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15 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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25 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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39
40&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
41 &lt;tr&gt;
42 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
43 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
44&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be
45 confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
46 size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
47 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
48 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
49 &lt;/tr&gt;
50 &lt;tr&gt;
51 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
52 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
53 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
54 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
55 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
56 &lt;/tr&gt;
57 &lt;tr&gt;
58 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
59 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
60 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
61 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
62 &lt;blockquote&gt;
63 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
64 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
65 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
66 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
67 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
68 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian
69 government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
70 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
71 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary
72 wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the
74 Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A
75 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary
76 description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A
77 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from
78 Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
79 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
80 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit
81 the &lt;A
82 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of
83 Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
84 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
85 Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
86 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
87 Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
88 &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
89 &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A
90 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
91 &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
92 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
93 A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy
94 biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of
95 music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
96 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
97 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
98 &lt;/td&gt;
99 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
100 &lt;/tr&gt;
101&lt;/table&gt;
102
103&lt;blockquote&gt;
104 &lt;blockquote&gt;
105 &lt;blockquote&gt;
106 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
107 &lt;hr&gt;
108 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics
109 and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland,
110 the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
111 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
112 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
113 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
114&lt;/blockquote&gt;
115&lt;blockquote&gt;
116 &lt;blockquote&gt;
117 &lt;blockquote&gt;
118 &lt;hr&gt;
119 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
120 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female
121 ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister
122 and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her
123 half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of
124 English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to
125 warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her
126 hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere -
127 physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable
128 impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven
129 years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and,
130 later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his
131 council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real
132 power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
133 &lt;/p&gt;
134
135 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she
136 was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in
137 her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp;
138 Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in
139 1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot;
140 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
141 noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole
142 legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a
143 son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel
144 tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear
145 him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the
146 standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He
147 was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the
148 necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father
149 had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's
150 birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of
151 Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be
152 understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown
153 would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth,
154 was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a
155 woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as
156 regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda,
157 Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by
158 the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp;
159 Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still
160 valid.&lt;/FONT&gt;
161 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's
162 treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least
163 understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he
164 forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the
165 Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's
166 birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered
167 life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European
168 princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a
169 pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a
170 fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her
171 mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was
172 a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the
173 numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally
174 love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her
175 especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed
176 the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because
177 divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the
178 youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon
179 and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain
180 geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could
181 trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English
182 history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry,
183 her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she
184 was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as
185 well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became
186 queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt;
187 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal
188 governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman
189 Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the
190 unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a
191 huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted
192 Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp;
193 Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and
194 she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant
195 to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate
196 Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the
197 investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled
198 his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various
199 other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for
200 criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles
201 and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In
202 fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal
203 to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was
204 not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule
205 England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would
206 be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a
207 legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish
208 - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable
209 husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt;
210 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans
211 were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp;
212 Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a
213 former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with
214 the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked
215 at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic,
216 with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of
217 their long
218 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry
219 could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had
220 annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a
221 mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her
222 cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the
223 end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt;
224 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his
225 wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument
226 upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been
227 briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was
228 incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already
229 resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a
230 dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII
231 and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had
232 never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when
233 she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could
234 not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some
235 twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne
236 Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;
237 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
238 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue
239 that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry
240 had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his
241 life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had
242 'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of
243 feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we
244 can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries,
245 they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed
246 greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been
247 educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced
248 beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very
249 intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne
250 Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
251 she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland,
252 until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He
253 wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A
254 knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the
255 realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending
256 the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne
257 and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the
258 other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For
259 Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had
260 the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp;
261 Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her
262 personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the
263 king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt;
264 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of
265 Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother,
266 equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former
267 lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a
268 bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and
269 illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a
270 lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter,
271 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions,
272 though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she
273 persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a
274 reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an
275 unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt;
276 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize
277 Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power
278 struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
279 nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and
280 political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political
281 pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were
282 disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter
283 himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking
284 with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme
285 Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were
286 officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt;
287 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued
288 her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy,
289 Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches
290 were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a
291 spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her
292 youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive
293 years.&lt;/FONT&gt;
294 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree,
295 Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as
296 Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival
297 Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was
298 commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to
299 surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to
300 one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted
301 servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and
302 companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused
303 the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her
304 marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that
305 she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above
306 all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A
307 devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition
308 to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp;
309 Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also
310 refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as
311 Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt;
312 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry
313 VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the
314 Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his
315 life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics'
316 like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate
317 the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked
318 and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would
319 become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his
320 eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out
321 Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp;
322 Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp;
323 However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp;
324 Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
325 as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp;
326 Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by
327 Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made
328 lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
329 Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the
330 seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was
331 devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses,
332 undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death,
333 causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and
334 infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt;
335 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of
336 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes
337 rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only
338 if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to
339 encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she
340 did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to
341 pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him
342 as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous
343 illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she
344 refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her
345 otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A
346 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to
347 Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp;
348 Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving -
349 and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A
350 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt;
351 to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had
352 not seen one another for years though they had written one another,
353 against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last
354 thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt;
355 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon
356 reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour
357 and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a
358 household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court
359 festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her
360 future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both
361 of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new
362 queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince
363 Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's
364 birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so
365 unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost
366 her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any
367 kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing
368 Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of
369 incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing
370 to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament
371 which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother
372 to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt;
373 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were
374 not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of
375 succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward
376 died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to
377 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession,
378 resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second
379 son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage,
380 to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too
381 unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and
382 given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to
383 returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352
384 alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270
385 align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon
386 enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed
387 Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a
388 pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather,
389 plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's
390 opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that
391 even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized
392 her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his
393 spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
394 there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on
395 charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of
396 conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she
397 was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she
398 refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a
399 pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it,
400 their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but
401 still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however,
402 and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
403 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the
404 Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent
405 character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr
406 was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that
407 end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and
408 Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult
409 task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however,
410 did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt;
411 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of
412 the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic
413 supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their
414 lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose
415 end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a
416 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends
417 allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign,
418 there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic
419 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both
420 spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force
421 he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about
422 theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a
423 timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But
424 upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in
425 control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors
426 and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his
427 journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his
428 uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr,
429 however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left
430 behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and
431 vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt;
432 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on
433 Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors
434 and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was
435 disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors,
436 made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to
437 celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years
438 of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and
439 treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she
440 refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he
441 was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke
442 of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though
443 Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide
444 his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow
445 councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion,
446 titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep
447 affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and
448 hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious
449 sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined
450 pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from
451 court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was
452 misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent
453 enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration
454 of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had
455 overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely
456 engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of
457 Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's
458 control.&lt;/FONT&gt;
459 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven
460 years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and
461 suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested, &lt;/FONT&gt;
462 &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption
463 being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike
464 his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong
465 his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other
466 poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased
467 suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was
468 inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from
469 ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with
470 a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A
471 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
472 Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward,
473 Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of
474 Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to
475 the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley
476 disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and
477 Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne
478 to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared
479 Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt;
480 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the
481 throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were
482 not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the
483 rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
484 Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a
485 gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor
486 victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp;
487 It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the
488 English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her
489 parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should
490 follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic
491 claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary
492 was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English
493 subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt;
494 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary
495 fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it,
496 she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the
497 throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary
498 arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her
499 typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's
500 fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him
501 executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however,
502 remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
503 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
504 &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
505
506 &lt;blockquote&gt;
507
508 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
509 &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
510 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY
511 SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
512 &lt;FONT
513 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of
514 Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
515 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which
516 she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution
517 of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a
518 letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
519 &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of
520 Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with
521 Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
522 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt;
523 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech
524 at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's
525 uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
526 &lt;FONT
527 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane
528 explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine
529 days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
530 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford
531 Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
532 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas
533 Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
534 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;
535 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt;
536
537 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
538
539 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
540 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
541 &lt;CENTER&gt;
542 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
543 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
544 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
545 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
546 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
547 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
548 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
549&lt;/blockquote&gt;
550
551
552
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555</Content>
556</Section>
557</Archive>
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