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	16	<Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
	17	<Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
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	24	<Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period\|Citizens</Metadata>
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	35
	36	<center><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif" ALT="Thomas Wolsey" height=67 width=286>
	37	<br>born c. 1465 in Ipswich
	38	<br>died 29 November 1530 in Leicester</center>
	39
	40	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	41	He was a man
	42	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	43	Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
	44	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	45	Himself with princes...
	46	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	47	His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
	48	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	49	But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
	50	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	51	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII</i>.</font>
	52	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	53	Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.</font>
	54	<blockquote>&nbsp;</blockquote>
	55	&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	56	O Cromwell, Cromwell!
	57	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	58	Had I but served my God with half the zeal
	59	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	60	I served my king, he would not in mine age
	61	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	62	Have left me naked to mine enemies.
	63	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	64	<i>All Is True</i>. Wolsey's speech in act IV.</font>
	65	<br>&nbsp;
	66	<br>&nbsp;
	67	<p><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg" ALT="Cardinal Wolsey" BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	68	The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
	69	VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
	70	and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&nbsp; He was
	71	born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&nbsp;
	72	But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
	73	Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&nbsp; Five years later, he
	74	became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
	75	Sir Richard Nanfan.&nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
	76	Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&nbsp;
	77	Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
	78	was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
	79	death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&nbsp; Upon Henry's
	80	death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
	81	found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
	82	to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
	83	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
	84	as one could be to a king.&nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
	85	mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
	86	diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
	87	and English-arbitrated European peace.&nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
	88	though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&nbsp; He
	89	was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
	90	but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
	91	international affairs.&nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
	92	spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
	93	English life.
	94	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
	95	and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
	96	delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&nbsp; The early years of Henry's
	97	reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
	98	in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&nbsp; And
	99	while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
	100	on Wolsey's assistance.&nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
	101	changed by the French expedition of 1513.&nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
	102	to prove English strength in battle against this old
	103	<br>enemy.&nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
	104	young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&nbsp; When Henry VII
	105	died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&nbsp;
	106	Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
	107	but not lively.&nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
	108	dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
	109	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
	110	a successful military strike against France.&nbsp; After one failure, he
	111	went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&nbsp;
	112	Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
	113	Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&nbsp; Of course, the English
	114	couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
	115	peace.&nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&nbsp;
	116	At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&nbsp;
	117	The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
	118	her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
	119	Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&nbsp; Mary and Brandon
	120	were the grandparents of <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html">Lady
	121	Jane Grey</a>.
	122	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
	123	was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&nbsp; England would be taken
	124	seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
	125	and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&nbsp; Henry
	126	was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
	127	Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
	128	months later, archbishop of York.&nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&nbsp;
	129	The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
	130	of England.
	131	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
	132	taken into Henry's complete confidence.&nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
	133	and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&nbsp;
	134	Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
	135	Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
	136	dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
	137	his marriage.&nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
	138	to it.&nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
	139	servant, Wolsey, for help.
	140	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
	141	himself as second only to Henry in power.&nbsp; This naturally angered
	142	the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&nbsp;
	143	They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
	144	the king.&nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
	145	as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
	146	the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&nbsp; In the natural order, he
	147	was their inferior.&nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
	148	particularly the powerful dukes.
	149	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&nbsp;
	150	That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
	151	arrogance?&nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
	152	his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&nbsp; Wolsey was his
	153	creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
	154	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
	155	Henry.&nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
	156	that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&nbsp; (The complexity
	157	of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
	158	here.&nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's <i>Henry VIII: The Mask of
	159	Royalty</i>, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
	160	century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
	161	Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
	162	his own inadequacies.&nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&nbsp;
	163	In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&nbsp;
	164	With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
	165	to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&nbsp; At Hampton
	166	Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
	167	richly embroidered livery.&nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
	168	knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&nbsp; But his ties
	169	to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&nbsp;
	170	He could not serve two masters.
	171	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
	172	Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&nbsp; As stated
	173	before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&nbsp;
	174	At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
	175	the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&nbsp; The situation became even
	176	more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
	177	Roman Emperor in 1519.&nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
	178	with the Imperial power.&nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
	179	with the Lowlands), history (England was
	180	<br>rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
	181	Katharine's nephew.)&nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
	182	and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
	183	favor.&nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
	184	between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
	185	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
	186	broke out in 1521.&nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
	187	Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&nbsp; But war costs a great deal
	188	of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&nbsp;
	189	And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&nbsp; This unpleasant
	190	task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
	191	and, accordingly, take the blame.
	192	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
	193	taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&nbsp; In 1528, the English
	194	were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
	195	1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&nbsp; It
	196	was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
	197	troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&nbsp; The Emperor
	198	Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
	199	of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
	200	sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&nbsp; However, Charles - and
	201	the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
	202	and the pope.
	203	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
	204	judicial system.&nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
	205	Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&nbsp; He was determined to extend
	206	justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&nbsp; Only their
	207	code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
	208	murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
	209	matter entirely.&nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
	210	his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
	211	the law - at least more equal than before.&nbsp; He also developed
	212	<br>committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
	213	the Court of Requests in 1529.
	214	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
	215	successful.&nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
	216	to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&nbsp; Also,
	217	his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
	218	titles.&nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
	219	children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
	220	ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
	221	leadership.&nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
	222	some reforms.&nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
	223	pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&nbsp;
	224	Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&nbsp;
	225	Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&nbsp; And, ironically,
	226	most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
	227	instigation or approval.&nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
	228	as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
	229	nobles.&nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
	230	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
	231	opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
	232	which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
	233	as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
	234	own.&nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
	235	desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&nbsp;
	236	His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&nbsp; Poor Wolsey
	237	- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
	238	his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
	239	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
	240	though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&nbsp; He suggested
	241	that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
	242	wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
	243	Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&nbsp;
	244	The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
	245	a nunnery and marry Anne.&nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
	246	of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&nbsp; From 1527 to
	247	1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
	248	solutions but these were unsuccessful.&nbsp; After all, England did not
	249	have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
	250	make an independent decision.&nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
	251	would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
	252	for monarchs throughout Europe.&nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
	253	is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&nbsp;
	254	He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
	255	legally married to Katharine.
	256	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
	257	virtually any support at the English court.&nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
	258	Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
	259	he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
	260	to her and Henry's marriage.&nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
	261	torn between Katharine and Anne.&nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
	262	both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&nbsp;
	263	This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&nbsp;
	264	Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
	265	to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
	266	English knight's daughter.
	267	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
	268	an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&nbsp; He was now all too
	269	willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
	270	so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&nbsp;
	271	It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
	272	direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
	273	papal jurisdiction.&nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
	274	authority and so had broken the law himself.&nbsp; This did not matter.&nbsp;
	275	Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
	276	9
	277	<br>October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
	278	York.&nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
	279	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
	280	and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
	281	with the French king.&nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
	282	still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
	283	majesty.&nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
	284	and taken from York Palace.&nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
	285	at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&nbsp; The group escorting him were
	286	concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
	287	quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
	288	<br>His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
	289	<br>&nbsp;
	290	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	291	This cardinal,
	292	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	293	Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
	294	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	295	Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
	296	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	297	He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
	298	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	299	Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
	300	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	301	Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
	302	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	303	But to those men that sought him sweet as
	304	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	305	summer.
	306	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	307	And though he were unsatisfied in getting
	308	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	309	Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
	310	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	311	He was most princely: ever witness for him
	312	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	313	Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
	314	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	315	Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
	316	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	317	him,
	318	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	319	Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
	320	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	321	The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
	322	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	323	So excellent in art, and still so rising,
	324	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	325	That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
	326	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	327	His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
	328	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	329	For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
	330	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	331	And found the blessedness of being little:
	332	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	333	And, to add greater honors to his age
	334	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	335	Than man could give him, he died fearing
	336	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	337	God.
	338	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	339	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True</i>.</font>
	340	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
	341	Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.</font>
	342	<center>
	343	<p>Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary
	344	Sources</a> section.
	345	<br>
	346	<hr WIDTH="100%">
	347	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to
	348	Tudor Citizens</a></font>
	349	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
	350	England</a></font></center>
	351
	352
	353
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	356	</Content>
	357	</Section>
	358	</Archive>

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