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main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b20cre/b20cre.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the</P> 18 18 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</P> … … 120 120 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This publication is dedicated to the memory of panel member Howard W. "Duke" Campbell who devoted most of his professional life to the conservation of crocodilians. Dr. Campbell was Chairman of the Crocodilian Specialist Group of the Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources at the time of his death in 1981.</P> 121 121 122 <B> 122 <B></B> 123 123 <!-- 124 124 <Section> … … 127 127 </Description> 128 128 --> 129 </B> 129 130 130 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The panel that produced this report met in Papua New Guinea in May 1981. Its purpose was to consider the principles of the Papua New Guinea crocodile farming program and their implications for economic development and for the management and survival of crocodilians elsewhere.</P> 131 131 … … 142 142 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">These activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report. </P> 143 143 144 <B> 144 <B></B> 145 145 <!-- 146 146 </Section> … … 150 150 </Description> 151 151 --> 152 </B> 152 153 153 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials ( Present-day crocodilians are grouped into three families: crocodiles, alligators and caimans, and gavials (gharials). The animals differ from one another only in minor characters such as shape of snout, arrangement of scutes, and dental features. This report focuses mainly on crocodile species, but its conclusions are generally applicable to alligators, caimans, and gavials.) have existed for some 200 million years - much longer than mammals - but they are now disappearing at alarming rates. Of the 21 or so species of crocodilians distributed in the warm waters of the world, at least 18 are threatened with extinction in most of the countries where they are found.</P> 154 154 … … 217 217 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Although the principles developed in Papua New Guinea deserve international attention, the recipe will not be a cure-all for problems of rural development or crocodile conservation. Instead, the Papua New Guinea experience suggests that local social, political, economic, and conservation goals can become the impetus for a successful blend of village improvement and wildlife protection.</P> 218 218 219 <B> 219 <B></B> 220 220 <!-- 221 221 </Section> … … 225 225 </Description> 226 226 --> 227 </B> 227 228 228 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As recently as the l950s, crocodiles were abundant in Papua New Guinea. Hunting was a major occupation and was unrestricted. Some Australians and Europeans made fortunes by shooting thousands of crocodiles a year to make shoes and handbags in Europe and North America.</P> 229 229 … … 285 285 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But skins are not the only product. A crocodile with a skin big enough to market can provide 20 kg of meat. The meat is white and is low in fat. Papua New Guinea is a net importer of meat, and crocodile farming is now augmenting local supplies. The large farm at Lae already sells frozen crocodile meat (including front and hind legs, tail steaks, ribs, and chops) both locally and on foreign markets. Some orders have come in from dealers in Paris who supply expensive French restaurants.</P> 286 286 287 <B> 287 <B></B> 288 288 <!-- 289 289 </Section> … … 293 293 </Description> 294 294 --> 295 </B> 295 296 296 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Benefits of Crocodile Farming</P> 297 297 … … 340 340 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Papua New Guinea's program offers one of the best hopes for saving all endangered crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials. The methods developed there serve as a model for other nations. By providing an alternative, Papua New Guinea gives villagers the incentive to protect wild crocodiles that are breeding nearby so as to assure themselves of future supplies. The people themselves become the conservators of the local animals and habitats. In turn, watersheds, soils, and conventional agricultural development (including natural and forest products) can all benefit. The habitat is also preserved for many other wildlife species that share it, and genetic diversity can be maintained. Conversely, without a special incentive to conserve them, all these resources are normally degraded as a region develops.</P> 341 341 342 <B> 342 <B></B> 343 343 <!-- 344 344 </Section> … … 348 348 </Description> 349 349 --> 350 </B> 350 351 351 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Papua New Guinea experience provides a model for other nations, but to implement such a program requires a foundation of legislation, government support, and legal safeguards. Prerequisites of any crocodile farming program are an overhaul of legislation, strict law enforcement, and reciprocal laws with neighboring countries.</P> 352 352 … … 398 398 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Clearly, research to improve farming techniques will be a wise investment for both commercial operators and the countries concerned. Surveys to determine population numbers and size as well as the structure of breeding stocks and recruitment rates are essential. Such surveys may indicate the need to establish sanctuaries to protect breeding stock and nesting grounds, or perhaps to ban hunting to allow populations to recover. A rearing program and restocking of suitable habitats might be necessary.</P> 399 399 400 <B> 400 <B></B> 401 401 <!-- 402 402 </Section> … … 406 406 </Description> 407 407 --> 408 </B> 409 <B>< P></P>408 409 <B></B><P></P> 410 410 <!-- 411 411 <Section> … … 414 414 </Description> 415 415 --> 416 </B> 416 417 417 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Experiences with crocodile farming in Papua New Guinea, the main subject of this report, are described in chapter 2. Here we summarize the status of similar efforts in other countries.</P> 418 418 … … 575 575 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">During the past two years, other Central and South American nations that have indicated their intention to set up farms for crocodiles or caimans are Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, and Uruguay. </P> 576 576 577 <B>< P></P>577 <B></B><P></P> 578 578 <!-- 579 579 </Section> … … 583 583 </Description> 584 584 --> 585 </B> 585 586 586 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This appendix is adapted from a paper by A. Pooley that detailed the lessons learned from farming crocodiles to restock depleted habitats in Natal, South Africa. The information is presented here not as a blueprint for setting up a farm, but to show prospective farmers some of the points that they must first consider before attempting to rear crocodiles.</P> 587 587 … … 708 708 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A pretanned hide is called a crust. It is green-gray (chrome tanned) or tan (vegetable tanned) and is stiff. The hide is dyed and glazed to its final finish. To increase the workability and to remove as many of the osteoderms as possible (if they are present), the underside of the hide is shaved to an even thickness. The shaving is done by craftsmen. If they shaved too much, the hide will be thin and weak, especially over the suture between the scales.</P> 709 709 710 <B>< P></P>710 <B></B><P></P> 711 711 <!-- 712 712 </Section> … … 716 716 </Description> 717 717 --> 718 </B> 718 719 719 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information on the management and status of crocodiles can be found in the following:</P> 720 720 … … 779 779 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Whitaker, R., and M. Kemp. 1981. The crocodile industry in Papua New Guinea: Commercial Aspects. Field Document No. 2. FO:DP/PNC/74/029. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 35 pp. </P> 780 780 781 <B>< P></P>781 <B></B><P></P> 782 782 <!-- 783 783 </Section> … … 787 787 </Description> 788 788 --> 789 </B> 789 790 790 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The following individuals are involved in crocodilian research. Most are biologists concerned with the conservation or natural history of the animals.</P> 791 791 … … 1002 1002 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Kevin van Jaarsveldt, Crocodile Farmers Association of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 2569, Harare </P> 1003 1003 1004 <B>< P></P>1004 <B></B><P></P> 1005 1005 <!-- 1006 1006 </Section> … … 1010 1010 </Description> 1011 1011 --> 1012 </B> 1012 1013 1013 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Secretary General Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Underexploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. </P> 1014 1014 … … 1029 1029 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. </P> 1030 1030 1031 <B> 1031 <B></B> 1032 1032 <!-- 1033 1033 </Section> … … 1038 1038 </Description> 1039 1039 --> 1040 </B> 1040 1041 1041 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman </P> 1042 1042 … … 1059 1059 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. </P> 1060 1060 1061 <B> 1061 <B></B> 1062 1062 <!-- 1063 1063 </Section> … … 1067 1067 </Description> 1068 1068 --> 1069 </B> 1069 1070 1070 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman </P> 1071 1071
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