- Timestamp:
- 2011-11-08T21:44:15+13:00 (12 years ago)
- File:
-
- 1 edited
Legend:
- Unmodified
- Added
- Removed
-
main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b21wae/b21wae.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Original editon 1981</P> 18 18 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Second printing 1984</P> … … 24 24 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">National Research Council</P> 25 25 26 <B> 26 <B></B> 27 27 <!-- 28 28 <Section> … … 31 31 </Description> 32 32 --> 33 </B> 33 34 34 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman </P> 35 35 … … 88 88 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Associate </P> 89 89 90 <B> 90 <B></B> 91 91 <!-- 92 92 </Section> … … 96 96 </Description> 97 97 --> 98 </B> 98 99 99 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo is an animal resource whose potential seems to have been barely recognized or examined outside of Asia. Throughout the world there are proponents and enthusiasts for the various breeds of cattle; the water buffalo, however, is not a cow and it has been neglected. Nevertheless, this symbol of Asian life and endurance has performed notably well in recent trials in such diverse places as the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Trinidad, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Brazil. In Italy and Egypt as well as Bulgaria and other Balkan states the water buffalo has been an important part of animal husbandry for centuries. In each of these places certain herds of water buffalo appear to have equaled or surpassed the local cattle in growth, environmental tolerance, health, and the production of meat and calves.</P> 100 100 … … 117 117 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The final draft of this report was edited and prepared for publication by F. R. Ruskin. Bibliographic editing was by Wendy D. White. Cover art was by Deborah Hanson.</P> 118 118 119 <B> 119 <B></B> 120 120 <!-- 121 121 </Section> … … 125 125 </Description> 126 126 --> 127 </B> 127 128 128 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The domesticated water buffalo Bubalus bubalis numbers at least 130 million-one-ninth the number of cattle in the world. It is estimated that between 1961 and 1981 the world's buffalo population increased by 11 percent, keeping pace with the percentage increase in the cattle population.</P> 129 129 … … 337 337 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Wahid, A. 1973. Pakistani buffaloes. World Animal Review 7:22~28. </P> 338 338 339 <B> 339 <B></B> 340 340 <!-- 341 341 </Section> … … 345 345 </Description> 346 346 --> 347 </B> 347 348 348 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo offers promise as a major source of meat, and the production of buffaloes solely for meat is now expanding. </P> 349 349 … … 424 424 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Wilson, P. N. 1961. Palatability of water buffalo meat. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad 61:457, 459-460. </P> 425 425 426 <B> 426 <B></B> 427 427 <!-- 428 428 </Section> … … 432 432 </Description> 433 433 --> 434 </B> 434 435 435 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">More than 5 percent of the world's milk comes from water buffaloes. Buffalo milk is used in much the same way as cow's milk. It is high in fat and total solids, which gives it a rich flavor. Many people prefer it to cow's milk and are willing to pay more for it. In Egypt, for example, the severe mortality rate among buffalo calves is due in part to the sale of buffalo milk, which is in high demand, thus depriving calves of proper nourishment. This also occurs in India, where in the Bombay area alone an estimated 10,000 newborn calves starve to death each year through lack of milk. The demand for buffalo milk in India (about 60 percent of the milk consumed; over 80 percent in some states) is reflected in the prices paid for a liter of milk: about 130 paisa for cow's milk compared with about 200 paisa for buffalo milk. </P> 436 436 … … 551 551 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Williamson, G., and Payne, W. J. A. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. Longman, London, United Kingdom. </P> 552 552 553 <B> 553 <B></B> 554 554 <!-- 555 555 </Section> … … 559 559 </Description> 560 560 --> 561 </B> 561 562 562 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo is the classic work animal of Asia, an integral part of that continent's traditional village farming structure. Probably the most adaptable and versatile of all work animals, it is widely used to plow; level land; plant crops; puddle rice fields; cultivate field crops; pump water; haul carts, sleds, and shallow-draft boats; carry people; thresh grain; press sugar cane; haul logs; and much more. Even today, water buffaloes provide 20-30 percent of the farm power in South China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indochina(Figures provided by A. J. de veer. In India water buffaloes contribute much less to farm power (6-12 percent); bullocks are more commonly used. In Pakistan buffaloes are little used for farm power (1-2 percent) but provide much of the road haulage. Papua New Guinea has no tradition of using any work animal, but villagers are increasingly using buffaloes for farm work and the government is employing Fillipinos to train them) . Millions of peasants in the Far East, Middle East, and Near East have a draft buffalo. For them it is often the only method of farming food crops. </P> 563 563 … … 615 615 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Ward, G. M., Sutherland, T. M., and Sutherland, J. M. 1980. Animals as an energy source in Third World agriculture. Science 208:570. </P> 616 616 617 <B> 617 <B></B> 618 618 <!-- 619 619 </Section> … … 623 623 </Description> 624 624 --> 625 </B> 625 626 626 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Heat Tolerance</P> 627 627 … … 678 678 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Robey, C. A., Jr. 1976. Physiological Responses of Water Buffalo to the Florida Environment. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. </P> 679 679 680 <B> 680 <B></B> 681 681 <!-- 682 682 </Section> … … 686 686 </Description> 687 687 --> 688 </B> 688 689 689 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Most buffaloes are located in countries where land, cultivated forage crops, and pastures are limited. Livestock must feed on poor-quality forages, sometimes supplemented with a little green fodder or byproducts from food, grain, and oil seed processing. Usually feedstuffs are in such short supply that few animals have a balanced diet, but the buffalo seems to perform fairly well under such adverse conditions. </P> 690 690 … … 850 850 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Verma, M. L., Singh, N., Sidhu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1970. The in vitro cellulose digestion and VFA production from some of the common Indian feeds using rumen inocula from Zebu cattle and buffalo. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 23:155 -160. </P> 851 851 852 <B> 852 <B></B> 853 853 <!-- 854 854 </Section> … … 858 858 </Description> 859 859 --> 860 </B> 860 861 861 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When compared with other domestic livestock, the water buffalo generally is a healthy animal. This is particularly impressive because most of them live in hot, humid regions that are conducive to disease, and the buffalo is a bovine susceptible to most diseases and parasites that afflict cattle. Although the reasons are not specifically known, the effect of disease on the buffalo and its productivity is often less deleterious than on cattle. </P> 862 862 … … 951 951 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Young, P. L. 1979. Infection of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Australian Veterinary Journal 55(7):349-350. </P> 952 952 953 <B> 953 <B></B> 954 954 <!-- 955 955 </Section> … … 959 959 </Description> 960 960 --> 961 </B> 961 962 962 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo has a reputation for being a sluggish breeder, but the average animal is so poorly fed that its reproductive performance is unrepresentative of its capabilities. Without reasonable nutrition the animals cannot reach puberty as early in life or reproduce as regularly as their physiology or genetic capability would normally allow. </P> 963 963 … … 1029 1029 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tulloch, D. G. 1979. The water buffalo in Australia: reproductive and parent-offspring behaviour of buffalo. Australian Wildlife Research 6:265-287. </P> 1030 1030 1031 <B> 1031 <B></B> 1032 1032 <!-- 1033 1033 </Section> … … 1037 1037 </Description> 1038 1038 --> 1039 </B> 1039 1040 1040 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Water buffaloes are adaptable and are managed in many ways. In general, they are raised like cattle. But in some operations they must be handled differently. This chapter highlights these differences. </P> 1041 1041 … … 1095 1095 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tulloch, D. G. 1979. Redomestication of water buffaloes in the Northern Territory of Australia. Animal Regulation Studies 2(1):5-20. </P> 1096 1096 1097 <B> 1097 <B></B> 1098 1098 <!-- 1099 1099 </Section> … … 1103 1103 </Description> 1104 1104 --> 1105 </B> 1105 1106 1106 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The grazing and wallowing habits of water buffaloes may have unexpected consequences when the animals are introduced to new, perhaps fragile environments. The presence of several thousand feral buffaloes on the coastal plains of northern Australia, for example, has become a very emotional issue among Australian environmentalists, some of whom foretell the complete destruction of the environment if the uncontrolled feral herds are not destroyed( It is not at all clear, however, that the buffaloes (which have existed in the area for 150 years) are causing the observed environmental degradation. Other possibilities include: fire, climatic stress, overgrazing, and a variety of farming, hunting, and other human activities, especially the use of four-wheel-drive vehicles. Thousands of wild pigs also share the area, along with crayfish that burrow into and weaken the levees that keep out the sea, something for which the buffaloes have been blamed). </P> 1107 1107 … … 1150 1150 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tulloch, D. G. 1977. Some aspects of the ecology of the water buffalo in the Northern Territory. In: The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers, edited by B. D. Ford and D. G. Tulloch. Technical Bulletin No. 18, Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, Australia. </P> 1151 1151 1152 <B> 1152 <B></B> 1153 1153 <!-- 1154 1154 </Section> … … 1158 1158 </Description> 1159 1159 --> 1160 </B> 1160 1161 1161 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This report has outlined the water buffalo's apparent merits, but most of the statements made about the animal are based on empirical observations. Many of its most exciting and potentially valuable features have not been subjected to the careful scrutiny needed to confirm their validity. </P> 1162 1162 … … 1354 1354 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In addition, other methods for disseminating water buffalo information are to be encouraged. </P> 1355 1355 1356 <B> 1356 <B></B> 1357 1357 <!-- 1358 1358 </Section> … … 1362 1362 </Description> 1363 1363 --> 1364 </B> 1365 <B>< P></P>1364 1365 <B></B><P></P> 1366 1366 <!-- 1367 1367 <Section> … … 1370 1370 </Description> 1371 1371 --> 1372 </B> 1372 1373 1373 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Water Buffalo in Africa</P> 1374 1374 … … 1411 1411 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The results of the introduction of buffalo to Tanzania are considered "quite encouraging and the future of buffaloes in Tanzania will be bright." (Oloufa, M. M. 1981. The future of water buffaloes in Tanzania Paper presented at the Tanzania Society of Animal Production Eighth Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania May 26-29, 1981.) Future plans call for increasing the herd to about 200 animals with a view toward establishing another buffalo herd. In addition, 5 buffalo sires have been selected in Egypt for shipment to Tanzania. </P> 1412 1412 1413 <B>< P></P>1413 <B></B><P></P> 1414 1414 <!-- 1415 1415 </Section> … … 1419 1419 </Description> 1420 1420 --> 1421 </B> 1421 1422 1422 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Research Contacts</P> 1423 1423 … … 1723 1723 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Abelardo Ferrer D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, Avenida Jose Felix Rivas, San Bernardino, Caracas</P> 1724 1724 1725 <B>< P></P>1725 <B></B><P></P> 1726 1726 <!-- 1727 1727 </Section> … … 1731 1731 </Description> 1732 1732 --> 1733 </B> 1733 1734 1734 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</P> 1735 1735
Note:
See TracChangeset
for help on using the changeset viewer.
