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| 2 | <!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
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| 3 | <Archive>
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| 4 | <Section>
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| 5 | <Description>
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| 6 | <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
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| 10 | <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
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| 12 | <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
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| 14 | <Metadata name="Title">Mary Boleyn: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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| 16 | <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
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| 26 | </Description>
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| 27 | <Content>
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| 28 |
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| 29 | <table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="100%" height="667">
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| 30 | <tr>
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| 31 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
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| 32 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="29">&nbsp;</td>
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| 33 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
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| 34 | </tr>
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| 35 | <tr>
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| 36 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
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| 37 | <td width="50%" height="3"><font size="3"></font></td>
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| 38 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
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| 39 | </tr>
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| 40 | <tr>
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| 41 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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| 42 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="610">
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| 43 | <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>
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| 44 | <p align="center">
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| 45 | <img border="0" src="_httpdocimg_/maryboleyn.gif" alt="Mary Boleyn" width="493" height="144"></p>
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| 46 | <p align="center">
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| 47 | <img border="2" src="_httpdocimg_/maryboleynunknown.jpg" width="359" height="480" alt="portrait of Mary Boleyn by an unknown artist"></p>
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| 48 | <blockquote>
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| 49 | <p align="left"><br><font face="Arial" size="4">Mary Boleyn was the sister of
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| 50 | King Henry VIII's second wife, the infamous Anne Boleyn.&nbsp; But she was
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| 51 | also the king's mistress before her sister's ascendancy.&nbsp; She may also have given birth
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| 52 | to Henry's son.</font></p>
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| 53 | <hr>
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| 54 | </blockquote>
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| 55 | <blockquote>
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| 56 | <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>
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| 57 | </blockquote>
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| 58 | </td>
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| 59 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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| 60 | </tr>
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| 61 | </table>
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| 62 | <blockquote>
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| 63 | <blockquote>
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| 64 |
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| 65 |
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| 66 |
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| 67 | <p>Information about the life of Mary Boleyn is sketchy at best.&nbsp;
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| 68 |
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| 69 | Before her sister's ascendancy, Mary was the most famous member of her
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| 70 |
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| 71 | family, a dubious honor since it was based upon her adulterous affair with
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| 72 |
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| 73 | King Henry VIII.&nbsp; There has been great debate over the exact year
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| 74 |
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| 75 | of her birth, with many researchers unable to agree on which Boleyn sister
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| 76 |
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| 77 | was older.&nbsp; Some speculate Anne was born in 1501 or 1502; others place
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| 78 |
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| 79 | it at 1507.&nbsp; The most recent scholarship supports 1507 as the year
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| 80 |
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| 81 | of Anne's birth.&nbsp; Mary was born a year later, in 1508.&nbsp; Their
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| 82 |
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| 83 | only surviving sibling was an older brother George, born in 1503.
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| 84 |
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| 85 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary was born at Hever Castle, the family seat.&nbsp;
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| 86 |
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| 87 | She was named after Princess Mary Tudor, the youngest child of Henry VII
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| 88 |
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| 89 | and Elizabeth of York.&nbsp; Her family was loyal to the Tudor dynasty
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| 90 |
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| 91 | but had Yorkist connections.&nbsp; Her mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
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| 92 |
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| 93 | of Thomas, earl of Surrey.&nbsp; His father, the 1st duke of Norfolk, had
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| 94 |
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| 95 | died fighting for Richard III against Henry VII.&nbsp; Mary's father, Thomas
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| 96 |
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| 97 | Boleyn, could trace his ancestry only to the 13th century.&nbsp; His family
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| 98 |
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| 99 | was originally from Norfolk where they lived as tenant farmers.&nbsp; In
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| 100 |
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| 101 | 1457, a Sir Geoffrey Boleyn was serving as Lord Mayor of London.&nbsp;
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| 102 |
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| 103 | He wed Anne, heiress of Lord Hoo and Hastings, and - through her - acquired
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| 104 |
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| 105 | Hever Castle in Kent and Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&nbsp; His son became
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| 106 |
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| 107 | a knight under Richard III and a baron under Henry VII.&nbsp; He married
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| 108 |
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| 109 | a great heiress as well; she was Margaret, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th
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| 110 |
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| 111 | earl of Ormond.&nbsp; He was incredibly wealthy and bequeathed Margaret
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| 112 |
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| 113 | 36 manors.&nbsp; Their eldest child was Thomas Boleyn, Mary's father.&nbsp;
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| 114 |
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| 115 | Thomas had married Elizabeth Howard by 1501.&nbsp; Their three surviving
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| 116 |
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| 117 | children were born within the next 10 years.
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| 118 |
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| 119 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In 1512, Thomas was one of three envoys assigned
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| 120 |
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| 121 | to the regent of Netherlands court.&nbsp; His skill in speaking French
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| 122 |
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| 123 | and his family connections secured the appointment.&nbsp; Once there, he
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| 124 |
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| 125 | was a great success with the regent, Margaret, archduchess of Austria.&nbsp;
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| 126 |
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| 127 | He used this friendship to secure a prestigious appointment for his eldest
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| 128 |
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| 129 | daughter, Anne; she was to reside with the regent's wards, sharing their
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| 130 |
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| 131 | royal education.&nbsp; This is the primary evidence that Anne was the elder
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| 132 |
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| 133 | sister.&nbsp; In such cases, the elder sister would receive the opportunity
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| 134 |
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| 135 | first.
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| 136 |
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| 137 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; However, Mary was married before Anne - an unusual
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| 138 |
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| 139 | occurrence and one which led many to believe Mary was older.&nbsp; However,
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| 140 |
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| 141 | it is completely plausible that Anne was not married first because she
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| 142 |
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| 143 | was still in Europe, gaining a royal education and hoping to wed a foreign
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| 144 |
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| 145 | nobleman.&nbsp; Mary, on the other hand, wed a man named William Carey,
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| 146 |
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| 147 | a gentleman of the royal privy chamber on 4 February 1520.&nbsp; Though
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| 148 |
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| 149 | he was not a titled lord, his duties meant he had intimate contact with
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| 150 |
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| 151 | the king on a daily basis.&nbsp; He would be a valuable connection for
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| 152 |
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| 153 | the Boleyns.&nbsp; Henry used his attendants, with whom he spent his leisure
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| 154 |
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| 155 | hours, to carry out government work.&nbsp; Carey was 24 years old and Mary
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| 156 |
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| 157 | not quite twelve, young even for 16th century marriage.&nbsp; The consummation
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| 158 |
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| 159 | of the marriage was probably delayed for a few years.
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| 160 |
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| 161 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary's wedding was held a few weeks before her father
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| 162 |
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| 163 | returned from a mission abroad.&nbsp; This indicates that Thomas Boleyn
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| 164 |
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| 165 | had planned the marriage well in advance.&nbsp; The king gave the newlyweds
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| 166 |
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| 167 | a cash present - 6s.8d.; this was undoubtedly welcome since William Carey
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| 168 |
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| 169 | was a younger son and lacked money and lands.&nbsp; Henry's favor (and,
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| 170 |
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| 171 | more particularly, Mary's affair with Henry) helped in this respect - before
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| 172 |
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| 173 | his death in 1528, William had received two keeperships, a stewardship,
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| 174 |
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| 175 | an annuity, and manors in two counties.&nbsp; As to William's ancestry,
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| 176 |
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| 177 | he could trace his descent from Edward III; his mother was a cousin of
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| 178 |
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| 179 | Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII's mother.&nbsp; His aunt Catherine Spencer
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| 180 |
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| 181 | was married to Henry, fifth earl of Northumberland.
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| 182 |
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| 183 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As William's wife, Mary had lodgings at court, information
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| 184 |
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| 185 | about royal policies, and the great opportunity to participate in all court
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| 186 |
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| 187 | events.&nbsp; Their first child, Catherine, was born about 1524 when Mary
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| 188 |
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| 189 | was just sixteen.&nbsp; Meanwhile, her family continued its ascendancy
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| 190 |
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| 191 | during these years.&nbsp; Personally, she and her sister Anne were two
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| 192 |
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| 193 | of eight women who participated in a celebration at York Place, Cardinal
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| 194 |
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| 195 | Wolsey's home.&nbsp; Anne played Perseverance and Mary was Kindness; they
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| 196 |
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| 197 | were clothed in white satin with bejeweled headdresses.&nbsp; This was
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| 198 |
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| 199 | in 1522; Mary was just fourteen.&nbsp; By the time she was seventeen, Mary
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| 200 |
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| 201 | was a first-time mother and Henry VIII's mistress.&nbsp; There is much
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| 202 |
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| 203 | circumstantial evidence to support this:
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| 204 |
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| 205 | <blockquote>
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| 206 | <p>* in 1527, Henry was planning to marry Anne Boleyn.&nbsp; He
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| 207 |
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| 208 | sought and received a papal dispensation to marry the sister of a woman
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| 209 |
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| 210 | with whom he had engaged in illicit/unlawful intercourse.&nbsp; Anne had
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| 211 |
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| 212 | only one sister - Mary. </p>
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| 213 |
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| 214 | <p>* Reginald Pole reported the following - in 1528, a member of Parliament
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| 215 |
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| 216 | insulted the king's morals by accusing Henry of sleeping with Anne's mother
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| 217 |
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| 218 | <i>and</i>
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| 219 |
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| 220 | sister.&nbsp; Undoubtedly flustered, the king replied:&nbsp; "Never with
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| 221 |
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| 222 | her mother."
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| 223 |
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| 224 | <p>* the affair was known of in diplomatic circles - in 1532, Francis I
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| 225 |
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| 226 | of France met Mary face-to-face when she accompanied Henry and Anne to
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| 227 |
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| 228 | Calais.&nbsp; He mentioned her infamous behavior with her sister's spouse
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| 229 |
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| 230 | <i>before</i>
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| 231 |
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| 232 | the marriage to Anne.</blockquote>
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| 233 |
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| 234 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The affair was brief, ending in mid-1525 (probably July.)&nbsp;
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| 235 |
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| 236 | On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son, called Henry.&nbsp; He was widely
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| 237 |
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| 238 | assumed to be the king's son.&nbsp; He physically resembled the king, a&nbsp;
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| 239 |
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| 240 | fact often remarked upon.&nbsp; In 1535, for example, a man called 'young
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| 241 |
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| 242 | Master Carey' the king's son. </p>
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| 243 |
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| 244 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Perhaps more telling, Henry granted the Careys actual
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| 245 |
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| 246 | manors and estates during the affair and immediately before the child's
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| 247 |
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| 248 | birth.&nbsp; Before, the Careys had been granted rather minor offices.&nbsp;
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| 249 |
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| 250 | (You may recall that Henry publicly acknowledged another illegitimate son,
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| 251 |
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| 252 | born in 1519.&nbsp; This boy was called <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html">Henry
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| 253 |
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| 254 | Fitzroy</a> - the surname traditionally given to royal bastards - and was
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| 255 |
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| 256 | ennobled, given the title duke of Richmond.&nbsp; If Henry Carey was also
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| 257 |
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| 258 | his son, why didn't Henry do the same for him?&nbsp; The answer lies in
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| 259 |
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| 260 | his determination to divorce Katharine of Aragon and marry <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html">Anne
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| 261 |
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| 262 | Boleyn</a>, the child's aunt.&nbsp; It is likely that even Henry VIII would
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| 263 |
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| 264 | have been too embarrassed to recognize his bastard son by his fiancee's
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| 265 |
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| 266 | younger sister.)&nbsp; Henry Carey was eventually ennobled as Lord Hunsdon by
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| 267 | Elizabeth I, the queen who may have been his half-sister and was undoubtedly his
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| 268 | cousin.&nbsp; Though he served her ably, Elizabeth only offered Hunsdon a title
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| 269 | upon his deathbed.&nbsp; To this dubious honor, the old man aptly replied that
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| 270 | if the queen hadn't thought him worth it while he was in health, he would not
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| 271 | accept it while ill.<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary Boleyn was referenced in <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html">Henry's
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| 272 |
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| 273 | love letters to Anne</a> in 1528, the year her husband died.&nbsp; William
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| 274 |
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| 275 | had asked Mary to seek her sister's influence with the king; his elder
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| 276 |
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| 277 | sister, Eleanor, wanted the position of abbess at St Edith's Nunnery.&nbsp;
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| 278 |
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| 279 | The nuns wanted their prioress elevated to the position instead.&nbsp;
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| 280 |
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| 281 | Anne asked the king to intervene.&nbsp; In the end, Eleanor's dubious moral
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| 282 |
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| 283 | destroyed her chances.&nbsp; But the episode demonstrates Anne's willingness
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| 284 |
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| 285 | to help Mary; also, Mary clearly expected to benefit from her sister's
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| 286 |
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| 287 | closeness to the king.
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| 288 |
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| 289 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; William Carey died on 23 June 1528 and Henry VIII
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| 290 |
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| 291 | promptly granted Anne Boleyn the wardship of her nephew (and possibly his
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| 292 |
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| 293 | son), two-year-old Henry Carey.&nbsp; In another letter to Anne, Henry
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| 294 |
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| 295 | remarked upon Mary's easy virtue.&nbsp; He and Anne were concerned that,
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| 296 |
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| 297 | after William's death, Mary's behavior would degenerate; in other words,
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| 298 |
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| 299 | she would be an embarrassment to the king and his intended wife.
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| 300 |
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| 301 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In November 1530, Henry gave Anne 20 pds to redeem
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| 302 |
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| 303 | a jewel from Mary; it was probably a gambling debt.&nbsp; Two years later,
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| 304 |
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| 305 | Mary was one of thirty ladies who accompanied Henry and Anne on a visit
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| 306 |
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| 307 | to France (colorfully known to history as 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold'.)&nbsp;
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| 308 |
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| 309 | They stayed in Calais in late October, attending various events with Francis
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| 310 |
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| 311 | I; ostensibly, they were celebrating a new peace agreement.&nbsp; But it
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| 312 |
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| 313 | was also a chance to present Anne to a foreign king.&nbsp; When Henry wed
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| 314 |
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| 315 | Anne in 1533, Mary became a lady-in-waiting to her sister.&nbsp; It was
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| 316 |
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| 317 | only in 1534 that she and Anne had a serious conflict.
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| 318 |
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| 319 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In 1534, Mary secretly married William Stafford.&nbsp;
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| 320 |
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| 321 | He was the younger son of Humphrey Stafford of Blatherwick in Northampton.&nbsp;
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| 322 |
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| 323 | This marriage was a disaster for her, excepting her personal happiness.&nbsp;
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| 324 |
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| 325 | Mary undoubtedly loved Stafford, a soldier she had met at Calais (he had
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| 326 |
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| 327 | been part of Henry VIII's retinue.)&nbsp; But her relatives - all newly
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| 328 |
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| 329 | ennobled and very self-conscious about their status - were outraged.&nbsp;
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| 330 |
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| 331 | He was a commoner, not fit for the queen's sister.&nbsp; Accordingly, Mary
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| 332 |
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| 333 | and her new husband were banished from court.&nbsp; (It is quite possible
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| 334 |
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| 335 | that her relatives planned to wed Mary to a nobleman, further cementing
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| 336 |
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| 337 | their rise to prominence; instead, her marriage was a step backwards socially.)&nbsp;
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| 338 |
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| 339 | In late 1534, while her father and brother received numerous grants, titles,
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| 340 |
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| 341 | and other gifts, Mary was reduced to begging Thomas Cromwell for assistance.&nbsp;
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| 342 |
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| 343 | Would he speak to Henry on her behalf?&nbsp; Mary hoped Henry would persuade
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| 344 |
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| 345 | Anne to forgive her but her former lover was less than helpful.&nbsp; So
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| 346 |
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| 347 | Mary asked Cromwell to speak to her father, her uncle, and her brother.
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| 348 |
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| 349 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meanwhile, her son was still living with his
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| 350 |
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| 351 | aunt, Queen Anne.&nbsp; He was being tutored by the great French poet,
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| 352 |
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| 353 | Nicholas Bourbon, clearly benefiting from the wardship.&nbsp; His mother's
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| 354 |
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| 355 | life between 1534 and her sister's execution in 1536 is difficult to trace.&nbsp;
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| 356 |
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| 357 | She seems to have resided at Rochford, Essex from the time of her disgrace
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| 358 |
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| 359 | to her death on 19 July 1543.&nbsp; When her sister fell into disfavor
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| 360 |
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| 361 | and Henry sought a divorce, his earlier affair with Mary was mentioned.&nbsp;
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| 362 |
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| 363 | Perhaps this would justify an annulment, even as Katharine of Aragon's
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| 364 |
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| 365 | marriage to his brother had?&nbsp; But no one seriously considered this
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| 366 |
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| 367 | (after all, there had been a papal dispensation) and it was more expedient
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| 368 |
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| 369 | to press other charges.&nbsp; Mary did not visit her sister when Anne was
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| 370 |
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| 371 | imprisoned in the Tower.&nbsp; Nor did she visit their brother George,
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| 372 |
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| 373 | also condemned to death.&nbsp; There is no evidence that she wrote to them,
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| 374 |
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| 375 | either.&nbsp; Like their uncle, the duke of Norfolk, she may have thought
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| 376 |
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| 377 | it wise to avoid association with her disgraced relatives.
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| 378 |
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| 379 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary lived to see her children gain some royal favor.&nbsp;
|
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| 380 |
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| 381 | Her teenage daughter Catherine (born 1524) was appointed a maid of honor
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| 382 |
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| 383 | to Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII's fourth wife.&nbsp; Sometime in 1540, she
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| 384 |
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| 385 | made a good match, marrying Sir Francis Knollys.&nbsp; He was a member
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| 386 |
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| 387 | of Henry VIII's household.&nbsp; She also became one of her cousin Elizabeth
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| 388 |
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| 389 | Tudor's closest friends.&nbsp; Her daughter, Lettice Knollys, would later
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| 390 |
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| 391 | marry Elizabeth's great love, Robert Dudley; her son, the earl of Essex,
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| 392 |
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| 393 | would also be one of Elizabeth's favorites (though eventually executed
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| 394 |
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| 395 | for treason.)&nbsp; Henry Carey, whose paternity was the subject of such
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| 396 |
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| 397 | speculation, would be ennobled as Lord Hunsdon in Elizabeth's reign.&nbsp;
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| 398 |
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| 399 | Elizabeth was kind to her Boleyn relatives, especially Mary's children.&nbsp;
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| 400 |
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| 401 | Twenty-two years after Anne Boleyn's execution, a Boleyn was sole ruler
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| 402 |
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| 403 | of England.&nbsp; It was a triumph few could have predicted.<p>&nbsp;<hr WIDTH="100%">
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| 404 |
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| 405 | <p>
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| 406 |
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| 407 | <font size="2">Some other stuff about Mary Boleyn that I've found: </font>
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| 408 | </p>
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| 409 |
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| 410 | <p><font size="2">* Mary was considered more conventionally beautiful than Anne but lacked
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| 411 |
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| 412 | her sister's style and wit.
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| 413 |
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| 414 | <br>* As a child, Mary was taught French by Mademoiselle Semmonet;&nbsp;
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| 415 |
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| 416 | she also studied music (practicing on the lute, harp, viol, and virginals.)
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| 417 |
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| 418 | <br>* Mary also spent time in Archduchess Margaret's service; she was removed
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| 419 |
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| 420 | in 1518/19 by her father and placed in Katharine of Aragon's service.
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| 421 |
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| 422 | <br>* Anne and George Boleyn were very close and reportedly had little
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| 423 |
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| 424 | use for their sister, Mary.&nbsp; (This was reported by several foreign
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| 425 |
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| 426 | ambassadors.) </font>
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| 427 |
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| 428 | <p><font size="2">Note:&nbsp; I have read that Mary Boleyn accompanied Princess Mary Tudor
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| 429 |
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| 430 | to France, as a lady-in-waiting.&nbsp; However, the trip occurred in 1515;
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| 431 |
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| 432 | Mary would have been just 7 years old - so the assertion seems unlikely. </font>
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| 433 |
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| 434 | <p><font size="2">So the following questions remain:
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| 435 |
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| 436 | <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * did she accompany Mary to France?
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| 437 |
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| 438 | <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * did she use her influence with Mary Tudor to get
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| 439 |
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| 440 | Anne a position as lady-in-waiting to Katharine of Aragon (thus allowing
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| 441 |
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| 442 | Henry VIII and Anne to meet?)&nbsp; This has been mentioned in several
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| 443 |
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| 444 | books but, as I stated, it would mean Mary was a lady-in-waiting at the
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| 445 |
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| 446 | age of seven. </font>
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| 447 |
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| 448 | <p><font size=-1>I have used the spelling 'Boleyn' instead of 'Bullen'
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| 449 |
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| 450 | for one simple reason - it is how the family chose to spell it when they
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| 451 |
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| 452 | first rose to prominence.&nbsp; Certainly they thought 'Boleyn' was more
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| 453 |
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| 454 | elegant - I'll stay mum on that issue, but since most history texts also
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| 455 |
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| 456 | use 'Boleyn', it remains less confusing than switching between two surnames.</font><p align="center"><b>
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| 457 | <font face="Times New Roman">
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| 458 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html">Visit the
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| 459 | Anne Boleyn website</a>.</font></b></p>
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| 460 |
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| 461 | <center>
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| 462 |
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| 463 | <p><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to
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| 464 |
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| 465 | Tudor Citizens</a></font><br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
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| 466 |
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| 467 | England</a></font></center>
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| 468 |
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| 469 | </blockquote>
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| 470 | </blockquote>
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| 471 |
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| 472 |
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| 473 |
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| 474 | <!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --><!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --><script language="JavaScript" src="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js"></script><script language="javascript">geovisit();</script><noscript><img src="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082580" alt="setstats" border="0" width="1" height="1"></noscript>
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| 475 | <IMG SRC="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&t=1108082580" ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1>
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| 476 | </Content>
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| 477 | </Section>
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| 478 | </Archive>
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