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main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/ec160e/ec160e.htm
r24011 r24803 7 7 <BODY> 8 8 9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2>< P></P>9 <B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P> 10 10 <!-- 11 11 <Section> … … 14 14 </Description> 15 15 --> 16 </B> 16 17 17 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union </P> 18 18 … … 35 35 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The concept of 'habitat' conjures up different things to different people - from the right to a roof over one's head to the way in which we manage the flora and fauna of the planet. In our dossier, we consider the legacy of the United Nations 'Habitat' Conference held in Istanbul earlier this year. We also highlight some of the initiatives being taken to improve the quality of people's living environment. </P> 36 36 37 <B> 37 <B></B> 38 38 <!-- 39 39 <Section> … … 42 42 </Description> 43 43 --> 44 </B> 44 45 45 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Courier: Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European union</P> 46 46 … … 77 77 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Margriet Mahy-van der Werf (299-30-1 2)</P> 78 78 79 <B> 79 <B></B> 80 80 <!-- 81 81 </Section> … … 85 85 </Description> 86 86 --> 87 </B> 88 <B>< P></P>87 88 <B></B><P></P> 89 89 <!-- 90 90 <Section> … … 93 93 </Description> 94 94 --> 95 </B> 95 96 96 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The main development battle must be fought in the towns and cities</P> 97 97 … … 152 152 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">To put it in perspective, Senegal's economy is about the same size as that of the city of Bordeaux. So we must use all the available potential. Highly qualified managers should do their job looking after the high-tech sectors. But, at the same time, we should not be driving out the poor people who are just trying to eke out a living. The informal sector creates services for a very small investment, and people also require services. Economic policy must allow society to walk on two legs, not just one. What that means is that we need a great deal of flexibility, and perhaps a complete review of the law. Contraceptive implants have to be licensed so that there are no more back-street abortions. And it must be possible for girls to attend school even if they do not have a proper birth certificate - why should they be excluded from education for want of a piece of paper. It should be possible to trade with a simple one-day ticket which people should be able to buy in post offices or cinemas. What would be wrong with that? And we should have a moratorium on a number of regulations. We need to wage war on the destitution that we are suffering and that means taking decisive measure.</P> 153 153 154 <B> 154 <B></B> 155 155 <!-- 156 156 </Section> … … 161 161 </Description> 162 162 --> 163 </B> 164 <B>< P></P>163 164 <B></B><P></P> 165 165 <!-- 166 166 <Section> … … 169 169 </Description> 170 170 --> 171 </B> 171 172 172 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Although the agenda was, as usual, heavily laden with a variety of long-standing issues ranging from regional cooperation, fisheries, the cocoa content of chocolate and bananas to the situation in several ACP states (in particular Rwanda and Burundi), the future of ACP-EU relations was at the forefront of discussions at the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, which was held in Luxembourg from 23-26 September 1996.</P> 173 173 … … 224 224 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The resolution does not differ very much from the previous one. Mrs Junker, Johanna Maij-Weggen (EPP-NL) and Mrs Kinnock all expressed disappointment that the EU Council had failed to implement this fully. However, by repeating the demand for sanctions, they said, the Assembly was sending a very strong message to the Council that it was determined to see Nigeria return to democracy as quickly as possible. </P> 225 225 226 <B>< P></P>226 <B></B><P></P> 227 227 <!-- 228 228 </Section> … … 232 232 </Description> 233 233 --> 234 </B> 234 235 235 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Climate change</P> 236 236 … … 257 257 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Several parliamentarians wanted to know what the Commission, in particular, had done and will do to help small ACP island states overcome the effects of climate change. It was soon discovered during the discussion that a number of African countries were equally concerned. A Commission representative referred the Assembly to the provisions in the Convention which covered global warming and the special problems of island states. Although there is no specific reference to climate change, the Commission had dealt and would continue to deal with the issue in the broader context of its environmental action. Studies, projects and programmes are being implemented in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean in particular. Furthermore, DG VIII has drawn up internal briefing papers aimed at making departments aware of the issues of climate change and the environment. </P> 258 258 259 <B> 259 <B></B> 260 260 <!-- 261 261 </Section> … … 266 266 </Description> 267 267 --> 268 </B> 269 <B>< P></P>268 269 <B></B><P></P> 270 270 <!-- 271 271 <Section> … … 274 274 </Description> 275 275 --> 276 </B> 277 <I>< P></P>276 277 <I></I><P></P> 278 278 <!-- 279 279 <Section> … … 282 282 </Description> 283 283 --> 284 </I> 284 285 285 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In most of the ACP states featured in our Country Reports, the vital issues are usually economic and social ones. How is a nation with a poor natural resource base to achieve lasting development ? What can be done to improve the skills of the people? How can a vibrant private sector be created ? Can better health care be delivered and how should it be paid for? Some of these questions might well be valid for Fiji but the visiting journalist soon discovers that they are all secondary issues. For this is a country whose political system itself dominates the agenda. The fundamental issue here is the relationship between the indigenous people of Fiji and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in by the British between 1879 and 1916 to work in the sugar cane fields.</P> 286 286 … … 343 343 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The overall picture is of a country with very considerable potential in both human and natural resource terms which needs to overcome a number of challenges to secure a more prosperous future. Some of these challenges - adapting to the world of free markets, tackling bureaucratic impediments, bringing development to rural villages, improving the infrastructure, and so on - are familiar to all developing countries. The single most important constraint, however, is the big ethnic divide, and the political uncertainty which flows from this. And this is something which can only be solved by the people of Fiji themselves. </P> 344 344 345 <I>< P></P>345 <I></I><P></P> 346 346 <!-- 347 347 </Section> … … 351 351 </Description> 352 352 --> 353 </I> 353 354 354 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'The last ten years have been very educational for me'</P> 355 355 … … 420 420 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - I think seeking is the wrong word. We will do what we feel is good for Fiji and its people. The people of Fiji are those who are here now but it will include some of those who have moved on looking for greener pastures and who are willing to come back. We were not expelled from the Commonwealth; our membership lapsed. It is up to the Commonwealth to say whether they are prepared to reconsider our member ship. </P> 421 421 422 <I>< P></P>422 <I></I><P></P> 423 423 <!-- 424 424 </Section> … … 428 428 </Description> 429 429 --> 430 </I> 430 431 431 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P> 432 432 … … 495 495 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sources: Economic Intelligence Unit, UNDP Human Development Report, 1996, EC Commission. </P> 496 496 497 <I>< P></P>497 <I></I><P></P> 498 498 <!-- 499 499 </Section> … … 503 503 </Description> 504 504 --> 505 </I> 505 506 506 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'We need to move to a more racially neutral system'</P> 507 507 … … 580 580 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - Well, we hope so. You know we are all very strongly in favour of rejoining. One of the things that I personally feel very strongly about is the unfortunate severance of our link with the Queen. I don't know, constitutionally, whether it can be restored. Obviously, there are difficulties in that area, but I think a large majority of ordinary people in this country would like at least to see Fiji back in the Commonwealth. </P> 581 581 582 <I>< P></P>582 <I></I><P></P> 583 583 <!-- 584 584 </Section> … … 588 588 </Description> 589 589 --> 590 </I> 590 591 591 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When The Courier visited Fiji in July, the report of the Constitutional Review Commission headed by Sir Paul Reeves (former Governor-General of New Zealand) had not yet been completed - and what it would contain was a major topic of speculation. As readers will see from the interview we publish with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader, the impartiality of the three-member Commission was not in question - at least within the political mainstream on both the native Fijian and Indian sides. Nonetheless, there were doubts about whether a consensus could be found. For the Indo-Fijians, a scaling down of the 'racial' features in the Constitution was seen as a prerequisite. Yet the ruling SVT, in its own submissions to the Commission, had effectively supported the status quo. In view of this apparently unbridgeable gulf, could the compilers of the Report come up with recommendations capable of forming the basis for a lasting constitutional settlement ? </P> 592 592 … … 607 607 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is obvious that a great many more words will be exchanged - and some of them will no doubt be heated - in the coming months. It is difficult to see how everyone can be 'brought on board' but the hope must be that a compromise can be crafted that is acceptable to the majority on both sides of the communal divide. The people of this Pacific island nation are well aware that prosperity and stability go hand in hand. The single most important achievement in ensuring stability for the longer term would be to secure a satisfactory settlement of the constitutional issue. </P> 608 608 609 <I>< P></P>609 <I></I><P></P> 610 610 <!-- 611 611 </Section> … … 615 615 </Description> 616 616 --> 617 </I> 617 618 618 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This was the key sentiment expressed by Isimeli Bose, Fiji's Trade Minister, when he spoke to The Courier earlier this year. Mr Bose insisted that 'no matter what anybody says, sugar will be the backbone of this country's economy for years to come.'</P> 619 619 … … 642 642 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But the Minister nonetheless insisted that it was something 'that can and will happen'. </P> 643 643 644 <I>< P></P>644 <I></I><P></P> 645 645 <!-- 646 646 </Section> … … 650 650 </Description> 651 651 --> 652 </I> 652 653 653 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">How can a businesswomen succeed in Fiji's patriarchal society? Mere Samisoni, the entrepreneur behind the 'Hotbread Kitchen' gave us an appropriate answer when she said 'I roll with it', although the pun was probably unintentional In fact, it is difficult to imagine this dynamic lady being pushed around. Anybody who manages to build up a chain of bakeries from scratch, capturing 35% of the country's urban consumer market in the process, must have a lot of determination. At the same time, Mrs Samisoni displays a strong sense of social commitment. She believes in community values, advocates group decision-making and consensus, and even describes the tax system as 'reasonably fair'. In short, she contradicts the widely-held view propagated by lurid American TV series, that a dogeat-dog attitude is needed for business success.</P> 654 654 … … 663 663 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As if running a business wasn't enough, Mere Samisoni is also busy completing a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) at the University of the South Pacific, with a thesis on indigenous business. From what we discovered, speaking to this remarkable Fijian entrepreneur, she should have been helping to teach the course! </P> 664 664 665 <I>< P></P>665 <I></I><P></P> 666 666 <!-- 667 667 </Section> … … 671 671 </Description> 672 672 --> 673 </I> 673 674 674 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Anyone from overseas who is travelling to the Fijian capital, Suva, will soon discover that the country's largest island is a very diverse place. Roughly circular in shape, Viti Levu provides more than half of Fiji's total land area and is home to about three-quarters of the population.</P> 675 675 … … 688 688 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The few people who do occupy the central region live in traditional Fijian villages and have a lifestyle far removed from either the town dwellers or the sugar cane farmers. Its size may be little more than ten thousand square kiLométres but Viti Levu is truly an island of contrasts. </P> 689 689 690 <I>< P></P>690 <I></I><P></P> 691 691 <!-- 692 692 </Section> … … 696 696 </Description> 697 697 --> 698 </I> 698 699 699 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Ernst Kroner</P> 700 700 … … 743 743 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Taking the Sugar Protocol into consideration, the EU is by far the most important of Fiji's development partners, followed by Australia. The country also benefits from bilateral cooperation arrangements with EU Member States (UK, France, Germany). </P> 744 744 745 <B>< P></P>745 <B></B><P></P> 746 746 <!-- 747 747 </Section> … … 752 752 </Description> 753 753 --> 754 </B> 755 <I>< P></P>754 755 <I></I><P></P> 756 756 <!-- 757 757 <Section> … … 760 760 </Description> 761 761 --> 762 </I> 762 763 763 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'None of the most civilised nations have ever exceeded these islanders in the great order and regularity maintained on every occasion, in ready and submissive compliance with the commands of their chiefs, and the perfect harmony that subsists among all ranks.'</P> 764 764 … … 809 809 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The foregoing survey of Tonga's economy does not paint a particularly happy picture but it should be stressed that there is very little real poverty in the islands. In many ways, the informal economy is more important, and subsistence agriculture and fishing ensure that people do not go hungry. With their traditional family structures and strong attachment to the Christian faith, the Tongans have not yet encountered many of the social problems associated with more consumption-oriented societies. But to paraphrase a famous saying, 'no nation is an island' nowadays - even if it happens to be surrounded by water! In an era of increasing globalisation, the key question is how to manage change. Let us hope that the people of Tonga can find the right answer. </P> 810 810 811 <I>< P></P>811 <I></I><P></P> 812 812 <!-- 813 813 </Section> … … 817 817 </Description> 818 818 --> 819 </I> 819 820 820 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Constrained by our geography'</P> 821 821 … … 895 895 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">So we will continue to have relations with our partners, but we need to recognise that they are concentrating their efforts now and adapt accordingly. </P> 896 896 897 <I>< P></P>897 <I></I><P></P> 898 898 <!-- 899 899 </Section> … … 903 903 </Description> 904 904 --> 905 </I> 905 906 906 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P> 907 907 … … 940 940 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sources: Tonga in Profile (on the Internet - http: 11l www. netstorage. com/kami/ tonga) Economic Intelligence Unit Country Report 1996. </P> 941 941 942 <I>< P></P>942 <I></I><P></P> 943 943 <!-- 944 944 </Section> … … 948 948 </Description> 949 949 --> 950 </I> 950 951 951 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'There is much more political awareness'</P> 952 952 … … 997 997 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - You only need to look around you to see that we have a youthful population here: a lot of young people who need to be catered for. We are investing heavily in education which I think is good but we need to do more to adapt to the changing world. We were peaceful in the past because most Tongans were on roughly the same level in terms of wealth. Now the poor are getting poorer while the rich get richer. This could lead to an increase in social tensions. With a more democratic system, we should be able to close the gap and work for a peaceful and more prosperous future. </P> 998 998 999 <I>< P></P>999 <I></I><P></P> 1000 1000 <!-- 1001 1001 </Section> … … 1005 1005 </Description> 1006 1006 --> 1007 </I> 1007 1008 1008 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">New Minister outlines economic strategy</P> 1009 1009 … … 1026 1026 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This led us into a discussion about Tonga's attitude to foreign investors who might also be in a position to supply capital and know-how. The authorities had recently threatened that a number of residence permits would not be renewed. Was this not a disincentive to potential overseas investors ? Dr Masasso was keen to offer clarification. 'The media makes it look as if Tonga doesn't like investors but they have misinterpeted the situation. He insisted; 'we want the foreign investment here and are encouraging it in those areas where locals cannot get involved.' Defending the actions of the immigration authorities, the Minister stressed that what they were doing was normal practice. 'Those who stay here illegally and do not extend their visa have to be deported.' The action, he argued, was not directed against foreign investors and indeed, the latter should be encouraged by the government's commitment to upholding the law.' </P> 1027 1027 1028 <I>< P></P>1028 <I></I><P></P> 1029 1029 <!-- 1030 1030 </Section> … … 1034 1034 </Description> 1035 1035 --> 1036 </I> 1036 1037 1037 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Developing the Vava'u islands</P> 1038 1038 … … 1057 1057 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EIB interventions have contributed to the share capital of the Tonga Development Bank and have increased the Bank's lending capacity to small and medium-sized enterprises. </P> 1058 1058 1059 <I>< P></P>1059 <I></I><P></P> 1060 1060 <!-- 1061 1061 </Section> … … 1065 1065 </Description> 1066 1066 --> 1067 </I> 1067 1068 1068 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Uelingatoni Tevita Vaea (known as 'T' to his friends), proved to be a mine of information for The Courier, when we visited the Vava'u island group in northern Tonga recently. 'T' is a Tongan engineer who returned to his native land from Australia to work as assistant project manager in the Vava'u Development Unit. His help was particularly useful during the highlight of our visit - a traditional celebratory feast laid on by the villagers of Nuapapu. This is one of Vava'u's inhabited outer islands and the celebration was staged to mark the installation of solar powered lighting, courtesy of Lomé Convention funds.</P> 1069 1069 … … 1102 1102 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The guests (including the staff of the Vava'u Development Unit who have guided the project through its various stages) then took their leave of this hospitable community and set off by boat on the return journey to Neiafu. As the vessel drew away from the shore, we were able to look up and see, for the first time, the twinkling lights of Nuapapu. </P> 1103 1103 1104 <B> 1104 <B></B> 1105 1105 <!-- 1106 1106 </Section> … … 1112 1112 </Description> 1113 1113 --> 1114 </B> 1115 <B>< P></P>1114 1115 <B></B><P></P> 1116 1116 <!-- 1117 1117 <Section> … … 1120 1120 </Description> 1121 1121 --> 1122 </B> 1123 <I>< P></P>1122 1123 <I></I><P></P> 1124 1124 <!-- 1125 1125 <Section> … … 1128 1128 </Description> 1129 1129 --> 1130 </I> 1130 1131 1131 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival and Claude Smets)</P> 1132 1132 … … 1167 1167 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But in some rural areas, the inhabitants have found themselves in dispute with conservationists. The latter seek to protect wildlife and the rural habitat by setting up national parks - a solution which is not necessarily in the interests of local people struggling to maintain their livelihood. We take a look at such dilemmas and the possible solutions being developed so that rural dwellers can continue to make the most of their habitat. This rural struggle, where solutions are also being called for at a local level, is not unlike the battle being waged for a better quality of life in the cities. </P> 1168 1168 1169 <I>< P></P>1169 <I></I><P></P> 1170 1170 <!-- 1171 1171 </Section> … … 1175 1175 </Description> 1176 1176 --> 1177 </I> 1177 1178 1178 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Deputy mayor of the city of Louga, Daby Diagne is also President of the Finance Committee of Senegal's National Assembly, General Secretary of the Association of Mayors of Senegal and President of the World Federation of United Cities. He is the ACP-EU Joint Assembly's General Rapporteur on urban development and The Courier had the opportunity to interview him in September at the Assembly's meeting in Luxembourg.</P> 1179 1179 … … 1214 1214 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">We could, for example, carry out a comparative study of legislation in a particular area, thereby gaining access to other types of experience. Internationally, aid can be given to associations to help them buy equipment and attain a degree of freedom of manoeuvre vis-à-vis the authorities. In the field of decentralised cooperation, the international community can help elected representatives to implement their projects through partnerships, conducting studies, and providing personnel. Cooperation is possible in all spheres - implementation, management, financing and so on. I believe that a new type of cooperation will gradually come into being. It is not a question of creating 'white elephants', but rather small and medium-scale projects which are of genuine use to the population. And I am not talking here about acts of charity, such as the donation of medicines, but sustainable projects. </P> 1215 1215 1216 <I>< P></P>1216 <I></I><P></P> 1217 1217 <!-- 1218 1218 </Section> … … 1222 1222 </Description> 1223 1223 --> 1224 </I> 1224 1225 1225 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Christian Cure'</P> 1226 1226 … … 1277 1277 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some people predicted that Habitat 11 would be 'the revenge of the cities'. To quote P. Maragall, chairman of the Committee of the Regions, the conference at least provided the opportunity to build, and to give a wider audience to 'the voice of the United Cities within the United Nations'. That itself is a major step forward. </P> 1278 1278 1279 <I>< P></P>1279 <I></I><P></P> 1280 1280 <!-- 1281 1281 </Section> … … 1285 1285 </Description> 1286 1286 --> 1287 </I> 1287 1288 1288 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tackling violence against women</P> 1289 1289 … … 1316 1316 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Violence in the home is also a growing problem. Mmatshilo Motsei, Director of Agisanang Domestic Abuse Prevention and Training, an NGO based in Alexandria, South Africa, says the problem is so pervasive, 'it must be raised as a national concern.' Habitat II turned a deaf ear on these women's concerns. This was not their forum. Shawna Tropp of the NGO Women's Caucus criticised those attending the conference who claimed that it was not about women but cities. 'Women live in cities,' she says and adds: 'By and large, human settlements are still very much seen in terms of bricks and mortar'. She calls for greater understanding of the role played by women, usually in an unpaid capacity, in the management of communities. 'Everything begins with having a house in a secure neighbourhood where the dignity of women is protected.'</P> 1317 1317 1318 <I>< P></P>1318 <I></I><P></P> 1319 1319 <!-- 1320 1320 </Section> … … 1324 1324 </Description> 1325 1325 --> 1326 </I> 1326 1327 1327 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The megacity personifies human misery for many in developing nations. As agglomerations proliferate in the twenty-first century, the United Nations Population Fund's 1996 report - The State of the World Population - considers how one might go about remedying the ills of city dwelling.</P> 1328 1328 … … 1359 1359 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">And global urbanisation will require that the international community - governments, NGOs and international institutions - act to exploit the potential of cities to improve the lives of the world's people and to establish the foundations of sustainable development in the 21st century.'</P> 1360 1360 1361 <I>< P></P>1361 <I></I><P></P> 1362 1362 <!-- 1363 1363 </Section> … … 1367 1367 </Description> 1368 1368 --> 1369 </I> 1369 1370 1370 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Paul Okunlola</P> 1371 1371 … … 1414 1414 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">On the positive side, adversity has proved a catalyst for greater community-based and NGO activity in environmental and human settlement issues over the last decade. This is a fresh approach, based on 'bottom-up' strategies, which should open up muchneeded new avenues to urban management in Nigeria more generally and in Lagos in particular. </P> 1415 1415 1416 <I>< P></P>1416 <I></I><P></P> 1417 1417 <!-- 1418 1418 </Section> … … 1422 1422 </Description> 1423 1423 --> 1424 </I> 1424 1425 1425 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Gilles Fontaine</P> 1426 1426 … … 1459 1459 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One has to recognise that the mere adoption of a text, however significant it may be, cannot be regarded as a magic formula which will change the face of the world overnight. To the impatient among us who want everything straight away, and to unrepentant sceptics, I would say this. In environmental matters there are two major periods in our recent history - the period before Rio and the period after Rio. The Rio meeting, and each subsequent conference, have been milestones in a long, coherent process of collective reflection and growing awareness. Istanbul did, in fact, keep its promises: the right to adequate shelter is now recognised internationally as the fundamental right of every human being.</P> 1460 1460 1461 <I>< P></P>1461 <I></I><P></P> 1462 1462 <!-- 1463 1463 </Section> … … 1467 1467 </Description> 1468 1468 --> 1469 </I> 1469 1470 1470 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Stephane Yerasimos</P> 1471 1471 … … 1500 1500 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the present circumstances, however, any scheme to redevelop Istanbul effectively would seem doomed to failure. The only intervention which might succeed would be at the 'cleaning-up' stage - coming in after the construction of the dwellings under the conditions described above. It is only once the new inhabitants' dream of having a roof over their heads is realised that they come face to face with the harsh daily realities of living in a self-built city of nearly ten million people. They may then be prepared to make some sacrifices in order to improve their living conditions. The moment when harsh reality replaces emotion, is the only time the urban planner has the slightest chance of being listened to. </P> 1501 1501 1502 <I>< P></P>1502 <I></I><P></P> 1503 1503 <!-- 1504 1504 </Section> … … 1508 1508 </Description> 1509 1509 --> 1510 </I> 1510 1511 1511 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Misia Coghlan</P> 1512 1512 … … 1559 1559 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Invisible Hand of the Housing Market, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1996</P> 1560 1560 1561 <I>< P></P>1561 <I></I><P></P> 1562 1562 <!-- 1563 1563 </Section> … … 1567 1567 </Description> 1568 1568 --> 1569 </I> 1569 1570 1570 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Francis Cass</P> 1571 1571 … … 1602 1602 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Last but not least, a concerted effort - especially a concerted financial effort - should be made by decision-makers at the local, national and international levels. We need to recognise that environmental damage is a phenomenon which rarely confines itself to the local level. Sooner or later, it becomes a problem for all of us. </P> 1603 1603 1604 <I>< P></P>1604 <I></I><P></P> 1605 1605 <!-- 1606 1606 </Section> … … 1610 1610 </Description> 1611 1611 --> 1612 </I> 1612 1613 1613 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Hendrik Smets</P> 1614 1614 … … 1649 1649 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">If, in a third phase, an awareness and eco-development programme could be successfully implemented, the Zakouma National Park should be able to look forward to a brighter future. </P> 1650 1650 1651 <I>< P></P>1651 <I></I><P></P> 1652 1652 <!-- 1653 1653 </Section> … … 1657 1657 </Description> 1658 1658 --> 1659 </I> 1659 1660 1660 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In April, on the eve of the International Conference on Human Settlements, the first West-African eco-centre ('Ecopole`) was opened in Dakar. It was set up by Enda, one of the few international non-governmental organisations of significant size based in a developing country. The 'eco' refers to two things - the economic life of the ordinary people and the ecological aspect of the centre. One of the most memorable images of the opening ceremonies was the sight of two Presidents - Abdou Diouf of Senegal and his Malian counterpart, Alpha Oumar Konare - striding through the dust in a working-class district of the Senegalese capital. For supporters of the 'Ecopole', the event epitomised the fight back of the popular urban economy. </P> 1661 1661 … … 1690 1690 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some years ago, a former sailor, who always dreamed of being a teacher, set up his own school in the main street which runs through the district. He worked on the pavement and in the car park in front of a furniture store, teaching children in the morning before the offices opened and adults in the evening after they had closed. Enda recently offered him a few pieces of furniture, but for many years, he received no help other than a few pieces of chalk, worn-down pencils and the remains of exercise books from his 'colleagues' in regular education. This is a man who has to supply his pupils not just with teaching materials but also sometimes with food. This year, with his voice catching in his throat, he told us that one of his former 'street pupils' is going to college. How can the learned economists calculate the value of this devoted 'academic'? </P> 1691 1691 1692 <I>< P></P>1692 <I></I><P></P> 1693 1693 <!-- 1694 1694 </Section> … … 1698 1698 </Description> 1699 1699 --> 1700 </I> 1700 1701 1701 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Professor Willie Esterhuyse</P> 1702 1702 … … 1727 1727 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But spectacular progress should not be expected. Development, reconstruction, and growth of the kind that South Africa needs, will take time. However, the lessons and achievements of the past two years have put South Africa in an excellent position to change the country's socio-economic environment. </P> 1728 1728 1729 <I>< P></P>1729 <I></I><P></P> 1730 1730 <!-- 1731 1731 </Section> … … 1735 1735 </Description> 1736 1736 --> 1737 </I> 1737 1738 1738 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Christine Thompson</P> 1739 1739 … … 1758 1758 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The overall objective of the programme is to improve living conditions through a policy that strengthens the delivery system for infrastructure and housing. The programme anticipates providing the community with primary and secondary schools, sports fields, community halls, libraries and a community health centre. Access to housing finance will be improved and opportunities for income generation provided through a vocational training centre and small-scale industry workshops. In addition, provision is being made to improve management and general policy-making capabilities. By continuing to fund such projects, the EU is working with the South African government to improve the living conditions of the urban and rural poor. </P> 1759 1759 1760 <I>< P></P>1760 <I></I><P></P> 1761 1761 <!-- 1762 1762 </Section> … … 1766 1766 </Description> 1767 1767 --> 1768 </I> 1768 1769 1769 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Theatre for Africa, a performing group from Southern Africa, went on tour this autumn to put across the message that the exploitation of Africa's fauna should remain in the hands of rural communities. They did this with a powerful mix of words, dance, mime and song, in a play entitled Guardians of Eden '. The Courier met the author and cast on the Brussels leg of their tour. </P> 1770 1770 … … 1789 1789 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The play is in English and the languages of Southern Africa, but Nicolas Ellenbogen believes it can be readily understood by his multinational audiences. For him, the message - that local people must have the power to manage their own wildlife on their own land - needs no translating. </P> 1790 1790 1791 <B> 1791 <B></B> 1792 1792 <!-- 1793 1793 </Section> … … 1799 1799 </Description> 1800 1800 --> 1801 </B> 1802 <B>< P></P>1801 1802 <B></B><P></P> 1803 1803 <!-- 1804 1804 <Section> … … 1807 1807 </Description> 1808 1808 --> 1809 </B> 1809 1810 1810 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Stelios Christopoulos</P> 1811 1811 … … 1858 1858 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Nothing can take the place of the shared experience and confidence which arises spontaneously in full knowledge of the facts. In this regard, we feel, there is still much to be done. In both Europe and the ACP countries, one way to succeed is to increase the number of networks representing industrial, economic and financial interests at various levels, and to assist them in identifying opportunities more effectively. This would help to create a new dynamism and renewed vigour in Europe. </P> 1859 1859 1860 <B> 1860 <B></B> 1861 1861 <!-- 1862 1862 </Section> … … 1867 1867 </Description> 1868 1868 --> 1869 </B> 1870 <B>< P></P>1869 1870 <B></B><P></P> 1871 1871 <!-- 1872 1872 <Section> … … 1875 1875 </Description> 1876 1876 --> 1877 </B> 1877 1878 1878 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the Courier's issue of July-August 1994, we published a country report on Eritrea. This country became independent in 1993 after almost 30 years of fighting which had bled the county white. Loss of human life, displaced persons, socio-economic disruption and environmental damage have been Eritrea's sad fate in recent times. However, there has now been peace for three years and the Eritrean people are attempting to pick up the threads. Alfonso Artico, a freelance journalist who recently travelled to Eritrea, now offers us a few on-the-spot impressions of his trip, focusing on some current projects which offer hope to this sorely afflicted people</P> 1879 1879 … … 1944 1944 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Under Mohamed's gaze, the walls of the workshop have been brightened up with posters which provide a splash of colour. Although the noise from the presses often drowns out conversation, you cannot escape the feeling of hope here. It is like a breath of fresh air, and one leaves with the strong impression of a country that is rising from the ashes. </P> 1945 1945 1946 <B> 1946 <B></B> 1947 1947 <!-- 1948 1948 </Section> … … 1953 1953 </Description> 1954 1954 --> 1955 </B> 1956 <B>< P></P>1955 1956 <B></B><P></P> 1957 1957 <!-- 1958 1958 <Section> … … 1961 1961 </Description> 1962 1962 --> 1963 </B> 1963 1964 1964 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Eva Kaluzynska</P> 1965 1965 … … 1992 1992 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ECHO's Jean-Claude Heyraud sums up the new policy: 'As far as preventing, mitigating and preparing for catastrophes goes, the new proactive approach reflects the importance ECHO attaches to this type of action. The DIPECHO programme meets the growing need to evaluate risks in order to reduce loss of life and damage to property. If and when emergency aid is needed, preparation and prevention can help to reduce the scale and cost of such actions.' </P> 1993 1993 1994 <B> 1994 <B></B> 1995 1995 <!-- 1996 1996 </Section> … … 2001 2001 </Description> 2002 2002 --> 2003 </B> 2004 <B>< P></P>2003 2004 <B></B><P></P> 2005 2005 <!-- 2006 2006 <Section> … … 2009 2009 </Description> 2010 2010 --> 2011 </B> 2011 2012 2012 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Seydou Sarr</P> 2013 2013 … … 2046 2046 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The credit for this, in the view of many of the participants, lies with Pape Mbaye Sene, one of the guiding lights of the event, who has also been dubbed the 'high priest' of African cinema. It has, in fact, been suggested tongue-in-cheek that 'in Brussels, they award a Pape, not an Oscar'. </P> 2047 2047 2048 <B>< P></P>2048 <B></B><P></P> 2049 2049 <!-- 2050 2050 </Section> … … 2054 2054 </Description> 2055 2055 --> 2056 </B> 2056 2057 2057 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The future of African cinema seen through the eyes of the Malian film maker, </P> 2058 2058 … … 2095 2095 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - After independence, in the years from 1960 to 1968, there was a time when young people would get together and become involved in various biennial art festivals. We had a series of events which encouraged a kind of a 'cultural vision' nationwide. They were so successful that other countries were soon following our example. After the coup in 1968, however, everything fell apart. In the following 23 years there was a total cultural vacuum, in which young people felt completely disorientated, despite superficial attempts to relaunch the festivals. We are now only just trying to rediscover our cultural roots after a long period of upheaval. What we in Mali do have working in our favour, is the fact that our country is a harmonious patchwork of different peoples, all living together without the slightest trace of bitterness or hatred. We are lucky here because our rulers rarely tried to manipulate our ethnic loyalties to set one group against another. A Malian, irrespective of his roots, will always rejoice in the success of his fellow countrymen, whatever tribe they happen to belong to. We owe our good fortune to a heritage in which our peoples have always respected one another - even when they have faced each other as enemies. It is only as a result of this historic mutual respect that we can now speak of a Malian culture where each individual group of people has its own idiosyncrasies, its own customs, is sensitive towards other cultures and actually rejoices in their differences. </P> 2096 2096 2097 <B> 2097 <B></B> 2098 2098 <!-- 2099 2099 </Section> … … 2104 2104 </Description> 2105 2105 --> 2106 </B> 2107 <B>< P></P>2106 2107 <B></B><P></P> 2108 2108 <!-- 2109 2109 <Section> … … 2112 2112 </Description> 2113 2113 --> 2114 </B> 2114 2115 2115 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One of CTA's tasks is to provide information on request to researchers, extension workers, planners, farmers' organisations, trainers and information specialists involved in agricultural development in ACP states. In addition to requested publications, CTA also distributes publications on its own initiative to its target groups. These publications, some 550 titles, are also supplied free of charge and consist of books published by CTA, co-published, or purchased specially because of their relevance. In 1995, almost 65 000 books were posted to ACP countries.</P> 2116 2116 … … 2181 2181 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Since CTA started distributing books on agriculture and rural development, publishing and bookselling activities in many ACP countries have multiplied and the context has changed somewhat. As noted at CTA's Montpellier conference in 1995, there is now much information and many documents going from North to South, suited to the planners, research workers and extension agents who process the information and pass it down to the small-scale farmers. Rather, a two-way information route would be more efficient, between farmers who have information to offer as well as information needs and information providers. The growth in requests to CTA for publications from co-operatives and farmer associations and from non-academic libraries and documentation units is evidence that the publications distribution service is fulfilling a need. </P> 2182 2182 2183 <B>< P></P>2183 <B></B><P></P> 2184 2184 <!-- 2185 2185 </Section> … … 2189 2189 </Description> 2190 2190 --> 2191 </B> 2191 2192 2192 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Earthen architecture</P> 2193 2193 … … 2227 2227 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A number of readers have raised this point with us since we have rearranged the cover pages and transferred the ACP and Europe 'regional' maps to the inside back cover. In future, we will endeavour to ensure that there is a cross-reference to this page in the Country Report profile. </P> 2228 2228 2229 <B>< P></P>2229 <B></B><P></P> 2230 2230 <!-- 2231 2231 </Section> … … 2235 2235 </Description> 2236 2236 --> 2237 </B> 2237 2238 2238 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Publications received</P> 2239 2239 … … 2322 2322 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In this book, 10 African, US and European experts attempt to look beyond the immediate horizon and identify strategies which could be implemented to give renewed vigour to the African economy. They analyse the choices which should be made in key areas such as agriculture, trade and industry, the role of the state and the social sectors. </P> 2323 2323 2324 <B>< P></P>2324 <B></B><P></P> 2325 2325 <!-- 2326 2326 </Section> … … 2330 2330 </Description> 2331 2331 --> 2332 </B> 2333 <I>< P></P>2332 2333 <I></I><P></P> 2334 2334 <!-- 2335 2335 <Section> … … 2338 2338 </Description> 2339 2339 --> 2340 </I> 2340 2341 2341 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">World congress against the sexual exploitation of children</P> 2342 2342 … … 2449 2449 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">E-mail: International. [email protected] </P> 2450 2450 2451 <I>< P></P>2451 <I></I><P></P> 2452 2452 <!-- 2453 2453 </Section> … … 2457 2457 </Description> 2458 2458 --> 2459 </I> 2459 2460 2460 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY</P> 2461 2461
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