source: other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml@ 34416

Last change on this file since 34416 was 34416, checked in by ak19, 4 years ago

Committing rebuilt model collections after new doc.xml meta gsdlfullsourcepath introduced in commit r34394.
File size: 116.5 KB
Line 
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
2<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
3<Archive>
4<Section>
5 <Description>
6 <Metadata name="gsdlfullsourcepath">/Scratch/ak19/gs2-diffcol-26Apr2019/collect/Tudor-Basic/import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
7 <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
8 <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
9 <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
10 <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
11 <Metadata name="FileSize">106237</Metadata>
12 <Metadata name="Source">janegrey.html</Metadata>
13 <Metadata name="SourceFile">janegrey.html</Metadata>
14 <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
19 <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
20 <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
21 <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
22 <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
23 <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</Metadata>
24 <Metadata name="lastmodified">1601256683</Metadata>
25 <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20200928</Metadata>
26 <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1601256851</Metadata>
27 <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20200928</Metadata>
28 <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0135.dir</Metadata>
29 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
30 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey-nga.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
31 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
32 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
33 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
34 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
35 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
36 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
37 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
38 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworthcr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
39 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janecrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
40 </Description>
41 <Content>
42
43&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
44 &lt;tr&gt;
45 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
46 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
48 &lt;/tr&gt;
49 &lt;tr&gt;
50 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
51 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
52 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot;
53 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
54 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
55 &lt;/tr&gt;
56 &lt;tr&gt;
57 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
58 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
59 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
60 &lt;IMG height=287
61 alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot;
62 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
63 &lt;blockquote&gt;
64 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
65 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
66 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read
67 the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
68 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
69 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
70 of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
71 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to
72 Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
74 of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
75 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
76 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A
77 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
78 Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic
79 sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
80 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward
81 VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne.
82 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A
83 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
84 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
85 &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
86 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
87 Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A
88 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet
89 Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
90 &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
91 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
92 Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
93 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
94 of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
95 England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
96 other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
97 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
98 &lt;/td&gt;
99 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
100 &lt;/tr&gt;
101&lt;/table&gt;
102
103&lt;blockquote&gt;
104 &lt;blockquote&gt;
105 &lt;blockquote&gt;
106 &lt;p&gt;
107 &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;
108 &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in
109 Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother,
110 Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in
111 1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her
112 great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters
113 Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six
114 years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in
115 power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and
116 leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen
117 at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was
118 this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp;
119 Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic
120 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen
121 of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped
122 and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular
123 support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her
124 subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
125 Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
126 &lt;hr&gt;
127 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
128 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
129 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor
130 blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it
131 is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was
132 broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word,
133 and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by
134 God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
135 &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham,
136 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
137 &lt;blockquote&gt;
138 &lt;blockquote&gt;
139 &lt;hr&gt;
140 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt;
141 &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances
142 Grey, the duke and duchess of
143 &lt;IMG height=205
144 alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
145 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to
146 the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A
147 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
148 Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis
149 XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A
150 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles
151 Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A
152 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry
153 VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to
154 the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and
155 Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest
156 child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of
157 Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the
158 Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died
159 childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A
160 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;;
161 if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A
162 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;;
163 if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A
164 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
165 If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp;
166 This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A
167 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;,
168 the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and,
169 more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
170 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was
171 bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s
172 expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left
173 three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of
174 course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with
175 Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health
176 rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession
177 crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was
178 Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never
179 robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did
180 not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by
181 self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the
182 grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in
183 1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth
184 even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a
185 bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the
186 Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were
187 both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
188 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession
189 from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger
190 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp;
191 For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A
192 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
193 Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this
194 ten-year-old &lt;A
195 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen
196 of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted
197 laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than
198 her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed
199 Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since
200 both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp;
201 However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the
202 Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never
203 considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
204 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of
205 blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was
206 half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession
207 crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the
208 Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his
209 authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI
210 died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would
211 triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of
212 Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp;
213 &lt;/P&gt;
214 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would
215 welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible
216 candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp;
217 The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had
218 been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country
219 by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became
220 king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a
221 woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
222 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor
223 and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right
224 would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
225 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
226 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
227 &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel
228 at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that
229 he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a
230 schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother,
231 whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry
232 or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do
233 it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as
234 God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly
235 threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and
236 other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so
237 without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
238 comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so
239 pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
240 the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from
241 him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is
242 full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
243 &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham,
244 1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
245 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
246 &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her
247 parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke
248 of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's
249 eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey
250 was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a
251 Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive
252 lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp;
253 Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth
254 Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp;
255 When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey
256 family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess
257 of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas,
258 was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in
259 1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary
260 Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and
261 Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances
262 and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble
263 families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
264 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in
265 London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon
266 remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp;
267 She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp;
268 When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called
269 Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and
270 his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years
271 later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when
272 Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
273 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to
274 his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body
275 of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the
276 French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey
277 children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in
278 1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced
279 social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously
280 expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his
281 long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good
282 health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide
283 heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children
284 centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was
285 thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were
286 the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently
287 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
288 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at
289 Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of
290 Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited
291 to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious
292 of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her
293 uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of
294 riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the
295 most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their
296 aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three
297 daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their
298 daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp;
299 Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her
300 until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain,
301 Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in
302 October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine
303 Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she
304 received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis
305 would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of
306 obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was
307 taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But
308 neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century
309 expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London,
310 accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have
311 met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady
312 Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was
313 then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A
314 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
315 Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
316 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's
317 accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot;
318 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor,
319 Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with
320 modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she
321 had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour,
322 Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old
323 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her
324 warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's
325 children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after
326 Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join
327 them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a
328 common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
329 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at
330 Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she
331 was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most
332 intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the
333 Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent
334 debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And
335 though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she
336 became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had
337 become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of
338 political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant
339 because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense
340 study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp;
341 &lt;/P&gt;
342 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was
343 Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his
344 younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and
345 angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be
346 content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of
347 Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years
348 before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed
349 their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in
350 a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April
351 1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them
352 his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would
353 have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp;
354 He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always
355 remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He
356 possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his
357 desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior -
358 notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning,
359 still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous
360 play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the
361 throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
362 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and
363 she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his
364 brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their
365 loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp;
366 Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young
367 heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of
368 Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with
369 the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John
370 Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to
371 use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and
372 marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised
373 anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp;
374 Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his
375 daughter to Seymour for the sum of £2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few
376 hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp;
377 &lt;/P&gt;
378 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his
379 bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he
380 could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward
381 lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the
382 king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She
383 remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth
384 in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager
385 mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a
386 course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious
387 instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers
388 deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became
389 pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a
390 very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess
391 Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction
392 was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an
393 ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were
394 sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from
395 Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt
396 embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
397 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is
398 no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf
399 between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same
400 homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or
401 reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure;
402 the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for
403 a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas
404 to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August
405 Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the
406 dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was
407 yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her
408 age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
409 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming
410 restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased
411 their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made
412 with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry
413 Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour,
414 consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since
415 Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane
416 should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that
417 his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's
418 household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto
419 Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home
420 briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for
421 the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents'
422 favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the
423 greatest prize) and agreed to pay another £500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The
424 Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand
425 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
426 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas
427 Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy
428 his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry
429 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging,
430 particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting
431 to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited
432 for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to
433 be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old
434 friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas
435 to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was
436 arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately
437 brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in
438 session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a
439 bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early
440 March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the
441 bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was
442 understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his
443 chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his
444 authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed
445 without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for
446 either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and
447 assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20
448 March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
449 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the
450 government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising
451 prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the
452 radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There
453 were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which
454 alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with
455 the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as
456 cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp;
457 He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier
458 and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the
459 landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a
460 well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10
461 October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at
462 Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the
463 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King
464 but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord
465 Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
466 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry
467 VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord
468 High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified
469 Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a
470 family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his
471 dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own
472 sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater
473 access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his
474 coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a
475 sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of
476 London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
477 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She
478 had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical
479 abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the
480 like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured
481 into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young
482 woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their
483 devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their
484 gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to
485 continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was
486 a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
487 On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him
488 greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise,
489 &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
490 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp;
491 There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one
492 another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to
493 be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In
494 fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving
495 lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against
496 gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and
497 irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would
498 enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home,
499 Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry
500 Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They
501 were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded
502 about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many
503 surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his
504 treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a
505 pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is
506 taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was
507 distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp;
508 She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
509 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful
510 that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union
511 would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane
512 turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was
513 in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
514 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with
515 Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister
516 Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4
517 October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in
518 right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley
519 was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had
520 sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first
521 man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the
522 reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
523 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have
524 terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
525 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during
526 Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice
527 to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward
528 Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his
529 young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI
530 had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he
531 did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to
532 the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate
533 physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
534 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who
535 had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and
536 Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in
537 particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was
538 simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him,
539 ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected
540 obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than
541 him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at
542 court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp;
543 &lt;/P&gt;
544 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots
545 and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and
546 Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there,
547 bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's
548 two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English
549 political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified
550 illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in
551 a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded
552 her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of
553 course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted
554 a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
555 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the
556 measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot;
557 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St
558 George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted,
559 played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he
560 began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his
561 kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far
562 outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness
563 in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by
564 thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his
565 appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then,
566 the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By
567 Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday
568 celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the
569 king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his
570 illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's
571 illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's
572 will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
573 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is
574 discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or
575 consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved
576 his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had
577 managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since
578 the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and,
579 oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was
580 obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest
581 advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this
582 was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly
583 the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In
584 truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete
585 financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his
586 head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to
587 his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp;
588 It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on
589 the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty
590 years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's
591 pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp;
592 Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances)
593 remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp;
594 &lt;/P&gt;
595 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to
596 encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of
597 Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's
598 ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's
599 only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger
600 sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they
601 agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the
602 betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was
603 persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father';
604 in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
605 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she
606 didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome
607 enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her
608 age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored
609 him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered
610 against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
611 reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared
612 Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane
613 which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and
614 committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than
615 he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real
616 principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
617 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the
618 Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great
619 homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A
620 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt;
621 was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders,
622 signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that
623 the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was
624 supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his
625 cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and
626 silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
627 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the
628 beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In
629 reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever
630 since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister
631 from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp;
632 Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake,
633 to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the
634 path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was
635 king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious
636 welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal
637 soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to
638 damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry
639 VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
640 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his
641 Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady
642 Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male
643 heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more
644 children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So
645 he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the
646 Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
647 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey.
648 &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
649 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt;
650 was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
651 Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth
652 because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp;
653 Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to
654 succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the
655 utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But
656 Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's
657 1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But
658 there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
659 Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup
660 so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
661 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553
662 persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to
663 endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward
664 Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy;
665 but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
666 the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
667 Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21
668 June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy
669 Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London,
670 various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including
671 William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and
672 churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this
673 triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of
674 Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
675 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to
676 Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws
677 more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage,
678 returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to
679 her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they
680 were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of
681 Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this
682 arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and
683 Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in
684 readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later
685 said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp;
686 She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the
687 Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp;
688 The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane
689 apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all
690 involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
691 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be
692 with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham
693 House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a
694 few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp;
695 The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation)
696 and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the
697 Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They
698 sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so
699 happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest
700 daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and
701 go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley
702 controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
703 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true
704 knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley
705 intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent
706 it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a
707 result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own
708 lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English
709 throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also
710 knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate
711 to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched
712 her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same
713 day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's
714 plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a
715 greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to
716 escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally,
717 trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
718 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney,
719 she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles -
720 the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of
721 Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt
722 before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp;
723 Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced
724 Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and
725 always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy
726 sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
727 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as
728 much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp;
729 She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords
730 of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of
731 her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will
732 that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern
733 England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
734 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered
735 expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even
736 pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she
737 simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp;
738 That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But
739 whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled
740 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
741 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane
742 Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was
743 along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham
744 House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
745 It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower
746 and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane
747 and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp;
748 There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista
749 Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the
750 main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He
751 wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
752 &lt;UL&gt;
753 &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and
754 graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth
755 flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker
756 than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and
757 reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
758 &lt;/UL&gt;
759 &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the
760 pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp;
761 Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a
762 special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was
763 made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered
764 her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very
765 tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver
766 velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
767 &lt;P&gt;
768 &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot;
769 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal
770 apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between
771 her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was
772 visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a
773 selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was
774 the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the
775 crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it
776 fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being
777 queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of
778 the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of
779 her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This
780 was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from
781 Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her
782 to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband
783 king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
784 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's
785 duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout
786 Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin
787 Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned
788 king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous
789 nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood
790 was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his
791 family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane
792 was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right
793 to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no
794 right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would
795 gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
796 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp;
797 He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of
798 Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife
799 and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The
800 duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp;
801 When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and
802 Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from
803 leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him
804 for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was
805 the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp;
806 &lt;/P&gt;
807 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this
808 story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live
809 on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by
810 the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his
811 mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would
812 soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that
813 evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters,
814 marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The
815 announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
816 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the
817 plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He
818 controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy -
819 and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the
820 crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support
821 or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the
822 Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he
823 wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer
824 considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men
825 considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike
826 their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by
827 supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on
828 ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen
829 and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT
830 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here
831 to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
832 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also
833 recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles
834 would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that
835 a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp;
836 So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of
837 Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They
838 had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary
839 was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust
840 and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of
841 this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley
842 about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley
843 wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early
844 July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She
845 set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not
846 traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a
847 trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned
848 back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in
849 East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near
850 the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
851 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son
852 Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he
853 was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London,
854 Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth
855 bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would
856 destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign
857 powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp;
858 But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from
859 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her
860 brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to
861 proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of
862 her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this
863 realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen
864 Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly
865 reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys,
866 were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
867 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her
868 nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the
869 Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland
870 linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also
871 collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped
872 toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an
873 important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit
874 political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who
875 met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor;
876 he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When
877 they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another
878 coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady
879 Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
880 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to
881 strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when
882 that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he
883 could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could
884 sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his
885 father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of
886 Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under
887 pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and
888 mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
889 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the
890 country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that
891 if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was
892 forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet,
893 neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and
894 most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on
895 11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England
896 was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation
897 to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's
898 succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But
899 Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be
900 decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and
901 determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at
902 Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp;
903 Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army
904 and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on
905 the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
906 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When
907 told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and
908 begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp;
909 The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for
910 their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it
911 would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was
912 a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia
913 (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley,
914 the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no
915 choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go,
916 not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in
917 your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
918 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every
919 reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13
920 July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet
921 him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for
922 the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at
923 Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much
924 support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind,
925 trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any
926 man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be
927 eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this
928 virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is
929 rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and
930 request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of
931 them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable,
932 which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your
933 doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it
934 be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious
935 beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
936 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his
937 cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising
938 Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp;
939 He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were
940 meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived
941 that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was
942 still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham
943 Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the
944 Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was
945 doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had
946 assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of
947 July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed
948 were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see
949 us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
950 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more
951 perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England,
952 declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp;
953 Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off
954 Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and
955 heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were
956 sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered
957 by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own
958 army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be
959 on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the
960 ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save
961 themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been
962 stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about
963 7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they
964 keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords
965 (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the
966 city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
967 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending
968 out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects
969 to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the
970 futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and
971 frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp;
972 On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the
973 pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were
974 planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured
975 Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had
976 been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But
977 now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of
978 England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday,
979 the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp;
980 The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing:
981 'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so
982 changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly
983 wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to
984 Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
985 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long
986 fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought
987 support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she
988 ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they
989 took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his
990 men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near
991 him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen
992 and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the
993 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned
994 to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for
995 the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a
996 prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
997 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house,
998 awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings
999 were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was
1000 accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
1001 riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by
1002 his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken
1003 to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted
1004 them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it
1005 'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power
1006 had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler
1007 to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
1008 &lt;/P&gt;
1009 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower,
1010 almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her
1011 family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin
1012 Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience
1013 with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at
1014 his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp;
1015 On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode
1016 past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey
1017 waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1018 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe
1019 pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
1020 &lt;/P&gt;
1021 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the
1022 committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her
1023 brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp;
1024 Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did
1025 question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only
1026 reinforced her
1027 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen,
1028 there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the
1029 same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname
1030 'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later
1031 celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of
1032 Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more
1033 complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious
1034 differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and
1035 her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in
1036 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1037 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had
1038 imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was
1039 well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected
1040 imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her
1041 crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she
1042 wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter
1043 exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to
1044 Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she
1045 freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp;
1046 She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I
1047 might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can
1048 ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with
1049 it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for
1050 all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A
1051 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click
1052 here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
1053 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to
1054 Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the
1055 culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few
1056 years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and
1057 sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of
1058 Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding
1059 countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the
1060 early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her
1061 beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed
1062 that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp;
1063 indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule
1064 in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by
1065 her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the
1066 newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1067 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary
1068 through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs
1069 were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12
1070 August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain
1071 other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their
1072 hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she
1073 supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment
1074 upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin
1075 to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have
1076 worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to
1077 Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be
1078 induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her
1079 cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be
1080 queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not
1081 put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1082 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent
1083 but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of
1084 trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary
1085 and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but
1086 she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp;
1087 Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced
1088 to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William
1089 Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser
1090 nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21
1091 August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled
1092 to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death,
1093 appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to
1094 convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day
1095 while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning,
1096 he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the
1097 church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass
1098 and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp;
1099&lt;/P&gt;
1100 &lt;UL&gt;
1101 &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully
1102 believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true
1103 religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the
1104 false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do
1105 believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and
1106 Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for
1107 me. &lt;/p&gt;
1108 &lt;/UL&gt;
1109 &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of
1110 spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great
1111 effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1112 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from
1113 imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with
1114 increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea
1115 (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author
1116 of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a
1117 staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one
1118 manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The
1119 government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a
1120 generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books
1121 and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished
1122 it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal
1123 with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The
1124 gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and
1125 respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1126 &lt;UL&gt;
1127 &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable
1128 calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the
1129 answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be
1130 of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I
1131 pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in
1132 that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general,
1133 and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and
1134 at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was
1135 never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope
1136 for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye
1137 more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so
1138 was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine,
1139 die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my
1140 faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he
1141 should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number
1142 of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it
1143 appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care
1144 how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in
1145 chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean
1146 [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso
1147 denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
1148 &lt;/p&gt;
1149 &lt;/UL&gt;
1150 &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are
1151 evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious
1152 intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her
1153 parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined
1154 other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming
1155 Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by
1156 his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1157 &lt;UL&gt;
1158 &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed
1159 sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp
1160 of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the
1161 stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of
1162 Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my
1163 faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout
1164 Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I
1165 consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon
1166 thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what
1167 art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that
1168 fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true
1169 God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of
1170 Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked
1171 mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
1172 &lt;/UL&gt;
1173 &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp;
1174 She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and
1175 intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp;
1176 Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed
1177 their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1178 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane
1179 remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to
1180 exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is
1181 no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not
1182 speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her
1183 coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage
1184 was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard,
1185 for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession -
1186 she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp;
1187 Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England
1188 would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the
1189 weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave
1190 in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial;
1191 the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the
1192 trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1193 &lt;P&gt;
1194 &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
1195 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned
1196 at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an
1197 axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as
1198 befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad
1199 all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with
1200 velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle
1201 hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of
1202 prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was
1203 attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The
1204 proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled
1205 guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against
1206 them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be
1207 burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the
1208 Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In
1209 this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1210 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a
1211 formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is
1212 believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am
1213 told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the
1214 reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but
1215 given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was
1216 Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary,
1217 were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great
1218 favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
1219 Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free
1220 to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys
1221 seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1222 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of
1223 Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane
1224 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1225 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of
1226 Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain,
1227 are discussed at her &lt;A
1228 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
1229 They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her
1230 contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for
1231 support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right
1232 before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of
1233 Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets,
1234 young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most
1235 of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released
1236 him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She
1237 remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the
1238 great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry
1239 him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace
1240 after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for
1241 advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became
1242 queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was
1243 the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the
1244 grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary
1245 Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1246 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry
1247 him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years
1248 essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of
1249 marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp;
1250 would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was
1251 called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden
1252 and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with
1253 her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed
1254 Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing
1255 England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had
1256 never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but -
1257 now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of
1258 righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her,
1259 her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in
1260 late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1261 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both
1262 her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many
1263 Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against
1264 France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
1265 Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and
1266 the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his
1267 trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England
1268 has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists
1269 and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish
1270 invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp;
1271 Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their
1272 policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into
1273 her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1274 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to
1275 iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his
1276 valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In
1277 fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English
1278 fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the
1279 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the
1280 countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in
1281 Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached
1282 them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his
1283 country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when
1284 Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower,
1285 betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp;
1286 Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to
1287 France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January,
1288 Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The
1289 duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men
1290 deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For
1291 two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp;
1292 Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She
1293 went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to
1294 support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they
1295 feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt
1296 reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1297 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned
1298 on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark
1299 would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually
1300 surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the
1301 depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did
1302 not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry
1303 but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot;
1304 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was
1305 rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as
1306 well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were
1307 occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure
1308 his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would
1309 dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1310 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's
1311 council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane
1312 Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp;
1313 When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against
1314 the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey
1315 owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to
1316 overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires
1317 and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of
1318 this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his
1319 manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some
1320 hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of
1321 Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen
1322 during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it
1323 didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors
1324 put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once
1325 again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still
1326 dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip
1327 could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp;
1328 All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary
1329 more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane
1330 was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1331 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9
1332 February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one
1333 last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St
1334 Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the
1335 Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and
1336 theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of
1337 Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last
1338 chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument,
1339 she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham
1340 very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the
1341 scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to
1342 send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of
1343 utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp;
1344 &lt;/P&gt;
1345 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until
1346 Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with
1347 as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress,
1348 composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who
1349 would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to
1350 her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10
1351 February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions
1352 had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor
1353 did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a
1354 story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary
1355 granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting
1356 until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the
1357 story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in
1358 seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1359 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He
1360 was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to
1361 the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and
1362 watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage
1363 and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane
1364 muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp;
1365 Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
1366 she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw,
1367 driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside
1368 the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1369 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1370 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read
1371 an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She
1372 wore the &lt;IMG height=360
1373 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot;
1374 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried
1375 her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the
1376 lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant,
1377 Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was
1378 calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being
1379 erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of
1380 its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her
1381 execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp;
1382 &lt;/P&gt;
1383 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted
1384 Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty
1385 thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions
1386 have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the
1387 steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed
1388 treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this
1389 day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death,
1390 and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet
1391 another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now,
1392 good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your
1393 prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in
1394 prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I
1395 say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he
1396 followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1397 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I
1398 beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She
1399 then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed
1400 her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her
1401 prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then
1402 began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped
1403 forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became
1404 the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or
1405 perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward
1406 her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp;
1407 Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a
1408 handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt
1409 before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and
1410 one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most
1411 willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1412 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp;
1413 The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw
1414 the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for
1415 just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me
1416 quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you
1417 take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp;
1418 The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief
1419 around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find
1420 the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she
1421 cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on
1422 the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the
1423 crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to
1424 the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her
1425 last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The
1426 executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered
1427 across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner
1428 then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies.
1429 Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane
1430 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1431 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St
1432 Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic
1433 again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the
1434 permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly
1435 four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The
1436 French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the
1437 execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed
1438 to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body
1439 was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens -
1440 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
1441 Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and
1442 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant
1443 cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith
1444 and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
1445 &lt;hr&gt;
1446 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1447 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1448 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As
1449 the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the
1450 day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
1451 size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of
1452 London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
1453 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1454 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1455 &lt;hr&gt;
1456 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1457 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
1458 lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1459 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1460 &lt;CENTER&gt;
1461 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1462 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1463 Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1464 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1465 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1466 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite
1467 biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp;
1468 Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1469 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1470 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1471&lt;/blockquote&gt;
1472
1473
1474
1475&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082561&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
1476&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082561&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
1477</Content>
1478</Section>
1479</Archive>
Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.