientists locate and retrieve documents (computing is one of the domains considered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;later in this paper) indicates that for that field, technical reports and research documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;found in various locations on the Internet are a preferred source of information [6].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Many of the digital library systems discussed in this paper are repositories for just this&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;type of literature. The documents tend to be of high quality: primarily technical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;reports or working papers from research institutions (both academic and commercial),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;as well as advance copies of work accepted for publication in conventional paper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;journals. Moreover, these digital libraries are also coming to include refereed work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;published digitally (in electronic journals). Anecdotal evidence suggests that in their&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;fields, these digital libraries are coming to be the resource of choice for locating cutting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:624px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;edge work.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;For specialized subjects such as high energy physics, this dependence on&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:672px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;informal or extra-library dissemination can be much higher. Ginsparg ([9], [10])&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;reports that fields in physics have traditionally relied heavily on preprint exchanges, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the digital repositories of physics preprints begun in 1991 (the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PHYSICS E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PRINT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:744px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;ARCHIVES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p2f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;) have to a large extent supplanted conventional publishing and physical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



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  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 3</Metadata>
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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background3&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page3.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;paper mailing of technical reports. By providing ready access to information sources&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;that are already preferentially utilized by scientists, the digital libraries show potential to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;increase access to information that until recently was expensive or difficult to acquire in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;paper form. Indeed, in some fields (most notably physics) this process has already&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;begun, as researchers in less developed countries report access to ongoing research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;through the Internet repositories that their local libraries could not afford to acquire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;through conventional journal subscriptions ([9], [10]).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;The primary use for new bibliographic resources is, of course, for the contents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;of the documents involved. A secondary use for emerging resources is as a basis for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliometric analysis of the subject field. With the conventionally published scientific&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;literature, the sheer difficulty of accumulating statistics discouraged bibliometric&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;research until the advent of large bibliographic databases in the 1960's. Computerized&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographic databases sparked a significant increase in the number of large-scale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographic studies, as significant portions of the collection and analysis of data could&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;be automated ([12], [13]). The availability of CD-ROM versions of bibliographic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;databases has been of particular importance, since they provide a cheaper alternative to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the online commercial databases [3].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;These computerized bibliographic resources have drawbacks, however. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;greatest is that the full text of documents are rarely available, and even abstracts are not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;always present. This obviously limits the types of bibliometric research that can be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;conducted &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;solely &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;through these databases. In addition, these databases are generally&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;limited to formally published documents (those appearing in selected books, journals,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;and conference proceedings). The &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; of technical reports, pre-prints, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:624px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;other works not formally published are largely ignored, and it is this absence of easy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;access to these documents that has hampered the analysis of these important forms of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:672px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;scientific communication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;The digital libraries currently in existence complement the online and CD-ROM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographic databases. They are best suited for examinations of the &amp;quot;physical&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:744px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p3f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;characteristics of documents (for example, document length), analysis based on&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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    <Metadata name="Title">Page 4</Metadata>
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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background4&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page4.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographic information that can be automatically extracted from the document text or&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the sometimes unevenly formatted bibliographic records (such as obsolescence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;studies), and usage studies (geographic or institutional origin of users, date/time of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;access, individual patterns of document retrieval, etc.). Because references are present&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;in the document file but not identified by field, co-citation and bibliographic coupling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;research is not well-supported, and conducting these studies requires considerable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;effort on the part of the researcher.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;The variety of bibliographic repositories in the available digital libraries in itself&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;has great potential in conducting bibliometric research. Sigogneau et al [15] present a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;case study illustrating the ways in which the strengths of different databases can be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;played off each other; they conduct a fine-grained analysis of the emergence of research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;fronts in molecular and cellular biology, and demonstrate that the observations gleaned&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;from two complementary bibliographic databases provide greater insight into their&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;problem. Similarly, it appears that the types of bibliographic data that can be gleaned&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;from the relatively unstructured digital libraries can be profitably combined with data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;from online databases, CD-ROMS, and other more conventional bibliographic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;resources.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the types of indexing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;and searching available with current digital libraries; Section 3 gives examples of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;conventional bibliometric techniques applied to Internet-accessible archives; Section 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;discusses opportunities to directly measure usage of documents and to detect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;information-seeking patterns in researchers; and Section 5 presents our conclusions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:636px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;2. Indexing and searching in current digital libraries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:684px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;At present, the types of indexing fields for most academically-oriented digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:708px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;library systems are limited. Many schemes index on user-supplied document&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:732px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;descriptions, abstracts, or similar document surrogates (for example, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PHYSICS E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:756px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PRINT ARCHIVE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p4f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[10], a collection of physics pre-prints and technical reports). As will&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



</Content>
</Section>
<Section>
  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 5</Metadata>
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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background5&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page5.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;be discussed below, the quality of this user-provided data can be highly variable, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;may unfavorably impact the usefulness of the index for searching. Alternatively, a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;designated site librarian may maintain a catalog (eg, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;WATERS &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[14] system, now&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;subsumed by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;NCSTRL &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;http://www.ncstrl.org/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;), both primarily collections of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;computer science technical reports); in this case the quality of the bibliographic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;information may be expedited to be higher, but fewer sites will be likely to support&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;such a librarian and therefore fewer documents are likely to be included in the digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;library. In a “harvesting” system such as the computer science technical report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;collections supported by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;HARVEST &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[2] or the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;computer science technical report collection ([16], [17]), documents are indexed from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;passive repositories (that may not even be aware that their documents are being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;included in the digital library). Harvesting systems therefore cannot rely on the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;presence of bibliographic data of any sort.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Because of the relative paucity of high-quality bibliographic data available to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;many of the current academically- or research-focussed digital library collections, their&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;search interfaces tend to be more primitive than those ordinarily found in online&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographic databases or library catalogs. Systems such as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;NCSTRL &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;can support&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;author, title, and subject searching, but this more sophisticated search functionality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;comes at the expense of requiring participating repositories to use specific software. As&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;a consequence, these latter systems may provide access to a small number of sites than&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;harvesting systems. Harvesters may access a broader range of providers, but at the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;penalty of being limited to unfielded, keyword searches over the raw text of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;document or document surrogate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Specifically, the indexing in existing digital libraries has a variety of shortcomings for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:672px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliometric applications:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;lack of fielded indexing: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;As noted above, some large and widely used digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;libraries (such as the computer science technical report collection of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;NEW&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:744px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p5f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;) may lack formal cataloging entirely, and rely on&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



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<Section>
  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 6</Metadata>
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&lt;div id=&quot;page6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; height: 842px; width: 595px;&quot;&gt;&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;

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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background6&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page6.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;keyword searching over the raw document text. Obviously this makes field-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;dependent analysis more difficult (for example, locating documents produced by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;specific authors), and in the worst case my require a manual examination of all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;files in the collection in order to reliably identify a desired document subset.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;However, keyword search techniques that approximate fielded searching results&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;may suffice: for example in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;computer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;science technical report collection, limiting the keyword search for “Johnson”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;to a search of first pages only is likely to retrieve documents written by Johnson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(since for the majority of computer science technical reports, the first page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;contains little more than author, title, date, and institution details).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;A more principled approach to extracting bibliographic information is embodied&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;in the CiteSeer tool [1]. This software parses raw, unfielded academic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;documents and attempts to identify such indexing information as author, title,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;reference list, etc. Obviously such a tool cannot attain 100% accuracy over a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;heterogenous document collection, but in practice it appears useful in that it can&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;make a good first pass in processing a set of documents, providing an initial set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;of parsed documents for analysis. The remaining (presumably much smaller) set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;of unparsable documents can then be dealt with manually.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;lack of consistency in field formatting: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Current digital libraries usually acquire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographic information from either the authors of submitted articles or&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;automatic extraction routines (retrieving bibliographic details from catalog files&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:624px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;that may or may not be in a given document site, and that may or may not be in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;an easily parsable form). Neither of these methods produce records with&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:672px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;standard formatting, which causes problems with automated bibliometric&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;analysis. Consider the following examples selected from entries in the hep-th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(high energy physics) collection of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PHYSICS E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PRINT ARCHIVES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p6f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

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<Section>
  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 7</Metadata>
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&lt;div id=&quot;page7&quot;&gt;

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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background7&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page7.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(i) Authors: A. Yu. Alekseev, V. Schomerus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(ii) Authors: Adel Bilal and Ian. I. Kogan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(iii) Authors: Paul S. Aspinwall and David R. Morrison (with an appendix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:162px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;by Mark Gross)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(iv) Authors: A. H. Chamseddine and Herbi Dreiner (ETH-Zurich)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;In this case, typical for existing digital libraries, there is no standardized format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;for authors' names (here, appearing with full names, initials plus last name, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;a mixture of the two); no standard convention for separating author names&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(here, either a comma or &amp;quot;and&amp;quot; are used); and parenthetical information can&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;include a variety of information such as the name of an associate author or the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;institutional affiliations of an author. Manual processing or specially crafted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;software would be required to reformat these fields for analysis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;duplicate entries: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Digital libraries that draw documents from a variety of sources&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;may inadvertently contain duplicate items. Unfortunately, the irregular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;formatting of the bibliographic information makes it difficult to automatically&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;detect these duplicates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;implicit field tagging: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;In some repositories, items are not explicitly tagged with&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;certain types of information – most commonly the document's date of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;publication or production. Instead, the date is implicit in the document's title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(eg, its numeration in a technical report series) or in the location of the document&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:624px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;in the file structure of the repository (eg, separate directories exist for each&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;year). A second common piece of implicit data is the authors’ institutional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:672px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;affiliations. This may be contained in the document itself (typically on a cover&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;page), or may be implicit in the document’s location (for example, a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p7f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;corporation’s technical reports are stored in its ftp repository). Again, in these&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



</Content>
</Section>
<Section>
  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 8</Metadata>
  </Description>
  <Content>

&lt;div id=&quot;page8&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; height: 842px; width: 595px;&quot;&gt;&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;

.txt { white-space:nowrap; }

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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background8&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page8.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;cases special processing is required to append this field information to a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:125px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;document record for bibliometric analysis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;extraction of document text: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Few of the documents stored in the research-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;oriented digital libraries discussed in this paper are straight ascii text; instead,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;documents may appear in a variety of file formats, such as LaTeX, PostScript,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PDF, etc. If the contents of the documents are to be automatically processed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(for example, to count the words in a document, or to extract reference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;publication dates for an obsolescence study), then the text must be extracted.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Utilities are available to convert most common document formats to ascii.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;It is likely that many of these problems will be addressed as the Internet-based&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;document indexing systems mature. Even minor changes can greatly increase the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;useability of a bibliographic database for bibliometric research. For example, the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;addition of an explicit date tag to many online databases in 1975 sparked new&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;applications in time series research [3].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;3. Opportunities for applications of bibliometric techniques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;One type of bibliometric research concentrates on quantifying fundamental,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;structural details about a subject literature: how many items are published, how many&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;authors are publishing, over what time period documents are likely to be used, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;More complex studies analyze the relationships between documents, such as how&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:624px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;documents cluster into subjects. The following examples give a flavour of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliometric research that is possible using the emerging digital libraries:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;examining the “physical” characteristics of archived documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;One relatively straightforward type of bibliometric study characterizes the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:744px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p8f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;formats of different literatures. For example, Figure 1 presents a the range of the size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



</Content>
</Section>
<Section>
  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 9</Metadata>
  </Description>
  <Content>

&lt;div id=&quot;page9&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; height: 842px; width: 595px;&quot;&gt;&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;

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.p9f0 { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; }

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&lt;/style&gt;

&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background9&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page9.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;of computer science technical reports as measured by their length in pages. Of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;45,720 documents in the CSTR collection as of April 1998, nearly 1600 did not contain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;page divisions in their files (and hence are excluded from analysis). Note that the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;number of pages in the shorter documents (&amp;lt;50 pages) falls into an approximately&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;normal distribution (slightly skewed to the left), while presumably the longer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;documents represent Masters’ and Doctoral theses. A surprising number of documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;are very short (between one and 5 pages); these may represent the type of condensed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;results frequently found in the “technical notes”, “short papers”, and “poster sessions”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;of computing conferences and journals. The average number of pages per document,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;27.5, appears to be slightly longer than the common upper bound for a computing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;journal article, although this observation must be confirmed by a similar study of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;lengths of formally published computing articles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;This type of analysis is of particular interest for technical reports, since they&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;have not been studied in the same detail as formally published papers. A comparison of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the physical characteristics of the formal and informal literature could provide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;supporting evidence for common beliefs about the relationship between the two types&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;of documents. For example, do publishing constraints force journal and proceedings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;articles to be shorter than technical reports, and therefore presumably omit technical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;details of findings? Do technical reports contain more/less extensive reference sections?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;If reference sections of technical reports are longer than those of published articles, then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;citation links are being ommitted in published works; if technical reports contain fewer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;references, then this may confirm earlier indications that computer scientists tend to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;“research first” and do literature surveys later [6].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Figure 1. Range of sizes of CS technical reports, measured by number of pages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;obsolescence studies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;A document is considered obsolete when it is no longer referenced by the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:744px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p9f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;current literature. Typically, documents receive their greatest number and frequency of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



</Content>
</Section>
<Section>
  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 10</Metadata>
  </Description>
  <Content>

&lt;div id=&quot;page10&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; height: 842px; width: 595px;&quot;&gt;&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;

.txt { white-space:nowrap; }

.p10f0 { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; }

.p10f1 { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; }

.p10f2 { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic; }

.p10f3 { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; }

&lt;/style&gt;

&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background10&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page10.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;citations immediately after publication, and the frequency of citation falls rapidly as time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;passes. One technique for estimating the obsolescence rate of a body of literature– the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;synchronous &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;method – is to find the median date in the references of the documents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;This median date is subtracted from the year of publication for the documents, yielding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;median citation age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;. As would be expected, this median varies between the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;disciplines. Typically the social sciences and arts have a higher median citation age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;than the “hard” sciences and engineering, indicating that documents obsolesce more&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;quickly for the latter fields.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;As noted in Section 2, references are not generally explicitly tagged in existing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;digital repositories. However, reference dates can usually be extracted from the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;document text by first locating the reference section (usually delimited by a &amp;quot;references&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;or &amp;quot;bibliography&amp;quot; section heading), and then extracting all numbers in the appropriate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;ranges for dates for the field under study.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;To illustrate this process, 188 technical reports were sampled from Internet-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:407px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;accessible repositories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:6px;vertical-align:super;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;and used as source documents for a synchronous obsolescence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;study. Conveniently, the repositories chosen organize technical reports into sub-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;directories by their date of publication. The reference dates for each technical report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;were automatically extracted by software that scanned the document’s file for numbers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;of the form 19XX, since previous studies indicate that few if any computing reports&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;reference documents published in previous centuries [5]. Table 1 presents the median&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;citation age calculated for these documents, broken down by repository and the year of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;publication for the source documents from which the reference dates were extracted:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:624px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Table 1. Median citation ages for technical report repositories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:672px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;The median citation age ranges between 2 and 4 years, which is consistent with&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;previous examinations of computing and information systems literature ([5], [4]).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;When graphed, the distribution of reference dates show the exponential curve typically&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:744px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p10f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;found in obsolescence studies, including the final droop due to an “immediacy effect”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



</Content>
</Section>
</Section>
<Section>
  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Pages 11-20</Metadata>
  </Description>
  <Content>

</Content>
<Section>
  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 11</Metadata>
  </Description>
  <Content>

&lt;div id=&quot;page11&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; height: 842px; width: 595px;&quot;&gt;&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;

.txt { white-space:nowrap; }

.p11f0 { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; }

.p11f1 { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; }

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&lt;/style&gt;

&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background11&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page11.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;as fewer very new documents are available for citation [7]. These types of results&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;provide confirmation that references used in computer science technical reports (the pre-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;eminent “grey literature” of the computing field) conforms to the same patterns as&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;references found in the formally published literature.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;co-citation and bibliographic coupling studies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;The rate at which documents cite each other (co-citation) or cite the same&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;documents (bibliographic coupling) can be used to produce &amp;quot;maps&amp;quot; of a subject&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;literature. These techniques rely on analysis of the references of documents, and these&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;references must be in a common format. While digital libraries contain full text of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;documents, their references are not standardized, and indeed are not even tagged as&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;such. To perform these studies the references must be manually extracted and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;processed–a tedious process that is only worthwhile for documents (such as technical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;reports) that are not included in existing citation databases such as the Science Citation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Index and Social Science Citation Index.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;detecting cycles or regularities in the rate of production of research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Analysis of trends in the production of technical reports can give indications&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;about working conditions that affect research; for example, is more research produced&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;over the summer, when the teaching load is lighter? or is research steadily produced&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;throughout the year?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Figure 2. Distribution of the number of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Figures 2 and 3 present statistics on document accumulation in the hep-th (high&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:672px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;energy physics) e-print server, a part of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PHYSICS E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PRINT ARCHIVE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;. This system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;is one of the oldest formal pre-print archives, and has become the primary means for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;information dissemination in its field. Examination of these figures reveals several&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:744px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p11f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;trends. Clearly the absolute number of documents deposited in the repository has&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



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  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 12</Metadata>
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&lt;div id=&quot;page12&quot;&gt;

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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background12&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page12.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;tended to increase over the time period. For all three years, research production has its&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;lowest point in January and February, increases through May and June, then decreases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;until August and September. At that point the rate of production steps up, reaching a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;yearly peak in November and December. This pattern is less clear for 1992, which&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;might be expected as the archive was established in mid-1991.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:93px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Figure 3. Distribution of the percentage of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;4. Analysis of usage data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;The emerging Internet-based digital libraries will permit research on scientific&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;information collection and use at a much finer grain than is possible with current paper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;libraries or online bibliographic databases. Current bibliometric or scientometric&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;research of this type must measure information use indirectly – for example, through&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;examination of the list of references appended to published articles. However, it is well&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;known that authors do not necessarily include in the reference list all documents that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;could have been cited, and conversely that not all references listed may have been&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;actually “used” in performing the research; citation behavior can be affected by a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;number of motivating factors (Garfield lists &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;15 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;possible reasons in [8]).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Digital library transaction logs provide a powerful tool for direct analysis of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;document “usage”: since digital libraries contain the actual document (rather than only a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;document surrogate), the relative amount of “use” that a digital library’s clients make of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;a given document sees can be estimated from the number of times the document file is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:624px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;downloaded (and, presumably, the document is read). Note that file downloading is a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;much stronger statement on the part of the user than, for example, having a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:672px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographic record appear in the query result set for a conventional bibliographic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;system; the user downloads only &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;after &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the document has been found potentially relevant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;through examination of its document surrogate. Additionally, downloading is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:744px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p12f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;frequently time-consuming and sometimes costly (depending on local pricing for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



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  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 13</Metadata>
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&lt;div id=&quot;page13&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; height: 842px; width: 595px;&quot;&gt;&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;

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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background13&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page13.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Internet access). Downloaded documents are therefore highly likely at least to be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;scanned, if not read closely. The transaction logs for a digital library can provide a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;global picture of the use of documents in the collection, since all user interactions with&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the library can be automatically logged for analysis. By contrast, it is of course&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;impossible to track usage of print bibliographies, and very difficult to monitor usage of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographic data available on CD-ROM across more than one or two sites.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Furthermore, analysis of search requests by geographic location, institution,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;and sometimes even individual user are also possible. As an example, Table 2 presents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;a portion of the summary of usage statistics (broken down by domain code) for queries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;to the computer science technical collection of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Examination of the data indicates that the heaviest use of the collection comes from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;North America, Europe (particularly Germany and Finland), as well as the local New&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Zealand community and nearby Australia. As expected for such a collection, a large&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;proportion of users are from educational (.edu) institutions; surprisingly, however, a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;similar number of queries come from commercial (.com) organizations, indicating&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;perhaps that the documents are seeing use in commercial research and development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;units.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:492px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Table 2. Accesses to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;CS collection by Domain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Code&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:555px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Of course, usage levels can also be further broken down by IP number&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:579px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(indicating institutions), and systems requiring users to register may also be able to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:603px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;analyze usage on an individual basis. Since the query strings themselves are also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:627px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;recorded in the transaction logs, this domain/institution/individual activity could also be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:651px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;linked to specific subjects through the query terms. Summaries of this type could be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:675px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;invaluable for studies of geographic diffusion and distribution of research topics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:699px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Transaction log analysis can also indicate time-related patterns in the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:723px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;information seeking behavior of digital library users. As a sample of this type of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:747px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p13f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;analysis, Paul Ginsparg notes a seven day periodicity in the number of search requests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



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    <Metadata name="Title">Page 14</Metadata>
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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background14&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page14.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;made to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PHYSICS E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;PRINT &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;archives (Figure 4, reproduced from [9]). From this he&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;adduces that many physicists do not yet have weekend access to the Internet (an&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;alternative, slightly more cynical hypothesis is that even high energy theoretical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;physicists take the weekend off).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:128px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Figure 4. Summary of search requests to the physics pre-print archives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;5. Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;This study suggests opportunities for conducting bibliometric research on the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;evolving digital libraries. These repositories are suitable platforms for conventional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliometric techniques (such as obsolescence studies, quantification of physical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;characteristics of documents comprising a subject literature, time analysis, etc.). The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;ability to directly monitor access to documents in digital libraries also enables&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;researchers to explicitly quantify document usage, as well as to implicitly measure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;usage through citations. Additional facilities could aid in the performance of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographic experiments, such as: improved tagging of document fields; provision of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;utilities to strip out titles, authors, etc. from common document formats; and the ability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;to easily eliminate duplicate entries from downloaded library subsets. Unfortunately,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the most useful of these additional facilities – those associated with a higher degree of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;cataloging – run counter to the underlying philosophy of many digital libraries: to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;avoid, if possible, manual processing and formal cataloging of documents. While&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;adherence to this principle can limit the accuracy of fielded searching (or indeed,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:624px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;preclude it altogether), it can also avoid the cataloging bottleneck and permit digital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:648px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;libraries to provide access to larger numbers of documents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:672px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;The digital libraries complement the information currently available through&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;paper, online, and CD-ROM bibliographic resources. While these latter databases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;generally have the advantage of standardized formatting of bibliographic fields, the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:744px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p14f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;digital libraries are freely accessible, often contain &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; that is otherwise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;



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  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 15</Metadata>
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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background15&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page15.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;unavailable for analysis, and generally make the full text of documents available. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;insights gained from analysis of digital libraries will add to the store of &amp;quot;information&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;about information&amp;quot; that we have gained from older types of bibliographic repositories.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:94px; top:204px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[1] Bollacker, K.D., S. Lawrence, and C.L.Giles, CiteSeer: An Autonomous Web&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:228px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Agent for Automatic Retrieval and Identification of Interesting Publications,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:252px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:276px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(Minneapolis/St. Paul, May 9-13), 1998.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:94px; top:300px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[2] Bowman, C.M., P.B. Danzig, U. Manber, and M.F. Schwartz, Scalable Internet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:324px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;resource discovery: Research problems and approaches, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Communications of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:348px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;the ACM 37(8) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1994) 98-107.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:372px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[3] Burton, Hilary D. , Use of a virtual information system for bibliometric analysis,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:396px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Informaton Processing &amp;amp; Management 24(1) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1988) 39-44.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:94px; top:420px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[4] Cunningham, S.J., An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:444px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;information systems literature, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Library and Information Science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:468px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;., 1996, http://library.fgcu.edu/iclc/lisrissu.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:97px; top:492px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[5] Cunningham, S.J., and D. Bocock, Obsolescence of computing literature.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:516px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Scientometrics 34(2) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1995), pp. 255-262.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:97px; top:540px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[6] Cunningham, S.J. and Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Information searching&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:564px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;preferences and practices of computer science researchers, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Proceedings of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:588px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;OZCHI '96 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1996) 294-299.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:94px; top:612px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[7] de Solla Price, D.J., Citation measures of hard science, soft science, technology,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:636px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;and nonscience. In: C.E. Nelson and D.K. Pollock (eds), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Communication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:660px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;among scientists and engineers &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(Heath Lexington, 1970).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:696px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[8] Garfield, E., &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Citation Indexing: Its theory and application in Science, Technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:720px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f3&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;and Humanities (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p15f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Wiley, 1979).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

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  <Description>
    <Metadata name="Title">Page 16</Metadata>
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&lt;img class=&quot;background&quot; height=&quot;842&quot; id=&quot;background16&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/page16.png&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px;&quot; width=&quot;595&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:72px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[9] Ginsparg, P. After dinner remarks: 14 Oct ‘94 APS meeting at LANL, 1994&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(&amp;lt;URL: http://xxx.lanl.gov/blurb&amp;gt; ).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:120px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[10] Ginsparg, P., First steps towards electronic research communication, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Computers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:144px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;in Physics 8(4) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1994) 390-401.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:168px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[11] Hallmark, J., Scientists' access and retrieval of references cited in their recent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:192px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;journal articles, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;College and Research Libraries 55(3) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1994) 199-210.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:216px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[12] Hawkins, D.T. , Unconventional uses of on-line information retrieval systems:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:240px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;on-line bibliometric studies, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Journal of the American Society for Information&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:264px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Science 28 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1977) 13-18.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:288px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[13] McGhee, P.E. , P.R. Skinner, K. Roberto, N.J. Ridenour, and S.M. Larson,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:312px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Using online databases to study current research trends: an online bibliometric&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:336px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;study, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Library and Information Science Research 9 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1987) 285-291.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:360px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[14] Maly, K., E.A. Fox, J.C. French, and A.L. Selman, Wide area technical report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:384px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;server (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Technical Report , &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Dept. of Computer Science, Old Dominion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;University, 1994. Also available at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:471px; top:408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;URL:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:432px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;http://www.cs.odu.edu/WATERS/WATERS-paper.ps&amp;gt; ).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:456px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[15] Sigogneau, M.J. , S. Bain, J.P. Courtial, and H. Feillet, Scientific innovation in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:480px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;bibliographical databases: a comparative study of the Science Citation Index&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:504px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;and the Pascal database, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Scientometrics 22(1) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1991) 65-82.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:528px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[16] Witten, I.H., S.J. Cunningham, M. Vallabh, and T.C. Bell, A New Zealand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:552px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;digital library for computer science research, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Proceedings of Digital Libraries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:576px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;'95 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(1995) 25-30.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:95px; top:600px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;[17] Witten, I.H., C. Nevill-Manning, and S.J. Cunningham, A public library based&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:126px; top:624px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;on full-text retrieval, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Communications of the ACM &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p16f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;41(4), 1998, p. 71&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:111px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p17f1&quot; style=&quot;font-size:6px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p17f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:sub;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;Documents were randomly sampled from the DEC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:135px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p17f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(ftp://crl.dec.com/pub/DEC/CRL/tech-reports/), Sony&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:159px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p17f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;(ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/CSL/CSL-Papers), and Ohio (ftp://archive.cis.ohio-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;txt&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute; left:90px; top:183px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;p17f2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:11px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);&quot;&gt;state.edu/pub/tech-report/) technical report repositories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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