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14 | <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
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15 | <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
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16 | <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
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17 | <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter II</Metadata>
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24 | <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
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32 | </Description>
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33 | <Content>
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34 |
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35 | <table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="100%" height="667">
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36 | <tr>
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37 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
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38 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="29">&nbsp;</td>
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39 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
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40 | </tr>
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41 | <tr>
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42 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
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43 | <td width="50%" height="3"><font size="3"></font></td>
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44 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
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45 | </tr>
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46 | <tr>
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47 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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48 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="610">
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49 | <p align="center"><b><font size="7">Queen Elizabeth<br></font></b>
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50 | <font size="4">by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</font></p>
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51 | <p align="center">
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52 | <img border="2" src="_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg" width="400" height="478" alt="'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard"><p align="center">
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53 | <i><font size="2">'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas
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54 | Hilliard;<br>from the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html">Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I</a> website</font></i></td>
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55 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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56 | </tr>
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57 | </table>
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58 | <blockquote>
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59 | <blockquote>
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60 | <font style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
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61 | <font style="font-family: Times New Roman"></font>
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62 | <font style="font-family: Times New Roman">
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63 | <div align="left">
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64 | <b>CHAPTER II</b><br>
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65 | <b>THE CHANGE OF RELIGION: 1559</b></div>
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66 | <p align="left"><font size="3">MARY died on the 17th of November 1558.
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67 | Parliament was then sitting, and, in communicating the event to both Houses,
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68 | Archbishop Heath frankly took the initiative in recognising
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69 | <font class="highlight_yellow">Elizabeth</font>, &quot;of whose most lawful right
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70 | and title in the succession of the Crown, thanks be to God, we need not to
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71 | doubt.&quot; He was a staunch Catholic, and two months later refused to officiate
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72 | at her coronation. But he was an Englishman, and even the most convinced
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73 | Catholics, though looking forward with uneasiness to the religious policy of
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74 | the new <font class="highlight_yellow">Queen</font>, were sincerely glad
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75 | that there was no danger of a disputed succession. Besides, it was by no
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76 | means clear that <font class="highlight_yellow">Elizabeth</font> would not
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77 | accept the ecclesiastical constitution as established in the late reign.
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78 | That there would be an end of burnings, and of the harassing tyranny of the
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79 | bishops, every one felt certain; but it seemed quite upon the cards that
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80 | <font class="highlight_yellow">Elizabeth</font> would continue to recognise
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81 | the headship of the Pope in a formal way and maintain the Mass. It must be
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82 | remembered that the religious changes had only begun some thirty years
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83 | before. All middle-aged men could remember the time when the ecclesiastical
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84 | fabric stood to all appearance unbroken, as it had stood for centuries. Only
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85 | twenty-four years had passed since the Act of Supremacy had transferred the
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86 | headship of the Church from the Pope to the King; only eleven since the
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87 | Protestant doctrine and worship had been forced on the country by the
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88 | Protector Somerset, to the horror and disgust of the great majority of
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89 | Englishmen. The nation had sorrowed for the death of Edward VI., because it
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90 | darkened the prospects of the succession, and seemed likely sooner or later
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91 | to bring on a civil war. But apart from the hot Protestant minority, chiefly
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92 | to be found in London, the mass of the nation was conservative, and welcomed
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93 | the reestablishment of the old religion as a return to order and common
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94 | sense after a short and bitter experience of revolutionary anarchy. There
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95 | was a rooted objection to restore the old meddlesome tyranny of the bishops,
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96 | and the nobles and squires who had got hold of the abbey lands would not
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97 | hear of giving them up. But the return to communion with the Catholic Church
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98 | and the recognition of the Pope as its head gave satisfaction to
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99 | three-fourths, perhaps to five-sixths, of the nation, and to a still larger
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100 | proportion of its most influential class, the great landed proprietors.
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101 | Mary's accession was the great and unique opportunity for the old Church. If
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102 | Mary and Pole had been coolheaded politicians instead of excitable fanatics,
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103 | if they had contented themselves with restoring the old worship, depriving
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104 | the few Protestant clergy of their benefices, and punishing only outrageous
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105 | attacks on the State religion, Elizabeth would not have had the power, it
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106 | may be doubted whether she would have had the inclination, to undo her
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107 | sister's work. </font></p>
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108 | <p align="left"><font size="3">This great opportunity was thrown away.
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109 | Mary's bishops came back brooding over the long catalogue of humiliations
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110 | and indignities which their Church had suffered, and thirsting to avenge
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111 | their own wrongs. For six years they had their fling, and contrived to make
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112 | the country forget the period of Protestant misgovernment. England had never
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113 | before known what it was to be governed by clergymen. It was a sort of rule
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114 | as hateful to most Catholic laymen as to Protestants. Catholics therefore
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115 | for the most part, as well as Protestants, hailed the accession of
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116 | Elizabeth. At any rate there would be an end of the clerical tyranny. Nor
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117 | were they without hope that she would maintain the old worship. She had
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118 | conformed to it for the last five years, and Philip had given the word that
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119 | she was to be supported. </font></p>
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120 | <p align="left"><font size="3">We are now accustomed to the Papal <i>non
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121 | possumus</i>. No nation or Church can hope that the smallest deviation from
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122 | Roman doctrine or discipline will be tolerated. But in 1558 the hard and
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123 | fast line had not yet been drawn. France was still pressing for such changes
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124 | as communion in both kinds, worship in the vulgar tongue, and marriage of
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125 | priests. The Council of Trent, it is true, had already in 1545 decided that
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126 | Catholic doctrine was contained in the Bible <i>and tradition</i>, and in
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127 | 1551 had defined transubstantiation and the sacraments. But in 1552 the
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128 | Council was prorogued, and it did not resume till 1562. Doctrine and
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129 | discipline therefore might be, and were still considered to be, in the
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130 | melting-pot, and no one could be certain what would come out. If Elizabeth
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131 | had contented herself with the French programme, and had joined France in
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132 | pressing it, the other sovereigns, who really cared for nothing but
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133 | uniformity, would probably have forced the Pope to compromise. The Lutheran
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134 | doctrine of consubstantiation might have been tolerated. The Anglican
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135 | formulÊ have been held by many to be compatible with a belief in the Real
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136 | Presence. The formal severance of England from Catholic unity might thus
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137 | have been postponed--possibly avoided--in the same sense that it has been
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138 | avoided in France. After the completion of the Council of Trent (1562-3) it
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139 | was too late. </font></p>
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140 | <p align="left"><font size="3">Two years after her accession Elizabeth told
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141 | the Spanish ambassador, De Quadra, that her belief was the belief of all the
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142 | Catholics in the realm; and on his asking her how then she could have
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143 | altered religion in 1559, she said she had been compelled to act as she did,
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144 | and that, if he knew how she had been driven to it, she was sure he would
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145 | excuse her. Seven years later she made the same statement to De Silva.
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146 | Elizabeth was habitually so regardless of truth that her assertions can be
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147 | allowed little weight when they are improbable. No doubt, as a matter of
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148 | taste and feeling, she preferred the Catholic worship. She was not pious.
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149 | She was not troubled with a tender conscience or tormented by a sense of
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150 | sin. She did not care to cultivate close personal relations with her God. A
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151 | religion of form and ceremony suited her better. But her training had been
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152 | such as to free her from all superstitious fear or prejudice, and her
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153 | religious convictions were determined by her sense of what was most
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154 | reasonable and convenient. There is not the least evidence that she was a
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155 | reluctant agent in the adoption of Protestantism in 1559. Who was there to
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156 | coerce her? The Protestants could not have set up a Protestant competitor.
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157 | The great nobles, though opposed to persecution and desirous of minimising
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158 | the Pope's authority, would have preferred to leave worship as it was. But
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159 | upon one thing Elizabeth was determined. She would resume the full
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160 | ecclesiastical supremacy which her father had annexed to the Crown. She
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161 | judged, and she probably judged rightly, that the only way to assure this
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162 | was to make the breach with the old religion complete. If she had placed
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163 | herself in the hands of moderate Catholics like Paget, possessed with the
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164 | belief that she could only maintain herself by the protection of Philip,
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165 | they would have advised her to be content with the practical authority over
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166 | the English Church which many an English king had known how to exercise.
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167 | That was not enough for her. She desired a position free from all ambiguity
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168 | and possibility of dispute, not one which would have to be defended with
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169 | constant vigilance and at the cost of incessant bickering. </font></p>
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170 | <p align="left"><font size="3">From the point of view of her foreign
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171 | relations the moment might seem to be a dangerous one for carrying out a
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172 | religious revolution, and many a statesman with a deserved reputation for
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173 | prudence would have counselled delay. But this disadvantage was more than
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174 | counterbalanced by the unpopularity which the cruelties and disasters of
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175 | Mary's last three years had brought upon the most active Catholics. Again,
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176 | Elizabeth no doubt recognised that the Catholics, though at present the
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177 | strongest, were the declining party. The future was with the Protestants. It
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178 | was the young men who had fixed their hopes upon her in her sister's time,
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179 | and who were ready to rally round her now. By her natural disposition, and
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180 | by her culture, she belonged to the Renaissance rather than to the
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181 | Reformation. But obscurantist as Calvinism essentially was, the Calvinists,
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182 | as a minority struggling for freedom to think and teach what they believed,
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183 | represented for a time the cause of light and intellectual emancipation. Was
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184 | she to put herself at the head of reaction or progress? She did not love the
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185 | Calvinists. They were too much in earnest for her. Their narrow creed was as
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186 | tainted with superstition as that of Rome, and, at bottom, was less humane,
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187 | less favourable to progress. But whom else had she to work with? The
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188 | reasonable, secular-minded, tolerant sceptics are not always the best
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189 | fighting material; and at that time they were few in number and tending--in
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190 | England at least--to be ground out of existence between the upper and nether
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191 | millstones of the rival fanaticisms. If she broke with Catholicism she would
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192 | be sure of the ardent and unwavering support of one-third of the nation; so
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193 | sure, that she would have no need to take any further pains to please them.
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194 | As for the remaining two-thirds, she hoped to conciliate most of them by
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195 | posing as their protector against the persecution which would have been
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196 | pleasing to Protestant bigots. </font></p>
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197 | <p align="left"><font size="3">In the policy of a complete breach with Rome,
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198 | Cecil was disposed to go as far as the Queen, and further. Cecil was at this
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199 | time thirty-eight. For forty years he continued to be the confidential and
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200 | faithful servant of Elizabeth. One of those new men whom the Tudors most
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201 | trusted, he was first employed by Henry VIII. Under Edward he rose to be
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202 | Secretary of State, and was a pronounced Protestant. On the fall of his
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203 | patron Somerset he was for a abort time sent to the Tower, but was soon in
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204 | office again--sooner, some thought, than was quite decent--under his
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205 | patron's old enemy, Northumberland. He signed the letters patent by which
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206 | the crown was conferred on Lady Jane Grey; but took an early opportunity of
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207 | going over to Mary. During her reign he conformed to the old religion, and,
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208 | though not holding any office, was consulted on public business, and was one
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209 | of the three commissioners who went to fetch Cardinal Pole to England.
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210 | Thoroughly capable in business, one of those to whom power naturally falls
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211 | because they know how to use it, a shrewd balancer of probabilities, without
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212 | a particle of fanaticism in his composition and detesting it in others,
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213 | though ready to make use of it to serve his ends, entirely believing that &quot;whate'er
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214 | is best administered is best,&quot; Cecil nevertheless had his religious
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215 | predilections, and they were all on the side of the Protestants. Moreover he
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216 | had a personal motive which, by the nature of the case, was not present to
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217 | the Queen. She might die prematurely; and if that event should take place
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218 | before the Protestant ascendancy was firmly established his power would be
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219 | at an end, and his very life would be in danger. A time came when he and his
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220 | party had so strengthened themselves, if not in absolute numerical
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221 | superiority, yet by the hold they had established on all departments of
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222 | Government from the highest to the lowest, that they were in a condition to
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223 | resist a Catholic claimant to the throne, if need were, sword in hand. But
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224 | during the early years of the reign Cecil was working with the rope round
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225 | his neck. Hence he could not regard the progress of events with the
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226 | imperturbable <i>sang-froid</i> which Elizabeth always displayed; and all
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227 | his influence was employed to push the religious revolution through as
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228 | rapidly and completely as possible. </font></p>
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229 | <p align="left"><font size="3">The story that Elizabeth was influenced in
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230 | her attitude to Rome by an arrogant reply from Pope Paul IV. to her official
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231 | notification of her accession, though refuted by Lingard and Hallam in their
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232 | later editions, has been repeated by recent historians. Her accession was
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233 | notified to every friendly sovereign except the Pope. He was studiously
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234 | ignored from the first. Equally unsupported by facts are all attempts to
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235 | show that during the early weeks of her reign she had not made up her mind
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236 | as to the course she would take about religion. All preaching, it is true,
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237 | was suspended by proclamation; and it was ordered that the established
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238 | worship should go on &quot;until consultation might be had in Parliament by the
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239 | Queen and the three Estates.&quot; In the meantime she had herself crowned
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240 | according to the ancient ritual by the Catholic Bishop of Carlisle. But this
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241 | is only what might have been expected from a strong ruler who was not
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242 | disposed to let important alterations be initiated by popular commotion or
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243 | the presumptuous forwardness of individual clergymen. The impending change
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244 | was quite sufficiently marked from the first by the removal of the most
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245 | bigoted Catholics from the Council and by the appointment of Cecil and Bacon
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246 | to the offices of Secretary and of Lord Keeper. The new Parliament,
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247 | Protestant candidates for which had been recommended by the Government, met
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248 | as soon as possible (25 January 1559). When it rose (8 May) the great change
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249 | had been legally and decisively accomplished. </font></p>
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250 | <p align="left"><font size="3">The government, worship, and doctrine of the
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251 | Established Church are the most abiding marks left by Elizabeth on the
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252 | national life of England. Logically it might have been expected that the
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253 | settlement of doctrine would precede that of government and worship. It is
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254 | characteristic of a State Church that the inverse order should have been
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255 | followed. For the Queen the most important question was Church government;
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256 | for the people, worship. Both these matters were disposed of with great
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257 | promptitude at the beginning of 1559. Doctrine might interest the clergy;
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258 | but it could wait. The Thirty-nine Articles were not adopted by Convocation
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259 | till 1563, and were not sanctioned by Parliament till 1571. </font></p>
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260 | <p align="left"><font size="3">The government of the Church was settled by
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261 | the <i>Act of Supremacy (April 1559)</i>. It revived the Act of Henry VIII.,
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262 | except that the Queen was styled Supreme Governor of the Church instead of
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263 | Supreme Head, although the nature of the supremacy was precisely the same.
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264 | The penalties were relaxed. Henry's oath of supremacy might be tendered to
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265 | any subject, and to decline it was high treason; Elizabeth's oath was to be
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266 | obligatory only on persons holding spiritual or temporal office under the
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267 | Crown, and the penalty for declining was the loss of such office. Those who
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268 | chose to attack the supremacy were still liable to the penalties of treason
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269 | on the third offence. </font></p>
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270 | <p align="left"><font size="3">Worship was settled with equal expedition by
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271 | the <i>Act of Uniformity (April 1559)</i>, which imposed the second or more
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272 | Protestant Prayer-book of Edward VI., but with a few very important
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273 | alterations. A deprecation in the Litany of &quot;the tyranny of the Bishop of
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274 | Rome and all his detestable enormities,&quot; and a rubric which declared that by
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275 | kneeling at the Communion no adoration was intended to any real and
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276 | essential presence of Christ, were expunged. The words of administration in
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277 | the present communion service consist of two sentences. The first sentence,
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278 | implying real presence, belonged to Edward's first Prayer-book; the second,
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279 | implying mere commemoration, belonged to his second Prayer-book. The
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280 | Prayerbook of 1559 simply pieced the two together, with a view to satisfy
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281 | both Catholics and Protestants. Lastly, the vestments prescribed in Edward's
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282 | first Prayer-book were retained till further notice. These alterations of
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283 | Edward's second Prayer-book, all of them designed to propitiate the
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284 | Catholics, were dictated by Elizabeth herself. In all this legislation
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285 | Convocation was entirely ignored. Both its houses showed themselves strongly
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286 | Catholic. But their opinion was not asked, and no notice was taken of their
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287 | remonstrances. </font></p>
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288 | <p align="left"><font size="3">While determining that England should have a
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289 | purely national Church, and for that reason casting in her lot with the
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290 | Protestants, Elizabeth, as we have seen, made very considerable sacrifices
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291 | of logic and consistency in order to induce Catholics to conform. Like a
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292 | strong and wise statesman, she did not allow herself to be driven into one
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293 | concession after another, but went at once as far as she intended to go. At
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294 | the same time the coercion applied to the Catholics, while sufficient to
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295 | influence the worldly-minded majority, was, during the early part of her
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296 | reign, very mild for those times. She wished no one to be molested who did
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297 | not go out of his way to invite it. Outward conformity was all she wanted.
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298 | And of this mere attendance at church was accepted as sufficient evidence.
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299 | The principal difficulty, of course, was with the clergy. From them more
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300 | than a mere passive conformity had to be exacted. To sign declarations, take
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301 | oaths, and officiate in church was a severer strain on the conscience. It is
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302 | said that less than 200 out of 9400 sacrificed their benefices rather than
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303 | conform, and that of these about 100 were dignitaries. The number must be
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304 | under-stated; for the chief difficulty of the new bishops, for a long time,
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305 | was to find clergymen for the parish churches. But we cannot doubt that the
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306 | large majority of the parish clergy stuck to their livings, remaining
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307 | Catholics at heart, and avoiding, where they could, and as long as they
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308 | could, compliance with the new regulations. It must not be supposed that the
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309 | enactment of religious changes by Parliament was equivalent, as it would be
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310 | at the present day, to their immediate enforcement throughout the country;
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311 | especially in the north where the great proprietors and justices of the
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312 | peace did not carry out the law. A certain number of the ejected priests
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313 | continued to celebrate the ancient rites privately in the houses of the more
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314 | earnest Catholics; for which they were not unfrequently punished by
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315 | imprisonment. </font></p>
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316 | <p align="left"><font size="3">Of course this was persecution. But according
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317 | to the ideas of that day it was a very mild kind of persecution; and where
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318 | it occurred it seems to have been due to the zeal of some of the bishops,
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319 | and to private busybodies who set the law in motion, rather than to any
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320 | systematic action on the part of the Government.</font></p>
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321 | </font>
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322 | <hr>
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323 | <p align="left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman" size="2">From <i>
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324 | Queen Elizabeth</i> by Edward Spencer Beesly.&nbsp; Published in London by
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325 | Macmillan and Co., 1892.</font></p>
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326 | </font>
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327 | <font face="Times New Roman" size="2">
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328 | </blockquote>
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329 | </blockquote>
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330 |
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331 | <p align="center">
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332 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterthree.html">to Chapter
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333 | III: Foreign Relations: 1559-1563</a></p>
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334 | <p align="center">
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335 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html">to the Queen
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336 | Elizabeth I website</a>&nbsp; /&nbsp;
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337 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html">to the Mary,
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338 | queen of Scots website</a></p>
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339 | <p align="center"><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html">
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340 | to Secondary Sources</a></p>
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341 | </font>
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342 |
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343 |
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344 |
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345 | <!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --><!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --><script language="JavaScript" src="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js"></script><script language="javascript">geovisit();</script><noscript><img src="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082621" alt="setstats" border="0" width="1" height="1"></noscript>
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346 | <IMG SRC="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&t=1108082621" ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1>
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347 | </Content>
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348 | </Section>
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349 | </Archive>
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