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16 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
19 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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23 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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36
37&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
38 &lt;tr&gt;
39 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
40 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
41 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
42 &lt;/tr&gt;
43 &lt;tr&gt;
44 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
45 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
46 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
47 &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot;
48 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;/tr&gt;
51 &lt;tr&gt;
52 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
53 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
54 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
55 &lt;IMG height=476
56 alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot;
57 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
58 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
59 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
60 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
61 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan
62 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
63 commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A
64 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
65 Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
66 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
67 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
68 Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
69 Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
70 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne
71 Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary,
73 queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's
74 cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A
75 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
76 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
77 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
78 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
79 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen
80 fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
81 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
82 &lt;/td&gt;
83 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
84 &lt;/tr&gt;
85&lt;/table&gt;
86
87&lt;blockquote&gt;
88 &lt;blockquote&gt;
89 &lt;blockquote&gt;
90 &lt;hr&gt;
91 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
92 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
93 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my
94 Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be
95 ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
96 Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to
97 Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
98 &lt;blockquote&gt;
99 &lt;blockquote&gt;
100 &lt;hr&gt;
101
102 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered
103 religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp;
104 Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her
105 subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
106 &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of
107 Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had
108 been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of
109 heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded,
110 and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout
111 Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule
112 witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern
113 England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and
114 Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with
115 genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to
116 England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the
117 throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the
118 treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
119 &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant
120 councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if
121 their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth
122 that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and
123 strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the
124 queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If
125 they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private
126 worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as
127 they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content
128 not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
129 &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was
130 considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the
131 queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
132 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The
133 new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp;
134 This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let
135 the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to
136 court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
137 &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The
138 royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England
139 - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House
140 of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced
141 by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp;
142 Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she
143 felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent
144 Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it
145 was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive
146 to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was
147 passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious
148 dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of
149 doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as
150 Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly
151 outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from
152 positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In
153 total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
154 &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on
155 both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the
156 church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political
157 power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
158 &lt;hr&gt;
159 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
160 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
161 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all
162 religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she
163 seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not
164 entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my
165 opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both
166 creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of
167 her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
168 size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
169 &lt;blockquote&gt;
170 &lt;blockquote&gt;
171 &lt;hr&gt;
172 &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her
173 reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp;
174 The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This
175 extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal
176 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by
177 continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule
178 only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of
179 ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the
180 supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would
181 usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
182 &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of
183 England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp;
184&lt;/P&gt;
185 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement
186 underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in
187 1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed
188 reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I
189 had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in
190 establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few
191 Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of
192 the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It
193 remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp;
194 Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however
195 unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts
196 to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation.
197 &lt;/P&gt;
198 &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very
199 life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic
200 extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
201 &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively
202 quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of
203 England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed
204 Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither
205 Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her
206 title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two
207 greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were
208 cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their
209 competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain
210 had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took
211 care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
212 &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into
213 her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and
214 choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
215 &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a
216 Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip
217 &lt;IMG height=216
218 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot;
219 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of
220 Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly
221 across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only
222 wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he
223 then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A
224 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
225 Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's
226 help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant
227 rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
228 and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England
229 in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp;
230 And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary
231 of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable
232 focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots
233 would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth
234 should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the
235 English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified;
236 what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
237 &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by
238 the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in
239 reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated
240 followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan
241 plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
242 &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully
243 maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the
244 precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure
245 castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an
246 inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely
247 believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She
248 never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet
249 sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that
250 Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her
251 infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of
252 Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The
253 Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with
254 evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would
255 the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed
256 a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to
257 investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
258 &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
259 &lt;hr&gt;
260 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
261 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
262 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded
263 with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to
264 Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
265 &lt;blockquote&gt;
266 &lt;blockquote&gt;
267 &lt;hr&gt;
268 &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor
269 dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their
270 lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry
271 VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal
272 authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII,
273 was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern
274 rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt
275 brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress
276 afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon
277 after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the
278 north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north
279 after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned
280 queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She
281 was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the
282 earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her
283 Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some
284 degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal
285 relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious
286 differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England
287 and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to
288 the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
289 &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in
290 1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors,
291 including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier
292 peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin
293 Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his
294 opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could
295 possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled
296 in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized
297 this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she
298 live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and
299 torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As
300 future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what
301 support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to
302 sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant
303 and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
304 &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her
305 displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for
306 his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear
307 before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further
308 roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and
309 his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern
310 earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not
311 plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and
312 Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but
313 also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary
314 nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp;
315 This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as
316 well.&lt;/P&gt;
317 &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland
318 and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for
319 Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act
320 of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As
321 their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
322 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
323 &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of
324 Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her
325 highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up
326 nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to
327 overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also
328 misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve
329 years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy
330 contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof
331 divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will
332 be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same
333 .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for
334 the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort
335 unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any
336 of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
337 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
338 &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready
339 adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth
340 that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her
341 subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex,
342 sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
343 &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp;
344 Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for
345 the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot;
346 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of
347 Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels
348 themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their
349 church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp;
350 The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their
351 property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
352 &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended
353 satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England
354 must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of
355 the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in
356 March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth
357 I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all
358 loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe
359 were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a
360 heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long
361 expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant
362 councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
363 &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by
364 any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her
365 former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571,
366 parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a
367 heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants,
368 those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased
369 dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble
370 Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines;
371 they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become
372 treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to
373 leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against
374 Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led
375 by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to
376 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
377 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp;
378 Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and
379 Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were
380 deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from
381 European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was
382 particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert
383 Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political
384 treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and
385 it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise
386 in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects'
387 ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only
388 of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
389 &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the
390 queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were
391 condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
392 &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she
393 was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her
394 choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal
395 actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the
396 role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of
397 Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
398 &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with
399 France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by
400 considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of
401 accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then
402 Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to
403 systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought
404 Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under
405 attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of
406 1572. &lt;/P&gt;
407 &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished
408 with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying
409 English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned
410 by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged
411 caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she
412 faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious
413 treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence
414 loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
415 &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships
416 under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from
417 the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she
418 gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents
419 of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily
420 over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting
421 insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
422 &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots
423 continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
424 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
425 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A
426 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE
427 READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
428 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
429 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
430 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
431 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen
432 Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
433 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
434 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
435&lt;/blockquote&gt;
436
437
438
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441</Content>
442</Section>
443</Archive>
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