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15	<Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
16	<Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
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34
35	<center><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif" ALT="Thomas Wolsey" height=67 width=286>
36	<br>born c. 1465 in Ipswich
37	<br>died 29 November 1530 in Leicester</center>
38
39	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
40	He was a man
41	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
42	Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
43	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
44	Himself with princes...
45	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
46	His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
47	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
48	But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
49	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
50	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII</i>.</font>
51	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
52	Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.</font>
53	<blockquote>&nbsp;</blockquote>
54	&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
55	O Cromwell, Cromwell!
56	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
57	Had I but served my God with half the zeal
58	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
59	I served my king, he would not in mine age
60	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
61	Have left me naked to mine enemies.
62	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
63	<i>All Is True</i>. Wolsey's speech in act IV.</font>
64	<br>&nbsp;
65	<br>&nbsp;
66	<p><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg" ALT="Cardinal Wolsey" BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
67	The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
68	VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
69	and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&nbsp; He was
70	born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&nbsp;
71	But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
72	Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&nbsp; Five years later, he
73	became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
74	Sir Richard Nanfan.&nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
75	Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&nbsp;
76	Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
77	was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
78	death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&nbsp; Upon Henry's
79	death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
80	found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
81	to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
82	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
83	as one could be to a king.&nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
84	mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
85	diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
86	and English-arbitrated European peace.&nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
87	though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&nbsp; He
88	was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
89	but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
90	international affairs.&nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
91	spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
92	English life.
93	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
94	and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
95	delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&nbsp; The early years of Henry's
96	reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
97	in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&nbsp; And
98	while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
99	on Wolsey's assistance.&nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
100	changed by the French expedition of 1513.&nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
101	to prove English strength in battle against this old
102	<br>enemy.&nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
103	young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&nbsp; When Henry VII
104	died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&nbsp;
105	Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
106	but not lively.&nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
107	dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
108	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
109	a successful military strike against France.&nbsp; After one failure, he
110	went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&nbsp;
111	Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
112	Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&nbsp; Of course, the English
113	couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
114	peace.&nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&nbsp;
115	At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&nbsp;
116	The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
117	her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
118	Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&nbsp; Mary and Brandon
119	were the grandparents of <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html">Lady
120	Jane Grey</a>.
121	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
122	was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&nbsp; England would be taken
123	seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
124	and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&nbsp; Henry
125	was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
126	Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
127	months later, archbishop of York.&nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&nbsp;
128	The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
129	of England.
130	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
131	taken into Henry's complete confidence.&nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
132	and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&nbsp;
133	Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
134	Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
135	dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
136	his marriage.&nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
137	to it.&nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
138	servant, Wolsey, for help.
139	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
140	himself as second only to Henry in power.&nbsp; This naturally angered
141	the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&nbsp;
142	They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
143	the king.&nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
144	as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
145	the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&nbsp; In the natural order, he
146	was their inferior.&nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
147	particularly the powerful dukes.
148	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&nbsp;
149	That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
150	arrogance?&nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
151	his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&nbsp; Wolsey was his
152	creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
153	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
154	Henry.&nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
155	that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&nbsp; (The complexity
156	of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
157	here.&nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's <i>Henry VIII: The Mask of
158	Royalty</i>, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
159	century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
160	Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
161	his own inadequacies.&nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&nbsp;
162	In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&nbsp;
163	With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
164	to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&nbsp; At Hampton
165	Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
166	richly embroidered livery.&nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
167	knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&nbsp; But his ties
168	to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&nbsp;
169	He could not serve two masters.
170	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
171	Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&nbsp; As stated
172	before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&nbsp;
173	At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
174	the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&nbsp; The situation became even
175	more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
176	Roman Emperor in 1519.&nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
177	with the Imperial power.&nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
178	with the Lowlands), history (England was
179	<br>rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
180	Katharine's nephew.)&nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
181	and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
182	favor.&nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
183	between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
184	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
185	broke out in 1521.&nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
186	Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&nbsp; But war costs a great deal
187	of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&nbsp;
188	And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&nbsp; This unpleasant
189	task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
190	and, accordingly, take the blame.
191	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
192	taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&nbsp; In 1528, the English
193	were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
194	1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&nbsp; It
195	was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
196	troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&nbsp; The Emperor
197	Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
198	of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
199	sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&nbsp; However, Charles - and
200	the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
201	and the pope.
202	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
203	judicial system.&nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
204	Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&nbsp; He was determined to extend
205	justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&nbsp; Only their
206	code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
207	murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
208	matter entirely.&nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
209	his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
210	the law - at least more equal than before.&nbsp; He also developed
211	<br>committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
212	the Court of Requests in 1529.
213	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
214	successful.&nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
215	to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&nbsp; Also,
216	his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
217	titles.&nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
218	children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
219	ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
220	leadership.&nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
221	some reforms.&nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
222	pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&nbsp;
223	Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&nbsp;
224	Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&nbsp; And, ironically,
225	most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
226	instigation or approval.&nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
227	as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
228	nobles.&nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
229	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
230	opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
231	which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
232	as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
233	own.&nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
234	desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&nbsp;
235	His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&nbsp; Poor Wolsey
236	- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
237	his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
238	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
239	though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&nbsp; He suggested
240	that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
241	wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
242	Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&nbsp;
243	The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
244	a nunnery and marry Anne.&nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
245	of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&nbsp; From 1527 to
246	1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
247	solutions but these were unsuccessful.&nbsp; After all, England did not
248	have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
249	make an independent decision.&nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
250	would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
251	for monarchs throughout Europe.&nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
252	is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&nbsp;
253	He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
254	legally married to Katharine.
255	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
256	virtually any support at the English court.&nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
257	Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
258	he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
259	to her and Henry's marriage.&nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
260	torn between Katharine and Anne.&nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
261	both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&nbsp;
262	This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&nbsp;
263	Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
264	to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
265	English knight's daughter.
266	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
267	an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&nbsp; He was now all too
268	willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
269	so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&nbsp;
270	It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
271	direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
272	papal jurisdiction.&nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
273	authority and so had broken the law himself.&nbsp; This did not matter.&nbsp;
274	Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
275	9
276	<br>October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
277	York.&nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
278	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
279	and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
280	with the French king.&nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
281	still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
282	majesty.&nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
283	and taken from York Palace.&nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
284	at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&nbsp; The group escorting him were
285	concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
286	quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
287	<br>His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
288	<br>&nbsp;
289	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
290	This cardinal,
291	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
292	Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
293	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
294	Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
295	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
296	He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
297	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
298	Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
299	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
300	Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
301	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
302	But to those men that sought him sweet as
303	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
304	summer.
305	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
306	And though he were unsatisfied in getting
307	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
308	Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
309	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
310	He was most princely: ever witness for him
311	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
312	Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
313	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
314	Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
315	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
316	him,
317	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
318	Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
319	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
320	The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
321	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
322	So excellent in art, and still so rising,
323	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
324	That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
325	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
326	His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
327	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
328	For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
329	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
330	And found the blessedness of being little:
331	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
332	And, to add greater honors to his age
333	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
334	Than man could give him, he died fearing
335	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
336	God.
337	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
338	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True</i>.</font>
339	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
340	Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.</font>
341	<center>
342	<p>Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary
343	Sources</a> section.
344	<br>
345	<hr WIDTH="100%">
346	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to
347	Tudor Citizens</a></font>
348	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
349	England</a></font></center>
350
351
352
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354	<IMG SRC="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&t=1108082581" ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1>
355	</Content>
356	</Section>
357	</Archive>

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